REVISTA DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS Volumen 32(2):88 - 93 RESEARCH ARTICLES Segundo Semestre ENTOMOLOGIA AGRÍCOLA ISSN Impreso 0120-0135 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/rcia.153202.16

Efficacy of different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) attached to yellow sticky cards to capture the vaporariorum

para la captura de la mosca blanca Trialeurodes vaporariorum Eficacia de diferentes diodos emisores de luz (LEDs) unidos a trampas adhesivas amarillas Jorge Eduardo Castresana1; Laura Elena Puhl2

1 I.A. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria Concordia, Buenos Aires, Argentina, [email protected]. 2 M.Sc. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires Argentina, [email protected].

Citar: trialeurodes vaporariorum CASTRESANA, J.; PUHL, L. 2015. Efficacy of different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) attached to yellow sticky cards to capture the whitefly . Rev. Cienc. Agr. 32(2):88 - 93. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22267/ rcia.153202.16 Fecha de recepción: Febrero 7 de 2015 Fecha de aceptación: Agosto 03 de 2015

RESUMEN

Teniendo en cuenta que algunos adultos de insectos muestran preferencia a ciertas longitudes de onda, se ha considerado este comportamiento para desarrollar herramientas de monitoreo y estrategias de control de insectos plaga. Como ejemplo de ello, las tarjetas adhesivas amarillas han sido ampliamente usadas para monitorear población de moscas blancas a campo como invernadero. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar

de adultos moscas blancas Trialeurodes vaporariorum lallevaron efectividad a cabo de en trampas la EEA adhesivasINTA Concordia amarillas en condiciones provistas con de luces umbráculo, emitidas donde por diodos se ubicaron (LEDs) jaulas para deel trampeo cría con plantas de tabaco, Solanum tabacum Phaseolus (Westwood) vulgaris (: Aleyrodidae). Los ensayos se 2 (L.) y poroto, (L.) desde Junio hasta Julio del 2013. Las trampas adhesivas amarillas tuvieron una superficie de 64cm provistas con (LEDs) de diferentes longitudes de onda promedio (525 nm verde y 380 nm UV) y sin LED como testigo. Los ensayos mostraron que los adultos de mosca blanca fueron significativamente (α >0.05) más atraídos por las trampas equipadas con LED de525 T. nm vaporariorum verde (134 son± 7.4 atraídos adultos/tarjeta) a trampas comparadas dotadas con conLED trampas verde, las equipadas cuales podrían con LED tener 380 un nm promisorio UV (105 ± uso 7.4 enadultos/tarjeta) invernadero como y trampas detección, sin LED monitoreo (85.17 ± y 7.4control adultos/tarjeta). de mosca blanca. Estos resultados muestran que los adultos

Palabras clave: trampas; aleyrodidae; longitud de onda; tarjetas adhesivas amarillas

UNIVERSIDAD DE NARIÑO Rev. Cienc. Agr. Julio - Diciembre 2015, 32(2): 88 - 93 Castresana and puhl - Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for whitefly capture 89

ABSTRACT

Since adult respond to particular wavelengths, some investigations have proposed to use such

behavior as potential target for novel monitoring and control tools.Yellow sticky cards have been commonly used for monitoring population in open-fields as well as in greenhouses. However, the attractiveness depends on various factors such as the reflected intensity (brightness) and the hues of yellow color (wavelength) of the trap surface, which is often influenced by environmental conditions and may sometimes affect the capture of white flies.There fore, the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be a significant complementary tool to strengthen attractiveness and the selectivity of these cards. This research Trialeurodes vaporariorum was carried out to investigate the efficacy of the yellow sticky traps equipped with LEDs in the capturing mechanism of adult whiteflies (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). This study has taken place in a glass little greenhouse at the Argentine Agricultural Experiment Station (EEA) of the rearing cages were placed together with tobacco plants, Solanum tabacum L. and beans Phaseolus National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA) of Concordia, Province of Entre Rios (Argentina), where vulgaris 2and were supplemented

L. from June to July, 2013. The yellow sticky traps covered an area of 64cm treatment. The trials showed that adults of T. vaporariorum with LED sof different wavelengths, namely green LEDs (525 nm), UV (380 nm) and without LED sas control on average preferred (α>0,05) traps equipped with green LEDs (525nm),which could have a promising use in greenhouses for the identification, monitoring and control of whiteflies. Keywords

