An overview on recent advances in the synthesis of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials and their catalytic applications in chemical processes Hashem Sharghi*, Pezhman Shiri and Mahdi Aberi Review Open Access Address: Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 2745–2770. Department of Chemistry, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.253 Email: Received: 11 June 2018 Hashem Sharghi* -
[email protected] Accepted: 09 October 2018 Published: 01 November 2018 * Corresponding author Associate Editor: D. Y.-K. Chen Keywords: acid-catalyzed processes; biodiesel synthesis; sulfonated carbon © 2018 Sharghi et al.; licensee Beilstein-Institut. materials; sulfonated industrial and laboratory products; sulfonated License and terms: see end of document. organic materials; sulfonated silica materials Abstract This review article discusses the progress related to the synthesis and catalytic applications of sulfonated organic materials, sulfo- nated silica materials, and sulfonated carbon materials for industrial and laboratory products. These catalysts are widely used in acid-catalyzed processes. Most of these acid catalysts are eco-friendly, reusable, and stable. Moreover, the discovery of unique cata- lysts is vital for developing new, efficient, and reusable catalysts for industrial and laboratory applications. The aim of this review article is to review the recent studies (2014–2018) in the field of the utility of sulfonated organic materials, sulfonated silica materi- als, and sulfonated carbon materials for developing acidic catalysts. Review 1. Introduction Mineral acids (sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid, Organic and industrial reactions are performed well by the ho- phosphoric acid, and boric acid) as homogeneous catalysts were mogeneous acid catalysts, but these procedures generate exten- usually applied for the synthesis of chemical products of great sive amounts of toxic residues [1].