Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean

2010 Annual R ep o rt

The Continuous Recorder Survey Est. 1931 Passenger Containership Ro-Ro ferry REYKJAFOSS Charterers: Eimskip, CAP FINISTÈRE Reykjavik, Iceland Brittany Ferries, Roscoff, Owmers: Reidar Shipping France BV, Netherlands SA route Zc, Zb and Z Routes Bilbao to Portsmouth Newfoundland lo Iceland, From O ctober 2010 N W Atlantic From June 2008

Brittany Ferries

Passenger/cruise Ro-Ro ferry Passenger Ro-Ro ferry ARMORIQUE PRIDE OF BILBAO Brittany Ferries, Roscoff, France P&O Ferries, Portsmouth UK, PR route: Plymouth lo Roscoff SA route: Bilbao, Spain to Portsmouth, UK From March 2009 From: May 2004 to September 2010 Cargo-Supply ship Containership GREEN FROST Charterers: Zahl transport BBC REYDARFJORDUR A/S, Bodo, Chartered by Eimskip, Reykjavik Owners: Green Reefers A/S Owners: Phoenix Reederei, Leer, Bergen G erm any ST route: Svalbard to Tromso NI route, 11°30’E to 13°10’West. From November 2008 Mosjoen, Norway to Reydarfjordur, Iceland From June 2009 to June 2010

Containership HORIZON KODIAK Horizon Lines LLC, U.S.A. AT route: N.E. Pacific: Tacoma, Washington State, USA to Ro-Ro SKAUBRYN Anchorage, Alaska, USA Seaboard International Shipping Company Ltd From M arch 2004 North Vancouver, Canada VJ Route:- Vancouver to Ro-Ro/ Via the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea Containership From June 2000 ATLANTIC Ro-Ro TOR DANIA COMPANION Chartered by DFDS Seaways, Owners: Atlantic Container , Line, Skarhamn. Owned Imperial Shipping AB. E route: N ew York - Halifax, , Sweden Nova Scotia lo 52°W HE Route: Elbe to the Humber, D & W routes: 33°W to 7°West From October 2005 to March from Montreal to Liverpool 2009 From May 2008 Containership HELGALAND Ro-Ro TOR Charterers: MacAndrews & Co Ltd, CMA CGM London FICARIA Owners: M/S Helga GmbH Co. DFDS Seaways, Copenhagen Jork, Germany C route: Humber to off Hanstholm IB and SB routes: Lisbon lo NW Denmark, en route Porto and 46°North then Dublin lo Gothenburg. From February 2010 Ro-Ro NORBAY Containership P&O Ferries (Irish Sea ) SELFOSS Ltd., UK Eimskipafelag, Reykjavik, IN Route - Dublin to Iceland Liverpool LR and V routes: Immingham Mid Irish Sea to Sule Skerry (NW ) From May 2004 and SE Iceland From Septem ber 2000 Ro-Ro TOR PETUNIA DFDS Seaways, Copenhagen, Denmark LG Route: H um ber to Brittany Ferries Gothenburg via the Skaw, Southern Passenger Ro-Ro ferry PONT AVEN From August 2006 Brittany Ferries, Roscoff, France Ro-Ro cargo ferry PR route: Roscoff to Plymouth D ecem ber 2010 HILDASAY Charterers: NorthLink Ork­ ney & Ferries Ltd Owners: Seatruck Ferries

Ltd, Warrenpoint, N Ireland SEA-CARGO and Heysham, England A route: Shetland Ro-Ro S.C. ABERDEEN to Aberdeen Sea Cargo A/S, Bergen and Stavanger, Norway From M arch 2010 M Route: Aberdeen lo off Stavanger and Tananger, Norway Refrigerated cargo N orthern N orth Sea. From September 2001 to February 2010 ship BENGUELA STREAM Owners: Seatrade Gron­ ingen NV, Netherlands, chartered to Geest Bananas UK Ltd NORFOLK LINE B route: Mid Atlantic to Portsmouth, UK Ro-Ro FLANDERS renamed From January 2008 FLANDRIA SEAWAYS in August 2010 DFDS Seaways, Scheveningen, Holland R Route: Hook of Holland to the Shipwash Bank, off Suffolk en route to Felixstowe, England. From July 2000.

s e a -c Ar g o

Ro-Ro S.C. ABERDEEN Sea Cargo A/S, Bergen and Stavanger, Norway M route: Aberdeen to Tananger, Norway From September 2001 Ro-Ro cargo ferry, HASCOSAY Containership NorthLink & Shetland Femes Ltd Stromness. Orkney. Scotland, UK S. RAFAEL A route: Lerwick. Shetland to Aberdeen Chartered by Eimskip, Reykjavik From November 2002 to February 2010 Owners: Briese Shiffahrts GmbH & Co KG. Leer, Germany N I route: Mosjoen lo Reydarfjordur, Iceland From September 2010

Passenger Ro-Ro ferry BRETAGNE Research vessel CAPE HATTERAS Brittany Ferries, Roscoff, Duke University, Beaufort, North Carolina, USA France GM route in Gulf of Mexico. Post April 2010 Deepwater Horizon PR route: Roscoff to Plymouth oil spill. Towed October 2010. February, November 2010 From November 2002 to February 2010 Annual Report 2 0 1 0 1

2 - 3 DIRECTOR'S ANNUAL REVIEW 13 - 21 RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

4 -1 2 CPR SURVEY OPERATIONS 2 2 - 26 EDUCATION AND PUBLICATIONS

Tow logisitics and operations 27-28 APPENDICES Taxonomic analysis and database A. Financial summary Technological developments B. Shipping companies Global CPR Network ANNUAL REPORT Q

SAHFOS TRUSTEES

Professor P Holligan (President) Professor P Hart Dr R P Harris (Vice President) Mr. R. Hubble FCA (Honorary Treasurer from Mr A G A Wates MBE (Honorary Treasurer until April 2010) April 2010) Dr G Hosie Professor G. Boxshall FRS Ms B Greenaway Dr K M Brander Mrs C Mitchell Dr H Dooley (until April 2010) Professor R J Pentreath Dr R Emmerson (until April 2010) Professor A Warner

Editorial team: D G Johns, M Edwards Design and Layout: D G Johns and M Edwards Cover photos: A Johns, P Helaouet Printer: Kingfisher, Totnes, Devon, England

©2011 The Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (Charity number 1001233) The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PLI 2PB, England Tel: 01752-633288, Fax: 01752-600015 E-mail: [email protected] www.sahfos.ac.uk

Printed on recycled paper

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT factors that cause changes within plankton com munities munities com plankton within changes cause that factors to m onitor and understand changes in th e plankton plankton e inth changes understand and onitor m to the Ireland, France, BAS, EU, Canada, NERC, Defra, the to maximise e w ensure to SAHFOSand strengthen to CPRprocesses all of entation docum full involve will This other with working through plankton monitoring for these countries to run th e Benguela CPR Survey was was CPRSurvey Benguela e th run to countries these with scientists from South Africa, Namibia and Angola to to Angola and Namibia Africa, South from scientists with As 2011. in forward taken be will This initiative. global ere w e w year, the During countries. other with working While th e broad goals of SAHFOS remain to continue continue to remain SAHFOS of goals broad e th While CPR of use inthe increase an delight, with report, We have We Oceans. Southern and Pacific Atlantic, Arctic, We are therefore embracing th e challenges of working working of challenges e th embracing therefore are We r naibylresaeadotngoa i nature. in global often and large-scale invariably are strategy (see (see strategy Pacific, North Atlantic, North e th of munities com CPRSurvey. the infunding support and designed are activities ese Allth year. coming e th over we 2010, During outputs. identify research also our inWe year. the increase an during stakeholders by data phytoplankton. of y new taxonom e som molecular e initiated inth e w year, studies the During countries. perspective global increasingly an for planning started carried out early in 2011. in early out carried from technicians of Training Africa. South estern w off a on working in interested are hom Africa w USA,of all South e th Zealand, and New Japan, France, Eire, , by collaboratively this do will We scales. broader at increasingly broader perspective. The environmental environmental The perspective. broader increasingly impact of the resources th at w e receive. We are grateful grateful are We receive. e w at th resources the of impact ents. requirem stakeholder eet m to QA/QC our order in improve to procedures actions internal initiated have plan a new CPR survey in th e Benguela Current system system Current Benguela e inth CPRsurvey new a plan work to continued have e w initiative global this of part Canada, Brazil, Australia, in scientists with intouch European Arctic and Southern Ocean, our Going Global Global Going our Ocean, Southern and Arctic European ent itm m com ongoing their USA for the and Netherlands www.sahfos.ac.uk for details) requires an an requires details) for W elcome to our our to elcome W operations in the inthe operations survey regular our the During SAHFOS. recent progress at at progress recent outline e w which in Report Annual 2010 Director's review of the year the of review Director's have maintained maintained have e w months, 12 last the scientific and policy-maker communities. policy-maker and scientific the This collaboration. external develop to wish they our to approach new a trying are e w year, This increased have involved countries of ber num the grow to continues requests CPR data of ber num The w e have not interacted before. interacted not would have e We w data. our of use e th increase to continue e w received e w 2010, During stakeholders. of range wide and processes plankton change global to inter-decadal relation in on variability publish to continue e w While research of ber num small a only has SAHFOS Although Associated Researcher schem e. In this, our staff staff our Inthis, e. schem Researcher Associated another way in which CPR data is used for the benefit of of benefit the for used is onstrate CPRdata dem which in and way report inthis another later presented are that intention is Itour years. previous over significantly China, Canada, Belgium, provided also Australia, in have e UK, w scientists e th to e data from th of ere w ost m requests Although data data. CPRsurvey for requests 81 a with SAHFOSengages how onstrates dem this and achieves. now understanding our at th applications (reflecting associations plankton-seabird acidification), growing. isalso publications of range The co-authorship. 57 with 2010 in increased have outputs their staff, atclrywecmeeqiisfo hs ihwo whom with those from enquiries e elcom w particularly Calcifying of Atlas an as diverse as topics on produced have papers staff issues, policy for relevance its major collaborations. The outputs of the 2010 awards awards 2010 the of outputs The three started have collaborations. e w major far so and isongoing which inprocess projects larger of ber num smaller a inate nom of breadth increased the is It acknowledge to control). marvellous climate in export role its carbon (and to Acantharia by through August the of eruptions) Kasatochi 2008 consequence (a fuelling ash blooms volcanic plankton macroecology), level multi-trophic inthe published ere w 34 these, Of published. papers Norway and USA. Both th e num ber of requests and and requests of ber num e th USA. Both Netherlands, and Ireland, Norway Germany, France, Denmark, ocean in interests porary contem (reflecting Plankton international involved these of 70% Some ISI literature. / A Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir It is a pleasure to announce that Chris Reid was aw arded As I will be leaving SAHFOS in autumn 2011, I would like a Service Medal by ICES in recognition of his role in to say a heartfelt thank you to SAHFOS Council and staff leading the Editorial Workshop for the Position Paper for allowing me to lead SAHFOS during the last 5 years. on Climate Change (EWPPCC) for 2010. SAHFOS staff Together, we have made significant progress and I hope numbers have increased as we welcomed Dr Rowena SAHFOS continues to develop well in th e future. I wish Stern and Rebecca Vince. Rowena, who joins us from my successor, and all th e staff, "fair winds and following UBC Canada, is our new molecular taxonomist while seas" in the years ahead. Becky, a local Plymothian, has joined on a tem porary apprenticeship to help with our administration. No staff Peter Burkill left during 2010. April 2011 As the coming year is the 80th Anniversary of the CPR Survey, SAHFOS will be hosting an international symposium, Plankton 2011. This will be held in Plymouth on 22nd and 23rd September. The symposium will focus on the causes and consequences of long- term change ANNUAL REPORT in aquatic plankton communities. I use this opportunity to extend an invitation to you to join us. Full details are available on www.plankton2011.org .

CPR survey Northern Hemisphere f t

Fig.l. Continuous Plankton Recorder samples taken in the Northern Hemisphere during 2010. During 2010, the CPR survey expanded its operations into Arctic waters with tows from northern Norway to Svalbard.

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science CPR Survey Operations

Tow logistics and operations containership, S. Rafael towed the route from September to December 2010 thanks to the kindness of the owners, Peter Pritchard, Operations Manager Briese Schiffahrts of Leer, Germany. This route covers a very important area for plankton monitoring.

The physical operation of the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey over the past 79 years would not Iceland to North America and Europe have been economically possible without the generous The Foundation is greatly indebted to the support of ships, owners, managers, charterers, port Hafrannsoknastofnunin (Marine Research Institute) of operatives and agents. The consistent monthly tows and Reykjavik for th e continuous logistical support to th e the assistance from the agents and port operatives in survey. Teresa da Silva and her supervisor Dr Astthor transporting the recorders to and from the vessels are a Gislason organise the transfer of the Continuous fine testament to the shipping industry. The international Plankton Recorders (CPRs) to and from the Z route ship, marine, fisheries, meteorological and oceanographic Reykjafoss at Reykjavik. Eimskip Shipping Company of communities are greatly indebted to them. Reykjavik has steadfastly supported the CPR survey since 1933. They have allowed successive ships to tow Ships and companies participating during 2010 are CPRs from the east coast of the USA to Nova Scotia, shown in Appendix B. Photographs of the ships are inside Newfoundland and Iceland (E and Z) routes, ( G odafoss, the covers. During 2010 the 25 tow ships logged 128,509 Skogafoss etc.), and presently, the chartered ship nautical miles on 29 routes worldwide. There were Reykjafoss. They also allow the Foundation to tow 112,360 analysable nautical miles. A total of 5,832,006 CPRs on the Immingham to SE Iceland (V) route from nautical miles have been towed to 31 December 2010 by th e Selfoss. The Reykjafoss of Reider Shipping BV, the 296 ships since September 1931. Netherlands towed the Z route from Newfoundland to Reykjavik each month during 2010. Their kind assistance The overall 87.4% sampling success rate in 2010 and permission is much appreciated. illustrates the conscientious, consistently professional work of the CPR workshop team. The team comprises of Lance Gregory, Roger Barnard, Chris Harris and East Coast of North America Debbie Cracknell. Eight changes of ships occurred in E route: Towed by the ro-ro/containership A tlantic 2010. February: Bretagne on the PR route; H elgoland Com panion betw een New York, Halifax, Nova Scotia and on the IB/SB route; Tor Dania on the HE route. March: south of Cape Race, Newfoundland throughout 2010. We A rm orique on the PR route, Hildasay on th e A route. are grateful to Atlantic Container Line of Sweden for their September: S.Rafael on the Nl route. October: Cap professional assistance. Finistère on the SA route. December: Pont Aven on the PR route. North Atlantic

