The Eternal Ascent: an exploratory treatise on mountain route names

Sheila M. Young Elphinstone Institute, University of Aberdeen

Introduction Everyone knows that mountains have names. And everyone knows that people climb mountains and that some climbers, first ascentionists (henceforth FA’s), deliberately seek out new, difficult, rocky climbs to make their ascent. What many people do not know is that these routes are named and that a whole subculture exists around the climbs, their names and reasons behind the names. Lochnagar1 lies in the southern sector of the Cairngorms National Park about an hour west of Aberdeen. The view of Lochnagar, as you approach Ballater, is stunning, and when plastered with snow on a sunny winter’s day, never fails to impress. Most people familiar with the mountain will be able to pick out some familiar features on the skyline such as Meikle Pap, or the deep gouge that is the Black Spout. However, etched onto the cliff faces, like a secret code, are the climbing routes, and each is named. Unlike the principal, well-trod walking pathways taken by hillwalkers to the summit of Lochnagar, only the climbers have the eyes to see these otherwise ‘invisible’ routes. At the time of my research there were 261 named climbing routes on Lochnagar, spanning the period 1893‒2009.2 This article will describe the evolution of the names of climbs on Lochnagar. It will explain the protocol surrounding the registration of a new route name, before looking at the function, structure and semantics of the names. The place-names of Deeside have been well researched (Watson, 1984; Alexander, 1952) and while mountain names (oronyms) have received some attention – in Scotland, most notably by Peter Drummond (2007) and Nicolaisen (1969), the subject appears to have been overlooked by toponymists, at least in this country, apart from an article by Cairngorms climber Mac Smith (1996). However, an article on the names of climbing routes in Poland was consulted (Rutkowski 2000) and found to be very useful, though it differs from this study in

1 According to Adam Watson (1992, 211), the name Lochnagar itself probably derives from Lochan na Gaire ‘[the] lochan of the noisy sound’. Peter Drummond believes that over the decades ‘the name “noisy” loch below began to be used for the peak itself’ (Drummond 2007, 129). However, it is rather unusual to name a mountain after a loch. In fact, a glance at the index of Drummond’s Scottish Mountain and Hill Names shows it to be unique. 2 The number at the time of writing (2009). One or two new routes are usually created every year.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 138 Sheila M. Young that ‘the means by which the names were created are not addressed.’3 It was also useful to compare the names of climbing routes with the names of other adventure sports, such as skiing and caving. Although, no article could be found on caving, several mountaineers consulted for this project could also comment on caving names. Millward and Millward (1984) produced an illuminating article on the names of ski trail names and, although the UK was not one of the countries studied, it was still useful to see that ski trail names were fairly similar across the English-speaking world. It was important to trace the progress of climbing through the decades, understanding the advances in technology, which allowed routes of more difficulty to be attempted. A number of works were useful for this. To get an overview of climbing in general The Climbers: A History of Mountaineering (1992) was consulted. There were several excellent books charting the history of Scottish mountaineering (Brooker 1988; Bell 1988; Patey 1971). Each of these books had sections on climbing on Lochnagar. Tom Patey’s One Man’s Mountains is of particular merit and Scotland’s Mountains before the Mountaineers (1988) was useful for looking at the earliest period of mountaineering on Lochnagar. Unfortunately, one work which would almost certainly have been central to this project, The Cairngorms: A Hundred Years of Mountaineering (Strange 2010), had not yet been published when I undertook my research. Nevertheless, although his work could not be consulted, Greg Strange made a significant contribution to this study, particularly assisting with the route names from the 19th and early 20th centuries. To bring the study up to the present day, climbing blog sites were visited. The most popular site is UK Climbing and the Winter Forum is frequented by people interested in Scottish winter climbing.4 Sites such as this are now the main method of passing on information within the climbing fraternity.

Methodology Between March and December 2009, using The Cairngorms Guide, Rock and Ice Climbs (Nisbet and Fyffe 1995; Nisbet et al. 2007) and Scottish Winter Climbs (Nisbet et al. 2008) as the principal sources, each of the names was examined individually to ascertain function, morphological structure and lexical meaning.5 Nicolaisen stresses the importance of all names, rather than selecting those which look interesting; the argument being that important names can be overlooked under the guise of ordinariness:

3 Rutkowski 2000, 116. 4 . 5 See Appendixes 2 and 3.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 139 Every name counts, is important and has something to say to us in our onomastic quest.6 He also stresses the folly of studying names in isolation, arguing that in names Words do not mean, and therefore do not exist, in isolation but receive their full semantic force from each other.7 Many of the FAs of the earliest routes are deceased and several others who have completed more recent climbs have died in climbing accidents but, where possible, the FAs were contacted and asked about the origins of their route names and pleasingly, only five names were not able to be discussed directly with an FA. Coming from a climbing background ‒ my father climbed in the Cairngorms in the early 1950s, and my husband is a member of the Scottish Mountaineering Club (SMC) ‒ undoubtedly helped, and this climbing connection helped to open doors that otherwise might have been closed to me. Three climbers were particularly helpful with this study: Simon Richardson, Greg Strange and Andy Nisbet. Their names are synonymous with Lochnagar and the Cairngorms, and they have completed a disproportionate number of first ascents between them. Simon Richardson alone had made 77 first ascents on Lochnagar, Greg Strange 32 and Andy Nisbet 16. Over the decades 184 climbers made first ascents on Lochnagar. Climbs were generally done by pairs of climbers, such as Richardson/Cartwright on Perseverance Rib or Strange/Findlay on Eclipse. Routes were occasionally soloed, K. Neal on Sunset Connection, G. J. Lynn on Plover or, very occasionally, they were climbed by a larger party, Patey/Taylor/Brooker/Dixon/Aitken/Philip/ Morrison/Henderson on Parallel Gully B. It became apparent that due to time constraints it would only be possible to interview one of the climbers in a pairing/grouping. However, in one or two instances I interviewed both climbers and was interested to see the extent to which climbers agreed on how the name had come into being.

Field Area The mountain of Lochnagar (1155m) has names for its summit, Carn a’ Choire Bhoidheach (1118m) and three subsidiary summits; Carn an t-Sagairt Mor (1047m), Meikle Pap (980m) and Conachcraig (865m). The mountain curves around a massive cirque (or corrie in Scots), whose steep, impressive cliffs are home to the 261 climbs. In the floor of the corrie lies a loch (‘lake’) also called Lochnagar. The field area for this study

6 Nicolaisen 1990, 204. 7 Nicolaisen 1978, 210.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 140 Sheila M. Young (Fig. 1), comprises all the cliffs on the north east and northern flanks of the mountain, excepting Area 4, which is an outlying low-level cliff. Together, these correspond to the area which comes under the title ‘Lochnagar’ in the Scottish Mountaineering Club Climber’s Guide to Rock and Ice Climbs in the Cairngorms 2007.

Fig 1. Lochnagar with climbing areas after Cairngorms Rock and Ice Guide 1995, 300. ③

② ⑤ ① ④ ⑥ ⑦

1. Southern Sector 2. Main Sector 3. Coire na saobhaidhe 4. Clais Rathadan 5. Coire Lochan na Feadaige 6. The Stuic 7. Balloon Buttress

This guide divides Lochnagar into seven areas to describe the climbing, and six of those areas have been examined. Areas 5, 6 and 7 are all very recently developed. Area 2 on its own holds all the most famous and most highly-sought- after climbs. The most extensive areas, Areas 1 and 2, are further subdivided into their main architectural parts (e.g. large buttresses or walls) as follows: Area 1 ‒ Southern Sector The Sentinel Sunset Buttress View: Sheet 65 BalmoralPerseverance - Ordnance Wall Survey One-inch to the mile maps of Scotland, 1st Edition, 1856-1891 http://maps.nls.uk/view/74490394#zoom=5&lat=3921&lon=6839&layers=BT The Cathedral Sinister Buttress Area 2 ‒ Main Sector Central Buttress Shadow Buttress A Shadow Buttress B Eagle Ridge and Parallel Buttress

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 141 Tough-Brown Face Raeburn’s Gully Black Spout Pinnacle The Stack West Buttress Area 3 Coire na Saobhaidhe has only 1 climb, The Watercourse, and is of little interest to climbers. Areas 5, 6 and 7 are all in Coire Loch nan Eun. Area 5, Coire Lochan na Feadaige, Area 6, The Stuic (and nearby Wacky Buttress), and Area 7, Balloon Buttress are not subdivided further as they are already relatively small. On each of these buttresses, faces and walls are varying numbers of routes, ranging from around 55 on the Black Spout Pinnacle to 1 in Coire na Saobhaidhe. The route names of Lochnagar will not just be studied spatially, they will also be studied temporally. The period covered in this study ranges from 1893, when the first route ‒ The Black Spout, Left Hand Branch ‒ was established, up to 2009, when A Wall too Far was climbed.

Naming protocol Before I began the process of researching the route names I needed to find out about the protocol surrounding the naming process. This has changed through the decades; however the process today is that routes are named by the person or persons who complete the first ascent ‒ the FAs. Routes can sometimes be named in advance, though they risk not coming to fruition. ‘Routes are rarely named before a first ascent; that would be presumptuous.’8 Routes can be named some time later and this can be several months later, although a lot of routes are named at the top, on the descent or during the climb itself. Generally, the lead climber or the person who leads the crux pitch,9 has the honour of selecting a name. Some climbers enjoy the naming process and see it as a challenge to come up with a suitable name. Others find it a tedious, difficult process to the extent that they might confer the task of coming up with a name on others, or It is often the case that the person who writes in to the SMC Journal with a description of the route also becomes the person who names the route.10 8 Pers. comm. Andy Nisbet (recorded interview, December 2008). 9 Long routes are divided up into pitches. The crux pitch is the pitch with the most difficult moves. See the glossary of climbing terms in Appendix 1. 10 Pers. comm. Bill Brooker (November 2008).

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 142 Sheila M. Young The protocol surrounding the registration of route names is as follows. The person or persons claiming the first ascent of a new route contacts the routes’ editor of the Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal (henceforth SMCJ).11 They give a description of the route, the names of the FA(s), a grading for the difficulty of the climb, along with the name they wish to call it. Each year all new routes are published in the SMCJ and on the SMC website. There is no verification of this. New routes are accepted on trust. All new routes eventually make their way into a guide book, where they are shown in diagrammatic form. For example, the route Chevalier can be seen as Route Number 5, Fig. 2. There is a written description of where the route goes, the year of the first ascent, how long the climb is, how many pitches there are and where specific hazards are. Some guide books also use a star-rating system. A grading is given to the route and the route is given a name. However, the reasons behind the name are not given. Therefore the climbing community is not aware of the content of the names.

