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The Effect of Soybeans and Soybean Oil on Milk and Butterfat Production and on the Quality of the Butterfat Neil Kenneth Williams Iowa State College

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The Effect of Soybeans and Soybean Oil on Milk and Butterfat Production and on the Quality of the Butterfat Neil Kenneth Williams Iowa State College Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1939 The effect of soybeans and soybean oil on milk and butterfat production and on the quality of the butterfat Neil Kenneth Williams Iowa State College Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Food Science Commons Recommended Citation Williams, Neil Kenneth, "The effect of soybeans and soybean oil on milk and butterfat production and on the quality of the butterfat " (1939). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 14059. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/14059 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI THE EFI'^CT OP SOYBEMS MD SOYBEM OIL OK MILK MD BUTTERFAT PRODUCTION Al® OK THE QUALITY OF THE BUTTERFAT by Keil Kenneth Williams A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faoul'ty for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Major Subject Dairy Husbandry Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Dean of Graduate College lovra. State College 1939 UMI Number: DP13553 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI Microform DP13553 Copyright 2005 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 A "/ •/(:, liSLE OF CONTSNTS Page General Introduction* 8 » PiiiT I Soybeans and Silage as a Complete Ration for Dairy Cows. ... 9 Introduction 9 HeTiew of Literature 11 Rations From Limited Sources 11 Corn or Sorghum Silage as the Sole Roughage ....17 The Value of Fat in the Ration. 18 The Effect of Soybeans on the Butterfat Percentage and on Milk and Fat Yields 20 The Effect of Soybeans on Butter and the Quality of the Butterfat 26 Method of Experimentation. 31. Selection and Care of the Cov/s 31 Collection and Analyses of Mlk and Butterfat 36 Results and Discussion 41 Feed Consumption, Health, and Live Weight. .........41 Milk and Butterfat Production and the Percent Fat 46 The Effect of Pregnancy on Milk Production. 56 The Chemical Constants of the Hilk and Butterfat 56 Feed Flavors in the Milk. 63 Post Experimental Period 65 Recommendations 66 Sixmrftary and Conclusions. 67 3 Page PART II Two Levels of Fat" Intake in the Grain Ration (Soybean Oil vs Starch) 69 Introduction ' 69 Review of Literature 71 Method of Experimentation. 75 Selection and Care of the Cows .....75 Collection and Analyses of the Milk and Butterfat. ..... 82 Replacements. 84 Results and Discussion. 65 Feed Consimption, Health, and Live ¥j"eight 85 Milk and Butterfat Production and Percent Butterfat. .... 91 The Effect of Pregnancy on l-Iilk and Butterfat Yields 108 Changes Occurring in the Nature of the Butterfat 109 Short Time Experiments. 122 The Effect on Butterfat Percentage of the Sudden Shift to the Experimental Rations. 122 The Effect of the liigh Fat Ration and the High Fat Ration plus Pasture on the Body and Color of the Butter Produced. 123 Sximmarj'- and Conclusions. 125 PART III Two Levels of Fat Intake in the Grain Ration (Soybeans vs Soybean Oil Meal plus Starch) 127 Introduction 127 Review of Literature 130 Method of Experimentation. 132 Special Feeds Used. .... ........ 132 Selection and Care of the Cov/s. 132 4 Page Collsction and Analysis of tho llilk and Butterfat 138 Results and Discussion. ..... 140 Feed Consiamption, Health and Live Tfeight 140 Eilk and Butterfat production and Percent Butterfat 144 The Chemical Constants of the Butterfat, and Eelated Data. 158 Summary and Conclusions 167 PARI IV Two Methods of Feeding Soybean Fat to Cows and Their Effect on Milk and Butterfat Production and on the Nature of the Butterfat. .......... 169 Introduction 169 Review of Literature 171 Method of Experimentation 173 Selection and Care of the Cows. 173 Collection and Analyses of the Milk and Butterfat 178 Results and Discussion. ........ 179 Feed Consumption, Health, and Live Tveight 179 Milk and Butterfat Production and Percent Butterfat. .... 182 The Chemical Constants of the Butterfat, and Related Data. 190 ' Sxiomary and Conclusions. 199 General Discussion 201 Suggestions for Future Investigations 204 Acknowledgement. 206 Literature Cited 207 5 List of Tables Page PART I Table I Information Concerning the Cows Used, ..32 Table II Feed Consvimption and Nutritive Requirements During the Experimental Period 42 Table II A Nutritive Eequirements. 