The tow equipment aboard the ships is subject to a The Atlantic Companion also covered the DA and D planned maintenance and safety inspection regime routes between 33°West to the north or south of Ireland complying with the international lifting equipm ent en route to Liverpool. This depended on the prevailing regulations. (LOLER 1998) North Atlantic weather. The refrigerated cargo ship Benguela Stream of Seatrade NV towed the B route The following geographic areas were monitored by CPRs: each month during 2010 from 40° West to Portsmouth, Arctic, North East Atlantic and Norwegian Sea UK. We are grateful to Seatrade NV the managers and the charterers, Geest Bananas (UK) Ltd for their kind assistance. The ST route between the North Cape of Norway and Svalbard was tow ed six tim es from April to Decem ber 2010 by the Green Frost. We are indebted to the owners Pacific Green Reefers of Bergen and charterers, Zahl Transport The AT route between Tacoma, Washington of Bodp, Norway. The Nl route between Mosjoen, State and Anchorage, Alaska was resumed in Norway and Reydarfjordur, Iceland was towed by the BBC April by th e containership Horizon Kodiak of Reydarfjordur from January to June 2010. Unfortunately Horizon Lines LLC, USA. Eighteen individual the ship sustained a major mechanical failure and came tows were completed to September, with off charter. We are indebted to the owners, Phoenix 7242nm logged. The crew of the Horizon Reederei of Leer, Germany and the charterers, Eimskip, Kodiak performed running repairs and Reykjavik as well as Grieg Logistics Shipping Agency servicing of th e CPRs aboard the ship. A of Mosjoen for assisting the survey. A replacement replacement CPR 180 was sent out in June 2010 after Netherlands and logistical help by Norfolk Line at Dooley difficulties with CPR 126. Professor Robert Benda of Terminal, Felixstowe are much appreciated. The M route, Prince William Sound Community College, Valdez, Alaska between Aberdeen and Tananger, has been towed each with his son Scott Benda looked after the filter cassette month by the freight ro-ro S. C. A berdeen of Sea Cargo unloading, servicing and reloading. The three towed filter A/S, Bergen. Sea Cargo of Bergen and Aberdeen have cassettes are landed at Anchorage in watertight plastic very kindly assisted the survey for many years. The A Peli cases, care of Horizon Lines. Lori Galloway, Pam route between Lerwick and Aberdeen was towed each M oore and their technicians at Horizon Lines, Anchorage month by the freight ro-ro Hascosay of NorthLink Ferries organise the airfreight of them to Valdez. After reloading, Ltd to February 2010. The replacement ro-ro, chartered Robert Benda returns them to Anchorage ready for from Seatruck Ferries of Heysham, took over the A placing back aboard the ship. The Horizon Lines, route from March 2010. We are very grateful for their Tacoma container terminal shore gang handled the permission and professional assistance to the survey. CPRs to and from the ship. Thanks are due to th e Ship's Superintendent, Danny Ellis, and Horizon Lines' shore Irish Sea gang plus foremen, Ken Clinton and Vern Poulsen. The continued success of this route is due to the excellent IB route: (46°North in Biscay to 53°North), off Dublin has professional co-operation by all of the aforementioned. been towed by the new ship, H elgoland from February October 2010, Professor Bob Benda retired from the NE to December 2010. The charterers are MacAndrews Ltd Pacific plankton survey after eight years conscientious of London. The ship is managed and owned by Petra and dedicated work. The Sir Alister Hardy Foundation Heinrich, HH Shipping, Jork, Germany. IN route: The wishes to extend thanks and gratitude for the consistent N orbay of P&O Ferries Irish Sea Ltd, Larne, Northern professional assistance given by Bob and his family to Ireland consistently monitors the plankton each month ANNUAL REPO RT the NE Pacific survey. We wish them all the best for the between the Liverpool Bar light buoy and Dublin. We are future, especially with Alaskan wildlife rescue projects, grateful to th e ship and P&O Ferries at Gladstone Dock, namely bear cubs and eagles. Liverpool for their professional assistance.

The VJ route between Vancouver and Japan was towed Portuguese and NW Spanish coasts, Bay of Biscay for three tow sets over May, July, August and Septem ber and the Channel. by Skaubryn of Seaboard International Shipping Ltd. Each of the three westbound tow sets comprises seven The Perseus J of Jiingerhans Maritime Services, Haren 500 nm tows. At 3500nm this is presently the longest Ems Germany, chartered by MacAndrews Ltd towed annual route in the CPR survey. 10,132 nm were logged the SB route in January, then the ship was repositioned. over 21 tows. There were 9,364 analysable nm. This The SB route is from Cabo da Roca (38°50'N 9°53'West) gave 92.4% success. The Brancker XR620 CTD + F unit to Leixoes (41°15'N, 8°58'W). The recorder bodies with was successfully run on the three sets of VJ route tows. the same filter cassette inside were then re launched The above success rate is attributable to the care taken off Leixoes and tow ed to 46°North in th e Bay of Biscay. by Dr Sonia Batten, Doug Moore and the CPR team on The SB route was continued by the Helgaland each Vancouver Island. We are indebted to Seaboard and the month from February to December. SA Route: The Pride Skaubryn for their continued assistance. o f Bilbao (P&O Ferries) tow ed monthly from Bilbao (43° 30'N, 3°10'W), around Ushant to off the Casquets North Sea (50°N, 2°20'W) from 2004 to September 2010. The ferry was removed from the route for subsequent sale. We The C, HE and LG routes have been consistently have expressed our gratitude to P&O Ferries and the monitored each month by ships of the DFDS crews for their consistent professional assistance. This (now DFDS Seaways from August 2010) fleet over many route has enabled comparisons between the National decades. The Survey is greatly indebted for permission Oceanography Centre's Ferrybox readings and a Brancker to tow CPRs from DFDS Seaways' headquarters in XR620 conductivity, temperature and depth sensor fitted Copenhagen, and for the logistical help from their port in the CPR tails. Sea temperature data were forwarded offices at Immingham and Gothenburg. Tor to th e Meteorological Office, Exeter. Brittany Ferries, Dania chartered from Imperial Shipping Roscoff, kindly gave permission for their Cap Finistère to Gothenburg returned to the HE route in commence plankton recorder tows on this route from February 2010. DFDS Seaways Tor Ficaria October 2010. PR route: No ship on the route in January. and Tor Petunia towed on the C and LG Brittany Ferries' B retagne towed in February 2010. The routes. Maersk Flanders (renam ed Flandria A rm orique then towed each month to October. B retagne Seaw ays in August 2010) towed the R route towed in November and the Pont Aven was fitted for between the Shipwash Bank and Hook of towing in December. We are much indebted to Brittany Holland from July 2000. The continued Ferries for their kind permission and professional permission to tow from Norfolk Line, assistance.

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT to th e north-east of th e Azores; to the w est a few unusual unusual few a est w the to Azores; e th of north-east e th to in adopted procedures standard following samples the Japan. Atlantic. In 2010, eighteen team analysts w ere working in working ere w analysts team eighteen 2010, In Atlantic. Tanya Jonas, Jonas, Tanya database and analysis Taxonomic Since th e inception of th e Pacific tows, th e analysis of the of analysis e th tows, Pacific e th of inception e th Since nauplii Barnacle Goose of counts analyse to continue We place. D, DA, EA, take EB e not th did on tows, STroutes, and anticipated of ber num a as (Figure analysis for allocated samples 4945 with Oceans ere w Tows 2010. in miles nautical 112,360 pled sam CPRs in Sasaki, Yuka and Yoshuki Tomoko Chiba, Sanae three, and expanded have e w years, recent Atlantic ore m North in but, the Sea from North CPR mostly and are 240,000 over samples just The analysed samples. have 100 individuals, than ore m , dedicated team CPRanalysis e th 1931, Since management m ore information on th ese and other unusual findings. unusual other and ese th on provides Report information Status ore m Ecological The occurred. isopods methodology). phytoplankton Pacific and Atlantic South and North Sea, North inthe ade m South and Pacific North the into CPRmonitoring regular In the North Atlantic, during 2010, w e have noted high high noted have e w 2010, during Atlantic, North Inthe the to modification minor (a 1958 in modified and 1948 years e som of at th below was load analysis The 2). and 1 Canada; in Moore, Doug and Batten Sonia two, Plymouth; Figure.2.Miles towed and samples analysed since the inception of the Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey in Survey 1931 Recorder Plankton Continuous of the inception the since analysed samples and Figure.2.Miles towed Miles towed and samples analysed since 1931 sinceanalysed andsamples Miles towed Senior analyst Senior 100000 120000 140000 40000 20000 60000 80000 (Lepas spp.) in a large area area large a in spp.)

Jam es Clark Ross Clark es Jam frontal systems and th e distributions of key taxa. W e will e W taxa. key of distributions e th and systems frontal meridian. 180° the w ere som e technical problem s with th ese last tow s so, so, s tow last ese th with s problem technical e som ere w ere w miles nautical 14,755 2010, During Island. Vancouver samples will be collected throughout the year. the plankton throughout e th collected region, be will e th for Islands samples Falkland Uniquely e th Georgia. een South betw and onths m alternate willin CPRs e w e tim this BAS, but with collaboration our continue ere w years five e th over that results samples The with analysed. tow be one only could was there disappointingly, There 3QS226/1. contract five-year e th for Sea Scotia inYokohama, Institute Research Fisheries o tw e National inth s the at team the by analysed ples sam and 317 and Plymouth in sampled analysts een betw shared been has samples use the fishery protection vessel vessel protection fishery the use particularly features, interesting e som show to beginning has undertaken analysis of Pacific samples collected w est of of est w collected samples Pacific of analysis undertaken has laboratory, sister a years, of couple last e Inth laboratories. During th e austral sum m er of 2009/10, th e BAS ship BAS ship e th 2009/10, of er m sum austral e th During Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir vf carried out th e last few CPR tow s in the inthe s CPR tow few last e th out carried Pharos 4000 00 ¡L 2000 «> 3000 Í? 5000 6000 7000 1000 u (iue3 otwtow to 3) (Figure RRS

The CPR Console now provides the user interface to enter Technological development: the Water CPR data to the database. It enables more information to and Microplankton Sampler (WaMs) be stored and when further developed will speed up data processing. The last few years have been quite testing as Anthony Walne, Instrumentation the team got to grips with the new system.

The water sampler was used in the southern North Sea Training, quality control, quality assurance and on the CPR route between Vlaardingen (The Netherlands) procedures and Felixstowe (UK) monthly between March and August 2010. We used a 10 sample WaMS with a seawater switch. Training for all analysts continues, and in 2010 covered the Each sample was approximately 100 ml and was retained use of our new microscopes and digital cameras as well in a plastic medical reagent bag preloaded with acidic as identification of decapods, euphausiids, Centropages Lugol's iodine. spp., appendicularians and Thalassiothrix longissima. Claudia Castellani and Marianne Wootton attended a The CPR samples were analysed in the SAHFOS laboratory three day course on light microscopy organized by the in the usual way. The samples from the WaMS were sent Royal Microscopical Society. Milly Hatton-Brown attended to Sweden where they were settled in Utermohl chambers the EDIT-DEST course 'Basics of Taxonomy: describing, and counted by inverted microscopy by Lars Edler. In July illustrating and writing biodiversity' in Sweden. Gemma and August the phytoplankton was dominated by the Brice, Maria Campbell and Milly Hatton-Brown have diatom Rhizosolenia imbricata shrubsoleii contributing also received in-house training on Pacific plankton. over 95% of the particulate carbon seen in the water Marianne Wootton and Claire Wotton passed, with flying samples. At the same time high numbers of the species colours, the BEQUALM quality assurance phytoplankton ANNUAL REPO RT were seen on CPR samples and the highest value of the identification and enumeration test. Phytoplankton Colour Index was recorded.

A thorough review of our procedures and quality control One justification for the development of the WaMS was to measures started in 2010. The review will result in a investigate the contribution it could make to monitoring comprehensive procedures manual to be used by all the of Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) species. Both the CPR and sister surveys. The review process has also served as a the Water Sampler recorded individuals of the genera wonderful training exercise as all analysts have been Pseudo-nitschia, Prorocentrum and Protoperidinium. involved. The taxa Gymnodinium and Dinophysis were recorded more frequently by the WaMS than the CPR and this may New laboratory and equipment be because the species tend to be small and non-chain forming. Both samplers recorded the presence of the In 2010 we purchased two new microscopes: a dissecting nuisance species Phaeocystis and the CPR had several Zeiss Stereo Discovery V8 and com pound Nikon Eclipse records of Noctiluca. This species was not identified in 80i, both with drawing tubes and attachments for cameras WaMS samples and this may be due to its delicate nature. (Figure 4). These have further enhanced th e facilities in the taxonomy laboratory set up in 2009.

Towards the end of 2010 the SAHFOS Council agreed to a major refurbishment of the Analysis laboratory and associated offices. After consultations with the designers and technical experts at Sanber, and approval of planning applications, work on the offices started in November. In December, the laboratory area was completely cleared, ready for two months of refurbishment starting in January 2011.The new laboratory will fit SAHFOS for th e future, with th e best health and safety features, room for one inverted microscope, 11 analysis and five dissecting microscopes. Figure 3. The Falklands Fisheries protection vessel MVPharos SG