Censorship Writing in the 1960 SMCJ to the Letters page, G. J. Dutton12 makes some observations about what sort of names are appropriate. This is no doubt in response to the appearance of new names which he clearly does not approve of. Dutton states that names should do two things. They should ‘refer, either obviously or subtly, to some feature of the climb or of its climbing’ and they should be ‘worthy’, though he does not say what that means. He goes on to say that a good name is not so important for a less significant route. This thought seems to persist today, with several climbers stating that significant routes require significant names.13 He appeals to climbers to choose names carefully as they are there for posterity. Writing over a decade later, Mac Smith rejoices in the diversity of contemporary names and the fact that Gone are the days when we were restricted to the purely descriptive, and autocratic guide-book editors would take exception to a name and have authors change it.14 Yet censorship still takes place. Although there are no written rules surrounding what is and is not acceptable in a name, generally speaking, no profanity or obscenity is accepted. The current routes’ editor is especially strict about not allowing sexually explicit names and swearing. Tradition is important and the

11 At the time of writing, Andy Nisbet. 12 Dutton, Letter in SMCJ, 1960, 45‒46 13 Redemption, Torquing Corpse, The Argonaut are examples of ‘significant’ routes. 14 Smith 1996.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 143

Fig. 2: The Chevalier route (Cairngorms Rock and Ice Guide 1995, 314).

By kind permission of the Scottish Mountaineering Club

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 144 Sheila M. Young tradition of Scottish climbing is not to use obscenity.’15 It is not the author’s place to make value judgements on whether this has been a good or bad thing for the development of hodonyms, but rather to look at what content there might be were there no restrictions. It is often as interesting to note what is absent from the nomenclature as what is present. In the mid-1960s a group of ‘rude’ names evolved on Creag Dubh, a crag near Newtonmore, with names such as Cunnulinctus, Phellatio and, later, Colder than a Hooker’s Heart, Porn. The following note appeared in the SMCJ:16 We are avalanched in routes of high quality, great severity and prurient ap- pellation on this crag. Fortunately, editorial ethos has been spared the di- lemma of censorship since these routes and others are appearing currently in a privately published guidebook. Initially the SMC refused to produce a guide which included such names, but they finally relented in 1983. However, they still found it necessary to make the following statement:17 The SMC deplore the use of obscene words and phrases for route names but as many route names in this guide have already appeared in print and are in common use they have been retained. The SMC will not in future ac- cept route names of an obscene or suggestive nature. Rutkowski notes the presence of names associated with sex in Polish climbing space (Pornographia, Seksploracja and Miedey Posladkann (‘between the buttocks’) and feels that this is to be expected since ‘these areas are always in the scope of interest of young people.’18 It should also be noted that climbing in general, and climbing on Lochnagar in particular, is male dominated, and while there is no evidence to show how, or even whether, gender affects the naming process, it could be that sex and profanity would feature less if women were doing the naming.19 While there may have been a loosening in the rules governing route names on crags and boulders, the SMC routes’ editor remains insistent that Scottish mountain routes remain free of obscene names. Personal or eponymous names, such as the name of a girlfriend/boyfriend, are discouraged. According to Nisbet, the reasons for this are

15 Pers. comm. Nisbet (November 2008). 16 SMCJ 1966. 17 Guide to Creag Dubh and Craig-A-Barns (1983). 18 Rutkowski 122. 19 However, Nisbet (pers. comm. 2008) does talk of a female climber trying to register a rude name.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 145 To encourage modesty.20 Besides, climbs have character and features. There is nothing in a person’s name to help you remember the climb. Personal names are dull.21 It should be pointed out that, although there are eponymous routes on Lochnagar, such as Raeburn’s Gully, Bell’s Route and Tough-Brown Traverse, these were not named by the climbers themselves, but named later by others. In the earliest days of climbing it was commonplace to find the same names on different mountains and several Lochnagar names appear elsewhere: Raeburn’s Gully, Creag Meagaidh. Central Buttress, Beinn Eighe, Stob Coire nan Lochan. That can, and does, still happen: There’s no database, so folk can repeat names if they wish but if there’s the same name in the relevant guidebook, then I would suggest they found another name. Normally they have read the guidebook and wouldn’t want to repeat names.22 Indeed, individuality in naming seems to be important.

The climbers As this study explores the intimate relationship between the namer and the world of climbing, something needs to be said about the namers themselves. Rinehart and Sydnor consider climbers as a group to be predominantly ‘white’, ‘wealthy’ and ‘exclusionary’.23 Robinson would also add ‘heterosexual’.24 In the past 20 years more women have taken up climbing, but the number doing first ascents on Scottish mountain routes remains very small.25 So the first thing to note is that the namers are predominantly male. Climbing is regarded by many as an ‘extreme’ sport (Rinehart and Sydnor 2003), though most elite climbers would probably argue that there are many more mundane moments in climbing than there are extreme moments (Robinson 2008). Nevertheless, there is risk involved, especially in winter climbing, particularly for those forging new routes. Many climbers have had

20 Young (2009) also observed this in oil- and gas-field naming. When fields were named by British geologists, they avoided eponymous names. This is in sharp contrast to fields named by Americans, which were frequently eponymous. 21 Pers. comm. Nisbet (November 2008). 22 Pers. comm. Nisbet (November 2008). 23 Rinehart and Sydnor 2003, 10. 24 Robinson 2008, 6. See Robinson for more analysis on the climbing personality. 25 Of the 184 climbers that have achieved first ascents on Lochnagar, only seven are women.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 146 Sheila M. Young a serious brush with death and some have friends who have lost their lives to climbing, yet there seems to be a thin line between feeling alive and fearing death. British climber, Andy Kirkpatrick, describes a recent extreme climb: I felt no fear at all, only an immense joy at being in such a position, the ex- hilaration of my life in that moment burning through the fear of a death that could perhaps come to me at any moment.26 Richardson feels that few climbers seek fame in the conventional sense: Acknowledgement by one’s peers is a far more meaningful accolade. This is no different to any other field of human endeavour.27 Nevertheless, climbing is very competitive, not just against the elements but against other climbers: ‘I think the most competitive climbers become possessed by what Jung called the warrior archetype.’28 However, the pioneer spirit may be just as important as the warrior archetype. The warrior archetype may assist in achieving the first ascent, but the pioneer spirit is what leads the climber to the cliff face in the first place: he or she wants to be the first to claim a new route. The reward is the thought that no one else has achieved this. It is also about the purity of the route: as each progressive upward step claims more virgin territory, instilling a great sense of achievement. The name is part of this achievement; it is the visible mark by which the route is claimed.

Understanding climbing terms Like all sports, climbing has its own distinct vocabulary and it is necessary to become familiar with this in order to fully understand and appreciate the names. Rutkowski states that ‘social groups create their own social space from geographic space.’29 Furthermore, that climbing space is only meaningful within the context of climbing. In other words, the nomenclature associated with climbing is not necessarily understood by anyone else. In order to delineate climbing space physical, objects have to be identified regardless of whether they can be used for climbing or not: When such objects are identified the climbing space is shaped on the basis of ‘space patterns’, such as rock formations (chimneys, cracks, roofs, overhangs, walls, shelves, edges etc.) or climbing routes.’30

26 Kirkpatrick 2008, 177. 27 Pers. comm. Richardson (March 2009). 28 Pers. comm. Dinwoodie (February 2009). 29 Rutkowski 2000, 115. 30 Rutkowski 2000, 116.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 147 Figure 3 shows some of the major features which find their way into the route names of Lochnagar. Many names include one or more of these features.31 There are additional words in Appendix 1 which refer to climbing techniques or climbing equipment. These are needed to understand the names fully. For instance, it is impossible to understand the play on words in Chevalier without knowing that the climbing term á cheval means to grip the rock with one’s thighs; or to appreciate fully the name Diedre of the Sorrows, which looks like a spelling mistake, but which is instead a clever play on words on the Irish legend Deirdre of the Sorrows, while dièdre is a French climbing term for an inside corner of rock; while the name Terrorist is a play on words of a piece of climbing equipment – Terrordactyls – a tool invented in the 1970s.

Fig. 3: Topographical features frequently used in route names (Mountaincraft).

By kind permission of the New Zealand Mountain Safety Council.

It is also important to know the idiosyncrasies of the mountain itself as these can, and do, influence the naming process. It has been described variously throughout the decades: The compelling attraction of Lochnagar is that magnificent crescent of cliffs which encircles the head of the great corrie and towers above the waters of the small dark loch, stern and sheer to the level of the summit plateau. 32

31 See also Appendix 1 which gives a glossary of climbing features and terms. 32 William Tough, from ‘Lochnagar by the Cliffs’, SMCJ IV, 1896, in Brooker 1988, 41.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 148 Sheila M. Young Geology plays its part too. Granite is not easy to climb. It has rounded edges which makes it difficult to find belays. There is often a lot of loose rock and, in the wet, granite becomes very grimy and slimy. Climbing in the Cairngorms in general and Lochnagar in particular also involves vegetatious33 climbing. The faces are scattered with grassy ledges and other vegetation such as small bushes. Indeed, Lochnagar has been described by Bill Murray as ‘the greatest citadel of vegetatious [sic] schist and granite [in Scotland].’ 34

Findings – structure of the route names My research sought to discover the function, structure and semantics of the route names of Lochnagar. Finding out the function was straightforward. Greek hodos means ‘path’; the function of hodonyms (route names) is to act as signposts. They allow orientation and they individuate, so Infidel is a different route from the routes on either side, viz Pantheist and The Nihilist. Hodonyms are also descriptive, either of the route/conditions/climbers or of the experience of the climb ‒ and in some cases both ‒ but in order to know this, the content of the names needs to be known. The vast majority, especially the early names, are descriptive of the route/climbers rather than the experience: Triangle Buttress, Left Spiral, Bell’s Pillar, Giant’s Head Arete, Scarface Wall. On the other hand, Epitome, Redemption, Trail of Tears and Mort all encapsulate the experience of the climb. The Clam, Grovel Wall and Shylock’s Chimney do both; they describe a feature but also express the discomfort of the experience. In terms of structure of the 261 names, 161 are compound names, 83 are simplex and 18 are phrasal.35 Of the total, 139 comprise of a generic and a specific, e.g. The White Spout, Pinnacle Grooves, Fool’s Rib, Cathedral Chimney and 1930 Route. Of the earliest 55 routes (1893‒1967), all but 5 (Scarface, The Stack, The Gutter, The Clam, The Link) have a generic/specific structure. Probably as a result of this, names such as these are regarded by climbers today as ‘traditional’ names. The 161 compound names can be split further into those which include a topographical feature/climbing term (139) and those which do not (21). Of the 21, White Mischief (1978) is the first such route on Lochnagar, though it could be argued that Post Mortem (1970), designated a simplex name by the author, was first. Nevertheless, others followed in a gradual trickle: Tough Guy, Crazy Sorrow, Ham Butty, Booby Prize, Sour Grapes.

