DOCSLIB.ORG

Epilobium Brachycarpum a Fast Spreading Species in Central Europe

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Epilobium Brachycarpum a Fast Spreading Species in Central Europe ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Tuexenia - Mitteilungen der Floristisch-soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Jahr/Year: 2013 Band/Volume: NS_33 Autor(en)/Author(s): Kasari Liis, Gazol Antonio, Kalwij Jesse M., Helm Aveliina Artikel/Article: Low shrub cover in alvar grasslands increases small-scale diversity by promoting the occurrence of generalist species 293-308 Tuexenia 33: 293–308. Göttingen 2013. available online at www.tuexenia.de Low shrub cover in alvar grasslands increases small-scale diversity by promoting the occurrence of generalist species Leichte Verbuschung von Alvar-Kalkmagerrasen hat einen positiven Effekt auf die Artenvielfalt durch die Förderung generalistischer Arten Liis Kasari1,*, Antonio Gazol1, Jesse M. Kalwij1, 2, Aveliina Helm1 1Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, EE-51005 Tartu, Estonia 2Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, South Africa *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Dry calcareous grasslands in Europe are renowned for their high plant diversity. However, declining habitat areas and highly fragmented distribution threaten the long-term persistence of this valuable habitat type. In Estonia the decline of traditional grassland management and subsequent encroachment of shrubs has resulted in a substantial loss of alvar grasslands – a particularly rare and species-rich type of calcareous grassland. It is known that a shrub cover of more than 70% decreases the alvar grassland species richness. At the same time, a shrub cover of 30% is considered optimal for alvar grasslands and thus a target state for habitat restoration. However, very little is known about the effect of low shrub cover on environmental conditions and species composition of alvar grasslands. Our aim was to detect to what extent the small-scale plant diversity and species composition is influenced by low shrub cover (less than 30%). We hypothesized that even a low shrub cover can have an effect on the environmental conditions of alvar grasslands. We sampled small-scale plant species richness, shrub cover and abiotic environmental conditions such as light, soil moisture, soil pH and soil depth in 10 metre long transects (n = 33) subdivided into 10 cm × 10 cm plots in Estonian alvar grasslands. Structural equation modelling was used to quantify the direct and indirect effects of shrub cover on the richness of characteristic alvar species and on the richness of generalist species. We found that low shrub cover of up to 30% increased total and generalist species richness directly and indirectly by increasing the light heterogeneity. Alvar characteristic species richness was not relat- ed to low shrub cover values. This suggests that when estimating the effects of shrub cover on species richness and on conservation needs of grasslands, habitat specificity of species needs to be taken into account. Keywords: alvar grassland, grassland conservation, species richness, structural equation modelling, woody plants Erweiterte deutsche Zusammenfassung am Ende des Textes Manuscript received 31 October 2012, accepted 19 March 2013 Co-ordinating Editor: Eszter Ruprecht 293 1. Introduction Temperate, oligo- to mesotrophic, semi-natural grasslands have the highest small-scale plant species richness in the world (WILSON et al. 2012), yet these habitat types are globally endangered (CEBALLOS et al. 2010). In Europe most of the historically developed semi- natural grasslands have either been abandoned or the traditional extensive grassland man- agement has been replaced by intensive agricultural practices during the past century (ROSENTHAL et al. 2012, STRIJKER 2005). Both types of land use change resulted in shrub encroachment in grasslands and in changed environmental parameters and species composi- tion (AAVIK et al. 2008, PETŘÍK et al. 2011, PIHLGREN & LENNARTSSON 2008, PÄRTEL & HELM 2007, PÄRTEL et al. 1999a), ultimately leading to large decreases in grassland habitat area (POSCHLOD et al. 2005). Shrub encroachment in grassland is often followed by a decline in characteristic grassland species richness (GRIME 2002, LIMB et al. 2010, PÄRTEL & HELM 2007, ÖCKINGER et al. 2006). At