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Scope of the Caucasus Ecoregion

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Scope of the Caucasus Ecoregion Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. 564 https://www.munisentzool.org/ 16 (2) (June, 2021) ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ A COMPLETE SYSTEMATIC LIST OF LONGICORN BEETLES (CERAMBYCIDAE) OF CAUCASUS WITH NEW AND KNOWN RECORDS FROM CAUCASIAN PARTS OF TURKEY AND IRAN BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF CAUCASUS ECOREGION Hüseyin Özdikmen* * Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, TURKEY. E- mail: [email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0001-9568-0093 [Özdikmen, H. 2021. A complete systematic list of longicorn beetles (Cerambycidae) of Caucasus with new and known records from Caucasian parts of Turkey and Iran based on the concept of Caucasus Ecoregion. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 16 (2): 564-662] ABSTRACT: This article offers a new perspective of the regional acceptance of the Caucasus based on the Caucasus ecoregion. The traditional regional acceptance of the Caucasus is discussed on the base of Transcaucasia’s borders especially. Accordingly, the Caucasus is composed of two regions: The North Caucasus [Ciscaucasia or Caucasus traditionally] (including some southern autonomous republics of Russia), and the South Caucasus [Transcaucasia]. Also, the South Caucasus is consisted of two subregions: the Central Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), and the South Transcaucasia (some northern provinces of Iran and Turkey). In accordance, the old and recent studies that does not include many taxa in Caucasian parts of Turkey and Iran traditionally was revised and presented for the first time as a complete list of the Caucasus Cerambycidae fauna. According to the list determined by this study, the Caucasus Cerambycidae fauna is included a total of 704 species-group taxa (528 species + 176 subspecies) belonging to 128 genera of 55 tribes and 12 subfamilies. Therefore, this study revealed that the Cerambycidae fauna (blue colored) known from the Caucasus in traditional sense actually constitutes only about 72% of the fauna belonging to the Caucasus Ecoregion. 28% of the species group taxa (red colored) that make up the faunistic list presented in the study were listed for the first time for the regional fauna. This situation reveals that approximately 28% of the fauna of the Caucasus region has been neglected until now and this has caused the biological significance of the region not to be fully understood. According to results of this study, a total of 372 species-group taxa (185 species and 187 subspecies) are endemic taxa to Caucasus Ecoregion, and therefore endemism ratio of the region is 52.84%. Dorcadioninae subfamily has a remarkable and spectacular endemism ratio with 86.51%. KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, systematic list, fauna, new data, Caucasus Ecoregion The Caucasus, historically was interpreted as the isthmus between the Black and Caspian seas. Shortly, the Romans named the region for the first time. The name was known as Caucasus in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, and this usage has come up to now; However, Caucasus, which is mentioned in these uses, refers to the region known as the “North Caucasus” today, the “Southern Caucasus” did not fall within this definition. The word “Transcaucasia” was used to denote the South Caucasus. This distinction was used in accordance with the policy of Soviet Russia and with its political support until the 1990s (Ismailov & Papava, 2008). Consequently, the “Caucasus region” is divided into Northern and Southern parts. The Northern part of the Caucasus is known as the “Ciscaucasia” Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. https://www.munisentzool.org/ 16 (2) (June, 2021) 565 ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ (“Caucasus” traditionally) and the Southern part as the “Transcaucasia” (“Transcaucasia” traditionally). In fact, there is no problem with this distinction. The main problem here is in the acceptance of Transcaucasia's borders. In terms of being the subject of this article, first of all, for the Cerambycidae family, the full disclosure and determination of the Caucasian biological diversity and therefore the Cerambycidae fauna which has a high rate of endemism ratio and is a very important animal group in this respect, requires firstly to discuss boundaries of the Caucasus region. Cerambycidae fauna of Caucasus is still poorly investigated. Formerly, many data on Caucasian Cerambycidae was chiefly included in the works of A. P. Semenov (1902) and N. N. Plavilstshikov (mainly 1915, 1927, 1931a,b, 1932a, 1936, 1940 and 1958). Then Longhorned beetles fauna of Caucasus was published by Danilevsky & Miroshnikov (1985). Afterwards, publications contributing to the Caucasus Cerambycidae fauna have been published by various authors