A G UI D E

TO TH E

LOCAL H STORY OF FREMONT OH O ,

P RI OR T O 1 860

LUCY ELLIO T " EELER

C L M B S HI O U U . O O :

P re s s o f Fre d J He e r

1 90 5 .

A G UIDE TO THE LOCAL HISTORY

F FREMONT OHI . O , O

A l n T o a h G a d . . eo ogy p og r p y

W h at are t h e na tive rocks of Frem o nt ?

Limestone . How an d w h en were t h ey formed ? o und e i T h eir strati ficati n p roves t h at t h ey were formed water , w a lt Geo lo and t h ei r fossil s i ndicate t h at t h e ater was s a sea . gists make t h e date of t h is formation approximately twenty m i l n l io years ago . W h ere can t h ese rocks be seen to best advantage ? ’ I n t h e outcrop at Moore s M il ls , Bal lvill e . T h ere t h e water lime rocks a r e separated by a layer of s h al e from t h e Niagara l i meston e below . W h at made t h e cut t h roug h t h e rocks at Ballvi ll e ?

' - T h e San dusky river , j ust as it is to day cutting t h roug h t h e softer clay at t h e B l ue Banks . Has t h e Sandusky river always occupied its p resent c h annel ?

No . Flow ing as i t does over so level a region , it is call ed a meandering stream , t h at i s , one w h ic h is continual ly c h anging its bed . S uc h a stream is c h aracterized by many s h arp curves . - m to b y T h u s it i s forty two miles from Fre ont Sandusky water , — and on ly twenty two miles by rail . so m e ' o f Locate t h e ol d river beds .

Y o u must go to see . Fi rst examine t h e sudden tu rn t h e river ' makes at t h e B lue Banks Proceed sout h along t h is blufl an d ’ note t h e ol d bed beyond S h arp s Island , only partially used at a nd present , a secon d w h ic h i s dry except at h ig: h water . Al l t h ree are fu l l during spring fres h ets Lon g , long ago , t h e San dusky river passed t h rou g h t h e ravine t h at l ies between t h e Cat h

' ol ic cemetery an d B al lvi lle . At t h at ti me t h e rive r c ro sse d its present c h annel at a s h arp angl e an d fl o wed along t h e no rt h ern ’ side of Reynol d 5 W o o d Hi ll . W h at covere d t h i s country du ring t h e Ice Age ?

A vast s h eet of i ce .

' Si nce the ice in O h io melted sooner t h an t h at in t h e eastern out o f ? lets t h e Great Lakes , h ow did t h e water escape

Sout h ward , t h roug h t h e Wabas h , Maumee and Sandusky riv ers . 4

? \/Vha t marked t h e s h rinking of t h i s vast l ake

T h e receding wate r deposited fou r di stinct san d beac h es , nearly

parallel w it h t h e sou t h ern s h ore o f Lake E rie . T h ese san d beac h es

became ou r R i d bge Roads W h at became o f t h e bulk o f t h e sedimen t deposited int h is vast pre h istoric lake ?

I t formed a mass o f sand an d clay , o f varyi ng t h ickness , w h ic h

deposit i s t h e subsoi l o f t h e l evel country about Fremont . W h ere can a good cut t h ro ug h t h i s deposit be foun d ?

A t t h e Bl ue Banks . H ere on its east bank t h e r iver is cu tting so rapi dly t h at an almost vert ical bl u ff of h ard yel low clay i s maintained . W' h at deposits o f t h e glacier can be found ?

Underneat h t h e yel low clay at t h e Bl ue Banks , is . a den se l ayer “ " — o f blu e clay , or h ard pan , w h ic h was deposited by t h e glacier .

I t ~ m a y be studied best at low w ater , and w h ere a mass of yel low clay h as recently be en removed some glaciated or scratc h ed rocks may be foun d in t h e bl u e clay below . ? \Vha t i s t h e su rface soi l about Fremont

D eposits o f vegetable matter . I n t h e famous B lack S wamp , extendi n g from Fremont to Toledo , t h i s vegetabl e deposit was o f extraordin ary dept h an d ric h n ess . are t h e rocks so n umerous at Stony P rai rie ? ' 1 1 G anite boulders of man y kinds , b ou g h t h ere on t h e back o f o t h e anci ent glaci er t h ousan ds of yea rs a g . h en ce did t h ese b o uld e 1 s come ?

. k From Canada T h ey are w h olly u nli e ou r native limestones , and correspon d accu rately w it h I O CRS alon g Lakes H u ron and

S uperior and t h ose o f t h e Lau renti an Range . F o r P t h is pe riod con sult T h e I ce Age , by ro f . G . F . W rig h t , an d t h e Geolo bgical S u rveys o f O h io . 7 ? \ f\ ha t i s t h e elevation o f Fremont T h e benc h ma rk at t h e Cou rt Hou se i s sixty — two feet above — l le ve . Lake Erie , an d si x h undred an d t h i rty seven feet above sea Note some of t h e phvsic a l c h anges in Fremont wit h i n t h e pa st 1 fi fty yea s . M a m a 1 e c h an ges d ue to t h e gradin g for streets . T h e old Ju stice h ou se on State s h ee t an d t h e ol d B rainard h ouse on

Cro gh an street , n ow many feet below t h e streets , we re formerly

‘ . c o r l evel w it h t h e roadways T h e si te o f t h e Taylo r h ou se , n er A rc h an d B i rc h a rd Aven ue , was a h i g h knoll . From C . R . ’ M c Cullo c h s propert y on B i rc h ard aven ue , sout h ward , extended a large pon d . i ts overflow emptyin g into t h e M a rket street ( B i rc h l ard Ave . ) d itc h , an d f o win g east to t h e river . A deep ravine ran from t h e ri ver sout h westwa rd to t h e Central sc h ool yard . B e h1s fore buildin g h ouse , D r . james W ilson h auled large trees to e h elp fill t h at part o f t h e ravine ext ndin g t h roug h h is pla ce . T h e two deep ravin es crossing State street h ave been almost entirely

fil led .

A n n B l O u . . b o ri gi a c c p a cy

W h at was t h e ol d name o f Fremon t ?

Lower San dusky . W hy w a s it so called ? a T h e w h ole region , river and val l ey , was called S n dusky , b y t h e Ind ian s . Low er San dusky was to di stin bgu is h t h e vi l la ge at t h e lower rapid s o f t h e river from t h at at t h e upper rapids . W h at i s t h e derivation o f t h e word ? ' o u r : — un — d us ~ k e e T h ree W yan dot terms are at service Sa h , c S a n do o s te e o - u nd u ste e lear water ; , at t h e c l d water ; and Sa h , t water w it h in water pool s . T h e last i s appli cable to t h e ex ensive mars h es i ntersected by O pen water . W h o were t h e earli est know n in h abitants of Fremont ? o r T h e M und B u i lders , t aces o f w h ose occupancy l ingered ti ll c o m in o f the s long a fter t h e g w h ite ettler , alon g t h e east bank of h ns ill Cr o a v e . t h e r iver , notably on g h i ll an d t h e B l ue Banks ? W ho succeeded the Mou n d B uil ders u t w o all A N e tral Nat ion , w h o bu il t h ere citi es of re fuge for c o 0 11 mers , located by t radition at t h e B lue Banks and Evergreen

