Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences

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More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10529 Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya • Dmitry Yu. Vlasov • Elena G. Panova • Sofia N. Lessovaia Editors

Processes and Phenomena on the Boundary Between Biogenic and Abiogenic Nature

123 Editors Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya Dmitry Yu. Vlasov Department of Crystallography Department of Botany State University Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg, Saint Petersburg, Russia

Elena G. Panova Sofia N. Lessovaia Department of Geochemistry Department of Physical Geography and Saint Petersburg State University Landscape Planning Saint Petersburg, Russia Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg, Russia

ISSN 2193-8571 ISSN 2193-858X (electronic) Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences ISBN 978-3-030-21613-9 ISBN 978-3-030-21614-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21614-6

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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface

The book represents a collection of papers presented at VI International Symposium “Biogenic-abiogenic interactions in natural and anthropogenic systems” which was devoted to the 150th anniversary of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists. Symposium was held on September 24–27, 2018, in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The previous symposiums on this topic took place in St. Petersburg in 2002, 2004, 2007, 2011, and 2014. St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists is one of the oldest natural science societies of Russia. It was founded in 1868. The first president of Society Karl Kessler was the rector of St. Petersburg State University. Presidents of the St. Petersburg Society of Naturalists were such famous scientists as Prof. Beketov, Academician Vernadsky, Academician Ukhtomsky, and others. The priorities of the society in our days are complex interdisciplinary study in the different fields of earth science and life science. According to the results of the previous symposium, a monograph was published in 2016 by Springer. The present book continues to discuss wide range of issues connecting with biogenic and abiogenic interactions in lithosphere, biosphere, and technosphere. It devoted to the processes and phenomena on the boundary between biogenic and abiogenic nature. The book has an interdisciplinary character and contains eight parts: 1. Biomineralization and Nature-like Materials and Technologies 2. Methods for Studying the Interactions in Biogenic–Abiogenic Systems 3. Geochemistry of Biogenic–Abiogenic Systems 4. Biomineral Interactions in Soil 5. Effect of Microorganisms on Natural and Artificial Materials 6. Organic Mineralogy 7. Medical Geology 8. Philosophical and Historical Aspects In part “Biomineralization and Nature-like Materials and Technologies,” two reviews are devoted to collagen-based biomaterials for tissue engineering appli- cations (Radhakrishnan et al.) and chitosan and chitosan-based nanocomposites for

v vi Preface applications as a drug delivery carrier (Nivethaa et al.). The results of the following experimental studies are presented: on the formation of calcium and magnesium phosphates of the renal stones depending on the composition of the crystallization medium (Kuz’mina et al.), on the solubility of hydroxyapatite as a function of solution composition (Kuranov et al.), on the pathogenic phase formation in human blood plasma (Golovanova), on the features of molecular water in bone apatite (Kalinichenko et al.), and on the effect of heat treatment and bioresorbability of silicate containing biological apatites (Panova, Golovanova). The part “Methods for Studying the Interactions in Biogenic–Abiogenic Systems” focuses on a variety of methods and approaches used in studying such systems. The following topics are regarded: tool supply and application examples of singlet oxygen monitoring in the lower atmosphere (Chelibanov et al.), deter- mination of water-soluble fraction in soils (Panova et al.), using of X-RAY com- puted microtomography in the study of hard tooth tissue (Pixur et al.), and experimental–theoretical evaluation of the biogenic peat system affecting moisture transfer (Kremcheev et al.). Special attention is paid to methods of research of the role of microorganisms in different processes: oil biodegradation (Svarovskaya et al.), stromatolites formation (Litvinova), and change in wettability of clays (Sofinskaya et al.). Geochemical aspects of biogenic–abiogenic interactions have been discussed in the part “Geochemistry of Biogenic–Abiogenic Systems.” The result of the experiment with using biochar for neutralizing wastewater olive plant was con- sidered by Obiageli et al. M. Charykova and V. Krivovichev show data on ther- modynamic stability of arsenic minerals in the environment. L. Inisheva and co-authors consider biogenic and abiogenic forms of migration compounds in swamps of different genesis. The work of S. Lebedev et al. is connected with assessment of long-lived radionuclides (3H, 14C) and heavy metals in snow cover of urban areas. The work of D. Rybakov is devoted to biogeochemistry of soils in the industrial pollution zone in . The special attention is given to bio- geochemical processes in plain forest ecosystem (Torbatov et al.). In part “Biomineral Interactions in Soil,” different aspects of biogenic–abiogenic interactions have shown based on soil studies. The result of the experiment with pine-derived biochar, which has attracted as a possible way to sequester carbon from the atmosphere in the soil, illustrated that the biochar layers formed preferred zones for root development and microbial proliferation compared to the sandy layers (Olivier et al.). The specificity of soil organic matter was revealed based on study of phylogenetic structure of prokaryotic community in the forest and urban soils (Aparin et al.) and humic substances formation and stabilization in suspended soils of tropical forest (Rodina et al.). The micromorphology study of biotic–abiotic interactions was focused on soils affected by waste mining and processing pro- duction of sulfide-tungsten deposits, which lead to soil contamination by toxic elements (Doroshkevich et al.), and soils in the Antarctic region to reveal the specific of their structural organization (Lupachev et al.). The special attention was given to biotic–abiotic interactions in the cold environments, including biogenic-induced rock weathering (Lessovaia et al.) and pedogenesis in the different regions of Preface vii

