J. Exp. Zool. India Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 693-705, 2019 www.connectjournals.com/jez ISSN 0972-0030 STUDY ON CATCH COMPOSITION AND BYCATCH FROM SHRIMP TRAWL ALONG MUMBAI COAST

J. S. Jenishmaa*, S. Kesavana, Latha Shenoya, K. A. Martin Xaviera, S. N. Bhendekarb, S. S. Kamata, Ram Singhc and S. Sundhard aFisheries Resource Harvest and Post-Harvest Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai - 400 061, India bMumbai Research Centre of ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mumbai - 400 061, India cFisheries Economics, Extension and Statistics Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai-400061, India dDepartment of Fish Quality Assurance and Management, Fisheries College and Research Institute, Thoothukudi, India. (Received 13 March 2019, Accepted 24 May 2019)

ABSTRACT : Bycatch one of the major issue in marine fishery is contributed mainly by trawls due to their low selectivity. Investigations on trawl fishery were carried out fortnightly from September 2017 to May 2018 by means of experimental fishing using shrimp trawl to study the catch composition and discards from trawl along Mumbai coast. Of the total catch 1218.91 kg, discarded catch contributed maximum 1128.55 kg, commercial catch 86.85 kg and marine debris 3.5 kg. The catch and discard percentage varied from 0%-63% and 37% to 100% respectively. Catch per hour was the maximum during November (63.26 kg) and discards per hour was maximum during October and November due to abundance of jellyfish and Trypauchen vagina. Monthly shrimp: bycatch ratio estimated varied from 1:3.4 to 1:60.98 and the mean monthly bycatch was estimated as 10.26 kg h–1. Of the total catch shrimps formed 8%, non-target catch 32% and discards 60%. In all, 83 species were encountered in the trawl. It is thus evident from the results of the present study that the marine fisheries sector of Mumbai is in crisis with increasing discards and decreasing target catch that indicates both ecological and economic loss. The data generated through this study could be used for suggesting seasonal and spatial restrictions in fishing to conserve and maintain the sustainability of these resources. Key words : Bycatch, discard, sustainability.