H i ll . W h o su cceeded t h e N eutral N at ion ? V Vy a nd o t s 1 a a c io u s h e , escaping from t h ei r p ki n d red t h e I ro i - q uos ; an d w it h t h em came many Ottawas fro 111 Upper Canada . T h ese t 1 ibes settled in the Sand usky an d M aumee Val leys an d h were firmly establ i s h ed h ere be fore t e com ing o f t h e w h ites . ( At t h is point t h e student s h ou l d look up t h e p h ysical con di tion o f t h e c o untry before t h e days of settlement ; t h e magnificent o forests , t h e exten sive an d pec ul i ar Black S wamp ; t h e marvell u s q uanti ty o f fis h in t h e river ; the w i ld tu rkeys an d geese an d pi geon s w h ic h darken ed t h e a i r in fl i g h t ; t h e deer , wolves . foxes ,

. W beave r , otter , muskrats . etc Also t h e yan dots , t h ei r c h aracter , tribal organ izati on n umber ; t h ei r devotion to t h e San dusky Val ’ ’ le n u s k o nt v. See Everett s History of S a d y C u y ; Howe s His to r ica l Col lections o f O h io , Wyandot County . ) W h o were the fi rst wh it e men to v i sit t h i s pl ace ? the Frenc h traders an d J esu i t Fat h ers . “fli e n di d t h i s pl ace first appear on t h e ma p ? ’ O 11 1 6 g H u tc h in s map o f 7 4 , t h e In dian villa e twenty m i l es up the un u e ind n h river appears as J q u de . An appen di x to t h is map notes a route leadin g t h rou g h t h is place to Fort P i tt ( P i ttsbu r g ) ’ H eck e w eld e r s map o f 1 7 96 s h ow s a trail t h ro ug h San dusky ( F r e q 6

w a ff . s mon t ) T h is t h e great t rail made first by t h e bu al oes , an d used doubtless by t h e M oun d B u i lders n ext , t h en by t h e l ater orde rs o f I n dian s in goin g t h roug h t h e Sandu sky country from t h e G reat Lakes to t h e Gul f ? \Vl1 o g ave t h e first d etailed description o f t h i s place 1 Col . lames Sm it h in 7 5 7 , a prison er adopted into t h e Wyan dot 1 t ibe . ( Read h i s dia ry . ) n ext mention s t h e village ? ’ 1 6 co — to B rad st reet . in 7 4 , Operatin g wit h Bou q uet subdu e t h e w e estern I n dian s . passed a mont h about Sandusky Bay an d cam ‘ " up t h e river as far as navigabl e to I ndian canoes . ( Con sult

B s a . ouqu et E xped ition again st t h e O h io In di ns ) Col . I srael P utn a m comman ded t h e Conn ecti cu t regiment o f Colonel B rad ' street s force o f men . W h o next men tions t h e place ?

b y 1 80 . Samuel B rad y , t h e scout , sent out Was h in gton i n 7 He ’ lay all ni g h t on B rady s I slan d bel ow t h e vi llage , an d watc h ed ’ t h e Ind i an s racin g h o rses alon g t h e west bank . ( S ee M i ss Keel er s

San dusky R iver . ) ? W h ere was the ol d Gauntl et t 1 ack 1 T h e est bank o f t h e i ver , exten din g nort h an d sout h of t h e p r esen t State street was u sed by t h e I ndi ans fo r Gauntlet track “

r . race cou se council meetin gs , etc I t was t h e I n dian Common . so to speak . W ho w ere t h e first traders h ere ?

T h e Frenc h , w it h h eadq uarters at D etroit , sell i ng powder , flint .

fo r . fi rea rms . bl ankets and trinkets , i n exc h an ge t h e val uable fu rs ? \/Vl1 a t ot h er visitors came h ere prior to t h e nin eteent h centu ry In 1 7 7 8 D an iel B oon e was l ed captive t h rou g h t h e vill age ; as

‘ 7 e isbe r e r H e ck e w e was h is frien d S imon Kenton g an d lder , ere 1 8 2 H ec k e w e lde r prisoners h ere in 7 , and described seeing t h e gauntl et run h ere T h ese two men w ere the l eaders o f t h e Mora vian s w h ose t h ree citi es on the M uskin gu m su ffered suc h fri g h t fu l destruction i n 1 7 8 1 . T h e remn ants o f the M oravian s were h 0 11 marc ed to t h i s place a s pri son ers , w h ence t h ey embarked boats for Detroit . Precedin g an d fol lowin g t h e Revol u tionary W a r . more Indian captives were brou g h t to Low er Sandusky o t h an to any t h er pl ace i n O h i o . Tradition h as it t h at two t h ousand captives from t h e O h io river w ere broug h t h ere . T h is h was t h e cen ter of Wyan dot mil itary operations . T h e B riti s “

Ran g ers sen t from D etroi t , to ai d t h ei r I ndi an all ies again st ’ Col . \Vill1am Craw ford s armed force came by boat n i t h t h ei r S h a rms an d cannon to Lower an dusky , w h ere t ei r h orses met ’ t h em for t h e marc h to Upper San dusky . ( S ee Craw ford s Cam ’ a i n ' p g M i ss Keel er s Sandu sky R ive r . ) ’ ? How is VVa shingt o n s name conn ected w it h Lower Sandu sky t G P A letter o h im from eneral I rvine , of Fort itt , suggests a “ s econd campaign against t h e Sandusky In dian villages : T h ese Indians are al l settled in a l in e from Lower S andusky to t h e h eads —fi o f ve . t h e M iami , not over seventy miles I f t h ese coul d all be hea t n at once , it woul d nearly put an end to t h e I n dia war in t h at " q uarter . ? To . w h at does I rvin e refer 1 T h e Indian war , terminating i n 7 94 , w h en Ant h ony Wayne b ro ug h t t h e tribes into subj ect ion . W h at noted I n dians frequ ented Low er Sandusky ?

Tar h e , t h e Crane , t h e principal war c h ief , l ived h ere , an d led ' H a lf h W . ence h i s warriors to fig h t ayne King , t h e great c h ief ,

w h o l ived at Upper Sandu sky , often came h ere . Red J acket s te ppe d o n h i s w ay from B u ffalo to make t h e funeral mon o dy “ over Tar h e at Upper Sandusky . Pontiac , t h e colossal c h i ef w h o " s w 1 6 truggled it h destiny , an d w h ose conspi racy exploded in 7 3 , was freq uently h ere inciting t h e warriors ; t h e eloquen t ' an d mas

' t e r l chie f B ra nt y Mo h awk , , h ere formed t h e con federacy w h ic h e tw o nabl ed t h e Western tribes to defeat American armies . Here c Co o nstick ame , al so , t h e c h ief h eads of t h e Seneca nation , , Hard Hickory and Seneca Jo h n ; Logan , t h e great M ingo ; an d Tecum s eh 1 8 1 1 a nd , w h o organized t h e In dian rebell ion o f consummated f 1 1 2 t h e B ritis h all iance o 8 .

( See article on Tar h e , t h e Crane , i n O h io Arc h . an d H ist . Pub li ti 1 ca o ns 0 . a , Apri l , 9 5 Also man u script agreement between T r h e , b o earing h i s mark , and Morri s A . Newman , p stmaster o f Lower S ’ andu sky , making t h e latte r t h e I ndian s agent to sell timber and s L tones from t h ei r lands adj oining ower S andusky . T h i s M S .

h angs on t h e wal l s of B irc h ard Library i n Frem o nt . )

W h en was t h e first I n dian mission started at Low er Sandusky , a nd by w h om ?