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT em ihtearne n fcosognstoa emteam cross-organisational of ent training. arrangem the with team close e th recognising the , Hill IT being team Citadel a of changes major formation e th of one , IT team the to go travelling around Australia, leaving th e position of of position e th leaving Australia, around travelling go to an using 2010 in re-launched was ebsite SAHFOSw The virtualisation project at the end of 2009 it was clear that that clear itwas 2009 of end the at project virtualisation was able to retain som e tim e to continue work on the on work continue to e tim e som retain to able was to order in graduation SAHFOSafter for working and this was recognised by th e Senior M anagem ent ent anagem M Senior e th by recognised was this and e tim e som for on going been had at th collaboration com plete th e task. e th plete continue to com enough lucky was he and as Colebrook-Clark Alec by undergraduate the an was started This work of items. all as orthy completion sw dynamic, new ore m post far es now can becom staff website e th before ensure reviewed then are which pages, eb w update system create to staff all ent and allowed anagem has This m UMBRACO. called content .NETbased source open Stevens, Darren developments Database both IT departm ents had becom e very interdependent interdependent very e becom had ents IT departm both The ents. IT MBA departm SAHFOSand e th een betw within changes and ents developm new e som saw 2010 in a position to move into th e role of IT support but but IT of support role e th into move to position a in isto intention The website. the onto launched being IT Support Assistant vacant. Alec Colebrook-Clark was was Colebrook-Clark Alec vacant. Assistant IT Support 2010 inJanuary MBA e th SAHFOSand left Ralph Helen Figure 4. The new Zeiss stereo microscope FigureZeissnew stereo 4. The I. Manager T. to achieve these goals. This was a really worthwhile worthwhile really a was This goals. and these achieve to database e th of ent developm with forward, way the to deliver this project, th e IT M anager and IT Support IT Support and anager IT M e th project, this deliver to linking project, the expand to us allowed also has This by held images plankton for project store new a of central a launch provide the to with off rounded year The Assistant received training in Linux tow ards the end of of end the ards Linux tow in training received Assistant database independent the was year e th of highlight A developm ent in accordance with th e 'Going Global' and and Global' 'Going e th with accordance in ent database developm further for way e th paving order in exercise, required be would resources hat w on advice SAHFOS. The software of choice to deliver this objective objective this deliver to choice of software The SAHFOS. website. the develop to continue SAHFOS to allowing ebsites w PMSEF FOTO,SAHFOS,and report of this working group gave clear guidelines on on guidelines clear gave group working this of report Dr Wiebe, Peter Dr Lowry, Roy Dr by conducted review 'Going Complete' strategies. Complete' 'Going 2010, with further training to follow. to training further with 2010, Inorder forms. internal and central a presentations providing as for well as repository ents, store to docum procedures procedure Assurance Quality our itwith library. asset digital source open an Space, Resource is Francisco (Tjess) Hernandez and Dr Ann Bucklin. The The Bucklin. DrAnn and Hernandez (Tjess) Francisco Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir Global CPR Network SCAR Southern Ocean CPR of the region. The CPR dataset was used as one of the test data sets for the pelagic realm to develop the survey methodology and format to apply to other groups. The dataset was selected because of the geographic extent Dr Graham H os ie, Director of the SCAR SO-CPR of sampling around Antarctica and because of the CPR's survey, Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) consistency and reliability of sampling. The focus of the analysis was on modelling and predicting distribution It has been another busy year for th e SO-CPR team with patterns of whole Zooplankton assemblages around the usual series of CPR tows around Antarctica, various Antarctica, by month and season. The basic approach workshops to ensure standardisations of our methods involves finding relationships between the Zooplankton and to conduct time-series and biogeographic analysis distribution/abundances and the environmental of the data, plus conference meetings promoting the variables th at are likely to drive th e plankton patterns, CPR work. Not surprisingly, the request to use the data e.g. sea surface tem perature, salinity, chlorophyll, grows as recognition of the value of the Southern Ocean sea surface height, sea-ice cover, all derived from CPR data-set grows. All this is happening at a time when satellite remote sensing. The distribution patterns of the survey is about to celebrate its 20th anniversary. Zooplankton assemblages are then modelled and tested against the observed data, based on these relationships. Field work This includes using the satellite observed environmental data to predict Zooplankton biogeographic patterns in The Southern Ocean CPR Survey completed 44 tows from areas poorly sampled. This analysis of whole Zooplankton five vessels during the 2009-10 season; November to assemblages builds on the recently published CPR March. Australia completed 24 tows south and west of Southern Ocean Zooplankton atlas and modelling the Australia from the Australian icebreaker Aurora Australis. circum-Antarctic distribution patterns of the copepod Japan supplemented this with another 6 tows in the Oithona similis. Both the real observation and the same region from their new icebreaker Shirase. New modelled biogeographic patterns have shown a number Zealand completed 11 tows between New Zealand and the Ross Sea from th e San A o tea II (6 tows) and Tangaroa (5 tows). Three tows were conducted in the Drake Passage region from the Brazilian vessel Fremantle to Broome (n = 1 8 6 ) . Broome Ary Rongel. Tows are expected to be conducted

annually across Drake Passage and will complement Brisbane

the SAHFOS-led tow s around South Georgia further East Australian Current (n = 1854)

east. This is the main region of krill fishing activity Sydney^ and the results of the CPR tows will be useful for Burnie to N elson (n = 228)

conservation and management of the region. In total Hobart to Fremantle (n = 328) Burnie a 'N elson 3,176 samples w ere collected by SO-CPR during the 2009/10 Antarctic season. The 2010/11 is on track to produce a similar number of samples. The addition of the 2009/10 samples increases the data set to approximately 30,000 for more than 230 taxa coupled with environmental data. Southern O cean (n = 1373) AusCPR samples June 2009 to Feb 2011 Workshops and Data Analyses

The CPR data set was the centrepiece of the Southern of persistent hot spots of high Zooplankton abundance Ocean Biogeographic Synthesis workshop in Villefranche- that can be related to foraging zones of higher predators. sur-mer, May 2010, convened by the SCAR Marine The analysis started at the Villefranche workshop and Biodiversity Information Network (SCAR-MarBIN). The concluded at a follow-up workshop in Wellington, purpose of the workshop was to start the process of June 2010, hosted by the National Institute of Water developing a new Biogeographic Synthesis Atlas for and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and the Census of all marine taxonomic groups (pelagic and benthic) Antarctic Marine Life (CAML). using both historical data and the updated volume of At the same time, time-series analyses of the dataset information produced by the Census of Antarctic Marine have continued using both observed data and modelled Life. The new atlas is expected to be a major tool for patterns to understand the variability and trends being future Antarctic research, conservation and management observed in Zooplankton distributions, abundances ANNUAL REPO RT on ttmet yPieMnsesRd n Fkd in Fukuda and Rudd Ministers Prime by ents statem joint to th e support provided by th e SCAR Expert Group on on Group SCARExpert e th by provided support e th to e th despite at th was workshop. workshop e interactive th of and on conclusion The hands intensive an through to together personnel key all bring to opportunity first Zealand) (New NIWA NIPR(Japan), AAD(Australia), the various for personnel key of participation active the enhanced for need e th a acknowledging from 2008, June Tokyo anates em and ents governm both from funding Australian AusCPR Survey and the AAD. the and Survey AusCPR Australian All participants knowledge. CPR of wealth her with another also was workshop The CPRinitiative. global and operations SO-CPR future discuss to was orkshop w species of standard high e sam e th maintaining are e w analysis time-series The SAHFOS. by used those with sea- chlorophyll, salinity, perature, tem e.g. variables, A dedicated CPR session was convened at the SCAR 4th SCAR 4th the at convened was CPRsession Adedicated Meetings inTokyo, conducted was workshop Astandards conducted in association with th e annual SCAR business SCARbusiness annual e th with 2010, association in August Aires, Buenos in conducted Conference Science Open NIWA,SAHFOS,the by provided support in-kind and of Institute National e th (EG-CPR)and Research CPR thanks possible was highest the orkshop are w The data the possible. and quality ethodology m in inthe standard errors no ere w there laboratories, of separation correct are ensure ethodologies to m and and expertise, identifications and our knowledge our exchange the provided eeting m through Tokyo usually the visits, laboratories, the opportunistic een betw standard e elcom w particularly was Jonas Tanya Analyst SAHFOS's of Senior participation The (UK).SAHFOS and with network CPR global a building ards tow step the of aim second The CPRSurvey. the with Ocean involved Southern laboratories and participants all better to inAntarctica research scientific cooperative dedicated by supported project isa climate This future study impacts. to change plankton on patterns ark pelagic benchm other a and establishing on collaboration ensurate m com indicators trend ental species/environm environmental e sam the to relation in composition and etns Tessinwswl teddadnmerous num and attended well was session The meetings. high a maintaining are e w Zooplankton; of identification that maintain to endeavoured have Ocean e w While Southern of of plankton. identification and standard high a to ethodology m trained are workshop inthe Ocean Southern e inth CPRwork in involved laboratories the to contribute can Survey e th how and research, ongst am quality data and ethodology m identification, the on change climate of impacts region. global the understand Australia-Japan joint a to contribution major a isalso of set a develop is to work e th of aims the of One ice. Polar Research w ho hosted the meeting, along with real real with along meeting, the hosted ho w Research Polar ensuring of goal primary e th with 2010, November , one-m an-show with just a few tow s per year, with only only with year, per s tow few a just with an-show one-m , tow s per year around Antarctica, using m ore than a than ore m using Antarctica, around year per s tow Australis Aurora e th 20th the see will season field Antarctic 2010/11 The analyses time-series and 8%. to 5 usual biogeographic e th of of the of 75% instead to results 50 The bers een num betw Zooplankton total represented often foramiferans 20 years and going strong going and 20 years way to go match th e achievem ents of th e SAHFOS e th of ents achievem e th match go to way Marine Australian annual the at presented also ere w analysis analyses, biographic e th included They years. and interaction betw een CPR laboratories w e hope to to hope e w success. at th laboratories CPR ulate een em betw interaction and long a has still Survey SO-CPR The SAHFOS.of with and exchange ore m much now is there and vessels, dozen survey e th years 20 After visits. opportunistic occasional from deployed was hen w Plymouth 1991 from January 12 on GMT purchased CPR a 09:58 at enced m winter e com th during Island Heard around s tow test e som Drake across and Antarctica of sector Atlantic CPRCPRinthe his southern Ocean used first Hardy Sir Alister Southern e th of Survey. start e th of anniversary 2010. November inTokyo, NIPR Biology Polar annual on e th at and Symposium 2010 inJuly Association Sciences Antarctic eastern of zone sea-ice and Ocean sudden Southern the and trends, and patterns term long of 20 last e th over Survey SO-CPR the of ents achievem based CPR Survey. However, through continued support support continued through However, Survey. CPR based laboratories Antarctic een betw support and information 60 to 50 een betw with nations, several involves now and letters SAHFOStelexes, via from support limited officially CPRSurvey Ocean Southern e th 1990, of (June) the season at Inth season. er m sum 2004/05 inthe the of much across foraminiferans pelagic of bloom scientific the highlighting presented ere w papers Passage during the 1925-27 1925-27 the during Passage Hobart. At th at tim e th e SO-CPR Survey was a genuine genuine a was Survey SO-CPR e th e tim at th At Hobart. Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir on route betw een Mawson and and Mawson een betw route on Discovery expedition. After After expedition. The United States West January and February. A fairly steady latening of this annual maximum continued through the series Atlantic (US-CPR) CPR until 2009, when it occurred between late July and late August. Given the large number of species survey included in the non-Brachyuran category, this change is likely th e result of changes in species composition Dr Jack Jossi, U.S. Dept, of Commerce, NOAA of the CPR samples. We are very grateful for the Narragansett Laboratory, USA longstanding support of the officers and crews of the containerships Godafoss, Reykjafoss, Selfoss, and This, the longest running sister survey, which started in Skogafoss (Eimsipafelag, Reykjavik, Iceland), who by the mid 1970's, uses the same design as SAHFOS and the end of 2010 had towed the CPR 295 times across had three routes in operation during 2010. Sampling the Gulf of Maine; of the container ship Oleander between Boston and Nova Scotia (route CO) began (Bermuda Container Lines Ltd., Hamilton, Bermuda) in 1961 when it was conducted by the CPR staff of who completed the 381st CPR tow in December 2010; the Oceanographic Laboratory, Edinburgh. The US and of the research vessels Cap'n Bert (University of assumed its operation in 1977. Concurrent sampling Rhode Island) and John Chafee (State of Rhode Island, includes expendable bathythermograph (XBT) and DEM) for th e 107 CPR tow s in Narragansett Bay. surface salinity measurements. A thermosalinograph (TSG), and a partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pC02) This being my last annual report before retirement in sensor are to be installed in early 2011. The second April 2011, I would like to thank all th e staff of th e CPR route (BO) extends over the shelf and slope from New

York City tow ard Bermuda, and has been in ANNUAL REPO RT existence since 1976. Other sampling, extending from New York to Bermuda, includes XBT, TSG, 2 7 0 2 6 0 acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP), and SEP 2 5 0 pC02. A third route (NO) covering Narragansett 2 4 0 and M ount Hope Bays, and Rhode Island 2 3 0 AUG Sound includes monthly sampling using a CPR 220 internal mechanism in an undulating towed 2 1 0 vehicle. This route has been conducted since 196 5 197 0 1975 1980 19 8 5 19 9 0 19 9 5 2000 20 0 5 1998, and includes concurrent measurements YEAR of tem perature, salinity, oxygen, repetitive rate 2 7 0 S fluorometry, chlorophyll fluorometry, and optical SEP. 2 4 0 5 plankton counting.

1 5 0 < Analysis activities during 2010 have focused on 1 2 0 Z the preparation of a series of atlases, th e first covering CPR Zooplankton across the Gulf of Maine. Included are 1978-2007 baseline abundance conditions in time and space 196 5 19 7 0 1975 198 0 19 8 5 1990 199 5 2000 20 0 5 YEAR (space = distance along the route); inter-annual variations of seasonality; Figure5a (Top) Variations of the day of annual maximum abundance of Centropages and inter-annual departures from mean typicus, copepodite stages 4-6 for the Massachusetts Bay (red), the central Gulf abundance for the 31 most abundant (blue), and the western Scotian Shelf (green) sections of the Gulf of Maine CPR taxa during the baseperiod. Opposing route. 5b (Bottom) Variations of the day of annual maximum abundance of changes in seasonality for two of these Decapoda (excluding Brachyura) larva for the Massachusetts Bay (red), the central Gulf (blue), and the western Scotian Shelf (green) sections of the Gulf of Maine CPR taxa are shown in the accompanying route. figures. For Centropages typicus, copepodite stages 4-6 (Figure 4a), the day of maximum abundance occurred between late surveys, from Edinburgh, to Plymouth, to Nanaimo, to August to early October in the early 1960s for the St Lucia, to Narragansett. The resulting plankton time- three sections of the Gulf of Maine transect, but had series are among the longest for this part of the world, advanced to early to late August by 2009. In the case and are due in very large part to your help, always of Decopoda larvae (other than Brachyura) (Figure offered with generosity, insight, and grace. Keep on 4b), the opposite change is seen, at least in the central towing! and eastern sections of the Gulf of Maine. During the early years, the annual maximum abundance for the central and eastern sections occurred during