up to now. Some important publications among them are Miroshnikov (1984a,b, 1990a,b, 1998, 2000a,b, 2001, 2004a,b, 2009a,b,c, 2010, 2011a,b,c, 2012a,b), Danilevsky (1987, 1990, 1992, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012a,b,c, 2014, 2015a,b, 2016a,b), Kasatkin & Arzanov (1985, 1997), Kazjutshits (1988), Arzanov et al. (1993), Lopatin (1994), Baidak (1996), Sláma (1999), Nikitsky (2005), Nikitsky et al. (2008), Lazarev (2010a,b,c, 2011a, 2015, 2017a, 2019), Lazarev et al. (2016). As a critique, however, the works about the Caucasus fauna did not include the species or subspecies that occur only in the Caucasian parts of Turkey and Iran. This type of approach, which is generally owned by Russian authors, still continues today (e.g. Danilevsky, 2021a,b,c and etc.) traditionally. This situation actually constitutes an obstacle to the exact determination and presentation of the Caucasian fauna. This approach causes incomplete understanding of the biodiversity richness of the region. From this point of view, it is aimed to fill this deficiency for the Caucasus region and to reveal a complete faunistic list with this study. As known, a biogeographic realm or ecozone is the broadest biogeographic division of Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. They are subdivided into ecoregions, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types. I believe that the detection of Cerambycidae fauna would be the most accurate approach for such a study, according to the Region's acceptance as an existing ecoregion (Caucasus Ecoregion). In accordance, the Caucasus consists of two regions as the North Caucasus and the South Caucasus. The Caucasus Ecoregion includes six countries as Russia in the North Caucassus, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and northeastern part of Turkey and northwestern part of Iran in the South Caucasus (Williams et al., 2006; Zazanashvili et al., 2013, 2020). In a way that is in harmony with traditional acceptance, from this point of view, we can consider of South Caucasus as two subregions: the Central Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), and the South Transcaucasia (some northern provinces of Iran and Turkey). In accordance with this acceptance, the following abbreviations are used in the present text. Munis Entomology & Zoology Mun. Ent. Zool. 566 https://www.munisentzool.org/ 16 (2) (June, 2021) ISSN 1306-3022 © MRG ___________________________________________________________ CIS: Ciscaucasia (North Caucasus or Caucasus traditinally) ST: South European Russia [Southern Rostov Oblast, Western Kalmykia, Krasnodar Kray, Stavropol Kray, Adyghea, Karachai–Cherkessia, Kabardino- Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan, also Northern parts of Georgia (incl. Abkhazia and N of South Ossetia) and Azerbaijan] TRANS: Transcaucasia (South Caucasus) CT: Central Transcaucasia AB: Azerbaijan (incl. Nakhchevan, Nagorno-Karabakh) except the northern parts AR: Armenia GG: Georgia except the northern parts (incl. Abkhazia and N of South Ossetia) ST: South Transcaucasia IN: NW Iran [West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Gilan and Mazandaran provinces (incl. Iranian Talysh and Alborz Mountains)] TR: North-Eastern Turkey (Artvin, Bayburt, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Ordu, Rize, Trabzon provinces) and Eastern Turkey (Ağrı, Ardahan, Erzurum, Iğdır, Kars, Van provinces) Some Turkish and Iranian provinces where is located the southern borders of Caucasus Ecoregion have been evaluated and studied as an administrative whole in the present study. In fact, these provinces where is located partly into the southern borders of Caucasus Ecoregion are Ordu, Erzurum, Ağrı and Van in Turkey, and West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan and Mazandaran in Iran (Map 1). It is important for this approach to ensure that all records from these provinces are evaluated, in order to prevent lack of information. The information (taken from WWF, 2021) given below supports this approach. According to the biomes, ecoregions in Turkey related to Caucasus are; Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests The Caucasus mixed forests is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forests ecoregion in the Caucasus Mountains, as well as the adjacent Lesser Caucasus range and the eastern end of the Pontic Mountains. The ecoregion covers an area of 170,405 square kilometers (65,794 sq mi), extending across portions of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Russia, and Turkey. The main Caucasus chain, known as the Greater Caucasus, run from northwest to southeast, extending from north of the Black Sea eastwards to the Caspian Sea. The Caucasus forms the traditional border between Europe and Asia. The highest point in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m). The ecoregion also includes the Lesser Caucasus or Anti-Caucasus range, which lies south of
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