1 0 . 8 6 . In , by t h e Rev J osep h Badger He h ad been a soldi er

i n . t h e Revol utionary War , fig h ting at B unker Hi ll , an d h ad m 2 ade t h e earli er campaign into Canada . During t h e war of 1 8 1 ’

h e served as C h aplai n i n General Perkins B rigade , an d ren dered

val uabl e serv i ce i n t h e h ospitals , as wel l as frequently designat in u o s g6 t h e best ro te for t h e tr op t h roug h t h e w il derness w h ic h h l e knew so wel l . C h ief y to h is influen ce i s du e t h e n eutral ity V n t 1 1 2 f -r of t h e V ya do s du ring t h e War o f 8 . Except o t h e W h it

aker an d Wi lliams fami l ies , Badger was probably t h e first w h ite s ettler in t h e vi llage . H e was certainly t h e first preac h er an d

sc h ool teac h er .

l e e f F r e m o nt C . S e nt o t t m .

W a o f P n h t was t h e present town Fremont , at t h e close o f o ’ t ia c s w ar i n 1 7 64 ? 8

A-n 0 11 Cro ha ns v ille u n ue in Ind ian village . g h i ll , named J q n h d u d e . w ere t h e fi rst t raders to make h eadquarters at Lower San d usky ? — 1 8 2 \ . rundel and Robbin s . Engl i s h men , prior to 7 Wh at was t h e first w h i te fam i ly i n O h io ? \Vl1 ita k e r T h at founded by James and El i zabet h Fulks , h i s wi fe , P 1 nat ives o f enn sylvan ia , w h o were captu red respecti vely i n 7 7 5 1 A t and 7 7 8 from t h ei r h omes at Fi s h Creek and C ross R oads . t h e time o f t h ei r captu re James -Vl1 it a k e r w a s ei g h teen years o f

F . age , and El i zabet h ulks eleven T h ey were bot h adopted by t h e ’ Ta r he s o I nd ian s , an d belonged to ban d , l cated at Lower w 1 8 San du sky . T h ey ere marri ed at Detro i t about 7 5 , and h ad -\7 l1 ita l< e r 0 11 e ig h t c h ild ren . was b u ried w h at wa s a fterward \Vhita k e r known as t h e Reserve , t h ree mi les bel ow Fremont . T h e tomb ston e erected over h i s grave contai n s t h e fol lowin g in scri ption . " I n -l1 it ea c r e memory o f James , w h o d i ed " 1 t 1 80 8 h . Dec . 7 , 4 , in t h e 4 year o f h i s age NI ' rs . l i ved for many years a fte r h er h u sban d s deat h , and was noted for h er ki ndness to t h e earl y m i ss i o nari es and to t h e many w h i te pri soners at Low er S andu sky . M an y o f t h ei r descendan ts are l o cated i n San du sky County . ot h er reservati on w a s gi ven by t h e I n d ian s to a w h ite settle r in t h is vicini ty ? W t w o o 0 11 T h e il liams reservation , m iles below t wn . t h e east \f illia m s the . V si de o f t h e rive r was a trader , very popu la r wit h I I ndians , h i s w i fe an nd ian captive . ? I l ow did ot h er w h ite settlers gai n title to t h eir l ands l ll y pu rc h ase from t he Gove rnment . y t h e treaty o f Fort M c I nto s h 1 8 e , 7 5 , t h e Un ited States reserved t h e two mile squar

w . tract at Lo er San du sky , for a t rad in g post Ten years later , ' ' 1 o W the at t h e t reaty o f G reenvi ll e , 7 9 5 , fol l w in g ayn e s victory , \Vya nd o ts an d associ ated t ribes ceded t h i s t ract forever to t h e 1 1 o . 8 Un ited S tates I n 7 , t h e G vern ment su rveyed and sold t h i s tract . T h e same year , t h e Government pu rc h ased al l of nort h western O h i o except a few reservation s o f w h ic h t h e Sen ecas h el d 8 1 . 1 fo r acres I n 3 , t h e S en ecas sol d t h ei r reservat i on

— - t h ree an d eig h t h tent h s cen ts per acre an d moved to t h e far west . T h u s al l t h e land about Fremont was l egal ly acqui red from its abori ginal h ol ders . Outl ine t h e h i story o f t h e fi rst Frenc h settl ers at Lower San du sky .

T h ey h ad emi grated from France a fter t h e Frenc h Revol ution , 1 1 2 and settled in M ic h igan an d O h io . I n 8 t h e Government r e moved t h ese wa rds o f t h e nation to Lower San dusky for bette r 9

o f 1 1 2 1 protection from t h e tu rbu lent I ndians . T h e w i nter 8 3 t h e y passed i n t h e barracks o f Fort Step h en son , but on A ugust

first t h ey were removed to Upper Sandu sky . On t h e way t h ey h eard P r o ctor s cannon begi nn ing t h e battl e of Fort Step h en son .

. 6 ( See Everett , pp 5 9 ' W h ere was t h e old Frenc h bu rying groun d ?

O 11 . A rc h street . between Ewing street an d B i rc h ard avenue W h en di d t h e first negroes come to L o w e r S a nd u sky ? 1 80 About 7 , w h en t h e I ndian s broug h t a group of negroes 0 11 captu red t h e O h i o r iver , an d pl aced t h em on t h e l ittle pen i n 0 11 sula t h e east si de o f t h e river , two mil es below Lower San P o r dusky . I t h as ever since been known as Negro oint , more “ commonly N i gger B end . W h en ( lid Fremont fi rst come un der t h e American flag ? 1 6 1 T h eoretically i n 7 7 , but actually in 7 95 , in w h ic h year t h e ’ o B ritis h evacuated Ft . M iami , f llow ing Wayn e s victory over t h e 1 I nd ians at t h e Battle of Fall en Timbers i n 7 94 . T h e B ritis h h ad w it h h eld t h e lake region o n t h e pretext t h at certain obl iga t he l tions on Ameri can si de h ad not been fulfil ed . T h e co unty of a ll Wayne was establ is h ed , embracin g M ic h igan an d nort h western

O h io . H o w many w h ite families l ived h ere in 1 8 1 5 ?

Twenty . How many h ou ses were apprai sed i n 1 8 1 6 ?

Ei g h t . W h en was t h e towns h ip of San dusky organ ized ?

1 8 1 . Augu st , 5 W h ere was t h e first town platted in t h i s local ity ? h nsv ille 11 Cr o a 0 . g , t h e h ill east o f t h e river I t was su rveyed b y VVo rm le 1 8 1 6 a governmen t engineer , y , in , and lots reserved for sc h ool s and a government navy yard . ? W he n w a s t h e w est sid e platted 1 8 1 th e In 7 by Kentucky Com pany , w h o boug h t o f t h e gov e r nm e nt t h e land between t h e Western Reserve an d M aumee Road and t h e present L . S . 81 M . S . Rai lway tracks ; su rveyed and platted it , and named i t San dusky . W h o com posed t h e Kentucky Company ? o Fi fteen citizen s , i ncl uding I srael Harringt n , T h os . L . Haw

. . l kin s , Morri s A N ewman and Dav id Gal lag h er ( For ful l ist see Everett , pp . 399 W h en was t h e name officially c h anged to Lower Sand usky ? 1 8 2 At t h e i ncorporation of t h e vil lage i n 9 , w h en Crog h ans o f o v i ll e was incl uded w it h in t h e l imits L wer San dusky .