INTRODUCTION increased yield, employment, and exports, the excessive Fisheries sector contributes to the nutritional security fishing pressure resulted in large-scale exploitation of of the growing population. It is also an income and juveniles (Dineshbabu, 2013). Around 35,228 units of employment generator and source of livelihood for trawlers operate in the country (Marine Fisheries Census, economically backward population of our country 2010). The trawl catch showed an increasing trend all (Ayyapan and Krishnan, 2004). Global fish production along the Indian coast. The increase in fishing intensity has been growing steadily in the last five decades. Total may lead to increased catches initially, but later lead to global fish production in 2014 is 167.2 million tonnes, in many adverse effects like a decrease in the catch rate and which marine capture fishery contributes 81.5 million abundance, decrease in recruitment and yield/recruit, tonnes (FAO, 2016). Indian marine fish landings during deviations from normal characteristics of landing and 2016 is 3.63 million tons. Maximum contribution is by fishing mortality exceeding natural mortality (Devaraj and the mechanised sector (82%) in which the trawl fishery Vivekanandan, 1999). contributed 57%. Maharashtra, having the fourth longest Trawl landings comprise edible portion landed with coastline in India of about 720 km contributes 2.92 lakh the best preservation, low-value bycatch brought to shore t. (CMFRI, 2017). without much preservation and discards as they do not Over the years, since the introduction of few trawls fetch an attractive price. Bycatch includes the incidental by Indo-Norwegian Project in 1953, the fleet size of catch and discarded catch. The non-targeted catch which trawlers and trawling operations underwent qualitative is retained is the incidental catch and discards include the and quantitative changes. Though all these resulted in catch which is discarded back into the sea (Alverson, 1994). Among the different fishing gears, trawling *Corresponding author : J.S. Jenishma, Sub Inspector of Fisheries, Nagerkoil, India. e-mail: [email protected] 694 J. S. Jenishma et al accounts for a higher rate of bycatch, due to the comparatively low selectivity of the gear (Gibinkumar et al, 2012). Thus, managing the trawl fisheries can go a long way in the management of marine fisheries for sustainable development of fishery. Studies by CMFRI reported that the discard percentage of 22% in 2008 came down to 6% by 2011 in Mangalore and the discard percentage in Calicut was 17% in 2008 reduced to 4% in 2011. The demand for fish meal increased due to which the discard percentage showed decline while this increased the landings of low value bycatch (LVB). This increase in demand and landings of LVB exert pressure on the ecosystem (Dineshbabu, 2013). Nowadays the bycatch landing is increasing and discards rate is reducing due to the increased demand for low- value fishes which forms the raw material for fish meal. Almost all the fishes landed are utilized either as food fish or as trash fishes for fish meal. Due to this, there have been increased landings of juvenile and trash fishes which in turn has tremendous negative impacts on resources. Despite the rapid development of the trawl sector and maximum contribution to the marine landings, certain damaging practices like usage of small-mesh cod ends Fig. 1 :Extent of experimental fishing operations conducted along and overexploitation has resulted in increased catch of Mumbai coast. juveniles and non-targeted species. These practices lead to adverse impacts on resources as well as the contributors to discards. Information on catch composition environment. Due to the multi-species and multi-gear generated during the study forms an important reference nature of the fisheries, bycatch issue is more complicated database for further studies to be carried out along the in tropical countries like India. The constituents of bycatch Mumbai coast for fisheries management. Knowledge of from trawl landings are mostly juveniles of commercially this database will thus assist in developing and suggesting important fishes and also non-commercial fishes. Along the management measures to reduce the discards rate. with the problem of bycatch and discards, marine plastics MATERIALS AND METHODS are another serious issue faced by marine fisheries at Study area present. The studies carried out in Indian marine fisheries presently focuses on the works related to the issue of Maharashtra is one of the 9 major maritime states in bycatch. Several studies have been conducted by CMFRI, India. It has a coastline of 720 km length forming 10% of CIFE and other research institutes to address this issue. Indian coastline with a continental shelf of 1.12 lakh Maximum trawl landing was from the west coast due to square kilometer area. Greater Mumbai is one of the more extensive continental shelf (Dineshbabu, 2013). coastal district which lies in the west coast of Maharashtra Mumbai which is in the west coast is selected to undertake facing the Arabian Sea. Mumbai coast was selected as the present study. Since maximum contribution to the study area for the research work. Fig. 1 shows the Maharashtra marine fisheries sector comes from trawl it geographical location of the study area and the sampling is essential to study the trawl fishery along the coast. With points of experimental fishing. the view to understand this the present study has been Experimental fishing formulated. M.F.V NARMADA (IV) training cum research vessel Further studies conducted by CMFRI highlighted of the Central Institute of Fisheries Education was used Maharashtra as one of the areas of substantial incidence for the present study. Experimental fishing was conducted of juvenile bycatch. The catch composition analysis will fortnightly on the fishing grounds of Mumbai from create a database giving details of the major species September 2017 to May 2018 between 18°57' N to 19°12' contributing to trawl fisheries and also the major N latitudes and 72°40' E to 72°43' E longitudes. The GPS Catch composition and bycatch from shrimp trawl along Mumbai coast 695 onboard (GARMIN 420 S) was used to navigate to different locations (area wise and depth wise) and the latitude and longitude positions were noted for each operation. All the trawling operations were carried out during day time and identical shooting and hauling procedures were adopted during the entire fishing operations. During the study period, 25 hauls of average one-hour duration were carried out in the depth range of 6-21 m, at trawling speed of 1.5-2.5 knots. The water depth was measured manually using a graduated nylon rope with an iron sinker. The research vessel NARMADA Fig. 2 :Percentage contribution of three categories to the overall catch. (IV) was a mechanized FRP trawler of 10.06 m overall length. The gear used for sampling was a shrimp trawl with cod end mesh size of 30 mm. Species composition At the end of each haul, the catches from the cod-end were sorted and the catch details were recorded. The total weight of the commercial catch and discards were taken separately. The commercial catch was sorted and weighed on-board the vessel. The whole of the unsorted discards from each haul was collected and further analysis was carried out in the laboratory. The catch from individual haul was examined separately. The samples were categorized into two groups; commercial and discards which was based on the demand, market price, consumption pattern and perception of the fishermen. All Fig. 3 : Category-wise monthly catch percentage. the collected specimens were kept in ice and thereafter in on the demand, market price, consumption pattern and deep freezer for keeping the samples in good condition. perception of fishermen. They are commercial catch which During laboratory analysis all the species in the unsorted includes shrimp and other fishes which have commercial samples were identified up to species level using FAO value; discards which includes non-conventional resources identification sheet (for fishing area 51) and Field as well as juveniles of commercially important fishes; Identification Guide to the Living Marine Resources of and marine debris including plastics and other debris. The Pakistan, FAO. overall percentage contribution of these categories was RESULTS AND DISCUSSION calculated based on the data collected during the 25 hauls Category-wise catch composition throughout the study period and depicted in Fig. 2. Monthly catch per hour for each category was calculated Bycatch is a major issue of concern in global fisheries separately for more accuracy. The results showed that today and the rate of bycatch is comparatively higher in the maximum contribution was by discards 1128.55 Kg case of trawling than other fishing gears as they have low (92.5%), commercial catch 86.85 Kg (7.2%) and marine selectivity. India being a tropical country the problem of debris 3.5 Kg (0.3%) to the total catch of 1218.91 Kg. bycatch is more complex due to multi-species and multi- gear fishery. Bhoopendranath (2007) and Madhu (2018) The monthly category-wise catch percentage is shown reviewed the trawl bycatch and selectivity studies carried in the Fig. 3. This study revealed that the discards were out along the Indian coast. Bycatch includes both the non- higher than commercial catch during September, October, targeted catch which is retained as they have market value November, January and April. The marine debris was and also the discards. The perspective regarding bycatch maximum during March followed by December and is the greatest challenge, as yesterday’s bycatch becomes September. Category-wise monthly catch and catch per today’s target catch (Boyce, 1996). haul are given in Table 1. In the present study, the overall catch was grouped The first study on fisheries bycatch along Indian into three to study the category-wise contribution. The waters was carried out during 1979. This study on the entire catch was divided into three main categories based state wise landings of bycatch showed that in a total 696 J. S. Jenishma et al