33 A word not found in the OED but used by several climbers to describe rock scattered with vegetation (as opposed to bare rock). 34 Brooker 1988, 127. 35 See Appendix 3.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 149 Where the 161 compound names consist of a generic qualified by a specific element, the latter may be An adjective 64 Another noun 70 A personal noun 20 A place-name 6 Nouns (Cathedral, Sunset, Pinnacle) and adjectives (White, French, West, Right) as specific, then, are equally popular. Amongst the nouns, the generic is generally a topographical feature (buttress, chimney, face, groove, rib) or a climbing term (route, traverse, connection). Very occasionally the topographical feature can become the specific and the climbing term the generic, e.g. Gully Route. There are a couple of anomalies such as Shady Grove Road, where Road has been treated like Route; South-West Passage, where Passage is synonymous with a ‘route through’; The French Connection, where Connection refers to a connecting route. Placed at the end of the name, Direct is not an adjective; it stands for direct route; placed at the start of a name it becomes an adjective, e.g. Direct Route, Direct Finish. Some names of the generic/specific variety are very bulky, e.g. Shadow Buttress A. Bell’s Route, Tough-Brown Ridge Direct and The Black Spout, Left-Hand Branch. This type of name is to be found early on and remained popular for a very short time. Lengthy names, however, do not disappear; they simply evolve, as will be seen later. There are 20 eponymous names, including Douglas-Gibson Gully, Raeburn’s Gully, Bell’s Route, Tough-Brown Traverse, of which half are from the early years. A further three are related to these names: D-G36 Wall, Raeburn’s Groove, Tough-Brown Integral. The paucity of eponymous names can be accounted for by the fact that naming protocol generally prevents climbers from using eponymous names. Only a few eponymous names have slipped through since this time: Dod’s Diversion, Dod’s Crack, John’s Wobble, Jason’s Groove, Lemming’s Exit. In the case of Jason’s Groove,37 the New Routes Editor thought that the name related to The Argonaut. Four names have proper nouns but cannot be considered eponymous: Judas Priest, Fool’s Rib, Shylock’s Chimney, Jacob’s Slabs. Tough-Guy and Diedre of the Sorrows are not meant to be eponymous, but rather a play on words. Tough-Guy is an example of an eponymous name which avoided censorship through a clever play on words: Tough refers to William Tough (though pronounced ‘Tooch’), one half of a climbing partnership (Tough-Brown) who were active in the Cairngorms

36 Douglas-Gibson. 37 Named after Jason Brookes, who had been killed in a climbed accident the weekend before.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 150 Sheila M. Young in the late 19th century. Tough-Brown Traverse (1895) was climbed by Tough and Brown but named later by others; Tough-Brown Ridge Direct (1941) and Tough- Brown Traverse (1952) were created close by on the same crag. Guy Muhlemann’s 1980 route lay close to these routes, but by pronouncing Tough like the adjective, he managed to follow the local naming convention, at the same time avoiding the editor’s censorship. The use of letters (Shadow Buttress A, Shadow Buttress B, Parallel Gully A, Parallel Gully B) and numbers (Pinnacle Gully 1, Pinnacle Gully 2, Route 1, Route 2) is also early and rather short lived. Route 2 was the last route to be numbered/lettered in 1953. A cursory glance at some other regional guides shows that numbering/ lettering has never been very popular. The numbers in these names are attributive numerals; similarly, 1930 Route. Although fashions have come and gone, the traditional type of name is like a thread running throughout the entire period. Some climbers, such as Douglas Dinwoodie, deliberately chose ‘traditional’ names such as Black Spout Wall (1976) and Raeburn’s Groove (1986) when this type of name had ceased to be popular. Sentinel Gully and Central Buttress Superdirect are both traditional style names and date from 2008. However, for the most part, traditional names are regarded as lacking in imagination by many climbers today, several actually apologising to the writer for this while discussing a route name. The popularity of the traditional-style name in the early period relates to the fact that the earliest climbers climbed the obvious features and lines. Names at that stage were seemingly unimportant, as climbing legend Bill Brooker states that During the early days, the names were not considered important; what mat- tered was the feature you were climbing.38 Their function was purely descriptive. However, once all the obvious features had been climbed it became necessary to become more creative, proving that necessity is indeed the mother of invention. As a result, the simplex names appeared, along with compound names, with no connection to a topographical feature or climbing terms. The arrival of Scarface in 1951 into the nomenclature of Lochnagar brought with it a departure from traditional-style names. For the first time a simplex name was used for a route name, though it is only a ‘space’ away from fitting into the common generic/specific pattern (Scar Face). There are many others: The Outlands, Nevermore, Shadowlands, Spellbound and Windfall. While, lexically-speaking, these are compound names, ‘they have been turned into simplex names and should be treated as such.’39 38 Pers. comm, Brooker, (Novembre 2008). 39 Pers. Comm. Nicolaisen (January 2009).

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 151 Simplex names occur in 82 instances. They appear fairly steadily throughout the whole period, though their zenith would appear to be in 1994/95 when 13 of the 18 routes named in those two seasons were simplexes. Some simplexes are very short: Isis, Iffy, Arete, Trump and Mirk. However, it is unlikely that Scarface was named specifically to break with tradition. Crypt and Mort (1967), on the other hand, were a deliberate attempt to create a new trend. Mike Peach recalls choosing the name Mort because he found the existing names ‘boring’: short, snappy names were being given to routes in other parts of Scotland and he felt that Lochnagar seemed to be ‘lagging behind.’40 Leading on from this, the length of the names is worthy of consideration. Could it be, for example, that the length of the name corresponds to the length of the route? While many of the earliest routes were long (over 200m), long routes appear to be interspersed with short routes right through the period studied. Names, likewise, can be short: Mort (110m), Isis (210m), Iffy (100m); or long: Mullahmaloumouktou (75m), Once Upon a Time in the East (75m), The Black Spout, Left Hand Branch (250m). There is therefore no correlation between the length of the name and the length of the route. The current New Routes’ Editor, Andy Nisbet, does not favour long names: I do persuade folk who send long names to make them shorter, usually by selecting a piece of the route name myself and asking them if this is OK. The reason is both that a name has to be convenient in conversation, but also for guidebook layout.41 Another variety of name is the phrasal name, of which there are 18. The first of these appear on Lochnagar in 1985/86 with Slice of Ice, Diedre of the Sorrows and Trail of Tears. Phrasal names, like some of the earlier names, can be quite lengthy: Once Upon a Time in the East and The Dark Side of the Moon, though they are generally three or four words long: Once in Ten Years, Morning has Broken and Steep Frowning Glories. They are frequently taken from songs, poems or films. There is a very gradual trickle of phrasal names through the past two decades. Only four names ‒ Feadaige Buttress, Gelder Buttress, Dundee Route and The Stooee Chimney ‒ have an existing place-name as the specific, though it could be argued that a number of the earlier routes fit this description. The Black Spout of Black Spout Buttress, for instance, was already a known name by the late 19th century. Names with the definite article are interesting. There are 26 in total, and they appear quite early on with The Stack (1952) and The Clam (1954). Definite 40 Pers. Comm. Forbes (formerly Peach) (November 2008). 41 Pers. Comm. Nisbet (2008).

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 152 Sheila M. Young by name and definite by choice, it seems, since the majority of names which include the definite article were deliberately given, e.g. The Finalist and The Nihilist. In all cases the reason given was to add emphasis. There are not many possessives, only 13, e.g. Bell’s Pillar, Raeburn’s Gully, Dod’s Crack, Jason’s Groove and John’s Wobble. This is to be expected as eponymous names are discouraged. Lemming’s Exit is a ‘hidden name’ since ‘lemmings’ refers to Andy Nisbet and Alfie Robertson who were nicknamed ‘the winter lemmings’. In fact, this should be a possessive plural rather than singular. Fool’s Rib is similar: Douglas Dinwoodie and Bob Scott were the fools, as they climbed this route by mistake. The derivation of Jacob’s Slabs is not known and is more likely to refer to an existing place-name (Jacob’s Ladder) than to a person named Jacob. The rest are the possessives of common nouns, e.g. Giant’s Head Chimney, Giant’s Head Chimney Direct, Reiver’s Buttress, Settler’s Rib and Shepherd’s Warning. Plurals are not common; they number 12 in all. Five are linked to topographical features: Daybreak Corners, Multiple Chimneys, Twin Chimneys Route, Jacob’s Slabs and Pinnacle Grooves. The rest are connected with phrasal or simplex names: House of Cards, Sour Grapes, Trail of Tears, Steep Frowning Glories, Once in Ten Years, The Outlands and Shadowlands. The fact that a route itself is a singular concept might well have some bearing on the fact that there are a limited number of names in the plural. Hyphenated names are rare ‒ some 14 in total ‒ generally related to either eponymous names or directional names, e.g. Douglas-Gibson Gully, Tough- Brown Ridge Direct, South-West Passage, The Black Spout and Left-Hand Branch. There are some exceptions, e.g. The Straight-Jacket, The Time-Out Finish and An Saobh-chreideach. What became clear in this study is that the namers actually do think about grammar, and the semantics can change if the correct (intended) grammar is missing. If previous editions of the Rock and Ice Guide books are examined, it can be seen that attention is not always paid to detail as far as grammar is concerned. Some routes are hyphenated in some guides, but not in others. Fools’ Rib was submitted to the editor but has been registered as Fool’s Rib, which does not fit with the semantics since both of the climbers were fools, not just one of them. Pelican Groove was submitted as Pelicans Groove since both climbers are Pelicans (i.e. Robert Gordon’s College alumni). Tough-Guy was originally Tough- guy in order not to appear eponymous. However, small but important details such as these have been overlooked in the interests of standardisation in editing. The names of the routes on Lochnagar are overwhelmingly English (253). This is to be expected, since the FAs are/were all (apart from one Frenchman) native English speakers. There is only one fully Gaelic name, An Saobh-chreideach, chosen by a non-Gaelic speaker because he had a Gaelic-speaking girlfriend at

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 153 the time. Feadaige Buttress has a Gaelic element but is named after an existing place-name. Gaelic names, dominant in hill names, are noticeably absent on the route names of Lochnagar, though they are slightly more prevalent in the route names of the West Coast mountains. Gaelic names are very difficult for English speakers to pronounce and this is undoubtedly a barrier. Young notes their absence in the oil-field names of the Northern Sector of the North Sea. ‘Mispronunciation can be a safety hazard, so names are generally kept simple.’42 Dutton reprimands climbers on the use of foreign terms in names and says that there is plenty of scope in the Gaelic and English languages to describe features without needing to use others. He also laments the lack of Gaelic route names: We know most of the simple terms [for topographical features] already – it would be pleasant to meet them occasionally among the polyglot drivel that disfigures our New Climbs section.43 While Gaelic is notably absent, would it not be fair to expect Scots, especially the Doric, to be represented? The reality is that there is only one fully Scots name, Mirk, and another three names which have a Scots element: Crumbling Cranny, Dod’s Diversion (and related Dod’s Crack) and Reiver’s Buttress. It is only in recent years that the speaking of Scots has been encouraged and, rather than considered a vulgar version of English, it is now considered a rich and beautiful language in itself. When the majority of first ascents were being made on Lochnagar, it would not have been considered fitting to give them Scots names. The earliest climbers came from the middle and upper classes and would have been more likely to speak RP than Scots, though it must be acknowledged that Crumbling Cranny casts doubt on that as it dates from the earliest period. Climbing has its roots in the Alps – in particular the French- and German- speaking parts – and this can be seen in several of the route names. Taking French first, of the seven French names, three are totally French: Mort, Chevalier and Arete. Of these, two are climbing terms: Chevalier and Arete. The other four have a French element: Sentinel Couloir, Diedre of the Sorrows,44 Giant’s Head Arete and Tough-Brown Integral. There is one German name: Mordwand. The wand element is also a climbing term for a wall or face. However, terms such as arête and couloir have been ‘adopted’ into the vocabulary of climbers as if they were English words, in the same way as corrie and glen have from Gaelic.