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT This route now runs to Adelaide and is conducted every every isconducted and Adelaide to runs now route This This extremely cosmopolitan organism covered our our covered organism cosmopolitan extremely This fungus e th as sydowii. identified silkswas 'black' the following 2009, ber InSeptem globally. CPRsurveys for Australian coast. The tow from Australia to New Zealand Zealand New to Australia from tow The coast. Australian Australia. Airports on the east coast of Australia w ere ere w Australia of coast east the on Airports Australia. new be might at th Tasmania) of (University hittock W from isemerging science interesting e som but year, plankton onitor m (AAD) to Division Antarctic Australian AusCPR has expanded considerably since last year and and year last since considerably expanded has AusCPR Scientific ealth onw m Com e th of project isa joint AusCPR Continuous Australian The Ocean CPR Survey based at th e AAD (see th e Southern Southern e th CPRreport). AAD(see e Ocean th at based SCARCPR Survey Southern south e th Ocean Ocean with Southern collaboration in inisthe Australia, of operation of area second estern W the up and Bight and Australian Zealand Great New the to Sea across Tasman the across as such een betw is route running longest The waters. coastal events provided by a regular synoptic plankton survey survey plankton CPR. the as synoptic such regular a by unexpected into provided insight events invaluable This e th investigation. highlights under example are consequences they but ecosystem e 2009. fungus, th of this of inJune sure s not tow our are e w began e w Currently since e tim other any at present was and Sydney, and Brisbane een habitats. betw silks marine and ater inthe freshw dust ininhabits also is found but and Sea Sahara, Carribean e inth disease electron scanning microscopy, light closer On oil.with in covered black examination ere w yielded if they as event, e th appearing silks,after regular weeks Our 3 CPR tow, areas. e coast som ineast m <50 was of visibility and states closed eastern the hit storm dust European large since a ent, severe ost m settlem e th drought, year 10 a Lucy Dr and Hallegraeff Gustaaf Prof. with this collaboration delivery data and expansion on been has focus Our System Observing Marine part Integrated forms $US105M and e 2008 th inof Australia's of initiated was health AusCPR the to oceans. guide a as munities com the (CSIRO)and Organisation Research Industrial and Hosie Graham Dr & J.Richardson Anthony Dr into the biomass of mesopelagic mid trophic levels. The The levels. trophic mid research mesopelagic of biomass hydro-acoustic the with into conjunction in isconducted frequently, less ed tow are routes ther O months. 2 Australian inis first The operation. of areas o tw has survey (AusCPR) Recorder Plankton betw een Sydney and M elbourne, but has not been seen seen been not has but elbourne, M and Sydney een betw of cause the analysis, molecular through and microscopy, Government. Australian e th of initiative an (IMOS), Brisbane (27°S) and M elbourne (38°S) (since June 2009). 2009). June (since (38°S) elbourne M and (27°S) Brisbane Finally, a brief note about QA/QC. As part of this process, this of part As QA/QC. about note brief Finally,a This fungus has been implicated in soft coral coral soft in implicated been has fungus This Aspergillus

The year saw the last tow by the cargo ship ship cargo the by tow last the saw year The reality. a AusCPR ade m have ho w - Tonks David McLaughlin, es Jam Davies, Claire Coman, Frank - provided has Gregory Lance particular, In year. past e th cycles. seasonal and maps distribution include will future tow s w ere successful, with som e minor losses because because losses minor e som with successful, ere w s tow ol lolk otakteepnigAsP em team AusCPR expanding the thank like to also would e w A minilogger was fitted to the AT CPR for July onwards. AT July CPR for the to fitted was minilogger A other but three and completely failed ATSound tow June Puget The VJand Inlet tows. Cook een betw s AT tow America to Japan since th e beginning of th e Pacific e th of beginning e North th since from VJ Japan route circle to great America e th ed tow has which operations CPR Pacific thank to here opportunity this take liketo would We phytoplankton 47 for ese th pleted com currently have We and phyto- for guide identification an building are e w contributing about 75% of the costs and SAHFOS making SAHFOSmaking and costs the of consortium 75% e th about with contributing adequate, was Funding sampling. of early trained be will technicians local down New step 2010. to after asked 2003, since Alaska Valdez in College AT route the servicing been have Benda ho Bob w Scott, e Professor son his sam and the beyond. and 2011 undertake in one to up lined sampling vessels have ent e w replacem their cooperation of with but, generous owners, new Seaboard's to sold was ship The survey. Batten, Sonia Dr over support continued their SAHFOS for at staff e allth species. Zooplankton 211 and has currently which survey, AusCPR e th from Zooplankton CPR on th e VJ route and returned three full tow s of data. data. of s tow full three returned the to and fitted VJ CTD route e was th Brancker CPRon The issues. mechanical of six with level normal e th at be to planned was Sampling up the remainder. the up year eleventh routine a was alltheir 2010 for em that, th than thank e ther w O but help. them replace to 2011 in Community Sound William Prince e th at s echanism m Finally, logistical. allthings on advice valuable and regular inthe and identification, for information taxonomic key McLeod, Anita Slotwinski, Joanna Strzelecki and Mark Mark and Strzelecki Joanna Slotwinski, Anita McLeod, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir SAHFOS Skaubryn,

CPR Research Highlights

Calanus finmarchicus distribution linked to a critical Figure 7a shows the thermal profile of C. finmarchicus thermal boundary for each month. The species has its maximal abundance between April and September at temperatures ranging Dr Pierre Hélaouët, SAHFOS from 5 to 10°C, thus being comprised in the critical thermal boundary. The calculation of the Z-score, and S respectively Among the species identified by the CPR survey, Calanus the mean and standard deviation of the abundance, shows finmarchicus is probably one of the most important that the species abundance has its maximum variability components in the North Sea plankton community by within th e critical therm al boundary (Figure 7b). This is confirmed by the calculation of the standard deviation on the Z-score (Figure 7c).

The analysis provides compelling evidence that the change in the distribution of C. finmarchicus in th e North Sea has been the result of a climate induced forcing on the thermal niche of the species.

Figure 6. Spatial distribution of Calanus finmarchicus in the North Atlantic Ocean

being representative of the Atlantic Arctic biome (cold oceanic environment). Therefore, a change in the abundance ofthat species in the North Sea in favour of its congeneric species (i.e. C. helgolandicus adapted to more temperate water masses) may indicate that the subarctic biome has moved northward, potentially having deep repercussions on the food web. For instance, the progressive substitution of C. finmarchicus by C. helgolandicus has been proved to be the cause of a delay of several months in the timing of occurrence of Calanus .TO

Compared to the south part of the North Sea, the North part is characterized by Sea Surface Temperature lower than 10°C but also by higher concentration in chlorophyll, lower diversity and copepods of greater size. It has been Temperature (in °C) shown th at this transitional area coincides with a critical thermal boundary of 9-12°C (Figure 6), which represents a large-scale ecological threshold in the North Atlantic Figure 7. Calanus finmarchicus a) Contour diagram of Ocean. If the critical boundary moves northwards with abundance (decimal logarithm) as a function of SST and month of year, b) Z-score performed on the abundance, climate warming, it is likely that the associated species will c) Standard deviation on the Z-score. (a,b,c) Red lines have to follow. This potential sensibility to temperature represent the temperature of respectively 9°C and 12°C. changes, together with the economic weight of the North (a,b,c) The dashed line represents the limit below which the Sea, makes this temperate marine environment more Standard deviation on the Z-score has not been calculated. important to monitor in a fast changing world. ANNUAL REPO RT imarchicus finm Variation among northeast Atlantic regions in the the in regions Atlantic northeast among Variation to th e progressively later timing of th e chl-a peak moving moving peak chl-a e th of timing later progressively e th to responses of Zooplankton to climate change climate to Zooplankton of responses Niall McCinty, McCinty, Niall and in taxa/regions w here this improved model fit, model improved this here w intaxa/regions and adult e th for ates of estim stages juvenile abundance and generate to monthly used ere w oothed sm models additive Generalised due islargely partitioning off-shelf while area sea follow shelf to found ere w regions shelf e th of Boundaries 8). sufficient with defined ere w regions to nine due filtering e limitations, th Following from data Recorder. data Plankton copepod bine Continuous com to which over areas Large Biscay Celtic e th to extent in similar area an study, responses region-specific of of out ber num averaging e limited th a or sites from results for ecological extrapolation observed e th affect to processes ental environm northward. the within exist which bodies ater w known of (Figure area patterns study e inth structure with consistent ere oceanographic w known regions These analysis. for records define to used ere w clusters resulting The (chl-a) ents. chlorophyll satellite of easurem m clustering using partitioned Inthis combined. are area an wide too from if data over­ of s problem potential causes This ena. phenom Broad scale climate forcing can interact with local local with interact can forcing climate scale Broad Monthly and long-term variables w ere allowed to covary covary to allowed ere w variables long-term and Monthly was areas, off-shelf including but Ecosystem, Marine timing of the seasonal peak for the adult adult for peak the seasonal timing of the to March months the for of SeaWiFSdata chl-a clustering the n C. and October, 1998-2008. The changes in temperature A Teach for in temperature changes The 1998-2008. October, regionäre shown bythecolourofeach region. Thechangesinthe region. Thechangesinthe bythecolourofeach shown regionäre iue . h sail xet fte crgos s eie by defined as ecoregions the of extent spatial The 8.Figure C.helgolandicus C. Ltr ChangeEarlier in • the timing of seasonalLater Peak • in decimal months finmarchicus finmarchicus Region as well as th e e th as well as Martin Ryan Institute, Galway Institute, Ryan Martin frtenn crgosaefud below. found are ecoregions nine the for 0.7 0.6 1 • Calanus helgolandicus Calanus • • 0.6 0.5 o 2 o 0.5 0.6 • • 3 4 3 2 0.5 0.1 1.3 Para-Pseudocalanus Calanus helgolandicus Calanus 0.01 0.6 • 5 and C. and . 0.7 0.8 . 1.0 0.5 • • 8 6 group. group. • * I • • 6 0.7 L6 0.7 1.8 10 9

1.6x10_2° th at general trends covering ocean scale basins may not not may basins scale showed ocean analysis covering The trends general abundance. at th annual species of trends be to found ere w taxon each of tendency central the to appears variability This 8). (Figure groups species across the both variability of found degree large a tendency) was central there or at th (SST), phenology perature tem The water sampler in the English Channel English the in sampler water The w ere used to probe sam ples taken at four intervals in the inthe intervals four at taken ples sam probe to used ere w effort, Complete Going Global, Going the of part As Dr Rowena Stern, Stern, Rowena Dr sub suitable suggest and populations term long e plankton th of into dynamics investigations provide for such basis also regions regions objective ent The an anagem eco-region. of m Seas EUCeltic larger e e th thought th as be to should entary here plem be com as defined necessarily regions not The may way e correlated. regions sam e different inth in variables trends and environmental track not do Correlations calculated. ere w phenology inthe changes already revealed the abundance and seasonal trends of of trends seasonal and abundance the in have Roscoff revealed Biologique already Station at under-represented or lost Researchers be may CPRand survey. at small th capture plankton to delicate ethod m a aim find isThe to initiative sampler. this of ater w a of trials SAHFOSisco-ordinating ein o eiigplgcsse indicators. system pelagic deriving for regions Regions scales. smaller at found trends e th of indicative be multi-annual considering hen w variable ore relationship m this es SSTbut becom with correlated negatively cases all ost Inalm intervals. e tim longer with for increase taxa each within also and taxon een betw regions surface sea abundance, (annual variables een betw English Channel at an average tow depth of 4 m. 4 of depth tow average an at Channel English The large ribosomal subunit (LSU) DNA markers (LSU) markers DNA subunit ribosomal large The diverse and im portant picoplankton com munities munities com picoplankton portant im and diverse th e English Channel has been chosen as a test test a as chosen been has Channel English e th flow cytometric analysis of microbial com munities munities com microbial of analysis cytometric ethods flow m sequencing high-throughput of use e th Algal Bloom (HAB) species, potential pathogens pathogens potential (HAB)species, Bloom Algal and to m ap their biogeographical distribution. distribution. biogeographical their ap m to and pico­ and nano- heterotrophic as such rare, or under­ identify to ant w also We plankton. of Harmful as such ones, specifically portant im ecologically microbiota, all of a coverage plete retrieve isto com aim monthly by The year. a pler over sam ater sampling w e th for ent environm samples, of processing rapid for allows at th system, com bined approach would provide a holistic holistic a provide would approach bined com with results combining and HABmicroarray and plankton and their role in com m unity dynamics dynamics unity m com in role their and plankton under-studied either are which taxa represented well-sampled relatively a As Channel. English e inth picture of plankton ecology in th e English Channel. Channel. English e inth ecology plankton of picture PML. This at Tarran Glen with collaboration in trialling are We abundant. e becom may biospheres Under altered climatic conditions, m em bers of rare rare of bers em m conditions, climatic altered Under Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir SAHFOS The temperature averaged 13.2°C ±2°C. Our molecular The correct identification of HABs is important. Many analysis from samples taken in November 2010 has already species actually comprised different populations or even revealed a large variety of organisms not normally found subspecies that have variable abilities to produce toxins. in CPR samples, including a variety of photosynthetic Many HABs such as Alexandrium, Pseudo-nitzschia and algae and a substantial amount of Ascomycetes fungi. The D inophysis cannot be fully identified using morphology sequence-capture rate was variable between samples. The alone. Genetic methods may be able to resolve toxin and results revealed diatom and diatom-like sequences (all non-toxin producing species. However, current methods of from samples 5 and 6) which were quite diverse, with one cloning and sequencing are very laborious, expensive and group most likely being related to the Lithodesmiaceae subject to bias. We are in the process of a trial to identify family. Another group which could not be identified to HABs using microarray - a chip containing thousands of genus using this DNA marker could be either diatom or small DNA or RNA probes (25 nucleotides) from a sample. Bolidomonas-Wke algae, very small photosynthetic algae Microarrays can identify multiple species in a short time, that have a DNA sequence similar to diatoms. By contrast, but can be less accurate because of the short size of the an unknown group of red-algal related species were probes compared to the gold standard of DNA sequencing, mostly present in mid-channel samples. A small number of for molecular identification. We were interested in whether Prasinophyte-related species were retrieved, of primitive microarray could identify HAB species using DNA from green algal lineage. archive CPR, an unusual application as this test is usually done with freshly purified DNA or RNA. In initial trials, Previous studies have shown that the English channel is we identified a high intensity phytoplankton bloom from dominated by the tiny (<2pm) prasinophyte, M icrom onas July 1995 off the Brittany coast which corresponded to pusilla all year so it is likely that the sequences here CPR sample 429SA_19. DNA was extracted and amplified,

belong to this species, although no corresponding LSU giving 600bp of the large rDNA (28S) gene. This product ANNUAL REPORT sequence exists for confirmation. About half of the was sequenced and additionally tested on an experimental sequences belonged to ascomycetes fungi these were split microarray specifically created to detect HABs, designed by into diverse species of unknown identity and a species- Medlin team and Jixen Chen at MBA, described by Metfies related group of DNA sequences, whose nearest relatives et al. 2006. The microarray is designed in a systematic, are Onygenales, part of the Eurotiomycetes class that hierarchical manner, so that several probes ultimately can be human pathogens but are also found in soil. Two identify a species to family, genus and finally species in sequences (2B7, 2E6) show ed genus-level similarity to the many cases. Work is in progress to improve its design. cosmopolitan Chaetothyriales Phialophora and Exophiala Although the PCR product yield was half as much as -these resemble yeast, often with dark pigmentation required for microarray, all but one of the positive controls and are mostly saprophytic or parasitic on the dermis worked. Four HAB genera were detected. Pseudo-nitzchia layer of animals. Although molecular methods are not predominated but we also found species-level identification quantitative, analysis of species diversity reveals a diverse for Dinophysis, Alexandrium and Karenia (see Figure 9). range of photosynthetic algae and potentially pathogenic These signals are now being verified by DNA sequencing fungal species, many of which could not be identified; this and have confirmed the presence of Alexandrium demonstrates a gap in our knowledge even in relatively tamarense so far. well sampled marine environments.