O f w h at county i s Fremont t h e cou nty seat , w h en was it organ iz e d i ? , an d w h at territory di d it compr se S a nd u sk v 1 2 1 820 County , organ ized February , , comprised in I O

add it ion to its p resen t terri tory , al l o f Ottawa county , and pa rts

. w a s o f Seneca , Luca s and Eri e counti es I ts population less t h an

soul s . Sketc h t h e h i story o f t h e seat o f pol itical government o f Lower

S . and u sk y , be fo re t h e format ion o f San dusky count y I his w H w place was it h i n t h e boundaries of u ron county , it h

' fir s t \ Iila n I t w , t h en No rwal k a s county seat . was to No r alk t h at l w fi e . t t h e proprieto rs ent to t h e i r plat o f t h i s v i l lage Earl ier , h i s w a s place wit h in t h e l im its o f Delaware county , w it h Delawa re a s t h e coun ty seat : Frankl i n county , w it h F rankl inton as county till seat ; and Ham ilton county w it h Cincinnat i as count y seat . S w ea rl i e r Lower Sand usky was a t i ny part o f county , h ic h we i ncl uded M i c h i gan , I nd iana . t h e si te o f C h icago an d nort h stern

w . O h io , it h t h e seat o f j u stice at D etroit Sti ll earl i er as part

' ’ r r it o r x t \ l a r ie tta o f t h e Nort h west T , h eadq ua rte rs we e at , on

1 0 1 \ 0 1 th\\ e s t t h e O h i o rive r . e f e t h e organ i zation o f t h e Ter r ito r ( J O V e r nm c nt “ \\ he 1 e ve 1 C0 11 y , ou r seat o f a s t h e m igratory ' b — P S t ill gres s h appened to e e it h er at rinceton o r A nnapolis . : earl ier , we were claimed by fou r States Massac h u setts , Connec tic u t Y , Ne w ork and Vi rgin i a , wit h respect ive h eadqua rters at k ' Y w . Boston , Ha rt ford , N ew or City and Jamesto n Vi rgin ia s c 1 8 lai m to ou r lan d resulted in h er organ i z ing i n 7 7 , t h e I l l inoi s l\ 11 t c k \ c e u . ounty , w it h seat o f j u stice i n Earl i e r yet , be fore the t h e D eclaration o f I ndepen dence , En g l i s h govern ment h ad establ i s h ed t h e provi nce o f "uebec , extending from H ud son Bay to i t h e O h i o river , and a cr minal i n Fremont woul d h ave h ad to

. " go to "uebec fo r l egal t rial B e fore t h e uebec Act , t h e king o f En gland reserved “ un der h i s sovereign protect ion for t h e use of t he In di an , al l lan ds o f America beyond t h e sou rces of t h e rivers " a w a s f l li ng into t h e sea , and t h e county sea t t h e pal m o f King P w G eorge . rior to t h at date w e ere claimed by t h e Frenc h , w h o p retty n earl y made go o d t h ei r claim by exploration an d fo rtifica o f t ion , an d ou r seat government crossed t h e c h ann el to Pa ri s ’ itsel f . Nor s h oul d it be forgotten t h at S pain s claim extended in definitel y nort h from t h e M ex ican an d G ul f acq uisitions , an d , ’ accordi n g to h e r dictum , Fremon t s county seat was at t h e court in M ad ri d " 1 8 0 ? I n 3 , h ow d id Lowe r S andusky rank among O h io vil lages 0 ula A s t h e l ead in g vill age o f nort h western O h io , bot h in p p tion an d amount o f trade . W h en was t h e first vi llage election , an d h ow many votes were p o he d ? I 1 1 2 0 8 8 . October , 5 ; wit h votes T h e secon d ? 1 1 6 8 . October , , w it h 33 votes I I

How many votes were cast in 1 83 1 ?

- One h und red an d forty six . W h o was t h e first postmaster ? 1 1 8 . Morris A . Newman , appointed in 3 W ho was t h e fi rst j usti ce o f t h e peace ? I r r in to n 1 1 I a 8 . I srael g , 5 W h o was t h e fi rst vi ll a ge t 1 e a s tn e r ? 1 1 8 . . David Gal lagh er , 5 M r Gallag h er h ad acted as a ssi stan t comm i ssary o f Fort Step h en son a fter t h e war . W h o was t h e first j u dge of Common P leas Cou rt ? To d George , t h e fat h er of D av i d Tod , one o f t h e War Gov " o -f ernors O h io , opened court i n a smal l log h ouse on Crog h an s

8 1 8 20 . vi lle h il l , M ay , H i s j udicial di strict covered almost a Y t h i rd o f t h e State o f O h io . He was a al e graduate ; h ad been -m 1 80 6 to State Senato r , and supreme j udge fro until h e resi gned

1 8 1 2 . o . ente r t h e army i n ( S ee Fi rst Court H u se , E ) W ho was t h e second Com mon P l eas Judge ? the Ebenezer Lan e , elected j u stice of S upreme Cou rt of O h io in 1 830 . 1 82 fi A fter t h e vil lage w as incorporated in 9 , w h o was t h e rst mayor ?

Jo h n Bel l . W I1 O w ere t h e first doct o rs ? Dr 1 1 6 1 8 1 . 8 . . Hastings , ; an d D r Daniel B rai nard , 9 W h at was t h e first n ew spaper pri nted i n Lower Sandusky ? 1 8 2 T h e Lower San dusky Gazette , J uly , 9 . T h e s h eet measured 1 2 - 1 . 7 x i nc h es T h omas Smit h was editor , publ is h er , type setter 1 8 . an d press man . T h e paper l ived about mont h s W h en and w h at was t h e first pl ay given in Lower Sand usky ? ’ “ I n 1 8 1 9 t h e youn g men o f t h e v il lage played Goldsmit h 5 S h e " Stoops to Conquer . T h omas L . Hawkin s painted t h e scen ery , w rote t h e prol ogue , and performed t h e important parts . T h e t e o play was given i n t h e upper story of h . h ist ric ol d tavern , on t h e site Of the presen t W h eel in g and Lake Eri e station . ( For P ’ o . t h e rol gue , see Everett s H i st . o f Sandu sky Coun ty , p W hy wa s t h e nam e o f t h e vil lage c h anged to Fremont ? Becau se of t h e con fu si o n atten din g t h e repeti tion of t h e name w San dusky , t h ere being Upper an d Lo er , B ig an d Littl e San du sky and Sand u sky City along t h e river . T h e n ame was c h an ged 1 i n 849 . W h o presented t h e matter be fore t h e local courts ?

. P Rut h erford B Hayes , a t t h at time a law partner o f Ralp h B uckla nrl , at Lower Sandu sky . W h y was t h e name Fremont sel ected ? m o T h e na e general ly pre ferred was Crog h an , pron unced 1 2

w o f. s e llin C ra wn ; but t h e re ere many wavs p g i t , so t h e name Fremont was c h osen in h onor o f t h e famou s explo re r and t h e ’ P d i scovere r of P ike s eak .

' D T h e R a n d P r e -R i a r F s o f . e v o l u t i o n a ry e v o l u t o n y o rt T h s L o c a i i l t y .