: LED traps, aleyrodidae, wavelength,yellow stickycard

INTRODUCTION which 80 are developed in greenhouses. The most important vegetables grown in this area include The horticultural activity in Argentina is and the variety of crops grown in the area. This is squashes.leafy vegetables With reference (lettuces), to main fruits greenhouse from vegetables crops awellknown fundamental for socio-economic its wide geographical sector that distribution provides in(tomatoes, the city of peppers), Chajarí, sweet it has beenpotatoes, observed onions that and a daily food for the population living in this region, large number of polyphagous affecting such crops leads toboth direct and indirect damage,

Thissatisfies sector the also domestic provides demand employment and contributes to 350,000 reduction of yield within this quality. peopleto the GDP approximately, (11, 6% out mainly of the people Agricultural from family GDP). which creates significant economic loss due to the farmers, in a horticultural area of 600,000 hectares Among these agricultural pests, certain types resulting in an annual production of 10,500,000 tons et al Trialeurodes vaporariorum important developed horticultural areas can be found of whitefly, including the , in(Colamarino the cities of Federation,., 2006). In Paraná, Entre ConcordiaRíos, the most and (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), are important pests that produce cropssignificant cause economicthe reduction damages. in yield White due to flythe adultswater Colón that represent 83% of the total horticultural extraction,and nymphs photosynthates white flies in greenhouseand amino acidscommercial in the coveringareas within a productive the Province area of of Entre 1,300 Rios hectares, (CNA, 2002). out of About 550 farmers grow vegetables in these fields plant (Mound and Halsey, 1978). Furthermore, UNIVERSIDAD DE NARIÑO Rev. Cienc. Agr. Julio - Diciembre 2015, 32(2): 88 - 93 90 Castresana and puhl - Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for whitefly capture

et al the growth of sooty mold and can transmit plant of Bemisia tabaci are attracted to green light in viruseswhiteflies that excrete belong sticky to the honeydewfamily of Geminiviridae that leads to the2005; wavelength Park range., 2011). of 530nm Considering corresponding that adults to et al., leaves, Chu et al T. as in the case of plants (Polston vaporariorumthe highest spectralis attracted reflectance to two wavelength of healthy ranges green Chemical1999). control has been traditionally the main . (2004)reported that thewhitefly control treatment in the Province of Entre Ríos for T. vaporariorum. However, the application thisbetween research blue/ultraviolet was to determine 400-490 the (migration)improvement and of of chemical pesticides has not been completely yellow 500-600 (selection of host plant). The aim of effective to some extent because of the presence use of LEDs with two wavelengths attached to YSC. of the serosity produced by the pest. The serosity the efficacy of adult whiteflies capture through the avoids the chemical contact with the different stages of nymphs and pupa which remain immobile MATERIALS AND METHODS . Additionally, the habitual use of excessive chemical products has led adults and Trialeurodes vaporariorum nymphs(Gerling, to 1990) develop resistance against pesticides colony free from used for trials was et collectedThe main at whitefly Villa Zorraquin, City of Concordia. al This colony was maintained on tobacco plants productsresulting also in new lead outbreaks to reduce ofthe pest natural (Palumbo enemies Nicotiana tabacum of., T. 2001). vaporariorum The repeated applications et of al chemical and beans, Phaseolus vulgaris However, despite the activity of natural enemies over the last threeL. years(Solanacea) without variety exposure Virginia to (González-Zamora ., 2004). as the sole pest management strategy, this control chemical pesticides in cages covered L. (Leguminosae) with voile 3 in case of high infestation by T. vaporariorum. portion of this colony was transferred to another method would not be sufficient to avoid crop loss 4(80cmx80cmx80 cages with tobacco cm ) and to avoid beans. other These insects. colonies A were reared in individual cages ina glass little Thus, this situation has led to seek new efficient LEDs are emissions from solid-state material, greenhouse with windows equipped with air alternatives for management of whiteflies. semiconductor light sources, of small size, with conditioned devices, at a temperature ranging from particular properties, high mechanic stability, high