HAB species found by preliminary microarray analysis on CPR sample 429SA

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Probe name

Karlodinium Alexandrium sp./ Pseudo- Pseudo-nitzchia D. acuminata veneficum pseudo-nitzchia A.tamarense nitzchia Dinophysis sp. americana

Figure 9. Normalised results of HAB species detection using HAB microarrays.

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT for early-staged sandeel growth and survival in the inthe survival and model growth sandeel individual-based the to early-staged for conditions input e th form ERGOM, model, biogeochemical hydrodynamic The early-staged into insight gain to used be can model The probability Survival stages. early-life e th at sandeel for and Atlantic north the in abundance and distribution and cod juvenile early and larval of modelling based w here growth data (length-at-age data) for cod larvae are are larvae cod for data) (length-at-age data growth here w processes physiological and encounter prey here w Sea, North inthe sandeel lesser and cod Atlantic W hen th e model runs are com pleted with th e operational operational e th with pleted com are runs model e th hen W physical, of outputs NERI, provides by isdeveloped which pteropod on Gürkan, changes Zeren environmental of Impact individual- bioenergetic for fields prey Generating helgolandicus spatial setup of th e IBMs, they can also be realistically realistically be also can they IBMs, e th of setup spatial 2004. from data by of done be will results survival and model explicit growth spatially cod e th of 2004-2006 be validation will e years th and Simulated cod. survival and early-staged of growth IBMfor bio-physical explicit spatially 2004. from data using growth done be will sandeel of survival results and model explicit spatially e th of the validate to used been have processes. data bio-physical series e CPR tim passing encom setting spatial including Sea North in conditions biological and chemical IBM. the validate and calibrate to 2004 from Sea available North e inth cod model early-staged This to eters. applied be param the also on prey can on change effects e.g., climate of effects ecosystem, possible under sandeel starting e th as taken was explicitly, eterized param IBM,are Letcher-type indirect generic The and direct impacts. e th on change reflect climate to order in phasized em to sea responses The DTUAqua. Mediterranean at the developed being are particularly fish, of stages juvenile early and larval of Individual- Bioenergetic change. climate e.g., changes, Sea North the in sandeel indirect climate change impacts, e.g., trophic cascades. trophic e.g., and impacts, direct to change susceptibility climate indirect understanding in assist to used in fields prey validated input and willform These generated CPRdata. be will using by years e sam e th for model validation and model 2004-2006 and are CPRdata years Simulated normalised has results. een ent betw agreem an found and been simulations Zooplankton bulk to utilized are these and biomass Zooplankton bulk zoop./mL. no. 0.071 than ishigher 100 Itdensity is patch initial zoop./mL. isno. 0.047 density than patch initial higher e th hen w (0.997) high isvery probability survival high higher ensure and zoop./mL no. concentrations prey 0.04-0.05 model at e th th shows from results, identified prey, concentration Zooplankton patch for initial range critical/threshold The point. particularly are conditions feeding and physical local environmental possible under stocks offish ent sustainable anagem m achieving for iscrucial offish life-stages Based Models (IBMs) describing the growth and survival survival and growth the describing (IBMs) Models Based early in place take at th processes e th Disentangling and C. and DTU Aqua DTU imarchicus finm outputs from th e sam e e sam e th from outputs % w hen the the hen w Calanus

to calcifying organisms such as shelled (thecosom ata) ata) (thecosom shelled as such organisms calcifying to th e decrease is about 23 ind. m-3 and 7.6 ind. m-3, m-3, ind. 7.6 and m-3 ind. 23 isabout France decrease and e Sea th North In y-1. m-3 ind. 0.3 ± 1.4 to ya idata pyram of decrease (p=0.78) significant Anon Sea. North o tw e the for inth data chemistry carbonate sufficient of lack a e with th region French e inth pattern different a followed in decline The (15°W-12°E; ber num according CPRsampling chosen higher was e Atlantic th to North in area selected The Samir Alliouane, Alliouane, Samir 44°N-60°N). Cells (1° x 1°) containing at least 200 samples samples 200 least at containing 1°)x(1° Cells 44°N-60°N). station in the Bay of Villefranche-sur-Mer. of Bay inthe station e inth one and (CPR)data Recorder Plankton Continuous pteropods of abundance e th on acidification, ocean ental detrim be can which ions the as well as pHcarbonate its of decreases concentration and inorganic ater total seaw the in on the carbon 02increases C excess consequences The ithout w oceans. not is but change climate 0.11 ind. m-3 y-1 and 0.15 ± 0.14 ind. m-3 y-1. m-3 ind. 0.14 ± 0.15 and y-1 m-3 ind. 0.11 Limacina retroversa) Limacina osphere atm the of the into third one itted em (C02) about dioxide carbon absorbed years have 250 period, oceans e th industrial ago, e th of beginning e th Since of pteropod increased in the study period: +0.79 ind. ind. +0.79 period: study inthe abundance increased e th Atlantic, pteropod of North e th to Incontrast Sea). (-0,00184 Atlantic North e inth at th to similar pHT, was of and pH the een area, betw Inthis ated. correlation isestim y-1 unit pH ined 0.001 ± determ -0.0018 only was trend pH long-term the areas, other abundance The France. of and Eire Sea, North e ere w th details: areas 3 study to and order inused ere w selected period years 50 e th during 2007) using data collected at th e point B time-series B time-series point e th at collected data using 2007) Creseis idata, pyram Clio inflexa, (Cavolinia primarily changes, ental e th environm of analyze to impact was study potential this of aim The pteropods. limited has enon phenom This activities. an hum by France Curie, (pcO.001) for C. for (pcO.001) North in p=0.78 Band Point in pcO.001 y-1; unit pH decline The p=0.16). (r=-0.04; significant statistically not to Due period. e sam e th during trend onotonic have to non-m s seem trend population The Sea. North inthe ± -0.46 of decreases annual to corresponding respectively, in The (pcO.001). Eire decrease larger and Sea North in significance high N orthwest M editerranean Sea (February 1995 to January January to 1995 (February Sea editerranean M orthwest N using 2008) ber ecem D to 1958 (January Atlantic East November 1972 in the Eire region and in November 1975 1975 November in and region Eire inthe 1972 November corresponding years, 50 in m-3 ind. 73 of loss a with Eire Limacina spp. exhibits a decline in each zone with a with zone each in decline a exhibits spp. and +1.3 ind. (pcO.001) (pcO.001) ind. +1.3 and Limacina inflexa, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir Limacina CNRS and Université Pierre et PierreMarie et Université and CNRS in tw o time-series: one in th e North- North- e inth one time-series: o intw +0.3 ind. (p < 0.001) for C. for 0.001) < (p ind. +0.3 spp. population took place in place took population spp. Limacina sp pplto sosre in isobserved population spp. Limacina spp. abundance in abundance spp. Creseis spp. abundance is abundance spp. spp. and and spp. spp..

The results of this preliminary analysis suggest that water species north of 48°N and they were mostly found decreased pH does seem to affect pteropod populations. in the south only, if at all. Years th at w ere warm, such as Changes in abundance may be controlled by other 2005, show higher abundances and warm water species environmental factors such temperature. If the decline of continued to be encountered quite far north. Given that abundance in the North Sea (decrease in population) is the cold-water species showed no such strong relationship confirmed, it could lead to a reorganization of the pelagic with temperature at these latitudes (48° to 58°N), we can food web. expect an increase in copepod diversity in this region under warming conditions, which has implications for ecosystem NE Pacific 2010 indicators. functioning. Preliminary data for 2010 suggest that there will be a higher number of warm water species than has Dr Sonia Batten, SAHFOS been found in 2007-2009, probably the result of the El Niño conditions present in the first half of the year. The end of 2009 saw the development of an El Niño event in the equatorial Pacific, detectable in the NE Pacific, which persisted into spring 2010 but then weakened. By the end of 2010 strong La Niña conditions were evident. At th e tim e of writing sam ple analysis is com plete for the NE Pacific for the first tw o sam pled m onths of 2010; April and May. Data for July to September described here are 220 based on the samples analysed in BC, Canada - about 210 200 25% of the eventual number to be analysed. TO 190 OJ

> 180 ANNUAL REPO RT M— Total mesozooplankton biomass looks as though it will o 170 ru> 160 be low in 2010 (Figure 10), perhaps the lowest of the O 150 time series once data are finalised. Maximum biomass 140 was recorded in May, as is typical in m ost years except 130 120 very cold years (such as 2008) when it has occurred in June. Although the June sampling failed in 2010 the two May samplings were similar in magnitude and very early July sampling had low biomass suggesting that the peak was in May. Timing of the peak biomass for both total 0.15 Zooplankton and the dominant copepod N eocalanus 0.1 plum chrus was well within the range seen in previous 0.05 years, although the length of the season was relatively 3 T -0.05 short in 2010. Summer community composition looks to c — JH ? -0.1 be consistent with the cool, and PDO negative conditions, a c in the second half of the year. Large copepods were 2 i -0.15 relatively dominant and small copepods less so than - 0.2 warmer years (see 2009 annual report for previous years' -0.25 O i f\i ro LO LO oo en o data). O O O O O O o o o o O O O O o O o o o o o (N (N (N (N rxi rxi rxi rxi rxi rxi rxi Temperature data and northwards extent of warm water copepods Figure 10. Day of year when peak biomass (defined as the 50% percentile of total integrated biomass) occurred (top) and Temperature sensors (Vemco minilogger, Chelsea annual mesozooplankton anomalies (bottom). Data for 2010 are Instrument's Aquapack or Minipak, or a Brancker CTD) provisional. have been fitted to many CPRs over th e Pacific survey's history. Although any one year has not had extensive instrumented coverage, there were 1,304 samples in the NE Pacific from 2000 to 2009 which have an associated in situ temperature measurement. In work about to be submitted (Batten and Walne in prep) the in situ temperature data were first used to characterise 29 abundant copepod taxa into one of four groups based on their temperature preferences as sampled. A group of 7 warm-water copepods was then further examined to show interannual changes in northwards extension that are likely related to the temperature of the surface ocean. Years that were cold (such as 2007-08) show low or zero abundance of warm

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT to use satellite data to identify and differentiate differentiate and identify to data satellite use to would aid ongoing research in this field. inthis research ongoing aid would provide to shown ere w approaches nanoplankton. of detection bundance-based A than better generally ere w An intercomparison of bio-optical techniques for for techniques bio-optical of intercomparison An considered. Improved availability of in situ observations observations situ in of availability Improved considered. Uncertainty types. data validation situ in and sources picoplankton and similar with perform microplankton all of can Detection approaches accuracy. ents). easurem abundance-based m point with with pared com hen comparison w spatial data satellite suitable ore m a offering ple data sam satellite with parison com for suited ideally dataset Continuous the from ents ocean, easurem global m e inth 5664 (6504 which locations of of data situ variety ina with from pared samples) SeaWiFS com the and from sensor series satellite data ocean-colour and 10-year a nano- (micro-, classes size detect to ability phytoplankton their in ine inant against dom determ to evaluated ere w observations situ techniques study, these of In this (PSCs). several classes size phytoplankton or sought recently have scientists models, these constrain biogeochemical multi-plankton of range new a cycling, D.E., Raitsos from class sensing size remote satellite phytoplankton dominant detecting in the comparison procedure and data sources was was sources data and procedure comparison data inthe satellite PSC, input to according varied ance model Individual PSCs.perform of retrieval spatial better each with depth, optical 1st e th within are (samples unique CPRisa e th sampling, of nature the to Due used. to applied ere w models satellite The picoplankton). (PFTs) types functional phytoplankton either een betw and verify help To developed. been have models Results show th at spectral-response, ecological and and ecological spectral-response, at th show Results ere w Atlantic North (CPR)inthe Recorder Plankton biogeochemical of understanding our improve to Inorder Institute of Oceanography, Athens, Greece Athens, Oceanography, of Institute diatom and dinoflagellate abundance (2001-2007). abundance dinoflagellate and diatom of Abyssal Plainvariation Porcupine (PAP) b) seasonal Average the observatory, surrounding Figure 11. a) CPR towed routes between January 2001 and December 2007 in the waters waters in the 2007 December and 2001 January between Figure11.routes a)CPR towed b) 0.0 6.0e+4 .0e+4 .0e+4 .0e+4 ,0e+5 .2e+5 .4e+5 .6e+5 a Fb a Ar a Jn u Ag e Ot o Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan further investigated, providing the basis for a MSc study. MSc a for basis the providing investigated, further multi­ large suitably a of lack The drawn be can data. resulting conclusions e th strong from needs before algorithm assessed be to observation Earth any of accuracy The species phytoplankton within characteristic unique This Shutler, Jamie Atlantic north the in coccolithophores of blooms time. This result has allowed th e environm ental drivers drivers ental environm e th allowed has result This time. CPR 26,738 of total a twelve using (exploiting CPR data of evaluation, orth w extensive years This data. series e tim year in situ dataset has previously limited th e evaluation evaluation e th limited previously has dataset situ in year huxleyi. by created sink carbon the understanding Towards correctly identifies coccolithophore blooms 78 78 blooms algorithm coccolithophore observation Earth identifies e th correctly at th ed show samples), the for 1998-2009 from CPRdata e detection th Here bloom algorithms. coccolithophore observation Earth of by distribution and frequency their of study e th allows to ability their to due data colour Earth (or ocean satellite from observation) detached discernible easily These are colour. coccoliths hite turquoise-w or milky a ost m the of one with e oceans, inth worlds depths the of of of layers range a at species live sun-lit which different of hundreds coccolithophores are long-term a There as sink. serve which carbon ents constitutes and sedim flux of dioxide source a carbon to ability e air-to-sea th e has th affect (coccoliths production platelet platelets This or liths). external or scales (CaC03) form at th carbonate calcium phytoplankton are Coccolithophores behind bloom form ation in the north Atlantic to be be to Atlantic north inthe ation form bloom behind in blooms coccolithophore detect to observation Earth an developed evaluate ethod to m used ere w Atlantic north . spectrum visible e inth strongly light scatter and reflect ater w e th turning coccoliths their shed phytoplankton being species studied widely and inant predom Earth observation. Earth In th e latter stages of growth these particular particular these growth of stages latter e Inth Plymouth Marine Laboratory Marine Plymouth Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir — Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates — Diatoms Current Current twelve year year twelve spatial e th on focusing tim e series. e tim is work across the the across these of distribution studying blooms blooms % Emiliania of the the of

Investigating and Modelling Seasonal Variations SeaWatch SW Project of Dinoflagellates in the North Atlantic using Continuous Plankton Recorder data. Russ Wynn, National Oceanographic Centre