42 Young 2009, 80. 43 Dutton 1960, 47. 44 The grave is deliberately missing from dièdre, whereas the circumflex from arête has been edited out. Integral is used a lot by French climbers to mean ‘a combination of routes’.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 154 Sheila M. Young Indeed, the FAs were not aware of having used a foreign word in the names. There are three other names which concern language which should also be mentioned: Mullahmaloumouktou, Katsalana and The Stooee Chimney. The former was chosen to sound Arabic; Katsalana is based on a First Nation Canadian name; and The Stooee Chimney is a phonetic version of Stuic. Of the names, 17 display phonological devices such as alliteration (Pillar Perfect, Dyke Dastardly, Mullahmaloumouktou), rhyme (Slice of Ice, Stackattack) or sibilance (Slice of Ice, Isis, Eclipse, Solstice). However, it is difficult to know whether names such as Dod’s Diversion, Cathedral Chimney and Gelder Gully were deliberately alliterative or not. Another device to add interest to names is punning or a play on words. The pun ‘has a capricious and irrational quality’, while a play on words ‘has a rational, erudite quality.’45 Of the 26 names that use this technique, 25 are a play on words and one, Torquing Corpse, is a pun. Torquing is a climbing technique which has a turning movement, but it may, depending on one’s accent, also sounds like ‘talking’. It conjures up ghastly images of a body hanging and twitching in the final throes of death, but still able to utter some final words ‒ a perfect name for a route which, by all accounts, nearly ended in disaster.46 Examples of those which use a play on words include Diedre of the Sorrows, The Terrorist, Chevalier, Ham Butty, Sonshine Corner and Tough-Guy. Like Torquing Corpse, the first three names use climbing terminology for the play on words. Shylock’s Chimney (1957) is the first apparent play on words on Lochnagar, though this meaning ‒ Shylock was tight with money; the chimney on Lochnagar is constricted ‒ is anecdotal and cannot be verified. Post Mortem(1970), climbed after (post) Mort, is another example.

Findings – semantics of the route names Finally, my research looked at the semantics of the hodonyms and it turned out to be a fascinating study. Before talking to an FA, each name was examined first for possible meaning. While it was important to keep an open mind about each name, some research enhanced the interview process. For instance, it was useful to know that Morning Has Broken (Cat Stevens, 1972) and Eclipse (Pink Floyd, 1973) were pop songs. As it transpired, the former played no part in the naming process, while the latter did. I learnt very quickly never to assume anything.

45 Hammond and Hughes, 1978. 46 ‘Torquing’ has been used widely in hodonyms elsewhere, e.g. Torquing Nonsense (Aonach Beag, 2000), Torquing Heads (Coire nan Lochan, 1986), Torque of the Devil (Coire nan lochan, 1988).

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 155 Of the 261 names47 128 include one or more topographical features: Fool’s Rib, West Gully, Dod’s Crack. 153 names have two or more layers of meaning.48 Most of the traditional hodonyms (pre-1960) have a single layer of meaning.49 Of the 108 names with a single layer of meaning, 47 are simplexes, suggesting that, in part, the simpler the name, the more straightforward the meaning. There are 16 naming conventions and 94 names can be considered to be part of one.50 The most popular naming conventions are mythological/supernatural (15), morbid (13) and ecclesiastical/religious (13).51 46 names refer to weather conditions: Rolling Thunder, Red Lightning. 32 have a directional element: West Gully, Once Upon a Time in the East, Right Fork, West End, The Link Direct.52 31 include climbing terms: Chevalier, Terrorist, Bonanza.53 28 refer to a song, film, TV show, book or poem, 19 refer to a season or time: Millenium Buttress, Lunar Eclipse. 17 are eponymous: Douglas-Gibson Gully, Dod’s Diversion. 11 include letters or numbers: Parallel Gully A, Route 2. 11 refer to a location: Cumberland, Settler’s Rib,54 No Worries Groove.55 8 include a colour: Black Velvet, White Mischief, Red Lighting. 7 have a hidden meaning: Life for Lust, State of Independence. 7 are Miscellaneous: Starburst, Booby Prize.56

47 Appendix 3 gives a full breakdown of these statistics. 48 Life for Lust, for example, has three: it is a play on words re the song ‘Lust for Life’, but it also refers to the Lewinski-Clinton affair and has a further hidden meaning about a new relationship in the climber’s life. 49 There are exceptions, e.g. Shylock’s Chimney. 50 Appendix 3 shows the routes listed according to naming convention. The titles for naming conventions (mythological, ecclesiastical, winds etc.) were either given by the FAs, or they were the author’s own. Note that other titles are possible. 51 A degree of care needs to be taken with this, as what can be taken as popularity may simply be expedience. For instance, a face may be large enough to sustain quite a number of new routes, and therefore new names or, conversely, it may not. 52 Around half date from the early period. 53 Bonanza was so named because the FAs were required to use a lasso at one point during the climb. 54 The FA was English but had recently settled in Scotland. 55 The FA took his brother, who was visiting from Australia, for his first winter climb. 56 Some names refuse to be categorised, e.g. Starburst was just a name the FA liked.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 156 Sheila M. Young In terms of semantics, the earliest names were almost entirely eponymous and named later by others. These were followed by names which included topographical features or made reference to climbing in some way. Indeed, 75% of the route names on Lochnagar contain elements which relate to the world of climbing: topographical features, climbing terms, directionals or climbing conditions. However, a change in the structure of the names resulted in a change in the semantics. Suddenly, almost any name became possible, apart from the profane. Any topic became fair game for transformation into a route name and these ranged from the morose (Trail of Tears, Dirge), to the serious (The Existentialist, Sciolist, The Nihilist), to the comedic (Pillar Perfect, Ham Butty). Climbers often follow an existing naming convention and there are many to choose from on Lochnagar. It was Wilhelm Will writing in 1943 in Deutsche Wortgeschichte57 who first used the term Namenfelder, the concept of which was developed by Nicolaisen using the term ‘onomastic fields’.58 Nicolaisen realised that much of the scholarship on name studies had adopted an etymological approach, which he said was isolating in design, intended to search out the linguistic origins and initial meanings of individual names, without paying much attention to their participation in a current, textured nomenclature. 59 He felt that individual names should not be interpreted on their own but rather that they have horizontal links with other place-names – identical, similar or different – and created at a particular point in time, they have vertical links as part of a continuously changing linguistic evolution in that part of the country where they have their being.60 Using Transept Route as an example, from a purely etymological perspective it is clear that it is a compound name comprising of two words: the first, a noun meaning ‘the transverse part of a cruciform church, crossing the nave at right angles’; the second, a noun meaning ‘way’; both elements are English. However, the name has considerably more to offer the toponymist, if it is studied along with the other routes around it. Indeed, the first thing to notice is that Transept Route is one of 13 routes on The Cathedral and therefore ‘transept’ has been carefully selected to relate to the ‘cathedral’. The FA cleverly relates the name to climbing, since the climb ‘involved a diagonal traverse, which fitted with the idea 57 Will 1943. 58 Nicolaisen 1976, 159. 59 Nicolaisen 1982, 210. 60 Nicolaisen 1986, 34.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 157 of a transept.’ 61 Transept Groove lies beside it and elsewhere on the cliff can be found Sepulchre, Judas Priest, Trinity etc. Many names have more than one layer of meaning and are extremely cleverly thought out, but as explanations are almost never given in the guidebooks as to the provenance of the names, few climbers fully understand their content. Nevertheless, climbers are united in what makes a good name: Mostly I love a route name that has got some connection to the experience of climbing the route, preferably with a nice play on words, or ties in with other existing route names on the particular crag.62 Failure to do this can result in some climbers becoming irritated: I hate out of place route names, for example, Escarpment Wall on the Aberdeenshire coast had all these great Jungle Book names like Bagheera, Shere Khan etc., then Wasted Years is added. I ask you! Surely, The Bear Necessities. A magnificent sport route was added recently to the Orchestra Cave at Findon, Aberdeenshire. The name? Dangleberries. Surely Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, or any one of a hundred Symphony possibilities.63 The best-loved names on Lochnagar, I discovered, are generally on star-rated routes.64 Certain parts of the Lochnagar cliffs (The Stack and the Tough-Brown Face and Ridge) are more dangerous than others. They have a disproportionate number of difficult climbs and more serious names: Trail of Tears, Diedre of the Sorrows, The Undertaker, Where Eagles Dare, Steep Frowning Glories, Redemption,Torquing Corpse). This is confirmation that great climbs produce great names. Danger and death do appear in the names but this is not as large a group (13) as one might imagine. Interestingly, the names of caving routes focus heavily on death and danger: Devil’s Windpipe, Hangman’s Hole, Suicide Cave (Derbyshire), Uamh Sgeinne (Cave of Knives), Poll Iffrinn (Hell Hole, Skye).65 The same cannot be said for ski trail names, however, where there appears to be a better balance. There are names which focus on danger (Choker, Suicide, Plummet), but far more which focus on pleasure and enjoyment (Cloud 9, Ecstasy, Sheer Bliss).66 Perhaps this is because skiing is frequently an activity associated with holidays, whereas climbing and caving tend to be snatched when conditions are ‘good.’ 61 Pers. comm. Ritchie (December 2008). 62 Pers. comm. Cartwright, 2009. 63 Pers. comm. Moir (December 2008). 64 I asked my contributors for their favourite route name on Lochnagar. 65 Pers. comm. Birch (April 2009). 66 Millward and Millward 1984, 203.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 158 Sheila M. Young Conclusion To conclude, I would like to focus on just one of the 261 route names: The Undertaker. This refers to a route on The Stack, one of the most serious cliffs on the mountain. It is a simplex name with the definite article and belongs to the naming convention ‘morbid theme’. The route was climbed in winter in 1996 by Cartwright and Richardson. While they were climbing, they noticed a hill walker taking photos of them and, on the descent, caught up with him, hoping to ask for any photos he might have taken. During their conversation, he told them that he ‘got a lot of custom from Lochnagar’. When they asked him what he meant, he told them he worked as an undertaker and had dealt with the bodies of several climbers killed on Lochnagar over the years. They found this very macabre but decided to name the route The Undertaker in memory of this chance encounter. Situated as it is beside Torquing Corpse and Redemption, the name seemed to fit with the general theme of death. The story behind the naming of The Undertaker, while sensational, also sums up the naming experience. In the words of elite climber Steve House, ‘I think of route names as story titles: rich, fleeting and individual.’67 Looking to the future, the function of hodonyms is unlikely to change; the structure might change (though it is hard to imagine how); however, the semantics are guaranteed to change. This is what makes the study of names particularly enthralling. Perhaps the last word should go to Mac Smith, who sums it up best when he states that route names are ‘permanent reminders of you as individuals and their names, in many instances of your personalities.’68 While the route itself, once registered, enters the shared experience of the climbing fraternity, the name and its contents remain the private property of the FA(s). I have been privileged to gain entry to it.