Antarctica (Lupachev et al., Shamilishvili et al.). These findings are corrected the most acceptable scenario of abiotic physical processes development in the cold environments. In part “Effect of Microorganisms on Natural and Artificial Materials,” the different aspects of microbial influence on different substrates are discussed. Special attention is paid to the problem of biological damage of cultural heritage objects in various ecological conditions (Lobzova et al., Vlasov et al.). In these works, the role of microorganisms in the transformation of natural stone is shown. The role of microorganisms is also considered in the corrosion processes of other materials (Simakova and Leonova). Particular attention is given to study of microbial com- munities on the different museum objects (Zaitsev et al., Abramova). The authors note the ability of biodestructors to influence on people’s health. Soil microor- ganisms are considered in the context of biogenic–abiogenic interactions. They can develop under various conditions, including technogenic pollution (Redkina et al.) and exposure to VUV radiation (Zvereva and Kirtsideli). Among the experimental works of this part, it is necessary to note the study of the processes of crystallization of calcium oxalate hydrates by interaction of apatites and fossilizes tooth tissue with fungus of Aspergillus niger (Zelenskaya et al.). In part “Organic Mineralogy,” the structure, symmetry, formation, and trans- formation of organic matter in nature are discussed. The following topics are regarded: the generality of organic and inorganic (Oleynikova et al.); limits of solid solutions and polymorph diversity of acids with chiral molecules (Kotelnikova et al.); geometry, classification, and nomenclature of capsids of viruses (Voytekhovsky); calcium ion complexes with amino acids in human body (Tomashevskiy et al.); paleobiological significance of carbon isotope ratios in the hard tissues of conodont elements (Zhuravlev et al.). Different aspects of biogenic–abiogenic interactions in human body have been discussed in the part “Medical Geology.” The common properties of some geo- phagic clay based on their mineral composition and landscapes specificity were studied (Ekosse et al.). The accumulation of heavy metals in hair, depending on the state of the environment of different territories of Kola North (Belisheva) and Bashkortostan (Semenova et al.) are considered. The possibility of physicochemical modeling in the study of affecting of chemical composition of water on the health of the population is analyzed (Mazukhina et al.; Masloboev et al.). In part “Philosophical and Historical Aspects,” the time and space of biological morphogenesis are regarded as phenomena arising from the flow of energy in the Universe and their own structure set by this process (Sumin and Sumina). The environmental problems are regarded in a historical retrospect. The impact of geodynamic processes on the emergence and evolution on the man is discussed (Nesterov et al.).