Charlotte Marcinko, University of Southampton This project is investigating bio-geophysical controls on the spatio-temporal distribution of migratory marine Dinoflagellates are complex unicellular organisms that m egavertebrates. The priority is th e Critically Endangered are abundant throughout the World's oceans, whose Balearic shearwater, but other migratory seabirds as well contribution to global primary production is second only to as basking sharks, ocean sunfish and cetaceans are the diatoms. However, dinoflagellates are regularly overlooked focus of intensive monitoring off southwest England. For as a phytoplankton functional type within ecosystem the fourth year running, effort-based monitoring of all models, particularly for non-coastal regions. Long-term marine megavertebrates was undertaken at Gwennap times-series data providing information on the temporal Head (Cornwall) between 15 July and 15 Oct 2010. A and spatial variability of different phytoplankton groups are team of experienced volunteer observers helped man sparse. The CPR survey provides one of very few datasets the watchpoint for 93 consecutive days, with dawn-to- available to the scientific community that provides data dusk observations totalling almost 1,000 hours. The team on the abundance and composition of dinoflagellates have now collected about 4,000 hours of observational and allows for the annual cycles of phytoplankton to be data over the last four years, and there are currently resolved due to its consistent sampling throughout th e three PhD students and two Masters students working year. on these data. A key component of this work is the integration of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry data

An associate researcher grant was awarded to support with hydrographic and biological data (e.g. Zooplankton ANNUAL REPO RT research investigating the construction of a model explicitly sampling) to understand the controls on megavertebrate containing dinoflagellates. Data from the CPR has been occurrence. Alice Jones, a PhD student at NOC w ho is CASE used to investigate the typical seasonal variation and sponsored by SAHFOS, is currently preparing papers on composition of the dinoflagellate population in the waters harbourporpoise and Basking Shark occurrence off the surrounding the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) Observatory southwest UK based on SeaWatch SW data. within the North Atlantic (Figure lia). The results of these analyses have been used in the development and Highlights of the 2010 field season at Gwennap Head calibration of a simple ecological model which aims to included record numbers of Balearic shearwaters, with a reproduce the seasonal variations of dinoflagellates and peak day count of 268 on 18 Sept that equates to about diatoms within the PAP region. 1% of the world population! It was again a poor year for basking sharks, with peak numbers in September for the A comparison of the typical seasonal variation of fourth year running. An observation of the rare White- dinoflagellates and diatoms for the period 2001-2007 was beaked and Risso's dolphins in loose association in July was made (Figure lib). Results indicated a distinct seasonal probably unprecedented in Cornish waters. succession from a diatom dominated spring bloom to an increased dinoflagellate population during summer Afield expedition to Mallorca and Menorca in spring 2010 months. These data have been combined with nutrient was undertaken in partnership with University of . and remotely sensed chlorophyll climatologies for the A total of 36 light-logging geolocators were deployed on optimisation of model param eters. Specifically, CPR breeding Balearic shearwaters, which will be recovered data were used to constrain the seasonal variations of in spring 2011 and will provide data on the birds' at-sea dinoflagellate and diatom phytoplankton functional types distribution and behaviour throughout the year. A small within the model. number of GPS trackers were also deployed on breeding birds undertaking short foraging trips, and successfully Preliminary results have shown that modelled and CPR returned fine-scale distribution data. A new PhD student phytoplankton succession were in good agreement. The will be recruited to work on these data, and those collected model was able to correctly capture the seasonal peak on subsequent expeditions. Further details and all the news of diatom s from April - May and the seasonal peak of from the 2010 field season can be found on the project dinoflagellates in July. However, the model failed to fully w ebsite http://www.seawatch-sw.org , which has generated replicate the seasonal variation of chlorophyll. Maximum over 40,000 hits in the last four years. chlorophyll from model simulations did not coincide with maximum diatom abundance as expected and instead occurred in June. This was due to an underestimation of diatom biomass within the model. Current work is focused on further model development to improve model to data fit.

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT tem perature, th e state of primary production and carbon carbon and production primary of state e th perature, salmon in tem seen patterns e th with correlation enable to abundance plankton of record only e is th CPRdataset The other many and salmon Atlantic lifeof arine m The temporal Linking go? salmon the all do Where vary betw een river stocks, and th e m echanism s linking linking s echanism m e th and stocks, river een betw vary scales salmon from with sufficient spatial resolution and tem poral duration duration poral tem and resolution spatial sufficient with of carbon export at th e base of th e food chain. food e th of base e th at export carbon growth of e th reflect scales samples. scale salmon in ratios the by isotope Carbon represented populations salmon from scales salmon in easured m ere w ratios isotope Carbon linkages ese th but populations, salmon and abundance unclear. lifeas also of phase arine m e th to point indications all and for mystery a ained rem has fish portant im commercially Mackenzie, Kirsteen derived records isotope to plankton of distributions m ost likely regions of th e Atlantic Ocean used by each by e used th Ocean propose Atlantic e to us th of regions likelyallowed has ost m tissues salmon in isotopes surface sea een betw links the Determining isotopes. extent the and production, primary of abundance and rate the for investigated be can trends poral decades, tem several that span eaning m archives These archives. historical uncertain. are dynamics climate to populations individual plankton variations, climate ocean een betw linkages are reasons e th although declines, these for sharply responsible declining are This populations salmon. of salmon as locations still e problem feeding isa w the research, about little very extensive know Despite years. of hundreds Recent work making use of CPR data has highlighted highlighted has CPR data of use making work Recent feeding areas from (a), and principal component 1 of annual 1 of annual principalcomponent (a), and from areas feeding example population. example numbers of salmon returning to England and Wales and our our and Wales Englandand to returning of salmon numbers red in the abundance mean 3year species phytoplankton annual dominant 1 of the principalcomponent between b)correlation and data; isotope carbon on based population, Figure 12. a) Proposed feeding ground for one river's salmon river's salmon one for ground feeding Figure12.Proposed a) University of Southampton of University h M Ü I- s CM 1

Although, genetic analysis of the Cytochrome c oxidase Revealing dispersal behaviour of a pelagic seabird with subunit I (COI) and of the nuclear rDNA internal transcribed the help of CPR Survey samples. spacer (ITS) tandem array indicated the presence of separation between the Mediterranean and the north Tony Bicknell, University of Plymouth Atlantic morph-types we could not find any conclusive evidence of genetic differentiation between C. typicus from Our ability to track the movements of vagile marine the western and eastern sites. Therefore, we suggest that animals has been greatly enhanced with the use of intrinsic breeding experiments would be required to clarify the biochemical markers, especially when conventional direct extent of genetic isolation between C. typicus from the methods are impractical due to animal size and/or location. different population centres. Further work aims to elucidate The measurement of naturally occurring stable carbon and the mechanisms which might have given rise to the nitrogen isotopes in animal tissues provides information observed basin scale multi-decadal variability in copepod that can be used to infer the geographical or ecosystem species in the north Atlantic by combining information on origin and movements of individual animals. This is based the eco-physiology of the species with abundance data on the fact that isotopic concentrations in tissues reflect obtained from different database sources including the those in their food web and that spatial patterns, gradients Continuous Plankton Recorder. The results of this research or differences in these isotope signatures exist in nature. will be integrated into statistical models such as predictive Patterns or gradients are known to exist at broad scales habitat and IBM models to make predictions on how in the marine environment (i.e. inshore versus offshore) different species could be affected by future environmental but more resolved differences can be identified by directly change characterising regions using the isotopic signatures of the

ecosystems primary producers or consumers. The CPR ANNUAL REPO RT Indications of changes in jellyfish populations in survey provides access to such baseline isotopic information European waters for an extensive area of the Atlantic Ocean and we are using these data to help infer the unknown movements of a Dr Priscilla Licandro, SAHFOS seabird between distinct regions.

Swarms of Cnidaria jellyfish have been increasingly Seabirds forage and migrate over large expanses of the reported along the European coasts in recent years, raising Atlantic Ocean where isotopic differences exist, so the general concern as they may cause great problems for technique can provide valuable insights into their behaviour. fish aquaculture and for tourism. In some regions, for The Leach's storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa is a instance the Northeast Atlantic, the analysis of long-term small (~45 g) highly pelagic seabird that breeds on a few CPR records reveals that cnidarians now persist during isolated offshore islands around Canada (Newfoundland), th e winter m onths. Similarly, long-term records in the Iceland and Scotland. The dispersal of young birds away Mediterranean have shown an increased frequency of from their natal colonies is believed to maintain a large swarms of Scyphomedusae (e.g. Pelagia noctiluca), which meta-population within the Atlantic but the mechanism since the late 1990s have been annually recorded, while underlying this is unclear. It is thought that birds will previously Pelagia blooms tended to occur only every prospect at different colonies before making the decision on twelve years and with four years duration. Changes in were to breed but whether these long distant movements Cnidaria populations may be more subtle than the mere are undertaken during or between breeding seasons is extension of their period of occurrence. uncertain and stable isotope analysis may reveal this behaviour. The stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values in A study based upon a twenty years time series of Cnidaria the blood of birds reflect their diet over the past 4-5 weeks. siphonophores in the North-western Mediterranean To infer whether the individuals were feeding in the same indicates that notwithstanding the overall population region they were caught during this period, or recently (which has not shown significant changes in abundance moved from a different region, the values are compared to or occurrence), its composition has undergone significant baseline regional isotopic signatures. Calanoid copepods changes. Indeed a shift in dominance between different collected on CPR Survey routes Z, F and V in June and July species has occurred, following a period of major 2008 have been analysed to produce regional signatures for hydroclimatic changes in the middle-late 1980s. The Newfoundland, Iceland and Scotland. The copepod samples results of this study suggest that in order to improve our were isotopically distinct between the ocean regions and understanding of changes in jellyfish populations, their these data are currently being used to infer movement of diversity, as well as their abundance and persistence, needs non-breeding Leach's storm-petrels caught on colonies to be taken into account. in Scotland and Newfoundland during the 2008 breeding season.

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science Education and Publications

Education and Outreach activities in 2010 based in North Devon) visited SAHFOS and took part in a Zooplankton training session run by Clare Buckland. They Clare Buckland, SAHFOS were to commence plankton net sampling over the summer from numerous locations along the North Devon coast. The year started with Gemma Brice and Milly Hatton-Brown A seminar about plankton and the CPR survey at the running a PMSP stand at Association Science Education at University of Plymouth was held in October. Students were Nottingham. This is a European event aimed at teachers encouraged to sign up for a Zooplankton identification and other education providers. Despite treacherous snowy course and this was carried out in the MBA Resource Centre conditions the event was well received; through dressing a w eek later. The students found the half day course very up in giant plankton costumes and an interactive stand we interesting and useful as an introduction to basic taxonomy advised teachers of ways of getting marine science and of plankton. Many remarked that they would attend again plankton into the classroom. In February, Clare Buckland and encourage their peers to do so. visited the Living Coasts at Torquay to run plankton workshops for the general public for 2 days. It was very A number of outdoor marine festivals were carried out in rewarding to display live plankton from Plymouth Sound and 2010. BIOBLITZ was held on Mothecombe Beach, Devon preserved material from the Antarctic. Plankton seminars in June. The event is organised as part of Natural History and workshops were carried out at Ridgeway Community Museum's OPAL Project and aims to produce a full inventory College in March and Plymstock School in July. The students of species from a certain area in 24 hours. A number of learnt about basic plankton identification, photosynthesis various biological surveys and experts came along and in and food chains. total 900 species were recorded (105 were plankton/ marine species). The event was a huge success with many members SAHFOS carried out National Science and Engineering Week of the general public joining in with the identification of activities in March at the Plymouth City M useum and Art 100s of species. The highlight of the event was a midnight Gallery - a joint event with Plymouth Marine Laboratory rock pool ramble and SAHFOS overnight plankton sampling. and University of Plymouth. Change: for better or worse? SAHFOS took part in the Blue Mile event in Plymouth in July was designed to promote awareness of changes that are and Wembury Marine Festival in August at Wembury Beach. occurring in the environment and its knock-on effects to Both of these events were well attended by the general other organisms. School children entered our competition public. to draw what they thought Plymouth would look like in 1000 years time. The artwork was very inspired and many SAHFOS was present at th e BA Festival of Science at incorporated what they had learnt at the event into their Aston University in Birmingham in September. Plankton drawing. The event was very well attended and received workshops were carried out by Clare and Gemma for a by schools and the general public with approximately 700 number of visiting school groups and the event went well. visitors throughout the week.

As part of National Science Week Gemma Brice went to Paignton Zoo to carry out a workshop entitled Passionate about Plankton. Working with the Torbay Countryside Trust we did eight workshops with secondary school pupils. This involved learning about plankton, searching for it in trays of seawater, looking at SAHFOS samples of plankton from around the globe and then design their own plankton which we marked on floatability, design and a scientific name.

SAHFOS continued with our 'You're Hired' challenges in 2010 to find the most employable 17 year old in Plymouth. Challenges about the importance of plankton were carried out at St Boniface RC School and at Plymouth College by Clare Buckland, Lance Gregory and Linda Horsfield. The city final was held in June at the University of Plymouth and was the best yet. SAHFOS received good media coverage and publicity during the city final.

In March, Coastwise (a group of amateur biologists to transfer scientific information to decision makers and SAHFOS Contributions to policy 2010 facilitate the evidence-based development of monitoring programmes and policy measures. Dr Abigail McQuatters-Collop, SAHFOS In 2010 SAHFOS expertise and CPR data also contributed Since its conception in 1931, the purpose of the CPR to policy-relevant products for the following UK, European survey has evolved with changing environmental policy, and international bodies: Defra, Scottish Natural Heritage, from purely monitoring to addressing major marine OSPAR, the EU, the European Marine Observation and Data management issues such as fisheries, harmful algal blooms Network (EMODNET), ICES, WWF, th e American National (HABs), biodiversity, conservation, pollution, eutrophication Science Foundation, and the Canadian Department of and climate change impacts. Policy drivers continue to Fisheries and Oceans. influence research at SAHFOS and an important aim of the organisation is to use CPR data and the expertise of SAHFOS Publications scientists to deliver evidence-based advice to policy makers and ecosystem managers. Refereed publications

SAHFOS continues to participate in indicator and target Batten, S.D. and Burkill, P.H., 2010. The Continuous development for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive Plankton Recorder: towards a global perspective. Journal (MSFD), the EU's them atic strategy on the protection of Plankton Research, 32: 1619-1621. and conservation of the marine environment. The aim Baxter, E.J., Walne, A.W., Purcell, J., McAllen, R. and Doyle, of the MSFD is to achieve good environmental status T.K., 2010. Identification of jellyfish from Continuous (GES) of Europe's seas by 2020 through the monitoring Plankton Recorder samples. Hydrobiologia, 645: 193-201. and assessment of ecological indicators towards GES ANNUAL REPO RT Beaugrand, G., Edwards, M. and Legendre, L., 2010. Marine targets. SAHFOS continues to be involved in the UK Marine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and carbon cycles. Monitoring and A ssessm ent Strategy (UKMMAS) Healthy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the and Biologically Diverse Seas Evidence Group (HBDSEG), United States of America, 107: 10120-10124 which is coordinating indicator development for the UK. In 2010 Charting Progress 2: An Integrated Assessment of the Beaugrand, G. and Kirby, R.R., 2010. Climate, plankton and State of UK Seas was published. This report, commissioned cod. Global Change Biology, 16: 1268-1280. by HBDSEG, collated and assessed data and information Beaugrand, G. and Kirby, R.R., 2010. Spatial changes in the from UK monitoring initiatives and will contribute toward sensitivity of Atlantic cod to climate-driven effects in the th e MSFD's assessm ent requirem ents. SAHFOS led the plankton. Climate research, 41: 15-19. chapter 'Biological indicators of state: the plankton'. In Bell, G., 2010. The succession of minima in the abundance addition to its involvement in HBDSEG, SAHFOS participated of species. Oikos. in the Defra-led Good Environmental Status Workshop in Burkill, P.H. and Reid, P.C., 2010. Plankton Biodiversity of October, in which invited experts began drafting indicators the North Atlantic: Changing Patterns Revealed by the and targets to m eet the MSFD requirem ents. SAHFOS is Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey. In: J. Hall, D.E. also active in the Cefas/Defra-funded Marine Ecosystem Harrison and D. Stammer (Editors), OceanObs'09: Sustained Health Working Group which has provided advice to the UK Ocean Observations and Information for Society. ESA government on eutrophication indicators for the MSFD. In Publication WPP-306, Venice, Italy, 21-25 September 2009. Septem ber 2010, Dr Abigail McQuatters-Gollop was invited to speak about indicator development using heterogeneous Conversi, A., Fonda, U.S., Peluso, T., Molinero, J.C., datasets at the 8th meeting of the EU's Marine Observation Santojanni, A. and Edwards, M., 2010. The Mediterranean and Data Expert Group (MODEG) in Brussels. The talk Sea Regime Shift at the End of the 1980s, and Intriguing stimulated discussion about using CPR indicators for Parallelisms with O ther European Basins. PLoS ONE, 5: ecosystem assessment at the European level. el0633. Daly Yahia, M.N., Batistic, M., Lucie, D., Fernandes De As in previous years, SAHFOS contributed expertise to Puelles, M., Licandro, P., Malej, A., Molinero, J.C., Siokou- the UK's Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership Frangou, I., Zervoudaki, S., Prieto, L., Goy, J. and Daly Yahia - (MCCIP) Annual Report Card which assesses climate Kéfi, O., 2010. Are the outbreaks timing of Pelagia noctiluca change impacts on the oceans. SAHFOS also published the (Forskäl, 1771) getting more frequent in the Mediterranean 'Atlas of Calcifying Plankton: Results from th e Continuous basin? ICES Co-operative Research Reports, 300: 8-14. Plankton Recorder Survey'. The atlas, created as part of the Edwards, M., Beaugrand, G., Hays, G.C., Koslow, J.A. and EU's European Project on Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), is Richardson, A.J., 2010. Multi-decadal oceanic ecological targetted towards policy makers and provides baseline data datasets and their application in marine policy and for interpreting the possible effects of ocean acidification management. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 25: 602-610 on marine plankton. As in 2009, SAHFOS research was Fauchald, P., 2010. Predator-prey reversal: A possible again highlighted in the EU's high profile Science for mechanism for ecosystem hysteresis in the North Sea? Environmental Policy: DG Environment News Alert Service Ecology, 91: 2191-2197 journal. Assessments such as these provide a mechanism

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT the Roseway Basin foraging ground. Journal of Plankton Plankton of Journal ground. foraging Basin Roseway the & Limnology strategies. reproductive acantilarían for Biology Sea. North inthe climate of amplification trophic UKSAHFOSCPR and Fisheries NOAA US 1355-1368. J.W., 2010. Jossi, 32: Research, Plankton of Journal Thomas, J.A.and D.L., Runge, Mackas, M., R., Edwards, Ji, Plankton of Journal (1958-2006). Atlantic Northwest the variability in plankton abundance and composition in composition and abundance plankton in variability A.C., 2010. Marine plankton phenology and life history in history life and phenology plankton Marine A.C., 2010. Continuous Plankton Recorder to investigate th e absence absence e th whales right investigate Atlantic to North of Recorder Plankton Continuous 604-614. 55: Oceanography, implications and flux, particle as ocean Strontium deep Basin: for ballast Iceland a e inth cysts acantilarían of 57:1336-1345. 79: Systems, Marine of Journal series. e tim Zooplankton the and decapods ater -w arm W Kirby, R.R., 2010. and 636-639. 17: editerranea, M Marina Biología Tunicata. Seas: of Journal data. and ethods m of comparison surveys: directions. future and research current climate: changing a 1649- 32: Research, Plankton of Journal imagery. satellite alous anom fuels ash Volcanic D., 2010. Lockwood, and M.T., Peña, J.F.R., Kavanaugh, K.E., Gower, Giesbrecht, 286-304. Climate years. 60 last 257-264. e 42: th over research, Decapoda Sea North inthe and Atlantic northeast e inth jellyfish blooming A 2010. colour and sampling Recorder Plankton inthe Continuous by composition and abundance phytoplankton in Geophysical Pacific. northeast subarctic in bloom plankton erns . Nem . hetn, . Bne, . Bril P., D., Burkill, F., Bunker, S.,Ahrestani, Naeem, C., Perrings, 1685-1695 32: Research, the Using R.D., 2010. Kenney, and M.R. Patrician, Sedimentation 2010. D.A.H., Teaglea, R.and R.S.,Sanders, Lampitt, D.G., Johns, M.J., P.,J.T., Allen, Cooper, Martin, II, Research Deep-Sea site. study Plain Abyssal e th at Porcupine ultraplankton in Variability P.H.,Burkill,2010. and G. R.,Tarran, M.V., Holland, A.P., Zubkov, Martin, of Comparisons 2010. G., Beaugrand, D.and Mackas, changes Climate-induced Kirby, R.R., 2010. Lindley,and J.A. 773-776. 6: Letters, J.-M. Dewrumez, C., Luczak, G., Beaugrand, 688-691. Lindley,J.A.,6: Letters, Biology editerranean. M Kirby, R.R., P. and Tranter, J.H., Hecq, S., Gasparini, M.L.F.d., D.V.P., Puelles, M.N.D., P.,Conway, Yahia, Licandro, Italian in fauna and flora e th of Checklist P.,2010. Licandro, 1623-1631. 32: Research, Plankton 1633-1648 32: Research, inter-decadal and Spatial P., 2010. Pepin, E.J.H.and Head, 1660. obtained results of comparison a Atlantic: Northwest changes Monitoring P., 2010. Pepin, E.J.H.and Head, L19604. 37: Letters, Research D.S. L.A.,Grundle, S.D.,Coogan, C.L., Batten, Sabine, M.A., C.C., Eriksen, S.R., Emerson, M.D., F.A., DeGrandpre, Whitney, W.R., P.W., Crawford, R.C.,Webley, Hamme, (Eubalaena glacialis) (Eubalaena from from the "OceanObs '09: Sustained Ocean Observations and and Observations Ocean Sustained '09: "OceanObs the Richardson, A., E., Pershing, P., Muxagata, T., Matondkar, Kirby, Kím, R.R., B., Kuh Karlson, T.D.,J.W., Jossi, Jonas, ora fPako Rsac,3: 1697-1713 32: Research, Plankton of Journal UKmarine in change Temporal C.L.J., Frid, 2010. T.J.and Venice, Italy, pp. 12 pp. 12 Italy, pp. Venice, Plankton of Journal communities. plankton Shelf Atlantic Anderson, K., 2010. Coccolithophora bloom detection detection bloom Coccolithophora K., 2010. Anderson, for Information and Observations Ocean Sustained '09: D., Roemmich, S.and R., Rintoul, T., Koslow, O'Dor, A., A.J., Robertson, D., Robinson, K., Sartimbul, A., Stenseth, Stenseth, A., K.,Sartimbul, D., Robinson, Robertson, A.J., and D. Stam m er (Editors), OceanObs09. Proceedings of of Proceedings OceanObs09. (Editors), er m D.Stam and G.C., Hays, J.A., Hare, C.H., Greene, G., Goni, J., Goes, Plankton of Journal transect. recorder plankton continuous 323-324. F., J.,Jaksic, Fuhrman, R., T., Ferrati, Elmqvist, G., Canziani, yea,WJ,Topo,SA,Snoa .. Hny M.F., Henry, J.A., S.A.,Santora, W.J.,Thompson, Sydeman, 32: Ecology, Marine shifts? regime or trends communities: D., Frost, Eloire, C., Duck, J., P.,Crummy, Cleall-Harding, N., Mieszkowska, S.N.R., Birchenough, M., Spencer, 1008-1016. 114: Remote analysis. Environment, of sensitivity Sensing and application description, E.and P.I., Miller, Rushton, M.G., Grant, J.D., Shutler, 13 Italy, pp. Venice, ESAPublication, Conference. Society" er m D.Stam and D.E. Harrison In: Haii,J. observations. situ Körtzinger, G.C., N.,Johnson, P., Burkill, U.,Gruber, Send, 2010. Pattern and scale of variability am ong Northwest Northwest ong am variability of scale and Pattern 2010. plankton-seabird associations in the North Pacific Ocean. Ocean. Pacific North inthe associations plankton-seabird Algorithm SeaWiFS: using Atlantic east north inthe pp. "OceanObs e th of Proceedings OceanObs09. in- (Editors), system: observing global integrated an Towards 2010. Information for Society" Conference. ESA Publication, ESAPublication, Conference. Society" for Information D.E. Harrison In: Haii,J. Programme. Recorder Plankton Continuous A Global P., 2010. Ward, L.H.,Vezzulli, and E.V., Verheye, D., Berghe, H.,Stevens, N.C.,Sugisaki, Malone, A., McQuatters-Gollop, A., MacDiarmid, R.M., Lopes, M., Hope, S., Lakkis, D., Kobayashi, J., Kitchener, B.P.V.,A.W.G., Hunt, G.,John, R.R., Hosie, E., Hood, Head, M., Fukuchi, J., Flinkman, M., Edwards, H., R.R., Dooley, Dickson, A., S.,Conversi, R.E., F., Chiba, P.H., Burkill,Carlotti, Brainard, S.D., Batten, U., P.C., Bathmann, Reid, 1675-1684 32: Research, Maine of Gulf e inth variable dynamic a as Biodiversity 2010. J.W., Jossi, A.J.and Pershing, N.R., Record, 1661-1674. 32: Research, J.W., Jossi, C.H.and E.H.J.,Greene, Head, A.J., Pershing, 330: Science, targets. 2020 the and services 2010. W.,Ecosystem Weisser, and J. Tschirhart, A.-H.R, F., Richard, Mooney, H., Milano, G.M., Kinzig, Mace, Z.,A., Kawabata, Morgan, K.H. and Batten, S.D., 2010. Macro-ecology of of Macro-ecology 2010. S.D., Batten, K.H.and Morgan, 1-15. D.W.,Smyth, D.G., Sims, S.J.,Johns, Hawkins, Hall,A.J., M., E., M.T.,Capasso, Burrows, S.D., L.A., Simpson, Robinson, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir Thackeray, S., Sparks, T., Frederiksen, M., Burthe, S., M ., 2010. Digitization, analysis and interpretation of Bacon, P., Bell, J., Botham, M., Brereton, T., Carvalho, L., plankton data for pre-1914 ICES sampling in the North Sea Clutton-Brock, T., Dawson, A., Edwards, M., Elliott, M., and adjacent waters: update report March 2010. SAHFOS, Harrington, R., Johns, D.G., Jones, I., Jones, J., Leech, D., Plymouth, 20 pp. Roy, D., Scott, A., Smith, M., Smithers, R., Winfield, I. and McQuatters-Gollop, A., Johns, D.G., Dowland, P., Edwards, Wanless, S., 2010. Trophic level asynchrony in rates of M ., 2010. Digitization, analysis and interpretation of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial plankton data for pre-1914 ICES sampling in the North environm ents. Global Change Biology, 16: 3304-3313. Sea and adjacent waters: update report September 2010. Tirado, M.C., Clarke, R., Jaykus, L.A., McQuatters-Gollop, A. SAHFOS, Plymouth, 20 pp. and Frank, J.M., 2010. Climate change and food safety: A Reid, P.C., Edwards, M., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Beaugrand, review. Food Research International, 43: 1745-1765. G., Bresnan, E., Brierley, A., Davidson, K., Delany, J., Eloire, D., Forster, R., Fox, C., Frederiksen, M., Gowen, R., Halliday, Policy reports and documents N., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hátún, H., Hay, S., Hartman, S., Helaouët, P., Johns, D.G., Kirby, R., Lampitt, R., Larkin, Batten, S., Chen, X., Flint, E.N., Freeland, H.J., Holmes, J., K., Licandro, P., Lindley, A., Lucas, C., McCollin, T., Miller, P., Howell, E., Ichii, T., Kaeriyama, M., Landry, M., Lunsford, Milligan, S., Mills, D., Pitois, S., Prior, A., Rees, A., Smyth, C., Mackas, D.L., Mate, B., M atsuda, K., McKinnell, S.M., T., Smythe-Wright, D., Stevens, D. and Widdicombe, C., Miller, L., Morgan, K., Pen, A., Polovina, J.J., Robert, M., 2010. Biological indicators of state: the plankton, Charting Seki, M.P., Sydeman, W.J., Thompson, S.A., Whitney, F.A., Progress 2: An Integrated Assessment of the State of UK Woodworth, P. and Yamaguchi, A., 2010. Status and trends Seas. Defra, London, UK, pp. 69 pp. of th e North Pacific oceanic region 2003-2008. In: S.M. McKinnell and M.J. Dagg (Editors), Marine Ecosystems Papers accepted for publication in 2010 ANNUAL REPO RT of th e North Pacific Ocean, 2003-2008. PICES Special Publication 4. Batten, S.D., in press. Continuous Plankton Recorders in Batten, S.D., 2010. Mesozooplankton in the Gulf of Alaska the North Pacific Ocean, McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science in 2009: In transition? State of physical, biological, and and Technology 2011. McGraw-Hill selected fishery resources of Pacific Canadian marine Fauchald, P., Skov, H., Skern-Mauritzen, M., Johns, D.G. and ecosystems in 2009. DFO Can. Sei. Advis. Sec. Res. Doc. Tveraa, T., in press. Scale-dependent response diversity of 2010/053, 42-43. seabirds to prey in th e North Sea. Ecology, 92: 228-239. Edwards, M., Beaugrand, G., Johns, D.G., Licandro, P., Helaouët, P., Beaugrand, G. and Reid, P.C., in press. McQuatters-Gollop, A. and W ootton, M., 2010. Ecological Macrophysiology of Calanus finmarchicus in the North Status Report: results from the CPR survey 2009. SAHFOS Atlantic Ocean. Progress in Oceanography. Technical Report, 7: 1-8. Jansen, T. and Gislason, H., in press. Temperature affects Edwards, M., Heath, M. and McQuatters-Gollop, A., 2010. the timing of spawning and migration of North Sea Plankton, MCCIP Annual Report Card 2010-11. MCCIP mackerel. Continental Shelf Research. Science Review, pp. 10. Mazzocchi, M.G., Licandro, P., Dubroca, L., Di Capua, I. Johns, D.G. and McQuatters-Gollop, A., 2010. Natural and Saggiomo, V., in press. Zooplankton associations in a Heritage Trends - Plankton in the seas around Scotland - Mediterranean long-term time-series. Journal of Plankton 2008 update. Scottish Natural Heritage, 4 pp. Research. Johns, D.G. and McQuatters-Gollop, A., 2010. Natural McQuatters-Gollop, A., Reid, P.C., Edwards, M., Burkill, P., Heritage Trends - Plankton in the seas around Scotland - Castellani, C., Batten, S., Gieskes, W., Beare, D., Bidigare, 2009 update. Scottish Natural Heritage, 5 pp. R., Head, E., Johnson, R., Kahru, M., Koslow, J. and Pena, Langmead, O., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Mee, L.D., 2010. M., in press. Marine phytoplankton: decline - or not? The socioeconomics behind ecosystem collapse: the case Nature. of th e Black Sea. Science for Environment Policy: DG McQuatters-Gollop, A. and Vermaat, J.E., in press. Environment News Alert Service, Special Issue 22: 1. Covariance among North Sea ecosystem state indicators McQuatters-Gollop, A., Burkill, P., Beaugrand, G., Edwards, during the past 50 years - contrasts between coastal and M., Gattuso, J.-P. and Johns, D.G., 2010. Atlas of Calcifying open waters. Journal of Sea Research. Plankton: Results from the Continuous Plankton Recorder Raitsos, D.E., Lavender, S.J., Maravelias, C., Haralabous, Survey. SAHFOS, Plymouth, UK, 20. J., McQuatters-Gollop, A., Edwards, M. and Reid, P.C., in McQuatters-Gollop, A., Edwards, M., Reid, P.C. and press. Macroscale factors affecting diatom abundance: Johns, D.G., 2010. A marine assessment and monitoring a synergistic use of Continuous Plankton Recorder and framework for application in UKMMAS and OSPAR, for satellite remote sensing data. International Journal of phytoplankton and Zooplankton. Report to the Joint Remote Sensing. Nature Conservation Committee from the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science. SAHFOS, Plymouth, 44 p. McQuatters-Gollop, A., Johns, D.G., Dowland, P., Edwards,