the same time, shrub encroachment can facilitate the estab- lishment of species that are better adapted to these new conditions, e.g. generalist species or species from other habitat types (KIVINIEMI & ERIKSSON 2002). The mechanisms by which shrub cover influences grassland species composition includes a reduction in light availabil- ity (LIMB et al. 2010), a shift in soil nutrient and water availability (HUXMAN et al. 2005, MIWA & REUTER 2010), and a decrease in soil pH (JOBBAGY & JACKSON 2003). Environmental changes related with shrub encroachment not only modify the quantity and quality of different parameters, but also their spatial heterogeneity (PÄRTEL & HELM 2007). Spatial environmental heterogeneity is caused by a patchy distribution of resources in space (WIENS 2000). PÄRTEL & HELM (2007) found that small-scale environmental factors such as soil moisture and nutrient content varied notably more in forests than in grasslands. This is because the extensive root systems of woody plants use resources patchily, and rela- tively homogeneous grassland environments will become more heterogeneous after shrub encroachment (BEKELE & HUDNALL 2006, LIU et al. 2011, PÄRTEL & HELM 2007). Habitat heterogeneity can also have influence on the species diversity (CLARK et al. 1998). At larger scales the influence of environmental heterogeneity on plant diversity is usually presumed to be positive according to niche theory (CLARK et al. 1998, TILMAN 1982); at smaller scales, however, the influence can also be negative (LAANISTO et al. 2012, PAUSAS & AUSTIN 2001, TAMME et al. 2010). In this study we focus on the effect of low-cover shrub encroachment on alvar grassland plant species richness and composition. Alvars are calcareous species-rich semi-natural grasslands, mostly occurring on the outcrops of Ordovician or Silurian limestone (LAASIMER 1965). Alvar grasslands are characterised by very shallow (< 20 cm) soils and a distinctive species composition consisting of calciphilous, light-demanding species (LAASIMER 1965, PAAL 1997). Distribution of alvar grasslands is very limited: they mostly occur in Sweden and Estonia, and to lesser extent a similar habitat type is also present in Canada and Russia (SCHAEFER & LARSON 1997, ZNAMENSKIY et al. 2006). For centuries alvar grasslands have been more or less continuously mown and grazed, which has kept the shrub cover low or even entirely absent (LAASIMER 1965, POSKA & SAARSE 2002; Fig. 1). In Estonia alvar grasslands are currently mostly abandoned and rapidly overgrown by pine (Pinus sylvestris) and juniper (Juniperus communis) (Fig. 2). Since the 1930s the surface area of alvars has decreased from 43,500 hectares to approx. 5000 hectares (HELM et al. 2006). Without large- scale restoration measures, their further persistence in Estonia is doubtful (HELM et al. 2006, PÄRTEL & HELM 2007). 294 Fig. 1. Rajametsa alvar grassland in western Estonia. One of the few well-preserved and currently continuously grazed alvar grassland (photo: A. Helm). Abb. 1. Magerrasen des Rajametsa-Alvars in West-Estland. Es handelt sich dabei um einen der weni- gen noch gut erhaltenen und derzeit noch kontinuierlich beweideten Alvare in Estland (Foto: A. Helm). Fig. 2. Abandoned and highly overgrown (mostly by pines and junipers) Pivarootsi alvar grassland in western Estonia (photo: L. Saar). Abb. 2. Aufgegebener und stark mit v. a. Kiefer und Wacholder verbuschter Magerrasen des Pivaroot- si-Alvars in West-Estland (Foto: L. Saar). 295 Alvar grasslands with a shrub cover of 30% are considered to be in the best condition, and this cover is also recommended as a desirable state following habitat restoration (HELM 2011). However, although several studies have shown that a shrub cover of more than 70% rapidly decreases alvar grassland species richness (PÄRTEL et al. 1999b, REJMÁNEK & RO- SÉN 1988), little is known of how a low shrub cover (up to 30%) influences the environmen- tal conditions and species richness of alvar grasslands. The influence of woody species cover on herbaceous vegetation is most pronounced at small scales (REJMÁNEK & ROSÉN 1992). It is also important to take into account that habitat characteristic species and more widespread generalist species may be differently related to low shrub cover due to the possibly differing requirements for habitat conditions (PYKÄLÄ et al. 2005, REJMÁNEK & ROSÉN 1992). The aim of this study is to detect the extent to which shrub encroachment affects plant species richness and composition in currently open and visually well-preserved habitat patches. We hypothesize that even a low cover of shrubs (up to 30%) influences the small- scale richness of grassland plants via altering the environmental conditions or increasing environmental heterogeneity. More specifically we test whether the richness of alvar charac- teristic species and generalist species are influenced differently by environmental changes triggered by low shrub cover. 