44 Table III Live Tfeights of Cows in Povmds. 47 Table IV Ililk euad Butterfat Production .50 Table V Example of Calculation in ^alysis of Variance. ... 54 Table V A Aaalysis of Variance ..55 Table VI Chemical Constants of the Milk and Butterfat. .... 59 Table VII Analysis of Variance ......61 Table VIII Specific Gravity of the Milk 64 PART II Table IX Information Concerning the Cows Used 76 Table X Feed Analyses and Calculated Digestible Nutrient Content of Rations Used * 86 Table XI Feed Consumption and Minimum and Recommended Nutritive Requirements for last Five Tfeeks of Each Period 88 Table XII Live lYeights of Cows in Pounds 92 Table XIII I/Iilk and Butterfat Production. 95 Table XIV Example of Calculation of Extension of t~ test. .106 Table XIV A Tests of Significance 107 Table XV Chemical Constants of the Butterfat 110 6 Page Table XV A Chemical Constants of the Butterfat, Individual Saitiples 115 Table XVI Tests of Significance 116 PMT III ' Table XVII Information Concerning the Cows Used •..134 Table XVIII Analyses of the Grain Mixtures. ........... 141 Table XIX Net Feed Constoaption During the Last Three ¥fceks of Each Period 142 Table XX Live Yfeights of Cows in Pounds 145 Table XXI Milk and Butterfat Production 148 Table XJLII Tests of Significance. 154 Table XXIII Chemical Constants of the Butterfat, and Related Data 159 Table XXIII A Chemical Constants of the Individual Butterfat Samples, and Related Data 161 Table XXIV Tests of Significance 162 PART IV Table XXV Information Concerning the Cows Used 174 Table XXVI Analyses of the Grain Mixtures. 180 Table XXVII Het Feed Consumption During Last Three Ifeeks of Each Period. 181 Table XXVIII Live Weights of Cov/s in Pounds 183 Table XXIX Uilk and Butterfat Production 185 Table XXX Tests of Significance 188 Table XXXI Chemical Constants of the Butterfat, tod Related Data 191 Table XXXI A Chemical Constants of the Individual Butterfat 7 Pag© Samples, and Related Data 192 Table }CKXII Tests of Significance 194 » List of Figures and Picture Picture Some Equipment Used in the Analysis of the Butterfat. 40 ' PART I Figure I Mean Live Ifeights by Lots 49 Figure II Mean Mlk and Butterfat Production by Lots. ...... 52 Figure III Chemical Constants of Kilk and Butterfat by Lots. ... 60 PART II Figvire IV Mean Live Weights by Lots. 94 Figiore V Mean Milk and Butterfat Production by Lots 99 Figure VI Chemical Constants of the Butterfat by Lots 112 PART III Figure VII Mean Live Weights by Lots 147 Figure VIII Mean Milk and Butterfat Production by Lots . 152 Figure IX Chemical Constants of the Butterfat by Lots. ..... 160 PART IV Figure X Mean Live Weights by Lots 184 Figtire XI Mean Milk and Butterfat Production by Lots. ...... 187 Figure XII Chemical Constants of the Butterfat by Lots. ..... 193 General Introduction Th-is thesis is a report of four experiments in which soybeans or soybean oil were fed to dairy govts. No two experiments were exactly alike in design or in the rations fedj rather, each experiment devel­ oped from and was designed to answer some of the problems raised by the results obtained from the preceding experiment. For this reason it was not possible to follow the customary outline of a thesis. Instead, each experiment has been considered as a problem to be discussed separately. The development from one experiment to the next has been shown in the introductions to the individual experiments, and wherever possible the results of two or more experiments are combined for discussion. Finally, there is a brief discussion of the problem as a whole. 9 PAET I Soybeans and Silage as a Complete Sation for Dairy Cows* Introduction In recent surveys of Iowa (67^ 78) it ms fotmd that more than half of the farms in the state were operated by tenants, and that on, the aver­ age a tenant stayed on one fam less than three years' time. With such a system of farming the growing of legume hay is difficult; on the other hand, large quantities of corn are grown, and some of this could easily be cut and stored as silage. Also, on owner operated farms com silage is often the main roughage grown. If this roughage could be profitably utilized in large quantities by dairy cows without the necessity of bi:ying hay and concentrates, then the operator could distribute his labor more uniformly throughout the year and obtain a more regular income with less "robbing" of the soil than would be the case if he were to sell grain.
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