References Alexander, W. M., 1952, The Place-Names of Aberdeenshire (Aberdeen: Printed for the Third Spalding Club). Bell, J. H. B., 1988, Bell’s Scottish Climbs (London, Gollancz). Bonington, C., 1992, The Climbers: A History of Mountaineering (London: BBC Books/Hodder and Stoughton). Brooker, W. D., ed., 1988, A Century of Scottish Mountaineering: An Anthology from the Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal (Glasgow: Scottish Mountaineering Trust).

67 House, 2009. 68 Smith, 1996.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 159 Cuthbertson, Dave, 1983, Climber’s Guide to Creag Dubh and Craig-A-Barns (Glasgow: Scottish Mountaineering Trust). Drummond, Peter, 2007, Scottish Hill Names: Their Origin and Meaning (Glasgow: Scottish Mountaineering Trust; 2nd edition). Dutton, G. J., 1960, ‘The Naming of Climbs’, in Letters to the Editor, Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal (Edinburgh), 45‒47. Hammond, P., and P. Hughes, 1978, Upon the Pun: dual meaning in words and pictures (London: W. H. Allen). House, Steve, 2009, Patagonia Climbing Catalogue. Kirkpatrick, Andy, 2008, Psychovertical (London: Hutchinson). Lyng, Stephen, 2005, Edgework: The Sociology of Risk Taking (New York, London: Routledge). Main, L., 1987, Mountaincraft (Wellington: New Zealand Mountain Safety Council). Millward, C ,and R. Millward, 1984, ‘Ski Trail Names: A new toponymic category’, Names 32.3, 191‒217. Mitchell, I., 1988, Scotland’s Mountains before the Mountaineers (Edinburgh: Luath). Nicolaisen, W. F. H., 1978, ‘Lexical and Onomastic Fields,’ Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress of Onomastic Sciences II (Cracow), 209‒16. Nicolaisen, W. F. H., 1986, Scottish Place Names (London: B. T. Batsford). Nicolaisen, W. F. H., 1969, ‘The Distribution of Gaelic Mountain Names’, Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness 45, 113‒28. Nicolaisen, W. F. H., 1990, ‘The Growth of Name Systems’, Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Onomastic Sciences II (Cracow), 203‒10. Nicolaisen, W. F. H., 1976, ‘Words as Names’, Onoma 20, 142‒63. Nisbet, Andrew, and Allen Fyffe, eds, 1995, The Cairngorms Vol. 2, Rock and Ice Climbs, Scottish Mountaineering Club Guide, 4th edition (Glasgow: Scottish Mountaineering Trust). Nisbet, A., A. Fyffe, J. Lyall, S. Richardson and W. Moir, eds, 2007, The Cairngorms, Rock and Ice Climbs, Scottish Mountaineering Club Climber’s Guide (Glasgow: Scottish Mountaineering Trust). Nisbet, A., R. Anderson and S. Richardson, 2008, Scottish Winter Climbs, Scottish Mountaineering Club Climber’s Guide (Glasgow: Scottish Mountaineering Trust). Ockier, Carl, The Climbing Dictionary, . Patey, T., 1971, One Man’s Mountains (London: Gallancz). Rinehart, R., and S. Sydnor, 2003, ‘Proem’, in R. Rinehart and S. Sydnor, eds, To

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 160 Sheila M. Young the Extreme: Alternative Sports, Inside and Out (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press). Robinson, Victoria, 2008, Everyday Masculinities and Extreme Sport: male identity and rock climbing (Oxford: Berg). Rutkowski, M., 2000, ‘Toponymy of Climbing Space: names within the Polish climbing community’, Names 48. 2, 115‒26. Scottish Mountaineering Club: . Smith, M., 1996, ‘On the Veg?’, Etchachan Journal 20, 8‒14, reproduced in the Scottish Mountaineering Club Journal 189 under the title ‘What’s in a Name’ (1998), 550‒55. Strange, Greg, 2010, The Cairngorms: 100 Years of Mountaineering (Edinburgh: Scottish Mountaineering Trust). UK Climbing Forum: . Watson, Adam, 1992, The Cairngorms, Scottish Mountaineering Club District Guide (Edinburgh: Scottish Mountaineering Trust). Watson, Adam, 1984, The Place Names of Upper Deeside (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press). Will, Wilhelm, 1943, ‘Ortsnamen’, in F. Maurer and F. Stroh, eds, Deutsche Wortgeschichte 32 (Berlin), 223‒44. Young, Sheila M., 2009, ‘Oil and Gas Field Names in the Central and Northern Sectors of the North Sea: their provenance, cultural influence, longevity and onshore migration’, Nomina 32, 75‒112.

Appendix 1: Glossary of topographical features and climbing terms À Cheval (Fr.) A climbing technique which involves gripping the rock with the thighs. Arête (Fr.) A small ridge-like feature on a steep rock face. Buttress A prominent feature which juts out from a rock or mountain. Chimney A rock cleft with vertical sides, mostly parallel, large enough to fit a climber’s body. To climb such a structure the climber often uses head, back and feet to apply opposite pressure on the vertical walls. Couloir (Fr.) A steep gully or gorge frequently filled with snow or ice. Corner An inside corner of rock. The opposite of an arête. Corrie/Coire A cup-shaped, high valley formed by a glacier. Crack A gap in the rock, varying in width from nail to body-width. Cranny (Sc.) A corner (see above).

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Crux The crux is the most difficult move on the climb. Dièdre (Fr.) An inside corner of rock, with more than a 90˚ angle between the faces. Direct Used to describe a more ‘straight up’ route variation. Edge A thin ledge on the rock. Face Aspect of a mountain or ridge. Flake A particular form of a piece or rock. Groove An inside corner in a rock face. Grovel (vb) To climb with a poor style; (n.) A route judged to be without redeeming features. Gully A wide, shallow ravine on a mountainside. Integral (Fr.) A combination of routes up a mountain or mountains. Line Synonym for ‘route’ (climbed or unclimbed). Pillar Outside corner. Pinnacle A large ‘spike’ of rock. Pitch Routes are divided up into pitches. Rib A slender buttress, something between a buttress and an outside corner. Ridge A high divide extending out from a peak. Route The path of a particular climb. Slab Flat and seemingly featureless, not quite vertical piece of rock.

Slot Short chimney or wide crack. Spout A gully. Terrordactyls Ice-climbing tools developed by Hamish MacInnes (known as ‘Terrors’). Torquing Twisting ice picks to make progress upwards . Traverse (vb) To climb in a horizontal direction; (n.) A route that allows prog- ress in a horizontal direction. Variation An alternative start or finish to an existing route. Wall A flat face of rock. Wand (Ger.) A wall.

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 162 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Black Spout, Left-Hand Branch 1 1 1 1 Tough-Brown Traverse 1 1 1 1 Raeburn’s Gully 1 1 1 1 West Gully 1 1 1 Black Spout Buttress 1 1 1 Crumbling Cranny 1 1 1 1 1 Pinnacle Gully 1 1 1 1 Central Buttress 1 1 1 Giant’s Head Chimney 1 1 1 1 Parallel Gully A 1 1 1 Pinnacle Gully 2 1 1 1 Shadow Buttress A 1 1 1 Shallow Gully 1 1 1 Douglas-Gibson Gully 1 1 1 1 Gargoyle Chimney 1 1 1 Polyphemus Gully 1 1 1 Shadow Butress B 1 1 1 Eagle Buttress 1 1 1 Backdoor Route 1 1 1 Parallel Buttress 1 1 1 Dundee Route (variation of Eagle Ridge) 1 1 1 Bell’s Pillar 1 1 1 1 Bell’s Route 1 1 1 1 Eagle Ridge 1 1 1 Original Start (variation of Eagle Ridge) 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 163

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Black Spout, Left-Hand Branch 1 1 1 1 Tough-Brown Traverse 1 1 1 1 Raeburn’s Gully 1 1 1 1 West Gully 1 1 1 Black Spout Buttress 1 1 1 Crumbling Cranny 1 1 1 1 1 Pinnacle Gully 1 1 1 1 Central Buttress 1 1 1 Giant’s Head Chimney 1 1 1 1 Parallel Gully A 1 1 1 Pinnacle Gully 2 1 1 1 Shadow Buttress A 1 1 1 Shallow Gully 1 1 1 Douglas-Gibson Gully 1 1 1 1 Gargoyle Chimney 1 1 1 Polyphemus Gully 1 1 1 Shadow Butress B 1 1 1 Eagle Buttress 1 1 1 Backdoor Route 1 1 1 Parallel Buttress 1 1 1 Dundee Route (variation of Eagle Ridge) 1 1 1 Bell’s Pillar 1 1 1 1 Bell’s Route 1 1 1 1 Eagle Ridge 1 1 1 Original Start (variation of Eagle Ridge) 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 164 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Shadow Butress A. Bell’s Route 1 1 1 1 1 Slab Gully 1 1 1 Tough-Brown Ridge Direct 1 1 1 1 Gully Route 1 1 1 Gargoyle Direct 1 1 1 Lemming’s Exit (variation of Raeburn’s Gully) 1 1 1 1 Giant’s Head Chimney Direct 1 1 1 1 Jacob’s Slabs 1 1 1 1 1 Multiple Chimneys (variation of Polyphemus Gully) 1 1 1 1 Route 1 1 1 1 Sunset Buttress 1 1 1 West Rib 1 1 1 Forsaken Gully 1 1 1 Causeway Rib 1 1 1 Scarface 1 1 Shadow Chimney 1 1 1 West Rib Direct 1 1 1 Central Buttress Direct 1 1 1 Parallel Gully B 1 1 1 Shadow Rib 1 1 1 The Stack 1 1 1 Twin Chimneys Route 1 ? 1 1 Gelder Gully 1 1 1 1 Route 2 1 1 1 The Clam 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 165

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Shadow Butress A. Bell’s Route 1 1 1 1 1 Slab Gully 1 1 1 Tough-Brown Ridge Direct 1 1 1 1 Gully Route 1 1 1 Gargoyle Direct 1 1 1 Lemming’s Exit (variation of Raeburn’s Gully) 1 1 1 1 Giant’s Head Chimney Direct 1 1 1 1 Jacob’s Slabs 1 1 1 1 1 Multiple Chimneys (variation of Polyphemus Gully) 1 1 1 1 Route 1 1 1 1 Sunset Buttress 1 1 1 West Rib 1 1 1 Forsaken Gully 1 1 1 Causeway Rib 1 1 1 Scarface 1 1 Shadow Chimney 1 1 1 West Rib Direct 1 1 1 Central Buttress Direct 1 1 1 Parallel Gully B 1 1 1 Shadow Rib 1 1 1 The Stack 1 1 1 Twin Chimneys Route 1 ? 1 1 Gelder Gully 1 1 1 1 Route 2 1 1 1 The Clam 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 166 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Gutter (variation of Raeburn’s Gully) 1 1 1 Western Slant 1 1 1 Direct Route 1 1 1 Pinnacle Face 1 1 1 The Link 1 1 1 Transept Route 1 1 1 Amphitheatre Route 1 1 1 Grovel Wall 1 1 1 Shylock’s Chimney (variation of West Gully) 1 1 1 1 Right Fork (variation of Parallel Gully A) 1 1 1 Crypt - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 Mort 1 1 Forsaken Rib 1 1 1 Post Mortem 1 1 1 Penumbra 1 1 Psyche - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 Tower Variation (variation of Polyphemus Gully) 1 1 1 Right Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 1 Centrist 1 1 Nymph - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 The Straight-Jacket 1 1 1 1 The White Spout 1 1 1 1 Winter Face 1 1 1 Dirge 1 1 The Watercourse 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 167

