O PROCESSO CRIATIVO EM SÉRIES DE ANIMAÇÃO BRASILEIRAS: O Autor No Cartoon Do Século XXI

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O PROCESSO CRIATIVO EM SÉRIES DE ANIMAÇÃO BRASILEIRAS: O Autor No Cartoon Do Século XXI UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL FLUMINENSE INSTITUTO DE ARTES E COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL CURSO DE CINEMA E AUDIOVISUAL FÁBIO LUIZ GONÇALVES MENDES O PROCESSO CRIATIVO EM SÉRIES DE ANIMAÇÃO BRASILEIRAS: O Autor no Cartoon do Século XXI Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 2014 FÁBIO LUIZ GONÇALVES MENDES O PROCESSO CRIATIVO EM SÉRIES DE ANIMAÇÃO BRASILEIRAS O AUTOR NO CARTOON DO SÉCULO XXI Monografia apresentada ao Curso de Graduação em Cinema e Audiovisual da Universidade Federal Fluminense como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Bacharel em Cinema e Audiovisual. Orientador: Prof. DANIEL MOREIRA DE SOUSA PINNA Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 2014 A minha querida e eterna vó Lourdes. AGRADECIMENTOS A todos os entrevistados, por contribuírem de forma inquestionável para a viabilização deste estudo com sua paciência e experiência no ramo da animação brasileira: Humberto Avelar, Zé Brandão, Cid Makino, David Mussel, Allan Sieber e Diogo Viegas. A Daniel Pinna, meu orientador, por ter me ajudado a direcionar minhas ideias de forma que o resultado final deste trabalho pudesse ser o mais enriquecedor possível, não apenas para o encerramento desta graduação, mas também para além dela. Por todas as companhias destes anos de UFF, colegas e professores, que contribuíram de alguma forma para amadurecer minha visão de mundo. E, obviamente, a toda minha família, que tornou tudo possível e sempre acreditou. Jorge, Lucia, Laura. Amo vocês de coração. Obrigado. “Look at you, man! You're a full-grown cat, still watching cartoons! Why? You're three years old! Do you know what that is in human years?… Oh, listen to me, man. I'm your friend. Don't you know cartoons will ruin your mind? Look what it's done to your brain.” Primeira fala do personagem Ren Höek (voz e roteiro original de John Kricfalusi) em “Stimpy's Big Day” (1991), episódio de estreia da série “The Ren & Stimpy Show”. SUMÁRIO APRESENTAÇÃO .......................................................................................................... 12 INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................... 15 Objetivo do Estudo ................................................................................................... 18 Metodologia ............................................................................................................... 20 1- O CONTEXTO DE MERCADO ............................................................................... 24 1.1- A Reformatação da Animação para o Formato Televisivo: Primórdios e estruturação do “Saturday Morning Cartoon” .............................. 24 1.1.1- Execução de Animação para TV no Mercado da Década de 1980 ........ 25 1.2- Segmentação da animação: Blocos e Canais Infantis .................................... 29 1.2.1- Nickelodeon ................................................................................................ 29 1.2.1.2- A Instituição do Creator Driven: O Caso de The Ren & Stimpy Show .............................................................. 32 1.2.2- Cartoon Network ....................................................................................... 39 1.2.2.1- What a Cartoon Show e Derivados .................................................. 42 1.2.3- Canais Infantis no Brasil .......................................................................... 44 1.2.3.1- Cartoon Network .............................................................................. 44 1.2.3.2- Nickelodeon e Disney Channel ........................................................ 45 1.3- A mudança de imagem da animação para TV ................................................. 47 2- O MERCADO BRASILEIRO.................................................................................... 49 2.1- “Pré-História” da Animação Seriada nas Décadas de 1980 e 90 ................... 49 2.1.1- Estúdios de Propaganda ........................................................................... 49 2.1.2- Turma da Mônica ....................................................................................... 53 2.1.3- Terceirizações Estrangeiras ...................................................................... 59 2.1.3.1- Viabilização Técnica ......................................................................... 62 2.2- Projetos do Final do Século XX e Início do XXI ............................................. 64 2.2.1- Animações para Vídeo .............................................................................. 68 2.2.2- Experiências em Flash e Séries de Internet ............................................ 71 2.3- Nova Animação Brasileira: O surgimento de uma “Escola” de Animação Digital ............................................ 74 3- O PROCESSO CRIATIVO ........................................................................................ 79 3.1- Estabelecimento de Projetos: Pré-Produção .................................................... 79 3.1.1- Séries Originais .......................................................................................... 81 3.1.2- Adaptações ................................................................................................. 85 3.2- Formatação Comercial: Temporadas e Duração ............................................. 88 3.3- Particularidades do Veículo da Animação ....................................................... 89 3.3.1- Televisão Aberta e Fechada ...................................................................... 89 3.3.2- Internet ....................................................................................................... 91 3.4- A Influência da Figura do “Criador”: Diretores e Diretores de Animação ........................................................................... 91 3.4.1- Os Plots de Episódios e Arcos Narrativos ................................................ 97 3.5- Character Design e Direção de Arte como Identidade Visual ....................... 101 3.6- Importância do storyboarder no Produto Final ............................................. 105 3.7- Interferência Externa à Criação ..................................................................... 106 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS, CONCLUSÕES E PROPOSTAS .............................. 110 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ........................................................................ 119 GLOSSÁRIO ................................................................................................................ 136 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1: O Menino e o Mundo (2014) ........................................................................... 13 Figura 2: Peixonauta: Agente Secreto da O.S.T.R.A. (2013) ......................................... 15 Figura 3: Coletâneas de theatricals para a televisão ..................................................... 24 Figura 4: Os Flintstones nos Anos Dourados (1986) ..................................................... 27 Figura 5: Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures (1987) .................................................. 28 Figura 6: Nickelodeon (1979) .......................................................................................... 30 Figura 7: Nickelodeon (1985) .......................................................................................... 31 Figura 8: The Ren & Stimpy Show (1991), Arte conceitual .......................................... 33 Figura 9: The Ren & Stimpy Show (1991), Powdered Toast .......................................... 35 Figura 10: The Ren & Stimpy Show (1991), Big House Blues ...................................... 36 Figura 11: Gross-up Close-ups ........................................................................................ 38 Figura 12: TNT Toons ...................................................................................................... 40 Figura 13: Space Ghost Coast to Coast e 2 Stupid Dogs (1993) .................................... 41 Figura 14: Malcolm & Melvin e No Smoking (1995) ..................................................... 43 Figura 15: Disney Weekend (1997) .................................................................................. 46 Figura 16: Cebolinha (1968) ............................................................................................ 51 Figura 17: Mônica e Jotalhão (1968) ............................................................................. 52 Figura 18: O Natal da Turma da Mônica (1976) ............................................................ 53 Figura 19: Turma da Mônica (1980), Super 8 ................................................................ 54 Figura 20: As Novas Aventuras da Turma da Mônica (1986) ........................................ 57 Figura 21: Gummi Bears (1990) e Aladdin: The Series (1994) ..................................... 60 Figura 22: Videogibi Turma da Mônica (1997) .............................................................. 61 Figura 23: Turma da Mônica (1997), O Mônico e No Zoológico .................................. 63 Figura 24: Moda Amarela (1995) .................................................................................... 63 Figura 25: Castelo Rá-Tim-Bum (1994) .......................................................................... 64 Figura 26: Xuxinha (1998) .............................................................................................. 65 Figura 27: Os Carrinhos em A Grande Corrida (2006) .................................................. 69 Figura 28: Escola de Princesinhas (2007) .....................................................................
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