Fig. 4 : Catch and discards per hour from experimental fishing (Excluding October month catch: Jellyfish-1000 Kg approx.).

Fig. 5 : Group-wise monthly contribution to commercial catch. landings of 3,98,945 tonnes by smaller trawlers, the fish during 1985-90 along the states of Kerala, Karnataka and other miscellaneous by-catch apart from shrimp and Tamil Nadu recorded that target groups such as amounted to 3,15,902 tonnes, forming 79.18%. Discards shrimp (16%) and cephalopods (4%) together constituted were only 5000 tonnes that formed 1.5% (George et al, only 20% and others such as finfishes (65%) and benthic 1981). Study conducted on the trawl fishery of Mangalore organisms (15%) constituted the rest of the trawl landings and Malpe during 1980-82 reported that of the total (Menon, 1996). Appraisal of trawl fisheries of Indian coast average annual trawl catch only 13% was contributed by during 2008-11 revealed that the estimated landing of LVB shrimps and the bycatch was reported as 85% (Sukumaran increased from 14 % in 2008 to 25 % in 2011 and recorded et al, 1982). Trawl fishery along Karnataka coast during about 237 species as bycatch (Dineshbabu et al, 2013). 2001-02 reported bycatch as 56,035t in 2001 and 52,380t The study on trawl fishery along Ratnagiri coast of in 2002 and discards were estimated at 34,958 t in 2001 Maharashtra during 2015-16 reported the catch and and 38,318 t in 2002. Juveniles constituted 36% of bycatch discard percentage from multiday trawlers as 61% to 96% in SDF and 78% in MDF. Bycatch from trawlers formed and 70% to 97% from single day trawlers (Singh et al, 47.9 to 54.4% while 33.9 to 35.1% of the total catch 2017). were discards (Zacharia et al, 2006). A study conducted Catch composition and bycatch from shrimp trawl along Mumbai coast 697

Fig. 6 : Group-wise monthly contribution to the discards (Excluding goby, stomatopods and jellyfish).