2. Material and methods A total of 33 alvar grasslands (EC Habitats Directive habitat type 6280* “Nordic alvar and precam- brian calcareous flatrocks”) on the Estonian islands of Saaremaa and Muhu (Fig. 3; ca. 58º N, 22–23º E) were visited during August 2010. Each grassland belonged
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Habitat Restoration and Enhancement Guidelines and Priorities
    Essex Region Biodiversity Conservation Strategy Habitat Restoration and Enhancement Guidelines and Priorities ! 2002 ! November 29, 2002 Published by: The Essex Region Conservation Authority Prepared by: Dan Lebedyk, Conservation Biologist - Project Co-ordinator With funding support from: Copies* of this report may be obtained from: Essex Region Conservation Authority 360 Fairview Ave. W. Essex ON N8M 1Y6 * Due to the size and cost of producing this document, some restriction in its distribution may be necessary. This report may be cited as: Essex Region Conservation Authority (ERCA). 2002. Essex Region Biodiversity Conservation Strategy - Habitat Restoration and Enhancement Guidelines (Comprehensive Version). Dan Lebedyk, Project Co-ordinator. Essex, Ontario. 181 pp. Acknowledgements Many individuals contributed to the development of this Biodiversity Conservation Strategy for the Essex region. The following individuals and organizations are gratefully acknowledged for their commitment, support, and involvement on the technical steering committee for the project: Terry Anderson Essex County Woodlot Owners Association Jim Boothby Stewardship Co-ordinator, Essex County Stewardship Network Tom Clark Essex County Federation of Agriculture Bob Clay Manager, Western Ontario Field Office, Ducks Unlimited Canada Ken Colthurst Forester, Essex Region Conservation Authority Lee Anne Doyle County Planning Advisor, County of Essex Jodi Dutz EcoServices, Muddy Creek/Two Creeks Implementation Strategy Mark Emery Stewardship Co-ordinator, Essex County
    [Show full text]
  • Experience Southern Öland – Hiking Trails
    HIKING TRAILSHIKING 140 KM Experience southern Öland Hiking trails through the World Heritage MAP SYMBOLS current trail other trails visitors attraction nature reserve CONTENT birdwatching area wildlife area World Heritage 2 bathing place Signature trail Öland: Mörbylångaleden 4 Mörbylångaleden stage 1 6 barbecue area Mörbylångaleden stage 2 8 car park Mörbylångaleden stage 3 10 resting area Mörbylångaleden stage 4 12 Mörbylångaleden stage 5 14 seating Stora alvarleden 16 toilets Nunnedalen 18 wind shelter Ekelundaleden 20 Örnkulleleden 22 Bårby källa 24 Gösslundaleden 26 Gösslunda – Tingstad flisor 28 Penåsa – Tingstad flisor 30 Millersten 32 Penåsa ödeby 34 Eketorpsleden 36 Other trails 38 Allemansrätten 40 iking is like a balm for both body and emerges for all the senses. Presented within this soul. To leave everyday stress behind brochure, are the hiking trails that are looked after for a moment of hiking, whether it is by Mörbylånga municipality with additional tips long or short, whether it is in areas about trails looked after by the County Adminis- Hyou are familiar with or in new terrain, provides trative Board and non-profit associations. an immediate energy boost and peace of mind while your muscles work. When hiking, it is important to keep in mind that you are a guest in nature or on someone’s land. When you also add the landscape of southern A prerequisite for keeping our land open is that Öland to the equation, an unbeatable combination it is respected and used with care. 1 WORLD HERITAGE Stile The agricultural landscape of southern Öland Stiles are placed along the trails. A stile is a type of ladder, over a fence or wall, made so that people can get Southern Öland offers a unique and exceptionally and stone walls to testify to the long history of the over but not livestock.