' ? \Vha t w a s t he fi rst Briti s h fort in O h io S a nd u s k v l) \ r r Fo rt , erected B ritis h t raders f om Vi g in ia and ‘ I e nns \ lva nia 0 11 S a nd u s lu L a R 11 e r , t h e west bank o f t h e y an d “ l\I a rb le l1 ea d 1 ( t h e peni nsu la ) . in 7 4 5 , b ut later u su rped by

t he > r= it is h t h e Frenc h . It was reoccupi ed by a fter t h e su r f 1 6 o 0 . ren der Canada by t h e Frenc h , i n Novemb er . 7 M aj or w d l\ l o n Robert Roger , i t h two h und red ran gers , a rri ve from t o -i0 11 0 11 t real , take possess o f t h e Frenc h fo rts Lake E rie . ’ -’ 1 6 1 i i P . r t sh ont iac s con spi racy burst early i n M ay , 7 3 N ine forts y i el ded in stantl y , Detroi t an d Fort Pitt alon e escaped cap tu re , and t h e savages d rank scooped u p i n t h e h ol low o f j oined B h and s , t h e bl ood o f many a ri ton . Sandu sky was t h e P M a y 1 . w first o f t h e forts to fall , 5 En si gn au lly as sei zed , car r ie d r s rra w to Detroi t , and ma r ied to a q , w h o h ad l ost h e r h u s o -f band . T h e remain d er t h e garri son was massac red , and t h e fort ’ P s I a u llv b u rned . ( See ontiac Con spi racy En sign finally r escaped to t h e fort at Detroit , and eported t h e d i saster . Fort ’ s o Sandu sky was n ever rebu ilt . Col . Jo h n Bradstreet s expediti n , 1 6 i n 7 5 , arri ved at Fort Sandu sky , and a fter reli evi ng Detroi t

w he . retu rned to Sandu sky , h ere remain ed several mont h s \Vhe 11 was t h e fort at t h e Lower Fall s o f t h e S a nd us k v R i ver fi rst menti oned ?

T h e fi rst menti on o f t h e fort at Lower San d usky , and t h e

B . fi rst mention o f t h e place by t h at name , i s i n a l etter from rig n 111 Ir o ( x e . W R . vine to Maj o r I saac Crai g , du rin g t h e evol uti nary “ wa r : P No v . : , a s follows Fort i tt S i r I h ave rece ived intell igence t h ro u g h vari ous c h ann eIs t h at the B ri ti s h ’ h ave establi s h ed a post at Lower Sandu sky . ( Note t h e d i stincti on between t h e pre — R evol ut iona ry F ort San 0 11 o f d u sky , t h e pen in su la n ea r t h e mout h t h e San du sky R i ver , R and t h e evol ut iona ry post at Lower Sand usky , t wenty m i les w s ls w . a a o inl and , to h ic h G en eral I rvine re fers T h i s po st doubt

‘ I- less known as ort Sand usky , t h e o ri ginal Fort San du sky h avi ng ’ I r' been dest royed twent y years earl i er . T h e second o t Sandu sky thc r W a r , post at Lowe Sand usky , was rebui lt d u ring t h e of 1 8 1 2 r , and h as eve since been known as Fort S tep h en son . T h e b 1 8 2 gold medal a warded y Congress to Crog h an , in 4 . fo r t h e 1 8 1 De fense o f Fort Step h enson in 3 , bears on t h e reve rse , besides t he w motto and date , t h e ord

I 4

’ I 2 1 1 1 6 0 8 . August and , 3 Crog h an s gallant force of men an d “

one cannon , Ol d Betsy , h el d t h e Fort two days and final ly ’ 80 0 VV e llin to n s vanq u i s h ed B riti s h Regulars , veteran t roops o f g a nd Penin sula campaign , commanded by General Hen ry P roctor lli s about two t h ou san d I n dian a e unde r Tecumse h . Crog h an - lost but one man ; t h e B ritis h lost Lieutenant Colonel S h ort , Lieu

tenant Gordon , an d several score o f regulars , besi des many I n

dians . ( T h is secti o n presupposes a general knowledge of t h e \Var o f 1 8 1 2 , t h e c h ain o f forts along t h e Sandu sky an d M aumee rivers ,

t h e comman ders an d a rmies on bot h si des , and su c h deci sive bat ’ F o r tles as Perry s Vi ctory an d t h e Battle of t h e T h ames . detailed ’ accounts o f t h e B attle of Fort S tep h enson and of Crog h an s l i fe , ’ M c Afe e s s see H i story of t h e Late War ; Everett , Howe ; article

s . " . . in t h e O h io A rc h . and H i st . Pub , Vol , p 4 9 , by M i ss J . M

o l " I I . . V . . . Haynes , and , p 37 5 , by C h as R Wi ll i am s ) W h at was t h e e ffect o f t h e battle of Fort Step h enson ? I t was t h e first serious c h eck to t h e lan d forces o f G reat B rit

ain . T h e d i sparity i n n umb e rs o f t h e opposing sides , t h e you t h o f t h e h e ro an d t h e decisive triump h c reated great ent h usiasm th t h roug h out t h e country . T h i s battle w as t h e tu rn in g point o f e r yva .

O utl ine t h e h istory o f Ol d B etsy . I t was probably an o ld Frenc h cannon capt u red from t h e Frenc h

- i n t h e Frenc h an d In dian wars o f 1 7 5 6 1 7 63 . Ou r first knowl edge 1 1 of i t i s at t h e Fou rt h of J uly cel ebrat ion o f 8 3 ( see above . ) ‘ ‘ A fter t h e war in w h ic h t h e gun did suc h val iant service , it w as removed to P ittsb-ur g arsenal Later Congress ordered i ts retu rn t r o o . to L we San dusky Ow in g t h e dupl ication of vil lage names , so 1 8 18 t h e cannon was sen t to San dusky City named in , w h ic h O o nt z s at t h e time o f t h e battl e w as cal led g Place , an d later

Portland . T h e aut h orit i es w i s h ed to keep i t , and for better con c e a lm e nt o b u ried it . M ay r B . J . Ba rtlett , o f Lower San du sky , “ the traced gun an d sent men an d a wagon to b ring i t h ome . O ld " o Betsy no w stand s i n t h e cen ter o f Fort Step h ens n , on t h e scene

o f h er great triump h . “( b a ttle h ere w ere t h e B riti s h sol di ers , kil led at t h e o f Fort ? Step h enson , bu ried

A pit for t h e enl isted men wa s dug west o f t h e Fort , exten ding

over into t h e. sc h ool yard . Lt . Col . Short an d Lieut . Gordon , o f I S t t h e 4 Regiment , w ere bu ried side by si de , n ear t h e present H i g h

Sc h ool build in g , corne r Park an d Garrison streets . ( Students o f t h e B attl e o f F or e S tep h en son s h oul d examine - two fac simil e gol d medal s in B i rc h ard Library , presented by

Congress , on e to G eneral Harri son i n commemoration o f t h e Bat

tle o f t h e T h ames , t h e ot h er to M aj or C rog h an in commemoration 1 5

o f a ttle s t h e b of Fort Step h en on . T h e Library also h as p h oto grap h s o f the ’ sw o r d presented by Congress to En sign Joseph h D uncan w o bo re a con sp icuous part in t h e de fense . T h ere i s r o f o f also a port ait Wil liam Gaines , last survivor t h e bat

“

. tle , w it h a special m il itary order signe d by President Hayes , S ec re ta r y of War Ramsey , and General S h erman , awarding h im an A ls o h onorable pension . o original letters fr m Crog h an to Har rison a few days before t h e battle ; fine o il portrai ts o f Harrison an d of Crog h an ; a large drawi ng o f t h e Fort blo ckho -uses ; also pieces o f t h e Fort pickets sho wmg bullets in t h em . )