25 ± 5 ºC, relative humidity ranging from 65 ± 10% suchreliability, as remote long lifetime controls, and numeric at low cost screens, (Schubert, state and a photoperiod (16: 8) (L: O) supplemented by 2003). LEDs have been used for some applications Yellow40W fluorescent Sticky Cards tube light and bulbs. LEDs. The research was carried out in a little glass greenhouse from indicators, flat screens, optical communications, studies have been carried out to investigate how June to July, 2013. The attractiveness of white insectsamong respond others (Schubert to LEDs. Based and Yao, on the 2002). fact Fewthat monitoring changes in the population of aphids, flies was determined by using three types of yellow sticky cards (YSC) are commonly used for traps: (1) a yellow sticky card supplemented 2006; Gu et al with green LEDs (530nm, 36.80 lumens, 90ºC, leafminers, and other pest insects (Qui and Ren, NºXL503320UBGC525), (2) a yellow sticky card ., 2008)as well as whiteflies (Riley supplemented with UV (380 nm, 36.80 lumens, and Ciomperlik, 1997), the greenhouse white et al., 20º, NºXL503320UV380) (SHENZEN SEALAND flies have played a key role for the integrated connected to a 220 ohm resistance and energized OPTOELECTRONICS CO., LTD) each of them pest management of particular pests (Kaas UNIVERSIDAD DE NARIÑO Rev. Cienc. Agr. Julio - Diciembre 2015, 32(2): 88 - 93 Castresana and puhl - Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for whitefly capture 91

caught in each trap in each cage was analyzed using with a light source of 6V constant current (CC)/ area220V of alternating 64 cm2.The current LEDs were (AC) attached and(3) to a yellow ANOVA. Further testing was made using Tukey’s sticky card without LEDs,all of them with the same method with a significance level of 5% (Figure 2).All of the calculations were performed using sticky traps through a LEDs holder fitted on the InfoStat/Professional software, version 1.1, 2004. Captureupper sticky of adults part of of the Trialeurodes traps. vaporariorum. The study was designed as a randomized complete cm3 block design (RCBD) with 4 cages (80 x 80 x 80 a vertical) that wire represented support each system unit on (block). the top Within of 15 tobaccoeach cage, and three beans traps plants (treatments) infested attached with adult to a triangular arrangement at the same time. This trialwhiteflies was replicated (n ~1000) 6 timeswere randomly on 6 different placed days. in counted after a 24-hour exposure under a stereo The number of adult whiteflies for each tramp was Figure 1 magnifier (Figure 1). The average number of adults . -Green LEDs attached to yellow sticky card

160 a

a 140 160 captured

140 ab

s

captured 120 160 160 160 ab a a a s 160 a 120 b 140 140 140 100 140 b captured captured captured

ab ab ab

100captured s s s

ab

s 120 120 120 80 120 80 b b b 100 100 100 b 100 60 80 80 80 80 40 60 60 60 40 60 40 40 40 20 40 Average number of adult Average number of

Average number of adult Average number of 20 20 20 0 20 Average number of adult Average number of adult Average number of adult Average number of Average number of adult Average number of 0 0 0 YS0 T + UV Led YST YST +green Led 0 YSYST T+ + UVYS UVT Led+ UVYS T Led + UV LedYS T YSYSTT YSYST T +greenYSTYS +green LedYST +greenT +greenLed Led YST + UV Led YSTreatmentT YSs T +green Led TreatmentTreatmentTreatmentTreatments s Treatmentss s Figure 2. Average number of adult whiteflies T. vaporariorum caught in cages with FigureFigure 2. AverageFigure 2. Average 2number. Average number of adultnumber of adult whiteflies of whiteflies adult T. whiteflies vaporariorum T. vaporariorum T. vaporariorum caught caught in cages caught in cages with in cages with with FigureLED trapFigure 2.s Average( YS2. AverageT + number green number LED of adults adult, YS whiteflies T whiteflies + UV T. vaporariorum LED T. vaporariorums) and caught a yellow in cagescaught sticky with in trap cages without with FigureLED 2LED trapLED traps s( YS trap(LEDYSTsT + ( trapYS+ green greenTs (+YS LED green LEDT +s ,s green LED,YS YSTsT ,LED+ YS+ UV UVTsT., + LED YSvaporariorum LEDUVTs )s+ LED) and UVand s a )LED ayellowand yellows )a andyellow sticky sticky a yellow stickytrap trap without without stickytrap without trap without LED duringLED duringLED eight duringLED eight weeks during eightweeks in weeks eightin the the weeksin littlelittle the greenhouseinlittle greenhouse the greenhouse little .greenhouse Vertical. . VerticalVertical bars. Vertical represent bars bars represent bars representstandard represent standard errors standardstandard errors. .errors errors. . LEDDifferent trapLED sletters during(YST eight above+ greenweeks bars in LED the indicate littles, YS greenhouse Tthat + UVthe. Vertical treatments LED barss) and represent a are yellow significantstandard stickyerrorsly. differenttrap without (p< VerticalDifferent Differentbars. -AverageDifferent represent letters lettersDifferent number lettersabove above standard letters above bof bars arsadult indicate aboveindicateerrors. bars whiteflies indicate bthat arsDifferentthat indicatethe thethat treatments treatments theletters that treatments the aabove reatreatmentsre significant significantcaught abarsre significant a indicatethatinrelyly cagessignificantdifferent differently withdifferent ( lypthe(p < LED< different treatments ( ptraps< (p (YSC< are + LED0,05). during 0,05). 0 eight,05). 0 ,weeks05). in the little greenhouse. Vertical bars represent standard errors. Differentgreen LEDs,0,05). letters YSC + aboveUV LEDs) bars and indicate ayellow stickythat thecard treatmentswithout LEDsin are 8 significant weeks in thely little different greenhouse. (p<