    [Show full text]
  • Studying Alvars in the Land Between
    Studying Alvars in The Land Between For: The Kawartha Heritage Conservancy By: Derek Matheson Date: April 27/07 1 Table of Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..2 Methods and Materials…………………………………………………………………….4 Results: ……………………………………………………………………………………6 Characteristic Alvar Communities………………...………………………………6 Rock Types and Formations……………………………………………………..18 Alvar Plant Dependencies………………………………………………………..22 Aggregate Operations……………………………………………………………25 Aggregate Rehabilitation………………………………………………………...26 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………..27 References………………………………………………………………………………..31 2 Introduction: Through the Kawartha Heritage Conservancy (KHC) and in partnership with the Couchiching Conservancy (CC) I worked on a project entitled “The Land Between”. The Land Between refers to a limestone plain corridor which is located between two distinct ecoregions (the Boreal Forest to the north and the St. Lawrence Lowlands to the south). This corridor is located approximately from Georgian Bay in the west to Kingston in the east (Fig. 1) (CC and KHC, 2006). The Land Between has a length of about 250 km, and an average north to south corridor width of 35 km (CC and KHC, 2006). Until recently this area has been overlooked as a distinct natural system. Fig. 1: The Land Between primary focus area (CC and KHC, 2006) Since The Land Between has only recently been identified, there is much work to be done in inventorying, classifying and characterizing the abiotic and biotic features of the area. 3 By gathering this information and understanding the relationship between abiotic and biotic elements, the function of the whole system can be assessed. This will also allow for significant areas, species, and characteristics to be highlighted. From this understanding, relevant monitoring activities which help to identify changes and threats will be realized, and possible management implementations can be created.
    [Show full text]
  • Large-Scale Restoration of Estonian Alvar Grasslands: Impact on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Final Report of the Action D.1
    Large-scale restoration of Estonian alvar grasslands: impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services Final report of the Action D.1. Biodiversity monitoring for project LIFE to Alvars (LIFE13NAT/EE/000082) University of Tartu Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences 09/2019 LIFE to Alvars project is implemented with the contribution of the LIFE+ financial instrument of the European Union Editor: Dr. Aveliina Helm Authors and contributors: Aveliina Helm, Anu Tiitsaar, Elisabeth Prangel, Liis Kasari, Triin Reitalu, Mart Meriste, Lena Neuenkamp We would like to thank all people who participated in the different fieldworks, helped to design the study and contributed over the years to collecting the data that exceeds the information presented in this report but is built on the same set of sites selected for this project: Annely Holm, Bert Holm, Ede Oja, Norbertas Noreika, Peeter Tarlap, Reet Karise, Riho Marja, Liis Keerberg, Villu Soon, Tiiu Kupper, Nele Ingerpuu, Iris Reinula, Jaak-Albert Metsoja, Kelli Kärsna, Kaarin Koosa, Luule-Mari Meriste, Maarja Öpik, Marge Thetloff, Mari Ivask, Martin Zobel, Martti Vasar, Meelis Pärtel, Thomas Galland, Tsipe Aavik, Sabrina Träger, Marianne Kaldra, Epp-Maria Lillipuu, Anna Tonevitskaja, Linda Suurmets, Linda Pall. Recommended citation: Report citation: Helm, A. (ed). 2019. Large-scale restoration of Estonian alvar grasslands: impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Final report of the Action D.1. Biodiversity monitoring of LIFE+ programme project LIFE to Alvars (LIFE13NAT/EE/000082). University of Tartu. Chapter citation: Prangel, E. Impact of alvar grassland restoration on the supply of ecosystem services. In Helm, A. (ed). 2019. Large-scale restoration of Estonian alvar grasslands: impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services.