Saint Petersburg, Russia Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya Dmitry Yu. Vlasov Elena G. Panova Sofia N. Lessovaia Contents

Part I Biomineralization and Nature-Like Materials and Technologies 1 Collagen Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review ...... 3 Socrates Radhakrishnan, Sakthivel Nagarajan, Mikhael Bechelany and S. Narayana Kalkura 2 Chitosan and Chitosan Based Nanocomposites for Applications as a Drug Delivery Carrier: A Review ...... 23 E. A. K. Nivethaa, Catherine Ann Martin, Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya and S. Narayana Kalkura 3 Solubility of Hydroxyapatite as a Function of Solution Composition (Experiment and Modeling) ...... 39 George Kuranov, Konstantin Mikhelson and Alexandra Puzyk 4 Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Crystallization of Mineral Phases of Vascular Calcificates ...... 59 Olga A. Golovanova 5 Water in Termally Treated Bioapatites and Their Synthetic Analogues: 1H NMR Data ...... 79 Olena A. Kalinichenko, Aleksandr B. Brik, Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya, Anatoliy M. Kalinichenko, Natalya O. Dudchenko and Anton M. Nikolaev 6 The Formation of Calcium and Magnesium Phosphates of the Renal Stones Depending on the Composition of the Crystallization Medium ...... 107 Mariya A. Kuz’mina, Anton M. Nikolaev and Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya

ix x Contents

7 The Effect of Heat-Treatment and Bioresorbability of Silicate-Containing Hydroxyapatite ...... 119 Tatyana Panova and Olga A. Golovanova

Part II Methods for Studying the Interactions in Biogenic–Abiogenic Systems 8 Singlet Oxygen in the Lower Atmosphere: Origin, Measurement and Participation in Processes and Phenomena at the Boundary Between Biogenic and Abiogenic Nature ...... 137 Vladimir P. Chelibanov, Ivan V. Chelibanov, Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya, Egor A. Iasenko, Alexandr M. Marugin and Olga A. Pinchuk 9 Determination of Water-Soluble Fraction in Soils ...... 155 Elena G. Panova, Kseniia A. Bakhmatova, Natalia N. Matinian and Galina A. Oleynikova 10 Contact Angle Hysteresis in the Clay-Water-Air System of Soils ...... 179 Oxana A. Sofinskaya, Akhmet A. Galeev and Eduard A. Korolev 11 Bio-inert Interactions in an Oil—Microorganisms System ...... 195 Lidia I. Svarovskaya, Andrey Y. Manakov, Lyubov K. Altunina and Larisa A. Strelets 12 Biogenic–Abiogenic Interactions in Stromatolites: Study Possibilities and Outlooks ...... 207 Tatiana V. Litvinova 13 Using X-ray Computed Microtomography for Investigation of the Morphology and Composition of the Hard Tooth Tissue ... 221 Oksana L. Pikhur, Yulia V. Plotkina and Alexander M. Kulkov 14 Changing Hydraulic Conductivity After Rupturing Native Structure of Peat Under Limited Evaporation Conditions ...... 233 Eldar A. Kremcheev, Dmitriy O. Nagornov and Dinara A. Kremcheeva

Part III Geochemistry of Biogenic-Abiogenic Systems 15 Mineral Systems and Thermodynamic Stability of Arsenic Minerals in the Environment ...... 259 Marina V. Charykova and Vladimir G. Krivovichev 16 Abiogenic and Biogenic Forms of Migration Compounds in Swamps of Different Genesis ...... 277 Lidia I. Inisheva, Ekaterina V. Porokhina, Alla V. Golovchenko and Lech W. Szajdak Contents xi

17 Assessment of Long-Lived Radionuclides (3H, 14C) and Heavy Metals in Snow Cover of Urban Areas as Indicators of Environmental Pollution (St. Petersburg, Russia) ...... 297 Sergey V. Lebedev, Marianna A. Kulkova, Larisa M. Zarina and Evgeny M. Nesterov 18 Experience of Large-Scale Analysis of the Spatial Patterns of Plain Forest Ecosystem Productivity and Biogeochemical Processes ...... 315 Sergei A. Tobratov and Olga S. Zheleznova 19 Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils and Macromycetes from the Accumulated Environmental Damage Zone in Petrozavodsk, Republic of Karelia ...... 345 Dmitrii S. Rybakov 20 Assessment of Biochar Potential to Neutralize the Effect of Olive Mill Wastewater on Plant Growth in Alkaline Sand ...... 363 Obiageli P. Umeugochukwu, Andrei B. Rozanov and Ailsa G. Hardie