0 ,05). significantly different (p< 0.05).

UNIVERSIDAD DE NARIÑO Rev. Cienc. Agr. Julio - Diciembre 2015, 32(2): 88 - 93 92 Castresana and puhl - Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for whitefly capture

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS

The results showed that in all of the cages where T. vaporariorum adults were attracted in greater the trials were conducted during the trial period, number by the visual stimuli coming from the

LEDs. These studies contribute to the design of the average number of adult whiteflies caught in yellow sticky card supplemented with greenT. these different treatments (YSC + green LEDs / vaporariorum in order to provide information treatment YSC + UV LEDs / YSC) had significant differences aboutmethods the for presence monitoring and andevolution identification of pest. of This information is important to determine a better number(F of=11.44; adults df=2;caught P= in 0,003).YSC with Consequently, green LEDs a Tukey’s test showed that the total average control strategy and timing for such control. This investigation line will continue to reduce and improve the effectiveness of chemical pesticides was significantly higher compared to YSC with UV LEDs and YSC (Figure 2). In addition, at the end of need to increase food production and protect the the 6 trial dates, a total average of (134.96 ± 7.4 environment.with an aim to avoid the conflict between the whiteflies/trap with green/ LEDs), compared to (105.79 ± 7.4 whiteflies/YSC with UV LEDs and ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The(85.17 above ± 7.4 results whiteflies are supported YSC) has by been Mutwiwa observed. et al., T. vaporariorum adults were more attracted to areas with a maximum refraction(2005) who or reported transmittance that in the green–yellow ofI wishthis paper: to thank the Ms. Monica A. Castresana Certified Translator, who assisted in the writing Based on the different response of T. vaporariorum BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES toarea the (520-610nm) wavelength than in theto 360-380nm UV and yellow ultraviolet. area et al BL also showed the positive response of greenhouse morphological, andphysiological traits associated with Coombe (1982) and Mellor ., (1997), the results ACKMER, J., D.N. BYRNE, Z. and TU. 1995. Behavioral, Journal of Insect Behavior. 8:251 - 267. migratory Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: aleyrodidae). adult whiteflies to green areas of visible spectrum in the case of T. vaporarioum, there is a balance CHU, D.,Y. ZHANG, B. CONG, B. XU, AND Q. WU, 2004. (550 nm). However, Mound (1962) noted that, The invasive mechanism of a worldwide important between the migration behaviour influenced by the ultraviolet (UV) and their landing on yellow pest, (Bemisia tabaci) (Gennadius) biotype B. Acta Entomologica Sinica. 47(3):400 - 406. explainedareas influenced that T. by vaporariorum the sensitivity to yellow. Taking COLAMARINO, I. N., CURCIO, F., OCAMPO, AND C. into consideration such balance, Coombe (1982) TORRANDELL, 2006. “En la mesa de todos”. Revista adults fly toward Alimentos Argentinos. 33:45 - 50. a visual stimuli of 400 nm (Zenith lighting) rather last visual stimuli was the most important signal COOMBE, P. E. 1982. Visual behaviour of the greenhouse than one of 550nm; however, during the flight this et al for identification of host andB. tabaci subsequent came to landing an end whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Physiological afteron it. their Moreover, attraction Blackmer to the visual ., stimuli (1995) of showed550nm Entomology. 7(3):243 - 251. typicalthat the of migration the refraction flight ofof plants. GERLING, D. 1990. Natural Enemies of whiteflies: Predators and Parasitoids. En: Gerling, D. (ed.), Whiteflies: their bionomics, pest status and management. Intercept, Andover UK. 147 - 186. UNIVERSIDAD DE NARIÑO Rev. Cienc. Agr. Julio - Diciembre 2015, 32(2): 88 - 93 Castresana and puhl - Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for whitefly capture 93

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