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Some Pages of This Thesis May Have Been Removed for Copyright Restrictions Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions. If you have discovered material in Aston Research Explorer which is unlawful e.g. breaches copyright, (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please read our Takedown policy and contact the service immediately ([email protected]) CAN ECONOMIC CRISES CONSTITUTE COLLECTIVE IDENTITY CRISES? THE CASE OF GREEK EUROPEAN IDENTITY DURING THE GREEK DEBT/EUROZONE CRISIS IOANNA NTAMPOUDI Doctor of Philosophy ASTON UNIVERSITY September 2016 © Ioanna Ntampoudi 2016 Ioanna Ntampoudi asserts her moral right to be identified as the author of this thesis This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without appropriate permission or acknowledgement. 1 ASTON UNIVERSITY Can economic crises constitute collective identity crises? The case of Greek European identity during the Greek debt/Eurozone crisis Ioanna Ntampoudi Doctor of Philosophy September 2016 Thesis summary: This thesis consists of a socio-psychological study of Greek European identity within the context of the Greek debt/Eurozone crisis. Drawing insights from Social Representations Theory (SRT) and Social Identity Theory (SIT), it approaches the question of identity in a dual manner, as a representation and a psychological experience. The motivation of the research is enacted through the questioning of whether economic crises can provoke crises of collective identities. Its contribution is both theoretical and empirical. The thesis argues that although the term ‘identity crisis’ is a frequently used one, especially in conditions of post-modernity, an analytical elucidation of the varied destabilising dynamics behind potential ‘identity crises’ is unclear within existing literature. Furthermore, it is postulated that as useful and enlightening a social psychological approach may be for the study of identities, and although SIT’s focus on identity threats as destabilising for group self-esteem can help us understand identity dynamics, the discipline still lacks a more systematic analytical framework of identity destabilisations. The thesis develops an elaborate typology and conceptualisation of identity destabilisations and operationalises it for the study of Greek European identity through a triangulated single case study research design, combining a variety of data sources, such as historiographical data, media texts, expert and elite interviews, and interviews with non-expert citizens. The typology includes the destabilisations of identity conflict, identity devaluation, identity overvaluation and identity deficit. The results of the study indicate that the public discourse of the debt/Eurozone crisis has been abundant in representations of all such identity destabilisations. The interviews with Greek experts and elites, called in this study ‘ideational leaders’, and with non-expert citizens, designate that the most prevalent forms of identity destabilisation, both at the level of representation and of psychological experience in Greek society are those of identity conflict and identity devaluation. The results show a distinct public preoccupation with ideas, such as national self-reflection and collective responsibility. The representations made by expert and non-expert citizens approximate each other quite closely, while comparisons across the data sources and across time bring to the fore continuities of narratives and identity representations, which are explained within SRT’s assumption of anchoring as a return to previously established knowledge for the comprehension of new phenomena, as well as within the constraints faced by discursive actors in their attempts to construct new realities. It is concluded that a new narrative is necessitated for Greek European identity. Keywords: identity conflict, identity deficit, identity destabilisation, identity devaluation, identity overvaluation, social psychology 2 Acknowledgements Everybody laments the loneliness of PhD writing, which to a large extend is true, but not entirely. Through this long educational journey, I have been fortunate enough to have precious companions. As such, the first person I would like to thank is Olympia Ntampoudi, my dear mother, who years ago understood my ‘crazy idea’ to become a mature BA student in a foreign country I had never seen before and supported my decision every step of the way. Mamaka, our Sunday afternoon phonecalls are always a blessing. This research was a highly participatory one and it would not have been possible without the help of all the citizen participants who generously offered me their time and trust and accepted my invitation to be interviewed. Furthermore, I would like to acknowledge the great professional solidarity shown by all the academics, journalists and politicians who agreed to be interviewed for the purposes of this study. Their input has been most valuable for the development of my research. Special thanks are warranted for my two hosts in Athens, the wonderful family Kavvadas that in a typical Greek fashion marvellously overfed me and taught me how to make spanakopita and put lavender under my pillow, and the sweet Katerina, whose company is always, without fail, a pleasure. Many thanks to both my hosts for letting me stay with them during my fieldwork and also for acting as my participant recruiters. Their help and company have been much appreciated. In addition, I would like to thank my supervisors for reading all those long earlier drafts of chapters, Professor Nathaniel Copsey, Professor John Gaffney and Dr. Helena Farrand-Carrapico. Many thanks to Dr. Karolina Wrona, my Aston mentor, who took me to my first conference and introduced me to what I like to call the ‘academic travelling season’. Finally, I would like to thank the UACES for financially supporting the empirical fieldwork of this research through the UACES Scholarship 2014. 3 Table of Contents LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... 10 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 12 Economic crisis and collective identity ............................................................................................. 12 National European identities and the Euro crisis ............................................................................. 16 The case of Greece ............................................................................................................................ 18 Research questions, aims and rationale ........................................................................................... 22 A social psychological approach: identity as representation and experience .................................. 24 Theoretical and empirical contribution ............................................................................................ 26 Structure of thesis ............................................................................................................................. 28 Chapter 1 ................................................................................................................................... 31 A Social Psychological Approach and a Typology of Identity Destabilisations ............................... 31 Introduction: in defence of ‘troubling’ concepts .............................................................................. 31 National European identities: a social psychological approach ........................................................ 33 An integrated model of Social Identity Theory and Social Representations Theory ........................ 38 Theorising ‘identity crisis’ ................................................................................................................. 45 Prior theories and their discontents ............................................................................................. 45 Defining identity and triggers of identity crisis ............................................................................. 48 Multiplicity of identity destabilisations: a typology ...................................................................... 51 Summary and conclusion .................................................................................................................. 63 Chapter 2 ................................................................................................................................... 65 A Triangulated Single Case Study Research Design ...................................................................... 65 Introduction: moving away from traditional approaches................................................................. 65 A triangulated single case study research design ............................................................................. 68 Addressing the research questions ................................................................................................... 72 Identity as representation ...........................................................................................................
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