    [Show full text]
  • Iucn Comments Södra Ölands
    WORLD HERITAGE CULTURAL NOMINATION – IUCN COMMENTS SÖDRA ÖLANDS ODLINGSLANDSKAP (THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF SOUTHERN ÖLAND) (SWEDEN) 1. FIELD VISIT Peter Ogden, May 2000 2. CONSULTATIONS In addition to the field mission IUCN has also consulted with three external reviewers. 3. IUCN ASSESSMENT i) Natural Values The nominated area of the Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland (ALSO) consists of the southern third of the Baltic island of Öland. The area covers 56,323ha, including 6,069ha of coastal marine area. The bedrock consists mainly of limestone with some clay shales and sandstone. ALSO is dominated by a central limestone plateau, the Stora Alvar covering an area of 250 km2. Dolines ("swallow hole" cavities) and hog's back (dorsal- shaped strings of limestone) form part of the distinctive karst landscape and glacial deposits form fertile plains of glacial clay. Öland has a dry temperate climate which fluctuates quite radically. The Swedish highlands cast a rain shadow on the island and the summers are dry. Spring and autumn can bring rain and inundated soils, and winters are characterised by snow and occasionally violent blizzards. Climatic conditions, geology and traditional low input farming practices have all contributed to the plant diversity of the nominated area. ALSO is part of the “Öland and Gothland” Centre of Plant Diversity identified by IUCN/WWF and is characterised by many southern species at the northern extreme of their range. Four species are endemic to Öland (Alvar wormwood, Öland bedstraw, Öland rockrose and the alpine catchfly) and several other species are found soley in Öland and Gotland. Coastal grasslands and the Alvar communities are particularly important.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Cover on the Limestone Alvar of Oland Ecology - Sociology - Taxonomy
    ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA 76 Plant cover on the limestone Alvar of Oland Ecology - Sociology - Taxonomy Editor Erik Sjogren UPPSALA 1988 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS ACTA PHYTOGEOGRAPHICA SUECICA 76 Plant cover on the limestone Alvar of Oland Ecology - Sociology - Taxonomy Editor Erik Sjogren Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm UPPSALA 1988 The publication of this volume has been economically supported by the "Axel och Margaret Ax:son Johnsons stiftelse". ISBN 91-7210-076-1 (paperback) ISBN 91-7210-476-7 (cloth) ISSN 0084-5914 Respective author 1988 © Drawing of Hel ianthemum oelandicum on cover by Marie Widen. Edidit: Svenska Vaxtgeografiska Sallskapet Box 559, 751 22 Uppsala Editor: Erik Sjogren Technical editor: Gunnel Sjors Phototypesetting: Textgruppen i U ppsala AB Printed in Sweden 1988 by Centraltryckeriet AB, Bon\s Acta phytogeographica suecica 76 Contents Studies of vegetation on Oland-changes and development during a century. By Erik Sj ogren . 5 Limiting factors on seed production in Crepis tectorum ssp. pumila. By Stejan Andersson. 9 The dry alvar grasslands of Oland: ecological amplitudes of plant spe­ cies in relation to vegetation composition. By Karin Bengtsson, Honor C. Prentice, Ej vind Rosen, Roland Moberg & Erik Sj ogren . 21 Calcicolous lichens and their ecological preferences on the Great Alvar of Oland. By Lars Froberg. 47 Floristic diversity and guild structure in the grasslands of Oland's Stora Alvar. By Eddy van der Maarel. 53 The effects of colonizing shrubs (Juniperus communis and Potentilla fructicosa) on species richness in the grasslands of Stora Alvaret, Oland. By Marcel Rejmdnek & Ejvind Rosen. 67 Das Naturschutzgebiet in Gosslunda. By Lars Rodenborg.
    [Show full text]
  • Maxton Plains Complex ERA Management Plan
    Maxton Plains Complex ERA Management Plan Figure 1. Maxton Plains Complex ERA locator map. Administrative Information: • The Maxton Plains Complex ERA plan encompasses a large alvar ERA, and nearby ERAs of Limestone Bedrock Glade, Limestone Bedrock Lakeshore, Great Lakes Marsh, and Northern Wet Meadow. • The ERAs are within the Sault Ste. Marie FMU, Maxton Plains and a small portion of Drummond Island Management Areas (MA), Compartments 1, 2, and 4. • Chippewa County, Drummond Township, T43N, R06E, sections 19, 20, 21, and 25-36; T43N, R07E, sections 31 and 32; T42N, R07E, sections 5 and 6; T42N, R06E, section 3. • Primary plan author: Kristen Matson, Forest Resources Division (FRD) Inventory and Planning Specialist; Contributors and reviewers include Sherry MacKinnon, Wildlife Division (WLD) Wildlife Ecologist; Keith Kintigh, FRD Forest Certification and Conservation Specialist; Dave Jentoft, WLD Wildlife Biologist; Karen Rodock, FRD Unit Manager; and Jeff Wise and Josh Brinks FRD Foresters. • State forest ownership in this area is mainly contiguous, with private parcels surrounding the core Maxton Plains area. • The main road along the south of the Maxton Plains is also a snowmobile trail. There is an informational kiosk describing the Maxton Plains and the alvar ecosystem. • Maxton Plains had an older ERA plan that was approved in 2009. This current ERA plan will supersede the old ERA plan. The Drummond Island Comprehensive Resource Management Plan (2015) addresses management on state forest land on Drummond Island, including the Maxton Plains area. The Nature Conservancy (TNC) has a plan for their ownership on the Maxton Plains which is adjacent to state forest land ownership.