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Gutter (variation of Raeburn’s Gully) 1 1 1 Western Slant 1 1 1 Direct Route 1 1 1 Pinnacle Face 1 1 1 The Link 1 1 1 Transept Route 1 1 1 Amphitheatre Route 1 1 1 Grovel Wall 1 1 1 Shylock’s Chimney (variation of West Gully) 1 1 1 1 Right Fork (variation of Parallel Gully A) 1 1 1 Crypt - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 Mort 1 1 Forsaken Rib 1 1 1 Post Mortem 1 1 1 Penumbra 1 1 Psyche - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 Tower Variation (variation of Polyphemus Gully) 1 1 1 Right Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 1 Centrist 1 1 Nymph - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 The Straight-Jacket 1 1 1 1 The White Spout 1 1 1 1 Winter Face 1 1 1 Dirge 1 1 The Watercourse 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 168 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Pinnacle Grooves 1 1 1 1 Terrorist 1 1 1 1 Black Spout Wall 1 1 1 Direct Finish (variation of Eagle Buttress) 1 1 1 Fool’s Rib 1 1 1 1 Hood Route (variation of Epitome) 1 1 1 Mantichore 1 1 Parallel Butress, Left Edge 1 1 1 The Nihilist 1 1 1 Cathedral Chimney 1 1 1 1 Epitome 1 1 West End 1 1 1 Pantheist 1 1 Sciolist 1 1 Sylph ‒ destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 White Mischief 1 1 1 The French Connection 1 1 1 1 The Link Face 1 1 1 1930 Route (variation of Parallel Gully A) 1 ? 1 Far Left Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 1 Tough Guy 1 1 1 1 Arete (variation of Epitome) 1 1 Dod’s Diversion 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nevermore 1 1 PG Corner 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 169

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Pinnacle Grooves 1 1 1 1 Terrorist 1 1 1 1 Black Spout Wall 1 1 1 Direct Finish (variation of Eagle Buttress) 1 1 1 Fool’s Rib 1 1 1 1 Hood Route (variation of Epitome) 1 1 1 Mantichore 1 1 Parallel Butress, Left Edge 1 1 1 The Nihilist 1 1 1 Cathedral Chimney 1 1 1 1 Epitome 1 1 West End 1 1 1 Pantheist 1 1 Sciolist 1 1 Sylph ‒ destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 White Mischief 1 1 1 The French Connection 1 1 1 1 The Link Face 1 1 1 1930 Route (variation of Parallel Gully A) 1 ? 1 Far Left Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 1 Tough Guy 1 1 1 1 Arete (variation of Epitome) 1 1 Dod’s Diversion 1 1 1 1 1 1 Nevermore 1 1 PG Corner 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 170 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Outlands 1 1 1 1 Crazy Sorrow 1 1 1 Drainpipe Crack 1 1 1 Gremlin 1 1 Katsalana 1 1 Rolling Thunder 1 1 1 Sunset Gully 1 1 1 The Vault 1 1 1 Transept Groove 1 1 1 Tough-Brown Integral 1 1 1 1 1 Central Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 1 Rib Start (variation of Twin Chimneys Route) 1 1 1 Shadow Buttress A, Direct 1 1 1 Slime Lords (variation of Shadow Rib) 1 1 1 1 Solstice 1 1 1 The Argonaut 1 1 1 The Ice Ox 1 1 1 1 Katabatic Corner 1 1 1 Slice of Ice 1 1 1 Diedre of the Sorrows 1 1 1 1 1 Judas Priest 1 1 1 Raeburn’s Groove 1 1 1 1 Trail of Tears 1 1 1 1 Sepulchre 1 1 Torquing Corpse 1 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 171

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Outlands 1 1 1 1 Crazy Sorrow 1 1 1 Drainpipe Crack 1 1 1 Gremlin 1 1 Katsalana 1 1 Rolling Thunder 1 1 1 Sunset Gully 1 1 1 The Vault 1 1 1 Transept Groove 1 1 1 Tough-Brown Integral 1 1 1 1 1 Central Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 1 Rib Start (variation of Twin Chimneys Route) 1 1 1 Shadow Buttress A, Direct 1 1 1 Slime Lords (variation of Shadow Rib) 1 1 1 1 Solstice 1 1 1 The Argonaut 1 1 1 The Ice Ox 1 1 1 1 Katabatic Corner 1 1 1 Slice of Ice 1 1 1 Diedre of the Sorrows 1 1 1 1 1 Judas Priest 1 1 1 Raeburn’s Groove 1 1 1 1 Trail of Tears 1 1 1 1 Sepulchre 1 1 Torquing Corpse 1 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 172 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Backdoor Edge 1 1 1 Eagle Groove (variation of Eagle Buttress) 1 1 1 Eclipse 1 1 1 Infidel 1 1 An Saobh-chreideach 1 1 1 1 D-G Wall (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 1 Gelder Butress 1 1 1 Moonshadow 1 1 No Worries Groove 1 1 1 Settler’s Rib 1 1 1 Isis 1 1 1 Quick Dash Crack 1 1 1 Reiver’s Buttress 1 1 1 1 1 Sour Grapes 1 1 1 1 1 Trinity 1 1 Vortex 1 1 Chevalier 1 1 1 Chinook 1 1 Early Bird 1 1 1 Hiawatha 1 1 Hoodwinked 1 1 Iffy 1 1 Quasimodo 1 1 Shadowlands 1 1 1 The Existentialist 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 173

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Backdoor Edge 1 1 1 Eagle Groove (variation of Eagle Buttress) 1 1 1 Eclipse 1 1 1 Infidel 1 1 An Saobh-chreideach 1 1 1 1 D-G Wall (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 1 Gelder Butress 1 1 1 Moonshadow 1 1 No Worries Groove 1 1 1 Settler’s Rib 1 1 1 Isis 1 1 1 Quick Dash Crack 1 1 1 Reiver’s Buttress 1 1 1 1 1 Sour Grapes 1 1 1 1 1 Trinity 1 1 Vortex 1 1 Chevalier 1 1 1 Chinook 1 1 Early Bird 1 1 1 Hiawatha 1 1 Hoodwinked 1 1 Iffy 1 1 Quasimodo 1 1 Shadowlands 1 1 1 The Existentialist 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 174 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Hacker 1 1 1 The Time-Out Finish (variation of Shadow Buttress A Direct) 1 1 1 1 1 Twilight Groove 1 1 1 Bathtime Buttress 1 1 1 1 Black Velvet 1 1 1 Doldrum 1 1 Perseverance Rib 1 1 1 Queue Jump (variation of Black Spout Buttress) 1 1 1 Steep Frowning Glories 1 1 1 The Extremist 1 1 1 The Stooee Chimney 1 1 1 1 1 The Undertaker 1 1 1 White Wizard 1 1 1 1 Daybreak Corners 1 1 1 1 Feadaige Buttress 1 1 1 1 Left-Hand Start (variation of Bell’s Route) 1 1 1 1 New Boot Groove 1 1 1 Plug Groove 1 1 1 Stegosaurus Rib 1 1 1 The Slot, Left Hand 1 1 1 Amphitheatre Buttress 1 1 1 Magic Pillar 1 1 1 Prince of Darkness 1 1 1 Solid Air 1 1 1 Spellbound 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 175

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Hacker 1 1 1 The Time-Out Finish (variation of Shadow Buttress A Direct) 1 1 1 1 1 Twilight Groove 1 1 1 Bathtime Buttress 1 1 1 1 Black Velvet 1 1 1 Doldrum 1 1 Perseverance Rib 1 1 1 Queue Jump (variation of Black Spout Buttress) 1 1 1 Steep Frowning Glories 1 1 1 The Extremist 1 1 1 The Stooee Chimney 1 1 1 1 1 The Undertaker 1 1 1 White Wizard 1 1 1 1 Daybreak Corners 1 1 1 1 Feadaige Buttress 1 1 1 1 Left-Hand Start (variation of Bell’s Route) 1 1 1 1 New Boot Groove 1 1 1 Plug Groove 1 1 1 Stegosaurus Rib 1 1 1 The Slot, Left Hand 1 1 1 Amphitheatre Buttress 1 1 1 Magic Pillar 1 1 1 Prince of Darkness 1 1 1 Solid Air 1 1 1 Spellbound 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 176 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.) Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Link Direct 1 1 1 1 Tiptoe Edge 1 1 1 Dod’s Crack (variation of Quasimodo) 1 1 1 1 Extortionist 1 1 First Light 1 1 1 Footloose 1 1 Gale Force Groove 1 1 1 Incision 1 1 1 Interim 1 1 Life for Lust 1 1 1 Magical Mystery Tour 1 1 Mullahmaloumouktou 1 1 1 Once upon a time in the East 1 1 Redemption 1 1 The Slot 1 1 1 The Sorcerer 1 1 1 Windfall 1 1 Giant’s Head Arete 1 1 1 1 House of Cards 1 1 1 Jason’s Groove 1 1 1 Millennium Buttress 1 1 1 Mirk 1 1 Mordwand 1 1 Morning has Broken 1 1 Once in Ten Years 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 177 Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme The Link Direct 1 1 1 1 Tiptoe Edge 1 1 1 Dod’s Crack (variation of Quasimodo) 1 1 1 1 Extortionist 1 1 First Light 1 1 1 Footloose 1 1 Gale Force Groove 1 1 1 Incision 1 1 1 Interim 1 1 Life for Lust 1 1 1 Magical Mystery Tour 1 1 Mullahmaloumouktou 1 1 1 Once upon a time in the East 1 1 Redemption 1 1 The Slot 1 1 1 The Sorcerer 1 1 1 Windfall 1 1 Giant’s Head Arete 1 1 1 1 House of Cards 1 1 1 Jason’s Groove 1 1 1 Millennium Buttress 1 1 1 Mirk 1 1 Mordwand 1 1 Morning has Broken 1 1 Once in Ten Years 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 178 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Stackattack 1 1 1 1 Sunset Connection (variation of Sunset Buttress) 1 1 1 The Dark Side of the Moon 1 1 1 The Vice 1 1 1 John’s Wobble 1 1 1 Lunar Eclipse 1 1 1 Shady Grove Road 1 1 1 1 South-West Passage 1 1 1 1 1 Big Block Groove 1 1 1 Cumberland 1 1 Dyke Dastardly 1 1 1 1 1 Goldie 1 1 Mutley 1 1 Pillar Perfect 1 1 1 1 1 The Pod 1 1 1 Bonanza 1 1 Causeway Rib Direct 1 1 1 Feelin’ Groovy 1 1 1 Freewheelin’ 1 1 1 Slip Slidin’ Away 1 1 1 The Inhospitable Crack (variation of Black Spout Wall) 1 1 1 Right-Hand Start (variation of Chinook) 1 1 1 1 Shepherd’s Warning 1 1 1 1 The Black Spout, Right-Hand Finish 1 1 1 1 1 Ham Butty 1 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 179