Fig. 9 :Percentage contribution of target catch, non-target catch and discards from trawl (Excluding October month catch- Jellyfish-1000 kg approx.). Fig. 7 :Monthly catch details of stomatopods from trawl along Mumbai coast.

Fig. 8 :Monthly catch composition of target, non-target and discards Fig. 10 : Monthly shrimp Bycatch proportion in shrimp trawl catch. from trawl (Excluding October data- Jellyfish-1000 kg approx.).

Catch and discards per hour Moreover, in October and during few experimental fishing Details of catch and discards per hour for the trips in November and April, there was no commercial individual hauls are given in Fig. 4. The commercial catch catch. Instead there was jellyfish bloom during October per hour was maximum (31.63 kg) during November. and catch of Trypauchen vagina (110 kg approx.) in 698 J. S. Jenishma et al

Plate 1 : Species landed by trawl along Mumbai coast.

Table 1 : Category-wise monthly catch and catch per haul. Catch (Kg) Catch per haul (Kg) Month No. of hauls Commercial Discards Plastics Total Commercial Discards Plastics Total catch catch catch catch September 1 0.00 17.64 0.37 18.01 0.00 17.64 0.37 18.01 October 1 0.00 1000.00 0.00 1000.00 0.00 1000.00 0.00 1000.00 November 2 63.26 122.67 1.21 187.14 31.63 61.34 0.60 93.57 December 4 47.87 40.12 1.81 89.80 11.97 10.03 0.45 22.45 January 4 24.20 32.87 0.79 57.85 6.05 8.22 0.20 14.46 February 3 28.22 25.13 0.31 53.67 9.41 8.38 0.10 17.89 March 4 43.83 20.01 5.50 69.33 10.96 5.00 1.37 17.33 April 2 7.60 15.02 0.18 22.80 3.80 7.51 0.09 11.40 May 4 52.17 41.75 1.25 95.18 13.04 10.44 0.31 23.79 Total 25 267.15 1315.21 11.41 1593.77 86.85 1128.55 3.50 1218.91 Catch composition and bycatch from shrimp trawl along Mumbai coast 699

Plate 2 : Species landed by trawl along Mumbai coast. November. The discards per hour were minimum during per hour by multi-day trawlers i.e. 15.6 kg during March and maximum during October and November. The September, while it was October for single-day trawler catch percentage varied from 0%-63% and discard from (4.03 kg) from Mumbai coast (Bhendekar et al, 2014) . 37% to 100%. The catch per hour was maximum during Study on the trawl fishery along Mumbai coast during November (63.26 Kg) and discard per hour was maximum 2016-17 reported that discarded catch per hour by multi- during October and November. day trawlers ranged from 5.33 to 16.00 kg and by single- A study on Participatory GIS in trawl fishery along day trawlers 3.00 to 7.67 kg/ hour (Kharatmol et al, 2018). Mumbai coast of Maharashtra during 2013-14 estimated Selectivity study on trawl carried out along Mumbai coast the range of discard percentage from multiday trawlers during 2015-16 reported that the month-wise catch as 7% to 33% and from single day trawlers as 4% to variation from single-day trawls along Mumbai coast 30%. Catch per hour was maximum during October for showed maximum sciaenid catch in October and March. multi-day trawlers (73.27 kg) and during December for During February–April maximum discards occurred due single-day trawlers (22.70 kg) with maximum discards to the occurrence of jelly fishes, molluscs and juveniles (Samanta et al, 2018). In the present study maximum 700 J. S. Jenishma et al