Part IV Biomineral Interactions in Soil 21 Macroscopic Observation of Biotic-Abiotic Interactions in Biochar Layers Within a Sandy Soil in a Pot Trial with Wheat Triticum aestivum ...... 383 Charl F. Olivier, Ian L. Belford, Leandra Moller, Andrei B. Rozanov, Alf Botha and Ailsa G. Hardie 22 Structure of Microbial Community in Forest and Anthropogenic Changed Soils of Megalopolis (St. Petersburg, Russia) ...... 395 Boris F. Aparin, Elena Yu. Sukhacheva, Arina A. Kichko, Evgeny E. Andronov and Yaroslavna V. Valchenko 23 Humic Substances Formation as a Result of Biogenic-Abiogenic Interactions in Epiphytic Structures of the South Vietnam Tropical Forest ...... 417 Oksana A. Rodina, Evgeny V. Abakumov, Alen K. Eskov and Nikolay G. Prilepskiy 24 Soils of Technogenic Landscapes from Tungsten Mine: Micromorphological Structure, Mineral and Chemical Compositions ...... 435 Svetlana G. Doroshkevich, Olga K. Smirnova and Anastasiya A. Sheshukova xii Contents

25 Biogenic-Abiogenic Interactions and Soil Formation in Extreme Conditions of Untersee Oasis, Surroundings of Lake Untersee, Central Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica...... 457 George Shamilishvili, Evgeny V. Abakumov and Dale Andersen 26 Levels of Biogenic-Abiogenic Interaction and Structural Organization of Soils and Soil-Like Bodies in Antarctica ...... 481 Aleksei V. Lupachev, Stanislav V. Gubin and Evgeny V. Abakumov 27 Modeling Biogenic Weathering of Rocks from Soils of Cold Environments ...... 501 Sofia N. Lessovaia, Ruben Gerrits, Anna A. Gorbushina, Yury S. Polekhovsky, Stefan Dultz and Gennady G. Kopitsa

Part V Effect of Microorganisms on Natural and Artificial Materials 28 Crusts and Incrustations on Natural and Architectural Objects ...... 519 Raisa V. Lobzova, Oxana V. Karimova and Elena I. Antonova 29 Biofilms on Granite Rapakivi in Natural Outcrops and Urban Environment: Biodiversity, Metabolism and Interaction with Substrate ...... 535 Dmitry Yu. Vlasov, Elena G. Panova, Marina S. Zelenskaya, Alexey D. Vlasov, Katerina V. Sazanova, Oksana A. Rodina and Olga A. Pavlova 30 Microorganisms of the Technogenic Landscapes: The Case of Nepheline-Containing Sands, the Murmansk Region ...... 561 Vera V. Redkina, Maria V. Korneykova and Regina R. Shalygina 31 Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate Hydrates by Interaction of Apatites and Fossilized Tooth Tissue with Fungus Aspergillus niger ...... 581 Marina S. Zelenskaya, Aleksei V. Rusakov, Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya, Dmitry Yu. Vlasov, Alina R. Izatulina and Mariya A. Kuz’mina 32 Features of the Effect of VUV Radiation on Microfungi from Polar Regions ...... 605 Galina N. Zvereva and Irina Yu. Kirtsideli Contents xiii

33 Sol-Gel Derived TiO2 and Epoxy-Titanate Protective Coatings: Structure, Property, Fungicidal Activity and Biomineralization Effects ...... 619 Olga A. Shilova, Dmitry Yu. Vlasov, Marina S. Zelenskaya, Yuliya V. Ryabusheva, Tamara V. Khamova, Irina B. Glebova, Alexandr A. Sinelnikov, Alexandr M. Marugin and Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya 34 The Impact of Microorganisms on Monuments in the Underground Archaeological Museum of ...... 639 Tamara T. Abramova 35 Biocorrosion in the Central Heating System ...... 657 Yulia S. Simakova and Liubov V. Leonova 36 Microbiology of the Laetolil Tuff 7 with 3.66 Ma Australopithecus Afarensis Footprints, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania ...... 669 Anatoly N. Zaitsev, Dmitry Yu. Vlasov, Marina S. Zelenskaya, Olga A. Zaitseva, Olga A. Pavlova, Anton R. Chakhmouradian, Anton I. Savchenok, Larissa Leach, Michael Leach and Joshua Mwankunda