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT their Ecology and Monitoring for W ater Quality. Journal of of Journal Quality. ater W for Monitoring and Ecology their 497-501. pp. ISPRA, Roma, Plankton], Marine of study the January - Frederick De Laender (Ghent University, (Ghent Laender De Frederick - January far. so received number M. ootton, W and C.O.M. Wotton, T.D., C.M., Taylor, Jonas, Classification: Confusing and Systematics Scary Taxonomy, ne Uiest fClfri, S) ensJne (DTU Denmark) Jansen Aqua, USA),Teunis California, of (University inder W I.B. In: plankton]. gelatinous of collection [The gelatinoso Assessment. McQuatters- C., A.-S.,T., Lancelot, Jickells, B., Engel, Heiskanen, A., Deutsch, D., H.,Conley, Bange, A., Baker, M., Voß, nesn RA, üpr FC,Jmeo, I., Hoppenrath, F.C., eson, Jam R.A., Küpper, Andersen, Castellani, C., 2010. Book Review: Plankton: A Guide to to AGuide Plankton: Review: Book 2010. C., Castellani, (Editor), C. Totti Penna, A. Mangoni, O. Cabrini, M. Socal, G. publications reports/ non-CPR or abstracts unpublished publications, Non-refereed inC., Slomp, D.and Schiedek, J., Middelburg, A., Gollop, Canada, China, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Germany, France, Finland, Eire, Denmark, China, Canada, highest the requests, data 81 were 2010,there For requests Data el3991. 5: M.-A., R.L., Coffroth, 3. A.,Andrew, 11: R.F., Horak, Stern, Environment, Marine Global JMBA change. Antarctic British e th of report 44pp. Survey, austral e Unpublished th during 2008-9. s er m tow sum Recorder Plankton Continuous DVD. Plymouth. SAHFOS, C.,2010. Instructional CPR Harris, R.and I., Barnard, L., Luckraft, Gregory, Plymouth, SAHFOS, Memoire. Aide 2010. C.,Course Harris, CPR Technical R.and Edinburgh. Etc, Barnard, s C., L., Buckland, useum M Gregory, Evaluation. and Exhibitions: Communication Science (Editor), Filippoupoliti In:A. accessible. in coastal and m arine ecosystems, European Nitrogen Nitrogen European effects and ecosystems, arine m processes and coastal turnover in Nitrogen 7: Chapter press. nam es and affiliations for 2010 data requests are below. below. are requests data 2010 for affiliations and es nam Survey Antarctic British e th of analysis e th on Report 2010. February - Rubao Ji (Woods Hole, USA), Manal Al-Kandari USA), Manal Hole, Ji(Woods Rubao - February UK), Monika College, (Imperial UK), Plymouth, of Ashford-Hodges Natalie (University Patrick antha Sam Belgium), Belgium, Australia, from e com have requests Data PLoSONE, Environments. Marine in Diversity Massive Reveals Dinoflagellate Barcoding Environmental Keeling, P.J., 2010. E.R. and J.,James, F., B.,Brand, Kasai, Véron, M., climate on oceans e th of impacts The P.C.,Reid, 2010. Taxing 2010. J., Fisher, E.and P., Fileman, Longworth, H., R., Smithers, Fothergill, C., Buckland, J., Freedman, plancton del Laraccolta P.,2010. Licandro, F. and Boero, lntn eerh 2 261-262. 2: Research, Plankton for ethods [M marino plancton del studio di Metodologie Netherlands, Norway, UK and USA. External researcher's researcher's USA. External UKand Norway, Netherlands, ore m jargon scientific make to activities Interactive uy- on Hm Uiest fPyot, UK), Rob Plymouth, of (University Ham Donna - July Diekmann (CEFAS, UK), Lynam Rabea ris h -C e n Ju Technology, China) Technology, April - Jamie Shutler (PML, UK), Niall McGinty (Galway, UK), McGinty Niall(PML, Shutler Jamie - April WUR, Netherlands), Dave Mackas (DFO, Canada), Tom Tom Canada), (DFO, Mackas Dave Netherlands), WUR, Plymouth, of (University Sadri Saeed Australia), Wales, Australia), Zeren Gurkan (DTU Aqua, Denmark), Johan Johan Denmark), (DTUAqua, Gurkan Zeren Australia), August - Nick Kamenos (University of Glasgow, UK), Rabea UK), Rabea Glasgow, of (University Kamenos Nick - August Southam pton, UK), Sultan H ameed (Stony Brook University, University, Brook (Stony ameed H UK),Sultan pton, Southam UK)(PML, Austin Mel Canada), Canada, der Waal (University of Newcastle, UK), Sarah Burthe (CEH, Burthe UK),Sarah Newcastle, van of UK),Zanda (University Waal Swansea, of der (University Hinder Stephanie Hays e raem UK),(NOC,G Marcinko Charlotte - Germany) ctober O Institute, (Liebniz agner W Carola Germany), (IMARES, Fernandez Alvarez Santiago - ber Septem (Fisheries and Aquatic Centre, Rennes, France), Kristina Kristina France), Rennes, Centre, Aquatic and (Fisheries (NOAA, O'Brien Todd Germany), Hamburg, of (University (NCEAS, USA) O'Connor UK), Mary Aberdeen, of (University Oslo, of (CEES,Villar University Otero UK),(MBA, Jamie (IMR, Norway), lain Suthers (University of New South South New of (University Suthers lain Norway), (IMR, (CEFAS, UK),Kenny UK),Andy Swansea, of (University (CEFAS, UK)Pitois UK),Sophie pton, Southam of (University S) Dn edeo NA, USA)(NOAA, Pendleton Dan USA), of Hira!(University (CEFAS, UK),Junya Masefield of UK) (University Lauria Plymouth, Valentina (IMARES, Netherlands), Raab uenette G Sylvie Alvarez (IMARES, Netherlands), UK),Santiago Fernandez Aberdeen, of (University UK), Alan Baudron Plymouth, of (University Ham Donna USA), (Environment Smith Risa USA), (NOAA, (UCL, Harris Pendleton Victoria UK), Dan Norway), (IMR, E. Dingsor Gjert - May USA) Washington, Ericof Finland), (University Turku, of Rehm (University Hanninen Jari (Roscoff, France), Decelle UK),(MCGA, Johan Colcomb Kevin Eire), cpherson M Rhona UK), Lindsay (NOC,(MBA, Pingree Marcinko UK), Robin UK), UK),Charlotte pton, Andrews, (St. Southam Stott of Keziah (University Mao ChonyYuan (Villefranche, France), Alliouane Samir France), (Roscoff, Decelle Tasmania, of (University Hallegraf Gustaf - March USA) (NOAA, O'Brien Todd Norway), UK). (CEFAS, UK),Pitois UK), UK), Chris Sophie Bangor, Glasgow, of of (University (University Nall Stolk Shaylon - ber Decem UK). Andrews, St. of (University Letessier (IMARES Fernandez KevinAlvarez USA), (NOAA,Santi Denmark), Friedland (DTUAqua, Jansen UK),Teunis of Plymouth, (University Patrick antha UK),Sam (NOC, UK), Jones Alice E. Dingspr UK),Gjert (NOC, ood estw EdW - November and Science of University Kong (Hong (NOC, Harrison UK),Henson Paul UK),Stephanie (MBA, Al-Kandari Manal GEOMAR, (IFM Molinero Carlos Juan Netherlands), Hirai Junya Germany), Hamburg, of (University Diekmann Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for O cean Science cean O for Foundation Hardy Alister Sir Appendix A. Financial Summary

The principal sources of funding for 2010 are broadly derived from grants and contract income from Core Funding Organisations and Research & Academic Organisations. Core Funding Organisations provide support funding to enable the general operation of the CPR Survey. In 2010 these were: UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), UK D epartm ent of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) & NOAA. Research & Academic Organisations commission SAFIFOSto undertake specific research, or tow specific routes. SAFIFOS may also collaborate with other research groups, sometimes under the umbrella of International Organisations. In 2010 these w ere Exxon Valdez Oilspill Trust, th e North Pacific Research Board, Dept of Fisheries & Oceans Canada, British Antarctic Survey, IFREMER France, the European Union, CEFAS, ICES, Institute of Marine Research Norway, and others. Total incoming resources for 2010 have increased during the year and together with other income from charitable activities, are reported at £1,811,804 (2009 £1,790,087). Total resources expended for 2010 has also increased during the year reported at £1,620,762 (2009 ANNUAL REPO RT “ I £1,428,054), with the result of an overall movement in funds of £191,042 (2009 £362,033).

The Foundation is dependent on securing funding from external sources through contracts and grants to enable it to continue its work. Different sources of funding continue to be investigated in order to diversify the funding stream.

Joint Nature Conservation C om m ittee Norway— Institute of Marine Science Natural Environment CEFAS-UK Research Council (UK)

USA— National Science British Antarctic Survey - Foundation NERC ational Council

Department for Envlronme Ireland - Marine Institute Food and Rural Affairs - Fisheries (UK) .cottish Natural Heritage Leibniz Institute Germany EU Ecodrlve Department for Environment PACIFIC Food & Rural Affairs (UK)

Interreg-CHARM

Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science ANNUAL REPO RT AT A- Z-,ZB,ZC VJ ST SA GM C- R- PR NI M LR&V LG IN IB&SB HE E DA,D, EA, B BC,BA, BB, B D Routes Appendix B. Shipping companies assisting the CPR survey in 2010 in survey CPR the assisting companies B. Shipping Appendix Armorique Companion Atlantic . Rafael S. C S Aberdeen Selfoss Skaubryn Towing Vessels Flandria Seaways Flandria Aven Pont Bretagne BBC Reydarfjordur Norbay J Perseus Helgoland Stream Benguela Kodiak Horizon Hildasay Hascosay Reykjafoss Bilbao f o Pride Green Frost Green Finistère Cap Hatteras Cape TorPetunia TorDania TorFicaria

Atlantic Container Line, Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg, Line, Container Atlantic arnon n Hyhm Fr Mrh21.Catrd by Chartered 2010. March Form Heysham. of and Ferries Seatruck Warrenpoint Owners: 2010. February To Scotland. Company Shipping Owners: Briese Shiffahrts GmbH, Leer, Germany. Charterers Leer,Germany. GmbH, Shiffahrts Briese Owners: Phoenix from Reykjavik Eimskip, by Chartered Norway Bergen, A/S Cargo Sea Germany Jork, &Co, GmbH Helga MS Owners: Sweden Imperial from Gothenburg, AB, Shipping Copenhagen AB, DFDSSeaways by Chartered USA) Foundation, Science Geest Charterers: Netherlands. NV,Groningen, Seatrade USA WA, hpigB,Wishtn Netherlands Reider BV, inschoten, W from Shipping Iceland Reykjavik, Eimskipafelag, by Chartered Vancouver, North Company, Shipping International Seaboard Norway Bergen, AS, Reefers Green Chartered by MacAndrews Ltd, London from Jüngerhans from Ltd, London MacAndrews by 2010 Feb From Chartered Ltd, London. MacAndrews Charterers: NorthLink Ferries NorthLink Orkney, Ltd,Stromness, Ferries &Shetland Orkney Northlink ehrad,ato FSSaasA oehgn Denmark Copenhagen, AB DFDSSeaways of Netherlands,part BV,Line Scheveningen, Norfolk Ltd, Felixstowe, Line Norfolk France Roscoff, Ferries, Brittany 2010 Oct From Eimskip. 2010. ToJune Leer,Germany. Bereederungs, Reederei Iceland Reykjavik, Eimskipafelag, Denmark Copenhagen, AB, DFDSSeaways Ireland Northern Ltd, Larne, (IrishSea) Ferries P&O National (from USA Carolina, North Beaufort, University, Duke Denmark Copenhagen, DFDSLine,Tor Tacoma and USA Carolina, North LLC, Lines Charlotte, Horizon British Columbia, Canada Columbia, British France Roscoff, Ferries, Brittany Ltd (Dover) Ferries P&O Maritime Services GmbH, Haren,Ems Germany. To Jan 2010. ToJan Germany. Haren,Ems GmbH, Services Maritime aaa t, aea, England Ltd, Fareham, Bananas

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Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science (SAHFOS) manages the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey. SAHFOS is an internationally funded charity operating in the North Atlantic, North Pacific and Southern Ocean

— i ■ f SAHFOS * The Laboratory, Citadel Hill Plymouth, PLI 2PB, UK Tel: +44(0)1752-633288 Fax: +44(0)1752-600015 Email: [email protected] Web: www.sahfos.ac.uk ¡ B J * * * . M U * » i I I : ‘■ T l '