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Stackattack 1 1 1 1 Sunset Connection (variation of Sunset Buttress) 1 1 1 The Dark Side of the Moon 1 1 1 The Vice 1 1 1 John’s Wobble 1 1 1 Lunar Eclipse 1 1 1 Shady Grove Road 1 1 1 1 South-West Passage 1 1 1 1 1 Big Block Groove 1 1 1 Cumberland 1 1 Dyke Dastardly 1 1 1 1 1 Goldie 1 1 Mutley 1 1 Pillar Perfect 1 1 1 1 1 The Pod 1 1 1 Bonanza 1 1 Causeway Rib Direct 1 1 1 Feelin’ Groovy 1 1 1 Freewheelin’ 1 1 1 Slip Slidin’ Away 1 1 1 The Inhospitable Crack (variation of Black Spout Wall) 1 1 1 Right-Hand Start (variation of Chinook) 1 1 1 1 Shepherd’s Warning 1 1 1 1 The Black Spout, Right-Hand Finish 1 1 1 1 1 Ham Butty 1 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 180 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Starburst 1 1 Temptress 1 1 The Gift 1 1 1 Triangle Buttress 1 1 1 Ghost Dance 1 1 1 Left Spiral 1 1 1 Perseverance Groove 1 1 1 Red Lightning 1 1 1 Scarface Wall 1 1 1 Sentinel Couloir 1 1 1 1 Starlight and Storm 1 1 1 State of Independence 1 1 Sunset Buttress Direct 1 1 1 The Finalist 1 1 1 Where Eagles Dare 1 1 Aramis 1 1 Athos 1 1 Athos, Right-Hand Start 1 1 1 1 Booby Prize 1 1 1 1 Cleft Chimney 1 1 1 Finesse 1 1 Glottal Slot 1 1 1 1 Porthos 1 1 Reboot 1 1 Sentinel Gully 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 181

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Starburst 1 1 Temptress 1 1 The Gift 1 1 1 Triangle Buttress 1 1 1 Ghost Dance 1 1 1 Left Spiral 1 1 1 Perseverance Groove 1 1 1 Red Lightning 1 1 1 Scarface Wall 1 1 1 Sentinel Couloir 1 1 1 1 Starlight and Storm 1 1 1 State of Independence 1 1 Sunset Buttress Direct 1 1 1 The Finalist 1 1 1 Where Eagles Dare 1 1 Aramis 1 1 Athos 1 1 Athos, Right-Hand Start 1 1 1 1 Booby Prize 1 1 1 1 Cleft Chimney 1 1 1 Finesse 1 1 Glottal Slot 1 1 1 1 Porthos 1 1 Reboot 1 1 Sentinel Gully 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 182 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 2: Route name data (cont.)

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Serendipity Pillar 1 1 1 Tenacity 1 1 Trump 1 1 1 Unblocked 1 1 1 Central Buttress Superdirect 1 1 1 Fluffy Face 1 1 1 1 Pelican Groove 1 1 1 Plover 1 1 Sonshine Corner 1 1 1 1 Sunset Boulevard 1 1 1 A Wall Too Far 1 1 1 139 21 63 70 20 6 5 83 18 26 27 13 13 12 253 2 7 5 1 3 17

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 183

Route Name Gen./spec. + topographical term feature/climbing Gen./spec. Gen./spec. + adjective Gen./spec. + noun noun Gen./spec. + proper Gen./spec. + place-name with a verb Name name Simplex name Phrasal on words Play article With definite Hyphenated Possessive Plural English Gaelic element element French Scots element German element Miscellaneous Sibilance, Alliteration, Rhyme Serendipity Pillar 1 1 1 Tenacity 1 1 Trump 1 1 1 Unblocked 1 1 1 Central Buttress Superdirect 1 1 1 Fluffy Face 1 1 1 1 Pelican Groove 1 1 1 Plover 1 1 Sonshine Corner 1 1 1 1 Sunset Boulevard 1 1 1 A Wall Too Far 1 1 1 139 21 63 70 20 6 5 83 18 26 27 13 13 12 253 2 7 5 1 3 17

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 184 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Climbing Term or Number Letter Religious/ Ecclesiastical Theme Morbid theme Wind Theme Theme Shadow Moon Theme Theme Dawn Sunset Theme Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Races Theme Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Three Musketeers Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous The Black Spout, Left-Hand Branch 1 1 1 Tough-Brown Traverse 1 1 Raeburn’s Gully 1 1 West Gully 1 1 Black Spout Buttress 1 1 Crumbling Cranny 1 1 Pinnacle Gully 1 1 1 Central Buttress 1 1 Giant’s Head Chimney 1 1 Parallel Gully A 1 1 Pinnacle Gully 2 1 1 Shadow Buttress A 1 1 1 Shallow Gully 1 Douglas-Gibson Gully 1 1 Gargoyle Chimney 1 1 Polyphemus Gully 1 1 Shadow Butress B 1 1 Eagle Buttress 1 Backdoor Route 1 1 Parallel Buttress 1 1 Dundee Route (variation of Eagle Ridge) 1 1 Bell’s Pillar 1 1 Bell’s Route 1 1 Eagle Ridge 1 Original Start (variation of Eagle Ridge) 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 185

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Climbing Term or Number Letter Religious/ Ecclesiastical Theme Morbid theme Wind Theme Theme Shadow Moon Theme Theme Dawn Sunset Theme Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Races Theme Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Three Musketeers Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous The Black Spout, Left-Hand Branch 1 1 1 Tough-Brown Traverse 1 1 Raeburn’s Gully 1 1 West Gully 1 1 Black Spout Buttress 1 1 Crumbling Cranny 1 1 Pinnacle Gully 1 1 1 Central Buttress 1 1 Giant’s Head Chimney 1 1 Parallel Gully A 1 1 Pinnacle Gully 2 1 1 Shadow Buttress A 1 1 1 Shallow Gully 1 Douglas-Gibson Gully 1 1 Gargoyle Chimney 1 1 Polyphemus Gully 1 1 Shadow Butress B 1 1 Eagle Buttress 1 Backdoor Route 1 1 Parallel Buttress 1 1 Dundee Route (variation of Eagle Ridge) 1 1 Bell’s Pillar 1 1 Bell’s Route 1 1 Eagle Ridge 1 Original Start (variation of Eagle Ridge) 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 186 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Topographical Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Route Name Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Slab Gully 1 1 Tough-Brown Ridge Direct 1 1 1 Gully Route 1 1 Gargoyle Direct 1 1 Lemming’s Exit (variation of Raeburn’s Gully) 1 1 Giant’s Head Chimney Direct 1 1 1 Jacob’s Slabs 1 Multiple Chimneys (variation of Polyphemus Gully) 1 1 Route 1 1 1 Sunset Buttress 1 1 West Rib 1 1 Forsaken Gully 1 1 Causeway Rib 1 Scarface 1 Shadow Chimney 1 1 West Rib Direct 1 1 Central Buttress Direct 1 1 Parallel Gully B 1 1 1 Shadow Rib 1 1 The Stack 1 Twin Chimneys Route 1 1 Gelder Gully 1 Route 2 1 1 The Clam 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 187

Topographical Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Route Name Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Slab Gully 1 1 Tough-Brown Ridge Direct 1 1 1 Gully Route 1 1 Gargoyle Direct 1 1 Lemming’s Exit (variation of Raeburn’s Gully) 1 1 Giant’s Head Chimney Direct 1 1 1 Jacob’s Slabs 1 Multiple Chimneys (variation of Polyphemus Gully) 1 1 Route 1 1 1 Sunset Buttress 1 1 West Rib 1 1 Forsaken Gully 1 1 Causeway Rib 1 Scarface 1 Shadow Chimney 1 1 West Rib Direct 1 1 Central Buttress Direct 1 1 Parallel Gully B 1 1 1 Shadow Rib 1 1 The Stack 1 Twin Chimneys Route 1 1 Gelder Gully 1 Route 2 1 1 The Clam 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 188 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Topographical Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Route Name Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous The Gutter (variation of Raeburn’s Gully) 1 Western Slant 1 1 Direct Route 1 1 Pinnacle Face 1 The Link 1 Transept Route 1 1 Amphitheatre Route 1 1 Grovel Wall 1 1 Shylock’s Chimney (variation ofWest Gully) 1 1 Right Fork (variation of Parallel Gully A) 1 1 Mort 1 Crypt - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 1 Forsaken Rib 1 Post Mortem 1 Penumbra 1 Psyche - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 Tower Variation variation of Polyphemus Gully) 1 Right Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 Centrist 1 Nymph - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 The Straight-Jacket 1 The White Spout 1 1 Winter Face 1 1 Dirge 1 1 The Watercourse 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 189

Topographical Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Route Name Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous The Gutter (variation of Raeburn’s Gully) 1 Western Slant 1 1 Direct Route 1 1 Pinnacle Face 1 The Link 1 Transept Route 1 1 Amphitheatre Route 1 1 Grovel Wall 1 1 Shylock’s Chimney (variation ofWest Gully) 1 1 Right Fork (variation of Parallel Gully A) 1 1 Mort 1 Crypt - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 1 1 Forsaken Rib 1 Post Mortem 1 Penumbra 1 Psyche - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 Tower Variation variation of Polyphemus Gully) 1 Right Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 Centrist 1 Nymph - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 The Straight-Jacket 1 The White Spout 1 1 Winter Face 1 1 Dirge 1 1 The Watercourse 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 190 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Topographical Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Route Name Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Pinnacle Grooves 1 Terrorist 1 1 1 Black Spout Wall 1 1 Direct Finish (variation of Eagle Buttress) 1 Fool’s Rib 1 1 Hood Route (variation of Epitome) 1 1 Mantichore 1 1 Parallel Butress, Left Edge 1 1 The Nihilist 1 1 Cathedral Chimney 1 1 Epitome 1 1 West End 1 1 Pantheist 1 Sciolist 1 1 Sylph - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 White Mischief 1 1 The French Connection 1 1 The Link Face 1 1 1930 Route (variation of Parallel Gully A) 1 1 Far Left Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 Tough Guy 1 Arete (variation of Epitome 1 Dod’s Diversion 1 1 Nevermore 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 191