F l B u ild in s O d . . g

Describe t h e h ome of t h e Lower S andu sky pioneer . - o k T h e one story log cabin was built of roun d l gs , t h e crac s filled w it h mu d l iberal l y mix ed w it h leaves . T h e floors were of punc h eons , as were t h e ponderou s doors , h ung on wooden h inges . o f T h e c h imney was bu il t poles i mbedded in mud mortar , on a foun dation of stones placed outsi de t h e cabi n , an d a large open e o f ing cut t h roug h . A w in dow was mad by cutting out a piece o n e or two logs and pasting greased paper over t h e Open ing . tw o Furnitu re was equal ly simpl e . A bedstead made of poles

b 0 11 . was buil t into t h e corner , w it h ark tied for mattress B enc h es

‘

W fo r le s . w ere made o f w ide punc h eons , it h lon g pin s driven i n g B aking was don e in a D utc h oven a s h al low k e ttle placed over co a l c d s . t h e coal s , w it h h eaped over t h e cover Babi es w ere ro ke - o f . in maple sugar troug h s , made large Iogs At h ouse raisings

“ t h ere was plenty to eat b ut little to eat w it h . Al l comers broug h t

ow n . t h ei r kn ives and spoons . D W h ere w a s t h e first frame building i n Lower S a ndusky o f N ear t h e corner Fron t and Crog h an streets , on t h e site of ’ ’

Dorr s a nd Ham ilton s sto re rooms . I t was bui lt by I srael Ha r

a 1 8 1 . . . rington an d used s a tavern. I t was erected in 5 Col R

M . Jo h nson an d ot h er Kentucky sol diers stopped h ere on t h eir

o 1 8 1 . way h ome fr m t h e Battl e o f t h e T h ames , October 5 , 3 I t

me . o . was kept for a ti by Gen Ot h H inton , t h e stage line proprietor ? W h at was t h e second frame bu ild ing i n t h e V illage 1 8 1 T h e store o f Olmsted B rot h ers , erected in 7 near t h e p res f o . ent Price Lumber C mpany o fice It was two stories h ig h , w it h 6 n th r i r o 0 o e ve . feet front Dormer wi ndow s j utted out ab ve , w it h pull eys and tackl e for raisin g goods . A fter t h e store w as buil t quite a pil e o f l umber was le ft w h ic h J udge Olmsted gave away from time to time to make coffins . W h ere was t h e first brick bu il ding i n t o wn ? 1 6

W' T h e old Beau regard resid ence , betw een t h e present h eel ing stati on an d t h e bri dge . ? In 1 8 20 ho w man y h ou ses w ere t h ere in t h e vill age

Som e ten o r twel ve o f brick or frame , and abou t t h i rty l og cabin s . i ? \V l1 o oc cu pied t h e bu i ld ings 11 11 t h e I o r t 1 e s t0 1 in A fter t h e war , t h e block h ou ses w e u sed as 1 p g pl aces . b u ild t I hr e e re s for p ionee rs ti l l cabine cou ld be . famil , t h e M orri P son s , att erson s and B akers occupied t h e t h ree room cabi n bu ilt n ea r t h e nort h east corner of t h e square for officers du ring t h e 1 1 8 8 . . w wa r T h e. block h ou ses ere sol d an d removed in About 1 8 2 a ue s I I u ll1 u r 1l w ho r 3 I q , h ad pu c h ased t h e Fort , e rected a low w 11 l1 1c h 1 8 frame d el l i ng stood until 7 7 , w h en t h e place passed into t h e h and s o f t h e Library tru stees . wa s t h e first sc h ool h ou se erected ? 1 1 I n 8 1 6 1 11 the . , site o f t h e p resent Central Sc h ool H ouse I t w a s bu i lt o f logs , w it h punc h eon floors an d benc h es , and oi led

w . pape r i n dows A d eep rav in e ran east of it , an d sout h were t h e ra v e s B f g o f t h e riti s h o ficers an d soldi ers . Wh at we re i ts successors ? T h e first h ou se wa s replaced in 1 8 1 7 by a more substantial log 1 8 ho l r h ou se . I n 34 t h i s was bu rned down becau se a c e a patient ill e h ad been and died t h ere t h e prev ious Au gu st . A roug h ston 1 q8 h ou se took i ts place an d stood un t i l 5 3 , w h en t h e ol d brick bu i l din o 11 11 t h e s i te o f t h e present H i g h Sc h ool bu il din g was " I o h erected . h e old st n e sc h ool h ou se was u sed for c h u rc pu r

poses an d for publ i c meetings as wel l as for sc h ools . Wh at and w h ere was t h e first c h u rc h i n Fremont ? w o ld' T h e C h u rc h , first services o f h i c h w ere h el d in t h e o In 1 . 8 log sc h ol h ouse 34 , a fter t h i s bui ld ing was bu rn ed , t h e congregat ion buil t on the sou t h west corner o f A rc h an d Garri son

streets , l and t h ere fo r bein g d onated by Dav id G al lag h er . I t was

1 1 1 1 8 . a two sto frame bu i ld in g , not la rge , and w as occu pi ed i n 3 5 T h i s was t h e 0 11 11 c h u r c h 1 11 t h e pla c e an d was u sed ti ll t h e brick r P r bu ildi ng , co n er of Bi rc h ard an d a k Aven ues was compl eted 1 8 0 Th i n 5 . e parsonage w as w est of t h e c h u rc h 0 11 Garri son h st reet . A fte r t h e bri ck c h u rc h was fin i s h ed t e ol d propert y was the F 0 11 sol d and presen t resi dence o f C h as . ouke , Hi g h street , pu r c h ased fo r a parsonage ? h e r e were ea r l y P re sb yteri an s e 1 v ic e s he ld the the II e rb ra nd east si de o f t h e ri ver , w h ere works now P stan d , in a h ouse buil t by t h e ri or brot h ers , an d by t h em con fo r tri buted c h u rc h pu rposes . was h el d t h e first Common P leas Cou rt o f S andu sky County ? Cr o gha nsv ille h ad b e en select ed b y the O h i o Ge ne ra l A ssembly I 7

: u . 8 1 8 2 0 as t h e temporary seat of j stice T h ere , M ay , , in a small log h ouse on t h e n ort h west corner of O h i o avenue an d P i ne s c o t treet , ou rt opened w it h Ge rge Tod as presiden j udge ; I srael

Harri ngton , D av id Harol d an d Alexander Morri son as associate j udge s W h ere Wa s t h e sec o nd seat of j ustice ? lo P T h e g sc h ool h ou se , n ea r t h e corner o f a rk avenue and

‘ Crog h an streets . T h it h er on M ay cou rt adj ourned from - t h e lo g h ouse on Cro gha ns v ille h il l For ten years t h ereafter

bot h Commo n Pleas and S upreme cou rts were h el d h ere . T h e P c u c h ai rman o f t h e Commi ttee on ermanent Lo at ion , w h ic h sec red

t h e cou rt h ou se for t h e west s i de o f t h e river , was C h arles R .

S h erman , w h o wit h J u dge Jacob B u rnet open ed t h e fi rst term of 1 2 0 8 . t h e S upreme Cou rt o f Sandusky County J uly 3 , 3 J udge w a s -f o . m . S h erman t h e fat h er Gen W . T S h erman and Senator

Jo h n S h erman . J udge B urnet h ad been Un ited S tates Sen ator , a s W . t h e successor o f i lliam Hen ry Harrison At t h e Au gust . 1 8 4 5 , term o f t h i s cou rt , Stanley M att h ews , later appointed to t h e

U . . P S S upreme B enc h by resi dent Hayes , was adm itted to t h e

' r bar . ( S ee a rticl es by Ba s il M eek on Cou rts a nd B a o f Sandusky

County . ) W h ere was t h e fi rst Cou rt Hou se of San du sky County ?