Plate 3 : Species landed by trawl along Mumbai coast. sciaenid catch was reported during November followed Coilia dussumieri (16%), ribbonfish and elasmobranch by December. Discards were maximum during October (4%), crab, cephalopods and catfishes (3% each), lobsters and November due to occurrence of jellyfish and (2%) and remaining 4% by pomfrets, flatfishes and Trypauchen vagina. The results were in agreement with Bombay duck. Details of contribution of groups to the similar works conducted along various coast of India commercial catch are provided in Fig.5. In case of as the percentage of discards were higher when compared discards, the major species/groups were jellyfish, to commercial catch. Trypauchen vagina, stomatopods, crab, sciaenids, and Group-wise contribution of commercial and discards shrimps. A jellyfish bloom (approx.1000 Kg) during October and a huge catch of approx.110 Kg of The group-wise contribution was studied for both Trypauchen vagina during November was recorded. commercial and discards. Major species/groups Details regarding contribution of groups to discards are contributing to the commercial catch from trawlers along provided in Fig. 6. Other than these two species, the Mumbai coast comprises sciaenids (46%), shrimp (19%), Catch composition and bycatch from shrimp trawl along Mumbai coast 701

Plate 4 : Species landed by trawl along Mumbai coast. dominant group which was recorded in almost all the hauls were the most dominant followed by sharks and rays was the stomatopods. Three species of stomatopods were (10%), anchovies (10%), prawns (8%), Bombay duck recorded during the study. Fig. 7 shows the monthly catch (6%) and other demersal groups. Discards included jelly details of stomatopods from trawl along Mumbai coast. fishes, mantis shrimps, bivalves, gastropods and other Study carried out on trawl fishery of Tamilnadu coast non-edible fishes (Samantha et al, 2018). during 1985-2000 reported that silver bellies were the A similar study on the composition of trawl catch most abundant (23.2%) followed by clupeids (4.2%), along Mumbai coast during 2016-17 reported maximum penaeid prawns (10.5%), croakers (4.8%), carangids contribution by Otolithes cuvieri (24%) followed by Arius (4.3%), rays(3.9%) threadfin breams (3.9%),cephalopods maculatus (16%), Lepturacanthus savala (15%), Penaeid (3.8%),perches (3.3%), goatfishes (3.1%), crabs (2.8%), prawns (10%), Uroteuthis duvaucelli (8%), Cynoglossus lizardfishes (2.6%), ribbonfishes (1.1%) and pigface macrostomus (6%), Megalaspis cordyla (6%), Harpodon breams(1.0%) (Mini and Srinath, 2003). Study based on nehereus (5%), Thryssa dussumieri (5%) and Pampus experimental fishing in the trawling grounds of Mumbai argenteus (5%) (Kharatmol et al, 2018). Bhendekar et al using shrimp trawl reported 143 species during October (2014) reported that the major contributors to trawl catch 2015 to May 2016. Among the groups, sciaenids (35%) 702 J. S. Jenishma et al