    [Show full text]
  • Pattern and Process in the Plant Community: Fifty Years After A.S. Watt Author(S): Eddy Van Der Maarel Source: Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol
    Pattern and Process in the Plant Community: Fifty Years after A.S. Watt Author(s): Eddy van der Maarel Source: Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Feb., 1996), pp. 19-28 Published by: Wiley Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3236412 Accessed: 20-02-2017 16:00 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Wiley is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Vegetation Science This content downloaded from 132.170.212.13 on Mon, 20 Feb 2017 16:00:19 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Journal of Vegetation Science 7. 19-28, 1996 ? IAVS; Opulus Press Uppsala. Printed in Sweden 19 Pattern and process in the plant community: Fifty years after A.S. Watt van der Maarel, Eddy Department of Ecological Botany and Ecological Research Station Oland, Uppsala University, Villavdgen 14, S-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden; Fax +46 18 553419; E-mail Eddy.van der [email protected] Abstract. This paper is a tribute to A.S. Watt who published Smith (1990), the latter paper containing a bibliography. his 'Pattern and process in the plant community' almost 50 Watt (1947) then stated that the dynamic concept in years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Limestone Pavement Lakeshore Community Abstract
    Limestone pavement lakeshore Community Abstract State Distribution Photo by Patrick J. Comer Global and state rank: G3G4/S2 VII.6.3, VIII.1.1, and VIII.1.3 of the Regional Landscape Ecosystems as delineated by Albert (1995). The proximity of Rank justification: This community has a restricted the Great Lakes results in moderated climate and high distribution but the status and ranking of sparsely and precipitation in these sub-subsections, relative to adjacent unvegetated communities has not been entirely resolved. portions of the upper Great Lakes region. The pavement of this community forms a gentle slope (averaging 1%) dipping Range: Limestone/dolostone pavement lakeshores are into the lake. Immediately inland of the exposed pavement is found along the Great Lakes shorelines of Wisconsin, often a ridge of limestone or dolostone cobble (typically 1-2 Michigan, Ontario, and New York. Fourteen occurrences are m high) deposited from ice scours and major storm events in known from Michigan along the northern Lake Michigan years when lake levels were higher. From this point inland, and Lake Huron shorelines. Similar communities are found more continuous soil development is common. Typically, along Lake Champlain and on lakeshores throughout the beginning with the cobble ridge, there are dense forests of Adirondack region. northern-white cedar (Thuja occidentalis), white spruce Landscape context: In Michigan, these plant communities (Picea glauca), balsam fir (Abies balsamea), and paper are commonly found along northern Great Lakes shores birch (Betula papyrifera). Given their location along Great where flat bedrock pavement associated with the Niagaran Lakes shorelines, these forests tend to experience frequent Escarpement is exposed.