On t h e present site o f t h e M . E . C h u rc h , corner B i rc h ard and " P 1 8 1 ark aven ues . I t was in t h e woods , an d was moved , i n 3 o r 1 8 2 - five 3 , by t wenty yoke o f oxen to a more convenient site , r nort h of C og h an street . T h is cou rt h ou se after ten years in 1 8 bu il ding , was u sed but el even years . S ince 4 5 , w h en t h e pres P ent court h ou se on ark avenue was compl eted , t h e earl ier struct

5 . u re h as been t h e parsonage of St . Jo h n Lu t h e ran c h u rc h W h e re w as t h e first local j ail ?

On t h e ri ver bank between Crog h an an d State streets . I t w as

bu i lt of l ogs , a story an d a h al f h ig h .

Name an d l ocate some of t h e ea rly tavern s of Fremont . u T h e earl iest tavern s w ere prim itive str ctu res o f logs , i n w h ic h ‘ n ha lf t h e landlady roasted fat coo s , w i ld tu rkeys and saddl es of lo w in fi r e deer be fore t h e g g o f t h e common room , i n t h e presence — fi d a . ve y of t h e h ungry g uests Rates were t wenty cents a , dinner hi \ for a man and s h orse bei ng s i and a quarter cen ts .

Harrington s ta 1 e r n h as al r ead 1 been mention ed . ( S ee Fi rst F rame Bu ilding above . ) 1 8 1 8 o A bu il ding , erected i n n rt h o f State street , was moved in 1 8 1 3 to t h e nort h east corner o f Front an d Crog h an streets ,

by T h omas Ogl e , an d converted into a tavern kept by I saac 1 Knapp . I n 839 t h e front parlor was fitted up as a storeroom P 1 . 8 O . by J . Haynes I n 5 4 L N ims w i s h ed to bu il d a brick b o n a ‘ lock t h at corner , an d g ve t h e ol d bu i l din g to T h os . L . Haw 1 8

u o f G i w it kin s , w h o moved it to st reet so t h a rr son , h ere ’ ’

1 0 I . stood t i l l 90 as pa rt o f J . . M oore s carriage s h op In 1 8 20 “fillia m An drew s bu il t a tavern 0 11 a l ittle w h arf at t h e w a foot o f Garri son st reet . I n its t h i rd story s t h e fi rst M ason i c s Lodge in t h i s town . T h i s bu ildin g ; an d one buil t by N ic h ola

' \Vhite n e r the 1 8 20 g about same time , we re t h e only two l isted i n o as w ort h on e t h ou san d dol lars . h ouse was t h e rig

i nal part o f t h e famou s co rne r tavern , know n a s t h e O h io Man ’ V Vhe e lin sta tio n no w sion House , later a s Kessl er s , w h ere t h e g 2 2 Tlro 1 8 s . . stands . A s ea rly as , L Hawkins converted t h e upper ’

. o s s story into a t h eatre I n t h e early 4 , board an d lodgin g at t h i

tavern were per week .

0 11 . A few doo rs nort h o f t h e M ansion Hou se , t h e river bank , 1 8 6 stood t h e No rt h ern Exc h an ge , bui lt about 3 , a good , t h ree f story buil ding . Here for a t ime was t h e o fice o f t h e O h io Rai l : way . Here w ere h el d man y o f t h e town meetin gs . T h e secon d ' I n story was devoted to t h e O h io I n stitute kept by D io Le w is . 1 8 P w a s l 0 . 4 . w h en Fusselman proprietor , h e rigged up a stee i w a s ba r n a frame ou tsi de t h e door . T h is stru ck at meal t ime , .

an d became practical ly t h e vi llage cloc k .

W H o us e . b uilt 1 8 0 0 11 T h e estern , in 3 , t h e s ite o f t h e ol d B uck

ho te l . lan d block , was i n its day t h e l eadin g of Nort h western O h io It was a frame bu i ldin g w it h a great two -story piazza w it h large "

pil lars . I ts ol d barn long rema ined , being demol i s h ed for t h e o r s bui l d in g of t h e C h risty Kn i fe \V k . ’

M a c klin s 0 11 . , t h e present American Hou se West S tate street , 1 was buil t in 83 7 .

o . T h e present Hotel Fremont , lon g t h e Cr g h an House , was n erected as a store by an Engl is h ma n amed W eiler , w h o lived i n 11 ro h ns ill hill t h e bi g brick h ou se 0 C g a v e .

' 11 th n O e e a st . si de of t h e river , Morri s A N ewman kept a taver Te ll i n very early t imes . On t h e s ite o f t h e late House was Harp ' st r s e . tavern , famous as Democ rati c h eadqua rte rs T h e Goose

’ w Hou se , w i t h a i ld goose si gn , was t h e big frame bui lding st i l l o stan din g on t h e n rt h si de of East S tate street . Capt . Samu el T h ompson kept a famou s ho stle ry 0 11 t h e present T h ompson property w h ere w as h eld t h e notable Democ ratic meeting du r ' “ 1 0 i ng t h e campaign o f 84 . ( See M iss Keel er s Sandusky " ’ r 1 8 R ive ) R ut h erford B . Hayes l ived at T h ompson s from 4 5 1 8 49 .

Name and locate some o f t h e o ld res idences o f Fremont . no w T h e ol d Di ckin son h ou se , corne r Arc h an d S tate streets . n t h e site o f t h e Opera Hou se , w as b uil t by Morri s A . Newma 0 11 hill 1 8 2 8 b t h e east o f t h e river , an d abou t i t was moved y o t ne . o yokes o f oxen I t g stuck on t h e bri dge , t h en an open , 1 9 a nd a h ole h ad to be cut t h roug h t h e h ouse to al low teams and p assengers to cross .

1 8 2 8 . I n , Capt Morri s Tyler set up a frame for a barn on t h e s r n I n fin out h west corne o f Front a d State streets . t h e fall h e ish ed t h e frame for a dwel li ng in w h ic h h e a nd h is family l ived

m . any years W h en t h e B uckland block was built , t h is h ou se was m to . oved Nort h Center street an d i s now t h e resi dence of D . S

Bl ue , probably t h e ol dest bu il ding in town . T h e res idence of C h ristop h er S mit h o n Nort h J ustice street 0 11 was bu i l t by J . S . O lmstead , ou r first merc h ant , t h e present ’ site o f Bu c h man s store . I t was moved w h en t h e ol d Opera House fl kz t o c vva s erected . 1 8 1 I n 5 Jeremi a h Everett , one o f t h e earli est settlers , bui lt a l o g h ouse at t h e nort h east corner of Arc h an d Ew ing streets . O ne o f t h e first frame h ouses on sout h A rc h street was buil t i n 1 8 . 39 by An drew More h ou se , w h ere t h e Wm . B S h el don resi ‘ dence now stands . I t w as moved nort h on t h e same street , and i no Y s w occup i ed by J . oungman . ’

T h e ori ginal part of Dr . Robert Rice s residence was built by E lde r i Skinner , m i nister of t h e Bapt st congregation w h ose c h u rc h s tood about w h ere t h e J ackson Un derw ear factory i s no w . T h e f s o . ite w as long occupied by t h e resi den ce T h eo . Clapp w 1 8 b . I n 37 t h ree bri ck resi dences ere egun , t h ose o f Dr . D n o w h B rainard , owned by t h e Crog an B ank ; t h e Rawson h ouse o n State street ; an d t h e M ackl in h ouse ( American House ) oppo