Part VI Organic Mineralogy 37 Acids with Chiral Molecules as Essential Organic Compounds of Biogenic–Abiogenic Systems ...... 695 Elena N. Kotelnikova, Anton I. Isakov, Lyudmila Yu. Kryuchkova, Andrey A. Zolotarev, Jr., Sergey N. Bocharov and Heike Lorenz 38 Geometry, Classification and Nomenclature of Capsids of Icosahedral Viruses ...... 721 Yury L. Voytekhovsky 39 On the Generality of Organic and Inorganic ...... 729 Galina A. Oleynikova, Elena G. Panova and Yaroslav Yu. Fadin 40 Carbon Isotope Ratios in the Apatite-Protein Composites of Conodont Elements—Palaeobiological Proxy ...... 749 Andrey V. Zhuravlev, Artem N. Plotitsyn and Denis A. Gruzdev 41 Coordination Compounds of Calcium Ions (II) with the Biogenic Amino Acids: Their Stability, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Characteristics of the Formation ...... 765 Ivan A. Tomashevskiy, Olga A. Golovanova and Svetlana V. Anisina xiv Contents

Part VII Medical Geology 42 Landscape Settings and Mineralogy of Some Geophagic Clay Occurrences in South Africa ...... 785 Georges-I. Ekosse, Kirill V. Chistyakov, Andrei B. Rozanov, Nadezhda N. Bashkirova, Stefan Dultz, Yury S. Polekhovsky and Sofia N. Lessovaia 43 Comparative Analysis of Morbidity and Elemental Composition of Hair Among Children Living on Different Territories of the Kola North ...... 803 Natalia K. Belisheva 44 Formation of the Chemical Composition of Underground Waters of the Khibiny Mountain Range (On the Example of One Water Intake) ...... 829 Vladimir A. Masloboev, Vladimir I. Pozhilenko, Sergey S. Sandimirov, Svetlana V. Drogobuzhskaya, Stanislav V. Ivanov, Anton V. Gudkov, Pavel S. Tereshchenko and Svetlana I. Mazukhina 45 Heavy Metal Content in Soils and Hair of the Inhabitants Near Copper Zinc Mine (Bashkortostan, Russia)...... 847 Irina N. Semenova, Yuliya S. Rafikova, Rezeda F. Khasanova and Yalil T. Suyundukov 46 Modeling: The New Prospects of Studying Biological Systems as Illustrated by the Human Stomach ...... 863 Svetlana I. Mazukhina, Konstantin V. Chudnenko, Pavel S. Tereshchenko, Svetlana V. Drogobuzhskaya and Stanislav V. Ivanov

Part VIII Philosophical and Historical Aspects 47 Time and Space of Biological Morphogenesis ...... 881 Dmitry L. Sumin and Evgeniya L. Sumina 48 The Impact of Geodynamic Processes on the Emergence and Evolution of the Man ...... 891 Evgeny M. Nesterov, Peter Mavopulos and Pavel I. Egorov Correction to: Bio-inert Interactions in an Oil—Microorganisms System ...... C1 Lidia I. Svarovskaya, Andrey Y. Manakov, Lyubov K. Altunina and Larisa A. Strelets

Index ...... 903 Contributors

Evgeny V. Abakumov Department of Applied Ecology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation Tamara T. Abramova Geological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Lyubov K. Altunina Institute of Petroleum Chemistry SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia Dale Andersen Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA Evgeny E. Andronov All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia Svetlana V. Anisina F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russia Elena I. Antonova State Research Institute for Restoration, Moscow, Russia Boris F. Aparin Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; The Dokuchaev Central Soil Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia Kseniia A. Bakhmatova Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Nadezhda N. Bashkirova Higher School of State Audit, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Mikhael Bechelany Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM-UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France Ian L. Belford Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa Natalia K. Belisheva Research Centre for Human Adaptation in the Arctic, KSC RAS, Apatity, Russia Sergey N. Bocharov Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia

xv xvi Contributors

Alf Botha Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa Aleksandr B. Brik M.P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of the National Academy of Sciences of , , Ukraine Anton R. Chakhmouradian Department of Geological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada Marina V. Charykova Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Ivan V. Chelibanov Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia Vladimir P. Chelibanov OPTEC JSC, Saint Petersburg, Russia Kirill V. Chistyakov Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Konstantin V. Chudnenko Russia Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS, Irkutsk, Russia Svetlana G. Doroshkevich Geological Institute of SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia Svetlana V. Drogobuzhskaya Tananaev Institute of Chemistry—Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre, “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Akademgorodok, Apatity, Russia Natalya O. Dudchenko M.P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Stefan Dultz Institute of Soil Science, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany Pavel I. Egorov Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia Georges-I. Ekosse University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa Alen K. Eskov Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Yaroslav Yu. Fadin All Russian Geological Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya Department of Crystallography, Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University “LETI”, Saint Petersburg, Russia Akhmet A. Galeev Federal University, (Volga Region), Russia Ruben Gerrits Department of Earth Sciences and Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy, Freie Universität , Berlin, Germany; Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany Contributors xvii

Irina B. Glebova Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia Olga A. Golovanova F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russia Alla V. Golovchenko Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia Anna A. Gorbushina Federal Institute of Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin, Germany; Department of Earth Sciences and Department of Biology Chemistry Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany Denis A. Gruzdev Institute of Geology, Komi SC UrB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia Stanislav V. Gubin Institute of Physico-Chemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation Anton V. Gudkov Geological Institute—Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia Ailsa G. Hardie Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa Egor A. Iasenko OPTEC JSC, Saint Petersburg, Russia Lidia I. Inisheva Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia Anton I. Isakov Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Stanislav V. Ivanov Luzin Institute for Economic Studies—Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre, “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Apatity, Russia Alina R. Izatulina Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Anatoliy M. Kalinichenko M.P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine Olena A. Kalinichenko M.P. Semenenko Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Ore Formation of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine S. Narayana Kalkura Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India Oxana V. Karimova Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits RAS (IGEM RAS), Moscow, Russia Tamara V. Khamova Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia Rezeda F. Khasanova Institute for Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Russia; Sibay branch of Bashkir state University, Sibay, Russia xviii Contributors

Arina A. Kichko All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Saint Petersburg, Russia Irina Yu. Kirtsideli Komarov Botanical Institute RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia Gennady G. Kopitsa B.P. Konstantinov Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute NRC KI, Gatchina, Russia; I.V. Grebenshchikov Institute of Silicate Chemistry RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia Maria V. Korneykova Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems— Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of Russian Academy of Science”, Apatity, Russia Eduard A. Korolev Federal University, Kazan (Volga Region), Russia Elena N. Kotelnikova Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Eldar A. Kremcheev Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Dinara A. Kremcheeva Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Vladimir G. Krivovichev Saint Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Lyudmila Yu. Kryuchkova Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Alexander M. Kulkov Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Marianna A. Kulkova Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia George Kuranov Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation Mariya A. Kuz’mina Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Larissa Leach GMP Consulting Engineers Ltd., Arusha, Tanzania Michael Leach GMP Consulting Engineers Ltd., Arusha, Tanzania Sergey V. Lebedev Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Liubov V. Leonova Institute of Geology and Geochemistry, Urals Branch of RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russia Sofia N. Lessovaia Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Tatiana V. Litvinova Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Raisa V. Lobzova State Research Institute for Restoration, Moscow, Russia Contributors xix

Heike Lorenz Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, , Germany Aleksei V. Lupachev Institute of Physico-Chemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation Andrey Y. Manakov Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Catherine Ann Martin Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India Alexandr M. Marugin OPTEC JSC, Saint Petersburg, Russia Vladimir A. Masloboev Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems— Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Apatity, Russia Natalia N. Matinian Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Peter Mavopulos Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Svetlana I. Mazukhina Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems— Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Akademgorodok, Apatity, Russia Konstantin Mikhelson Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation Leandra Moller Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa Joshua Mwankunda Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority, Arusha, Tanzania Sakthivel Nagarajan Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM-UMR 5635, ENSCM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France Dmitriy O. Nagornov Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Evgeny M. Nesterov Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia Anton M. Nikolaev Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Silicate Chemistry RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia E. A. K. Nivethaa Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India Galina A. Oleynikova All Russian Geological Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Russian Geological Research Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia Charl F. Olivier Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa xx Contributors