    [Show full text]
  • THE LAND by the LAKES Nearshore Terrestrial Ecosystems
    State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference 1996 Background Paper THE LAND BY THE LAKES Nearshore Terrestrial Ecosystems Ron Reid Bobolink Enterprises Washago, Ontario Canada Karen Holland U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chicago, Illinois U.S.A. October 1997 ISBN 0-662-26033-3 EPA 905-R-97-015c Cat. No. En40-11/35-3-1997E ii The Land by the Lakes—SOLEC 96 Table of Contents Acknowledgments ................................................................. v 1. Overview of the Land by the Lakes .................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................ 1 1.2 Report Structure ......................................................... 2 1.3 Conclusion ............................................................. 2 1.4 Key Observations ........................................................ 3 1.5 Moving Forward ......................................................... 5 2. The Ecoregional Context .......................................................... 6 2.1 Why Consider Ecoregional Context? .......................................... 6 2.2 Classification Systems for Great Lakes Ecoregions ............................... 7 3. Where Land and Water Meet ....................................................... 9 3.1 Changing Shapes and Structures ............................................. 9 3.1.1 Crustal Tilting ................................................. 10 3.1.2 Climate ....................................................... 10 3.1.3 Erosion ......................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Land Suitability Analysis of Alvar Grassland Vegetation in Estonia
    Ismayilova et al GI_Forum 2020, Issue 1 Page: 63 - 72 Land Suitability Analysis of Alvar Full Paper Grassland Vegetation in Estonia Corresponding Author: [email protected] Using Random Forest DOI: 10.1553/giscience2020_01_s63 Irada Ismayilova1, Evelyn Uuemaa2, Aveliina Helm2, Christian Röger1 and Sabine Timpf1 1University of Augsburg, Germany 2University of Tartu, Estonia Abstract Calcareous alvar grasslands are one of the most species-rich habitats in Estonia. Land-use change and cessation of traditional agricultural practices have led to a decrease of the area of these valuable grasslands during the past century. Therefore, their conservation and restoration are becoming increasingly important. Efforts to restore these habitats have already been made in recent years. Land suitability analysis for potential restoration sites, using the machine learning technique Random Forest (RF), was performed for the first time in this study, which aimed to assess the use of RF for a suitability analysis of alvar grassland. RF predicted 610.91 km2 of areas suitable for restoring alvar grasslands or for creating alvar- like habitats in Estonia. These areas include all existing alvar areas as well an additional 140.91 km2 suitable for establishing new habitat similar to calcareous alvar grasslands. We discuss suitability analysis to help with restoration planning and find it to be a reasonable and efficient tool that has potential to provide relevant information. The quality of the prediction could be improved by including additional data relevant for alvar grasslands, such as soil depth, but such data was unfortunately unavailable. Keywords: alvar grasslands, restoration, land suitability, machine learning, Random Forest 1 Introduction Alvars are calcareous grassland habitats with a limited distribution on Earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Manitoba's Endangered Alvars: an Initial Description of Their Extent and Status
    Manitoba’s endangered alvars: an initial description of their extent and status REBEKAH NEUFELD1, *, CARY HAMEL2, and CHRIS FRIESEN3 1Nature Conservancy of Canada, Manitoba Region, 207 — 1570 18th Street, Brandon, Manitoba R7A 5C5 Canada 2Nature Conservancy of Canada, Manitoba Region, 200 — 611 Corydon Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3L 0P3 Canada 3Manitoba Conservation Data Centre, P.O. Box 24, 200 Saulteaux Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3J 3W3 Canada *Corresponding author: [email protected] Neufeld, R., C. Hamel, and C. Friesen. 2018. Manitoba’s endangered alvars: an initial description of their extent and status. Canadian Field-Naturalist 132(3): 238–253. https://doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v132i3.1865 Abstract Alvars are rare in Canada and uncommon globally. This study represents the first formal attempt to describe and delineate the extent of alvars in Manitoba. A systematic examination of the Interlake region’s edaphic and biological characteristics, using a geographic information system, resulted in the identification of 67 sites warranting further field study. Of these sites, 61 were surveyed and information was collected on vegetation composition and structure, soil characteristics, land ownership, and land use. Alvar was confirmed at 28 sites, extending over approximately 3930 ha in five geographically distinct clusters. Four putative types of alvar communities are described: grassland, shrubland, savannah, and wetland. Livestock grazing is the dominant land use and occurs across more than three-quarters of Manitoba alvar. Approximately 12% coincide with mining claims or quarry leases. Two-thirds occur on publicly owned land. Key words: Alvar; karst; endangered ecosystem; Manitoba; Interlake; limestone; dolomite Introduction ba between the southern basins of Lakes Manitoba and Alvars are globally uncommon ecosystems that are Winnipeg, i.e., the Interlake region (Hamel and Foster distinctive for their unusual plant species composition 2004).
    [Show full text]