Topographical Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Route Name Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Pinnacle Grooves 1 Terrorist 1 1 1 Black Spout Wall 1 1 Direct Finish (variation of Eagle Buttress) 1 Fool’s Rib 1 1 Hood Route (variation of Epitome) 1 1 Mantichore 1 1 Parallel Butress, Left Edge 1 1 The Nihilist 1 1 Cathedral Chimney 1 1 Epitome 1 1 West End 1 1 Pantheist 1 Sciolist 1 1 Sylph - destroyed by rockfall 1995/2000 1 White Mischief 1 1 The French Connection 1 1 The Link Face 1 1 1930 Route (variation of Parallel Gully A) 1 1 Far Left Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 Tough Guy 1 Arete (variation of Epitome 1 Dod’s Diversion 1 1 Nevermore 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 192 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous PG Corner 1 1 The Outlands 1 Crazy Sorrow 1 1 Drainpipe Crack 1 Gremlin 1 Katsalana 1 Rolling Thunder 1 1 Sunset Gully 1 1 The Vault 1 1 Transept Groove 1 1 Tough-Brown Integral 1 1 Central Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 Rib Start (variation of Twin Chimneys Route) 1 Shadow Buttress A, Direct 1 1 1 1 Slime Lords (variation of Shadow Rib) 1 Solstice 1 The Argonaut 1 1 The Ice Ox 1 1 1 1 Katabatic Corner 1 1 1 Slice of Ice 1 1 Diedre of the Sorrows 1 1 1 Judas Priest 1 1 Raeburn’s Groove 1 1 Trail of Tears 1 Sepulchre 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 193

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous PG Corner 1 1 The Outlands 1 Crazy Sorrow 1 1 Drainpipe Crack 1 Gremlin 1 Katsalana 1 Rolling Thunder 1 1 Sunset Gully 1 1 The Vault 1 1 Transept Groove 1 1 Tough-Brown Integral 1 1 Central Fork (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 Rib Start (variation of Twin Chimneys Route) 1 Shadow Buttress A, Direct 1 1 1 1 Slime Lords (variation of Shadow Rib) 1 Solstice 1 The Argonaut 1 1 The Ice Ox 1 1 1 1 Katabatic Corner 1 1 1 Slice of Ice 1 1 Diedre of the Sorrows 1 1 1 Judas Priest 1 1 Raeburn’s Groove 1 1 Trail of Tears 1 Sepulchre 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 194 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Torquing Corpse 1 1 Backdoor Edge 1 Eagle Groove ((variation of Eagle Buttress) 1 Eclipse 1 1 Infidel 1 An Saobh-chreideach 1 D-G Wall (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 Gelder Butress 1 Moonshadow 1 No Worries Groove 1 1 Settler’s Rib 1 1 Isis 1 1 Quick Dash Crack 1 Reiver’s Buttress 1 1 Sour Grapes 1 Trinity 1 Vortex 1 Chevalier 1 Chinook 1 1 Early Bird 1 Hiawatha 1 Hoodwinked 1 Iffy 1 Quasimodo 1 Shadowlands 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 195

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Torquing Corpse 1 1 Backdoor Edge 1 Eagle Groove ((variation of Eagle Buttress) 1 Eclipse 1 1 Infidel 1 An Saobh-chreideach 1 D-G Wall (variation of Douglas-Gibson Gully) 1 1 Gelder Butress 1 Moonshadow 1 No Worries Groove 1 1 Settler’s Rib 1 1 Isis 1 1 Quick Dash Crack 1 Reiver’s Buttress 1 1 Sour Grapes 1 Trinity 1 Vortex 1 Chevalier 1 Chinook 1 1 Early Bird 1 Hiawatha 1 Hoodwinked 1 Iffy 1 Quasimodo 1 Shadowlands 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 196 Sheila M. Young

ist in’

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Topographical Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current in Final - Words With Route Name Theme Musketeers Three in Final - Words With Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous The Existentialist 1 1 The Hacker 1 1 1 The Time-Out Finish (variation of Shadow Buttress A Direct) 1 Twilight Groove 1 1 1 Bathtime Buttress 1 1 Black Velvet 1 1 Doldrum 1 1 Perseverance Rib 1 1 Queue Jump variation of Black Spout Buttress) 1 Steep Frowning Glories 1 1 The Extremist 1 1 The Stooee Chimney 1 The Undertaker 1 White Wizard 1 1 Daybreak Corners 1 1 Feadaige Buttress 1 1 Left-Hand Start (variation of Bell’s Route) 1 New Boot Groove 1 Plug Groove 1 Stegosaurus Rib 1 The Slot, Left Hand 1 1 Amphitheatre Buttress 1 Magic Pillar 1 1 Prince of Darkness 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 197

ist in’

Topographical Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current in Final - Words With Route Name Theme Musketeers Three in Final - Words With Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous The Existentialist 1 1 The Hacker 1 1 1 The Time-Out Finish (variation of Shadow Buttress A Direct) 1 Twilight Groove 1 1 1 Bathtime Buttress 1 1 Black Velvet 1 1 Doldrum 1 1 Perseverance Rib 1 1 Queue Jump variation of Black Spout Buttress) 1 Steep Frowning Glories 1 1 The Extremist 1 1 The Stooee Chimney 1 The Undertaker 1 White Wizard 1 1 Daybreak Corners 1 1 Feadaige Buttress 1 1 Left-Hand Start (variation of Bell’s Route) 1 New Boot Groove 1 Plug Groove 1 Stegosaurus Rib 1 The Slot, Left Hand 1 1 Amphitheatre Buttress 1 Magic Pillar 1 1 Prince of Darkness 1 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 198 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Solid Air 1 1 Spellbound 1 The Link Direct 1 Tiptoe Edge 1 1 Dod’s Crack (variation of Quasimodo) 1 Extortionist 1 First Light 1 Footloose 1 1 1 Gale Force Groove 1 1 1 Incision 1 Interim 1 1 Life for Lust 1 1 Magical Mystery Tour 1 1 Mullahmaloumouktou 1 Once upon a time in the East 1 1 Redemption 1 1 The Slot 1 The Sorcerer 1 Windfall 1 Giant’s Head Arete 1 House of Cards 1 1 Jason’s Groove 1 1 Millennium Buttress 1 Mirk 1 1 Mordwand 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 199

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Solid Air 1 1 Spellbound 1 The Link Direct 1 Tiptoe Edge 1 1 Dod’s Crack (variation of Quasimodo) 1 Extortionist 1 First Light 1 Footloose 1 1 1 Gale Force Groove 1 1 1 Incision 1 Interim 1 1 Life for Lust 1 1 Magical Mystery Tour 1 1 Mullahmaloumouktou 1 Once upon a time in the East 1 1 Redemption 1 1 The Slot 1 The Sorcerer 1 Windfall 1 Giant’s Head Arete 1 House of Cards 1 1 Jason’s Groove 1 1 Millennium Buttress 1 Mirk 1 1 Mordwand 1 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 200 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Morning has Broken 1 Once in Ten Years 1 Stackattack 1 Sunset Connection (variation of Sunset But- tress) 1 1 The Dark side of the Moon 1 1 The Vice 1 John’s Wobble 1 Lunar Eclipse 1 Shady Grove Road 1 1 South-West Passage 1 1 1 Big Block Groove 1 Cumberland 1 Dyke Dastardly 1 1 Goldie 1 1 Mutley 1 1 Pillar Perfect 1 1 The Pod 1 Bonanza 1 1 Causeway Rib Direct 1 Feelin’ Groovy 1 1 Freewheelin’ 1 1 Slip Slidin’ Away 1 1 The Inhospitable Crack (variation of Black Spout Wall ) 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 201

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Morning has Broken 1 Once in Ten Years 1 Stackattack 1 Sunset Connection (variation of Sunset But- tress) 1 1 The Dark side of the Moon 1 1 The Vice 1 John’s Wobble 1 Lunar Eclipse 1 Shady Grove Road 1 1 South-West Passage 1 1 1 Big Block Groove 1 Cumberland 1 Dyke Dastardly 1 1 Goldie 1 1 Mutley 1 1 Pillar Perfect 1 1 The Pod 1 Bonanza 1 1 Causeway Rib Direct 1 Feelin’ Groovy 1 1 Freewheelin’ 1 1 Slip Slidin’ Away 1 1 The Inhospitable Crack (variation of Black Spout Wall ) 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 202 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Right-Hand Start (variation of Chinook) 1 1 Shepherd’s Warning 1 The Black Spout, Right-Hand Finish 1 1 1 Ham Butty 1 Starburst 1 Temptress 1 The Gift 1 1 Triangle Buttress 1 Ghost Dance 1 1 Left Spiral 1 1 Perseverance Groove 1 Red Lightning 1 Scarface Wall 1 Sentinel Couloir 1 Starlight and Storm 1 1 State of Independence 1 1 Sunset Buttress Direct 1 1 1 The Finalist 1 Where Eagles Dare 1 Aramis 1 1 Athos 1 1 Athos, Right-Hand Start 1 1 1 1 Booby Prize 1 Cleft Chimney 1 Finesse 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 203

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Right-Hand Start (variation of Chinook) 1 1 Shepherd’s Warning 1 The Black Spout, Right-Hand Finish 1 1 1 Ham Butty 1 Starburst 1 Temptress 1 The Gift 1 1 Triangle Buttress 1 Ghost Dance 1 1 Left Spiral 1 1 Perseverance Groove 1 Red Lightning 1 Scarface Wall 1 Sentinel Couloir 1 Starlight and Storm 1 1 State of Independence 1 1 Sunset Buttress Direct 1 1 1 The Finalist 1 Where Eagles Dare 1 Aramis 1 1 Athos 1 1 Athos, Right-Hand Start 1 1 1 1 Booby Prize 1 Cleft Chimney 1 Finesse 1

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 204 Sheila M. Young

Appendix 3: Hodonyms ‒ semantics (cont.)

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Glottal Slot 1 Porthos 1 1 Reboot 1 Sentinel Gully 1 Serendipity Pillar 1 1 Tenacity 1 Trump 1 1 Unblocked 1 A Wall Too Far 1 Central Buttress Superdirect 1 1 Fluffy Face 1 1 Pelican Groove 1 1 Plover 1 Sonshine Corner 1 1 Sunset Boulevard 1 128 46 31 18 31 11 13 13 4 7 4 4 6 3 15 3 6 4 4 3 3 2 19 8 28 7 11 7

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205 An Exploratory Treatise on Mountain Route Names 205

Route Name Feature Topographical Weather/Conditions Directional Eponymous Term Climbing or Number Letter Religious/ Theme Ecclesiastical Morbid theme Theme Wind Theme Shadow Theme Moon Theme Dawn Theme Sunset Theme Golden Plover Theme Mythological/Supernatural Theme Races Wacky Affairs Political/Current Theme ...ist or Ex...ist Theme Musketeers Three Theme ...in’ Theme Card Theme Terrorist Season/Time Colour Book Film, Song, Poem, Hidden Meaning Locational Miscellaneous Glottal Slot 1 Porthos 1 1 Reboot 1 Sentinel Gully 1 Serendipity Pillar 1 1 Tenacity 1 Trump 1 1 Unblocked 1 A Wall Too Far 1 Central Buttress Superdirect 1 1 Fluffy Face 1 1 Pelican Groove 1 1 Plover 1 Sonshine Corner 1 1 Sunset Boulevard 1 128 46 31 18 31 11 13 13 4 7 4 4 6 3 15 3 6 4 4 3 3 2 19 8 28 7 11 7

The Journal of Scottish Name Studies 10, 2016, 137–205