Plate 5 : Species landed by trawl along Mumbai coast. along the Mumbai coast were Coilia dussumieri, Apogon coast. Numbers of species in each category were as quadrifasciatus, Johnieops vogleri, Harpadon nehereus, follows: finfishes (44), shrimps (13), gastropods (10), Lepturacanthus savala, Parapenaeopsis stylifera, crabs (4), cephalopods (3), stomatopods (3), Metapenaeus affinis, Johnius glaucus, Harpiosquilla elasmobranch (3), lobster (1), hermit crab (1) and jellyfish hapex and Sepiella inermis. (1). Major species landed by trawl are enclosed in the Distribution of fishes plates 1 to 5. During the period of study, around 83 species were List of identified species encountered in the experimental trawling carried out along Sharks & Rays Mumbai coast. These species were identified to get an Order: Carchariniformes overall picture of the distribution of species along the Family: Carcharinidae Catch composition and bycatch from shrimp trawl along Mumbai coast 703 1. Scoliodon laticaudus Muller & Henle, 1838 Family: Mullidae Order: Orectolobiformes 23. Upeneus guttatus (Day, 1868) Family: Hemiscylliidae Family: Polynemidae 2. Chiloscyllium arabicum Gubanov, 1980 24. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804) Order: Myliobatiformes 25. Filimanus heptadactyla (Cuvier, 1829) Family: Dasyatidae Family: Sciaenidae 3. Himantura imbricata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 26. Johnius borneensis (Bleeker, 1851) Finfishes 27. Johnius belangerii (Cuvier, 1830) Order: Anguilliformes 28. Johnius dussumieri (Cuvier, 1830) Family: Muraenosocidae 29. Johnius elongates Lal Mohan, 1976 4. Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton-Buchanan, 1822) 30. Johnius glaucus (Day, 1876) 5. Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål, 1775) 31. Johnius macrorhynus (Lal Mohan, 1976) Order: Aulopiformes 32. Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas, 1974 Family: Harpadontidae 33. Otolithoides biauritus (Cantor, 1849) 6. Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822) 34. Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepede, 1802) Order: Clupeiiformes Family: Scombridae Family: Clupeidae 35. Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) 7. Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton, 1822) Family: Serranidae 8. Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847) 36. Epinephelus diacanthus (Valenciennes, 1828) Family: Pristigasteridae Family: Sillaginidae 9. Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier, 1829) 37. Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775) Family: Engraulidae Family: Stromateidae 10. Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes, 1848 38. Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788) 11. Thryssa hamiltonii Gray, 1835 Family: Tetradontidae Order: Gadiformes 39. Lagocephalus inermis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1850) Family: Bregmacerotidae 40. Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) 12. Bregmaceros macclellandi Thompson, 1840 Family: Teraponidae Order: Lophiiformes 41. Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775) Family: Antennariidae 42. Terapon therops (Cuvier, 1829) 13. Antennarius indicus Schultz, 1964 Family: Trichiuridae Order: Pleuronectiformes 43. Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829) Family: Cynoglossidae Order: Scorpaeniformes 14. Cynoglossus arel (Schneider, 1801) Family: Synanceiidae Family: Bothidae 44. Minous inermis Alcock, 1889 15. Bothus myriaster (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846) Order: Siluriformes Order: Perciformes Family: Ariidae Family: Apogonidae 45. Nemapteryx caelata (Valenciennes, 1840) 16. Ostorhinchus fasciatus (White, 1790) 46. Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758) Family: Carangidae Family: Plotosidae 17. Alepes kleinii (Bloch, 1793) 47. Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787) 18. Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) Shrimps, Lobsters and Crabs Family: Gobiidae Order: DECAPODA 19. Aulopareia ocellata (Day, 1873) Family: Hippolytidae 20. Odontamblyopsus roseus (Valenciennes, 1837) 48. Exhippolysmata ensisrostris (Kemp, 1914) 21. Trypauchen vagina (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Family: Palaemonidae Family: Leiognathidae 49. Nematopaleomon tenuipes (Henderson, 1893) 22. Leiognathus bindus (Valenciennes, 1835) Family: Penaeidae 704 J. S. Jenishma et al 50. Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) 75. Cantharus spiralis (Gray, 1839) 51. Metapenaeus brevicornis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Family: Clavatulidae 52. Penaeus japonicus (Spence Bate, 1888) 76. Turricula javana (Linnaeus, 1767) 53. Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) Family: Muricidae 54. Penaeus merguiensis (De Man, 1888) 77. Indothais lacera (Born, 1778) 55. Penaeus semisulcatus (De Hann, 1844) Order: Littorinimorpha 56. Parapenaeopsis hardwickii (Miers, 1878) Family: Rostellariidae 57. Parapenaeopsis sculptilis (Heller, 1862) 78. Tibia curta (G. B. Sowerby II, 1842) 58. Parapenaeopsis stylifera (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Family: Ranellidae Family: Sergestidae 79. Gyrineum natator (Röding, 1798) 59. Acetes indicus (H. Milne Edwards, 1830) Family: Bursidae Family: Solenoceridae 80. Bufonaria echinata (Link, 1807) 60. Solenocera crassicornis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) Family: Naticidae Family: Palinuridae 81. Tanea lineata (Röding, 1798) 61. Panulirus polyphagus (Herbst, 1793) Family: Tonnidae Family: Portunidae 82. Tonna cumingii (Reeve, 1849) 62. Charybdis callianassa (Herbst, 1789) Phylum: Cnidaria 63. Charybdis feriatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Class: Scyphozoa 64. Portunus pelagicus (Linnaeus, 1766) 83. Jellyfish 65. Portunus sanguinolentus (Herbst, 1783) Composition of shrimp and bycatch Family: Diogenidae Shrimp trawl was used for conducting experimental 66. Diogenes alias McLaughlin & Holthuis, 2001 fishing trials. To study the contribution of shrimps to the Stomatopods total catch, the entire catch was split into three categories; Order: STOMATOPODA target catch which included only shrimps, non-target catch Family: Squillidae which included the portion of catch with good market 67. Harpiosquilla raphidea (Fabricius, 1798) value and demand other than shrimps and discards which 68. Miyakella nepa (Latreille in Latreille, Le Peletier, Serville included all other low-value fishes and juveniles of & Guérin, 1828) commercially important species. Target catch (shrimps) 69. Oratosquillina perpensa (Kemp, 1911) contributed 8%, non-target catch of 32% and discards of Molluscs 60% during the present study.Details with regard to Class: CEPHALOPODA composition of shrimps, non-target catch, and discards in each month are depicted in Fig.8. The target catch was Order: OCTOPODA very low compared to both the non-target and discards in Family: Octopodidae all the months. Considering the overall contribution to 70. Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) catch composition, discards contributed maximum Order: TEUTHIDA followed by non-target catch and the target catch. The Family: Loliginidae percentage contribution by all three categories to the total 71. Uroteuthis (Photololigo) duvaucelii (d’Orbigny [in Férussac catch is given in Fig. 9. Shrimp: bycatch ratio calculated & d’Orbigny], 1835) for different months during the study period ranged from Order: SEPIIDA 1:3.4 to 1:60.98. The mean monthly bycatch by shrimp Family: Sepiidae trawling along Mumbai coast during the present study 72. Sepiella inermis (Van Hasselt, 1835) was estimated as 10.26 to 1000 kg h–1. Monthly variations Class : Gastropoda in shrimp bycatch proportions in shrimp trawl catch is Order: Neogastropoda shown in the Fig. 10. Family: Babyloniidae The mean monthly bycatch generated by shrimp 73. Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus, 1758) trawling along the Mumbai coast during 2015-16 ranged –1 Family: Muricidae from 11.82 to 20.65 kg h , with an overall average of –1 74. Rapana rapiformis (Born, 1778) 16.82 ± 0.97 (SE, n = 8) kg h (Samantha et al, 2018). Family: Pisaniidae Study conducted on shrimp trawling off Cochin recorded Catch composition and bycatch from shrimp trawl along Mumbai coast 705 the mean monthly bycatch ranging from 1.14 to 38.64 kg In: APFIC Regional Expert Workshop on Tropical Trawl Fishery h–1, with an overall average of 12.85±1.97 (SE, n=12) kg Management, Thailand. pp.1-31. h–1. Shrimp bycatch ratio ranged from 1:0.6 to 1:69 as Dineshbabu A P, Radhakrishnan E V, Thomas S, Maheswarudu G, estimated from experimental trawling using shrimp trawl Manojkumar P P, Kizhakudan S J, Pillai S L, Chakraborty R D, Josileen J, Sarada P T and Sawant P B (2013) Appraisal of in the traditional trawling grounds off Cochin during 2004 trawl fisheries of India with special reference on the changing to 2006 (Gibinkumar et al, 2012). trends in bycatch utilization. J. Marine Biol.Assoc. India 55(2), CONCLUSION 69-78. FAO (2016) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. The catch composition of discards in the present study Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome.200 shows that the discards is contributed by non-conventional pp. species as well as juveniles and sub-adults of commercially Fischer W and Bianchi G (1984) FAO species identification sheets important species. The present study on composition of for fishery purposes: Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). discards highlights growth overfishing along the Mumbai Rome: FAO. coast. Findings of the study reveal that the target catch is George M J, Suseelan C and Balan K (1981) By-catch of the shrimp decreasing along the Mumbai coast. Further, it is evident fishery in India. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical and Extension Series 28, 1-13. that many non-conventional resources having ecological significance are caught as bycatch during trawling which Gibinkumar T R, Sabu S, Pravin P and Boopendranath M R (2012) Bycatch characterization of shrimp trawl landings off Southwest are either landed as trash or discarded. If the present trend Coast of India. Fishery Technology 49, 132-140. continues, sustainability of marine fisheries of Kharatmol B R, Shenoy L, Singh V V, Landge A T and Mohite A S Maharashtra would be severely affected. Thus from these (2018) Fishing characteristics of trawling off Mumbai coast of results, it is evident that the Maharashtra marine fisheries Maharashtra, India. J. Entom. Zool. Stud. 6(2), 2777-2783. sector is in crisis with increasing discards and decreasing Madhu V R (2018) A Review of Trawl Selectivity Studies carried target catch which indicates both ecological and economic out along Indian Coast. Fishery Technology 55, 1-18. loss. Management measures addressing this issue must Marine Fisheries Census (2010) Maharashtra, Central Marine be taken to conserve and maintain the sustainability of Fisheries Research Institute: Kochi. these resources. Menon N G (1996) Impact of bottom trawling on exploited resources. In Marine Biodiversity, Conservation and Management edited ACKNOWLEDGMENTS by Menon N G and Pillai. Central Marine Fisheries Research The authors are grateful to Director and Vice- Institute, Cochin, 97–102. chancellor, ICAR Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mini K G and Srinath M (2003) Trawl fishery of Tamilnadu (1985- Mumbai, and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, 2000): An appraisal. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical and Extension Series 175, 1-5. New Delhi for providing necessary facilities for carrying out the research work. Psomadakis P N (2015) Field identification guide to the living marine resources of Pakistan. REFERENCES Samanta R, Chakraborty S K, Shenoy L, Nagesh T S, Behera S and Alverson D L, Freebag M H, Murawski S A and Pope J G (1994) A Bhoumik T S (2018) Bycatch characterization and relationship global assessment of fisheries by-catch and discards. FAO Fish. between trawl catch and lunar cycle in single day Shrimp Trawls Tech. Pap. No. 339, 233. from Mumbai Coast of India. Regional Studies in Marine Science 17, 47-58. Ayyappan S and Krishnan M (2004) Fisheries sector in India: Dimensions of development. Indian J. Agricult. Econ. 59(3), Singh J, Singh R, Mohite A and Bhendekar S N (2017) Incorporating 392-412. Traditional Knowledge with Geographic Information Systems for Management of Marine Resources along the Ratnagiri Coast, Bhendekar S N, Shenoy L, Raje S G, Chellappan A and Singh R Maharashtra. Journal of Environment and Bio-Sciences 31(1), (2016) Participatory GIS in trawl fisheries along Mumbai coast, 27-31. Maharashtra. Indian J. Geo-Marine Sci. 45(8), 937-942. Sukumaran K K, Telang K Y and Thippeswamy O (1982) Trawl Boopendranath M R (2007) Possibilities of bycatch reduction from fishery of South Kanara with special reference to prawns and trawlers in India. Indian fisheries an progressive outlook by-catches. Marine Fisheries Information Service, Technical Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, pp.12-29. and Extension Series 44, 8-14. Boyce J R (1996) An economic analysis of the fisheries bycatch Zacharia P U, Krishnakumar P K, Muthiah C, Anoop A Krishnan problem. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 31(3), 314-336. and Ravindra N Durgekar R (2006) Assessment of bycatch and CMFRI (2017) Annual Report 2016-17, Central Marine Fisheries discards associated with bottom trawling along Karnataka coast, Research Institute: Kochi. India. In: Kurup B M and Ravindran K (eds.). Sustain Fish Devaraj M and Vivekanandan E (1999) Marine capture fisheries of (2006). School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin Univeristy of India: Challenges and opportunities. Curr. Sci. 76 (3), 314-332. Sciencie and Technology, Cochin, p. 434-44. Dineshbabu A P (2013) Trawl fishery of eastern Arabian Sea.