Elena G. Panova Institute of Earth Science, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Tatyana Panova F.M. Dostoevsky State University, Omsk, Russia Olga A. Pavlova Beagle Ltd., Saint Petersburg, Russia; Resource Center “Development of Cellular and Molecular Technologies”, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Oksana L. Pikhur Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, Saint Petersburg, Russia Olga A. Pinchuk ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Artem N. Plotitsyn Institute of Geology, Komi SC UrB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia Yulia V. Plotkina Institute of Precambrian Geology and Geochronology RAS, Saint Petersburg, Russia Yury S. Polekhovsky Institute of Earth Sciences, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Ekaterina V. Porokhina Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia Vladimir I. Pozhilenko Geological Institute—Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia Nikolay G. Prilepskiy Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia Alexandra Puzyk Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation Socrates Radhakrishnan Crystal Growth Centre, Anna University, Chennai, India Yuliya S. Rafikova Institute for Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Russia Vera V. Redkina Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems—Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of Russian Academy of Science”, Apatity, Russia Oksana A. Rodina Department of Applied Ecology, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation Andrei B. Rozanov Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Aleksei V. Rusakov Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Contributors xxi

Yuliya V. Ryabusheva Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Dmitrii S. Rybakov Karelian Research Centre, RAS, Institute of Geology, Petrozavodsk, Russia Sergey S. Sandimirov Research Centre for Human Adaptation in the Arctic— Branch of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Science”, Apatity, Russia Anton I. Savchenok Department of Mineralogy, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Katerina V. Sazanova Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia Irina N. Semenova Institute for Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Russia; Sibay branch of Bashkir state University, Sibay, Russia Regina R. Shalygina Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems— Subdivision of the Federal Research Centre “Kola Science Centre of Russian Academy of Science”, Apatity, Russia George Shamilishvili Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation Anastasiya A. Sheshukova Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Olga A. Shilova Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Saint Petersburg State Electrotechnical University “LETI”, Saint Petersburg, Russia Yulia S. Simakova Institute of Geology, Komi Science Center, Urals Branch of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia Alexandr A. Sinelnikov Voronezh State University, Voronezh, Russia Olga K. Smirnova Geological Institute of SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia Oxana A. Sofinskaya Federal University, Kazan (Volga Region), Russia Larisa A. Strelets Institute of Petroleum Chemistry SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia Elena Yu. Sukhacheva Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; The Dokuchaev Central Soil Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia Dmitry L. Sumin Network of Independent Scientists (NISEEB), Moscow, Russia xxii Contributors

Evgeniya L. Sumina Department of Paleontology, Geological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov MSU, Moscow, Russia Yalil T. Suyundukov Institute for Strategic Studies of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibay, Russia; Sibay branch of Bashkir state University, Sibay, Russia Lidia I. Svarovskaya Institute of Petroleum Chemistry SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia Lech W. Szajdak Tomsk State Pedagogical University, Tomsk, Russia Pavel S. Tereshchenko Research Centre for Human Adaptation, Arctic—Branch of the Federal Research Centre, “Kola Science Centre of the Russian Academy of Science”, Akademgorodok, Apatity, Russia Sergei A. Tobratov Ryazan State University Named for S.A. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia Ivan A. Tomashevskiy F. M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russia Obiageli P. Umeugochukwu Department of Soil Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa; Department of Soil Science, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria Yaroslavna V. Valchenko The Dokuchaev Central Soil Museum, Saint Petersburg, Russia Alexey D. Vlasov The Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia Dmitry Yu. Vlasov Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Yury L. Voytekhovsky Saint Petersburg Mining University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Anatoly N. Zaitsev Department of Mineralogy, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Image and Analysis Centre, The Natural History Museum, , UK Olga A. Zaitseva The Manege, Central Exhibition Hall, Saint Petersburg, Russia Larisa M. Zarina Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia Marina S. Zelenskaya Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Olga S. Zheleznova Ryazan State University Named for S.A. Yesenin, Ryazan, Russia Andrey V. Zhuravlev Institute of Geology, Komi SC UrB RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia Contributors xxiii

Andrey A. Zolotarev Jr. Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia Galina N. Zvereva State University of Civil Aviation, Saint Petersburg, Russia; S. I. Vavilov State Optical Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia