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Page Numbers in Italics Refer to Figures, Page Numbers in Bold Refer To Cambridge University Press 0521663040 - Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years Edited by Stephen J. Culver and Peter F. Rawson Index More information Index Page numbers in italics refer to ®gures, page numbers in bold refer to tables. Abaristophora 299 effects of collision with Eurasia 161±2, 356 Abatus pseudoviviparus 187 Late Miocene mammalian fauna 364±5 Abingdon Afro-Arabia and south-west Asia radio carbon dates for organic deposits 268 early Miocene land bridge 356 tundra vegetation pollen 268 few Late Miocene sites 360±1 acanthomorphs, ®rst appearance 112 agriculture Aconeceras 100, 104, 106 early, Upper Thames basin 279 Acteonella borneensis 158 clearance of land for 283±4 Acteonella crassa 158 intensi®cation of 285 Actinacis 174, 178 Alaska, coal seams, entire leaves 247 adaptation, functional 59 algal symbiosis 164, 165 adaptive advantage 59 and global change 177±8 adaptive radiation in scleractinian corals 169±75 bivalves 135, 136±7 evidence of 170, 171, 172±3 slowness of 137 from the K±T boundary to the Africa Paleocene 174 change in fauna during the Miocene 365 historical overview 170, 172±3 dispersal routes for Homo sapiens 387 z-corals 172±3,180 early Homo sapiens 386 background 169±70 Early Miocene mammal faunas 357±8 disruption of habitats 177 East Africa, two assemblages 357 extant 170 Mid Miocene faunas, spatial analysis and Lazarus corals 174, 175, 177±8, 180 shows palaeoenvironmental change see also corals; reef communities 358, 359, 361±2 Alligator mississippiensis 330 see also El Kef, Tunisia; Ethiopia; Kenya Alligator sinensis 330 Africa, West alligators 330 and eastern Brazil allopatric speciation 120 ®sh show no special relationship 115 Almucidaris 187 similar fossil ®sh faunas 113±14 Alnus 278, 286 Africa±Europe land link 320, 322 little pollen found on drier terrace gravel African-Arabian Shield 9 soils 278 African plate, result of northward movement main expansion 278 21 - and -diversity Afro±Arabian plate covariation of 146 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521663040 - Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years Edited by Stephen J. Culver and Peter F. Rawson Index More information INDEX 475 need for -diversity 146, 148 background 207±9 -diversity, bivalves 145 close relationship with climate 246, 249 amber diversi®cation, causal factors 219±21 Baltic, earliest records of extant insects 298 angiosperm biology 219±20 insects preserved in 288, 294 palynological patterns and mid Americas, human colonization debate 389 Cretaceous global events 220±1 ammonites early, association with ephidroids 219 boreal families died out by early Aptian establishing the pattern of vegetational 100 change 209±19 distributions distinguish Mesozoic faunal discrepancies and recognition problems realms 99, 100 211±12 diversity linked to long-term sea-level diversity and abundance through the changes 102, 103 Cretaceous, mid-palaeolatitudes effect on faunas of periodic rapid rises in 211±13 sea level 102±3 in situ macro¯oras preserved, Wyoming late Barremian event 104±5 213 mid Hauterivian event 104 rapid diversi®cation of pollen species mid Valangian event 103±4 215, 218 environmental disposition 98 rapid mid Cretaceous increase in modes of life 98±9 diversity and abundance 213 uncoiling forms 99 studies 209±10 Ammonoidea 97 temporal trends and palaeolatitudes declines and extinction 98 215±19 amphibians ®rst recognition, based on fossil pollen Laurasian and Gondwana faunas distinct grains 209 in Cretaceous 317±18 and high turn over of Early Cretaceous Pleistocene, North America 331 insects 289±90 range contraction during glacial phases 331 and insect turnover in the Early Cretaceous amphibians, reptiles and birds, a 289±90 biogeographical review 316±32, 393 radiation of affecting insects 297, 298 Cretaceous events 321±5 within-¯ora diversity climates 323±4 geographical patterns 216, 217±8 corridors 322±3 trends in 211, 212, 214 eustatic sea-level changes 324 see also ¯owering plants, Cenozoic fragmentation of Gondwana 321±2 Anisomyon 150 K±T extinction event 325 Anomalinoides newmanae, survived the K±T distribution patterns linked to those of extinctions 65 continental areas 316 anomalodesmatans 136, 137 Early Cretaceous faunas 317±19, 320 Arctic forms 144 Neogene events 329±31 deep sea 140 geographical 329±30 shallow water 140 Miocene climate 330±1 anoxia Pliocene cooling, Pleistocene glaciations in shallow-water facies 8 in Northern continents 331 in warm deep saline water 9±10 Paleogene events 326±9 see also oceanic anoxia events (OAEs) Early Paleogene 326±8 Antarctica 334 Paleocene±Oligocene climate bivalves 142, 142 deterioration 328±9 critical separation from Australia 31 Andrias 322, 328 deglaciation of 28 Anemia 236 polar ice at Terminal Eocene Event 342 Angaria 157 polar ice sheets 26, 58 angiosperms 207 Apodemus sylvaticus 370 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521663040 - Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years Edited by Stephen J. Culver and Peter F. Rawson Index More information 476 INDEX Aquilapollenites-type pollen 219 continued to widen during the Cenozoic Arabia, eastern, Acteonellidae 158 21 Arabian Plate 357 Atlantic/Sub-Boreal transition, delimited by Late Miocene sites 364 decline in lime pollen 284 pivotal for mammalian dispersal out of Atmospheric General Circulation Models Africa 364 (AGCMs) 245 archosaurs Atractosteus strausi 117 distribution across Pangeae 319 Australasia 334 endemism and dispersal, Laurasia and Australia Gondwana 320 colonization by Homo sapiens 387 Gondwana fauna, vicariant origin and proximity to south-east Asia 330 diversi®cation 319 Riversleigh locality, lizard diversity 330 arcoids 136, 137, 139, 143 Southeast, Cretaceous 18O-isotope Arctic Ocean, present, and global climate temperatures suggest polar freezing change 32 48±9 Ardipithecus ramidus 381 Australia±Paci®c plate boundary 21 aridity 330 australopithecines 379 Arabia 364 robust 379, 382 Cenozoic 28, 29 Australopithecus anamensis 381 Cretaceous 10, 15 Late Pleistocene, and extinctions 120 -diversity, in bivalves 145±6 and the Messinian salinity crisis 351, 360 Babylonia lutosa, shell damage 152 Quaternary, expansion and contraction of Beaufort Formation, Arctic Canada, insect desert zones 368 assemblages 309 Artemisia 268, 269, 273 belemnites 97 suggests aridity 272 bipolar distribution, late Cretaceous 101, Artiodactyla 339 102 Arvicola terrestris 370 boreal families died out by early Aptian Asia 100 central, spread of stage three fauna from nektonic 99 375 Northern Hemisphere, Tethyan spread 99 Cretaceous, placentals dominant 334 rise of Dimitobelidae 100, 101 deposition in Himalayan foredeep 357 Tethyan families died out by end- East, Mid Miocene Cenomanian 100 high species diversity 364 Bering corridor 322, 328, 345 Siwalik deposits, faunal trends 364 Bering Strait 101, 106, 160, 234 eastern, drop in mammalian diversity opening and closure of, effects on 395 gastropod faunas 160±1, 162 effects of Cretaceous climates 323 Beringia 368 likely source of North American human colonization of the Americas via immigrant Puercan mammals 339 389 Mongolia and insect refugia 300 E±O boundary, faunal turnover at 344 Betula 268, 269, 275, 286 P±E boundary, extinction and Betula nana 268 origination at 339±40 bicarbonates (HCO3), utilization by West 365 photosynthesis 36 Mid Miocene faunal community biogeography structure 363 amphibians, reptiles and birds, a review Astarte 144 316±32, 393 Astraea 157 controls on, nannoplankton 38±42 Atlantic north±south passage 6, 17, 19 Tertiary insect taxa cf. extant relatives, Atlantic Ocean 20 changes in distributions 298±9 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521663040 - Biotic Response to Global Change: The Last 145 Million Years Edited by Stephen J. Culver and Peter F. Rawson Index More information INDEX 477 vicariance 118 poor showing of epifaunal groups in see also palaeobiogeography polar faunas 143 biotic and environmental evolution, imposing present day Arctic and Antarctic faunas limitations on CLAMP 260±1 142, 142 relations between key features may change tropical high diversity of, associated over time 260 with coral reefs 141±2 biotic factors temporal pattern 136±40 extrinsic, response to 395 general considerations 136±7 intrinsic, response to 396 taxonomic trends through time 137±40 evolutionary innovations 396 black bands, Cretaceous 122 biotic response to abiotic variables black shales, organic-rich 9, 16, 18 marine organisms 394±5 body size, in mammalian studies 346 terrestrial organisms 392±3 bolide impacts 2, 7±8, 24±6 bipedalism, research on thermoregulatory K±T boundary event 25±6, 125, 325, 394 bene®ts of 381±2 Tertiary 22 birds Bolivina midwayensis 123 diatrymid, distribution of 328 Bolton Fell Moss, proxy-climate curve 285 enantiornithines, dominant in Cretaceous Boreal±Atlantic transition 286 319 Bos primigenius 370 last record of giant ¯ightless carnivorous Bracklesham Group 170 rails 330 Brazos Core, foraminiferal test size variation modern ratite, restricted to southern across the K±T boundary 62, 63,65 continents 321 Britain North America, invasion of advanced human occupation at Boxgrove 385 passerines 330 insect faunas during the Devensian 310±15 Biscutum constans 41,43 enigmatic periods after sudden climatic bison 373, 377 amelioration 310, 313 Bison priscus 371 period of intense continentality inferred bivalves 313, 315 biotic radiation linked to climatic decay Quaternary 135
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