‘ ’ ' 1 8 0 w site . D r . B rai nard s h ou se , finis h ed in 4 , was open ed it h a h ousewarm in g , one o f t h e society even ts o f t h e early days . T h e

w h ole town was invited , an d a great col lation served . T h is h ouse

' w a s e i t h e fin st i n t h e place , fou r stories h g h , w it h beauti ful walnut i hi w fi n s n s . g , colon ial stai r ays and mantels at T h e h ou se t h e nort h east corner o f Hayes and Park avenues , fo rmerly stood n ear t h e center o f t h at square . I t was built by w ho Azaria h Eddy , sol d it wi t h h i s w h ol e su rrounding farm to

P . J o h n R . ease M r . Pease lived t h ere unti l h e built t h e h ouse s m r e — tan din g , w it h ma outbuil dings , on t h e Pease estat t h e square sout h w est of Park and Hayes avenues . T h e main part of t he Pease h ouse h as been moved to face Clover street . 1 8 o f 1n l I n 5 3 , one t h e finest res idences nort h ern O h io was b ui t P b . . y R B uckland , t h e wel l known h ouse on B i rc h ard an d Park ip e aven ues . H e sent to Georgia for p to finis h t h e h ouse , usin g magnificent black walnut for t h e barns . Pl umbin g , h ot water “ r p ipes , an d furnaces were int oduced into town for t h e first time .

T h e same year M r . B ucklan d erected t h e B uckland B lock , on o Front street , bet ween Cr g h an an d Garri son streets ; an d a few years l ater t h e one on t h e sou t h west corner o f Front and State streets . 20

T h e h ou se at S pi egel G rove was begu n by Sardi s ll ir c ha r d in 1 8 5 9 for t h e permanent h ome o f h i s nep h ew , R ut h er ford B his Hayes , w h o , ow ing to serv ice i n t h e a rmy , in Congress an d

. 8 . B G 1 . as overnor o f O h io , did not occupy it unti l 7 3 M r i rc h ard H s li ved t h ere un t i l t h at t i me . G eneral ayes made man y add it ion and alterati on s an d t h e fin e old h ouse h as been t h e scene o f many n o tabl e gat h erings and h a s s h elte red many d ist ingu is h ed guests t h e early stores o f t h e vi llage ? F o r a d . A lon g t h e river fron t , on Front street n State st reet ( 2 1 a descri ption o f t h e earl y bu siness h ou ses see Eve rett , pp . 4 h ere 11 ere publ ic m e e tin o s h el d 111 t h e early days f I n f “ t h e sc h ool h ou se , Hawkin s t h eatre , t h e o fices o f t h e est No rthe i n the ern Hou se , M an sion Hou se an d Exc h ange , and

. , M . E . C h apel T h en came Social Hal l now M ason ic , at t h e open J P 1 in g o f w h ic h R . . B ucklan d p resi ded as floor manager ; i re h 1 8 6 t o o ne n ard Hall , bu il t i n 5 seat t h ousand person s , an d soo H . e to be l i g h ted w it h gas Mammot h al l , i n t h e ol d Opera Hous block wa s t h e largest publ i c h al l prior to t h e open in g o f t h e n ew

Opera House . was t h e first banking h ouse in Fremont ? A small one -story brick bu il ding w h ere t h e Colon ia l Bank now ' 0 11 Y 1 8 1 S a nd stands , w h ere New ear s Day , 5 , ard is B i rc h ard

Lu ci u s Oti s open ed a private bank . T welve years later it became t h e Fi rst Nati onal B an k o f Fremont , stan ding fi ft h on t h e l ist o f National Banks o f t h e Un i ted States . bui ld in gs w ere along t h e west bank o f t h e river be fore 1 8 0 a w a W ? 5 , most o f w h ic h g ve y to t h e h eel in g t racks N ear t h e bend o f the ri ver below town 11 ere a dozen w are

- h ou ses : sout h of t h at the s h i p ya rd . T h e big t wo story frame h ouse o f Colon el Hun t stood on t h e river bank opposite the pre sent office of t h e P rice Lumber Company : sout h o f t h at t h e Nort h ern ’ E o o xc h an ge , Lysander Bal l s bl acksm it h s h p , h i s h ou se , t h e O h i i l le a u ra nd M an si on Hou se ( Kessler Hou se ) , an d t h e g res idence .

Sout h o f t h e b ri dge were t h e An derson Hotel , n ear t h e present ’ J un e s fou nd ry ; t h e ol d fl ou r mi l l bu il t by H awki n s and Boswell ’ 1 i n 8 1 8 ; t h e resi den ce o f T h os . L . Hawkins : B id wel l s flou r m ill ; d t h e fl ax seed oi l m i l l at t h e foot of Bi rc h a rd avenue , later u se ’ as a card in g m i ll ; t h e G allag h er Woolen M i ll w h ere M r . Ford s h ou se n ow stan ds on B i d well avenu e , and t h e ol d pin factory w h ere t h e wooden pin s for t h e O h io Rail way were manu factu red .

H T n a i G . s o n a nd R o e s T r a v el i s t ory of ra p ort t u t of . W h at was t h e p ri ncipal route of travel t h rou g h Fremont ?

T h e San dusky r i ver . T h e I ndian s as wel l as t h e Jesu it mission 1 ar es and Fren c h traders came from Canada by way o f t h e St .

( j ive t h e names an d dates of some early river boats bu ilt at

Lo wer S and usk y . N a util us 2 0 — 1 8 1 6 incinna ti T h e , a ton sloop , ; t h e sc h oon ers C hio 1 2 1 0 Cincinna ti O 8 8 . 8 and , I n 3 Sa rdi s B i rc h ard owned t h e an d paid ten cents a bu s h el for corn w it h w h ic h to load it . \ o ff a nd ? V h en d id ri ver commerce fal l , w h y P rior to t h e Ci vil Wa r , be fore t h e s wi fter tran sportation of

‘ t h e ra i lwa y s . w a s t h e first bri dge con structed ac ross t h e river at F r e ? mon t , an d by w h om

In 1 8 28 . , by James B i rdseye Wh at were t h e prin cipal l and trail s ? H utc h i n s map o f 1 7 64 s h ow s a trail from Fo rt P itt ( Pitts ‘ l O u n g ) to L 11 er San du sky . T h is was t h e great trai l made by f fi 1 st t h e bu fal oes and u sed by t h e M oun d B uil ders n ext , t h en by l ate r races o f I n dian s i n g oing to and retu rn ing from t h e S an " dusky country an d lakes . A second trail l ed aroun d t h e w estern en d o f Lake Erie to Detroi t ; a t h i rd followed t h e western banks - 1 1 2 o f t h e river to Upper San d usky . Du rin g t h e War of 8 t h is last named t rail became the mil itary roa d for s upplying G en eral ’ ’ Harrison s forces . I t h as been p reserved , w it h H arri son s name , a s the S ie e l r o ve mai n road t h roug h p g G , t h e resi dence of Presi - dent Hayes . 1 Sketc h t h e hist0 y of S tate street . T h e only w agon road t h rou g h Lower Sandusky was cut t h roug h t h e den se forests of t h e B lack S wamp I n 1 80 8 the I n dia ns ceded t o t h e Un ited States a strip of lan d for a road from t h e. Western Reserve ( Bel levu e ) to t h e rapid s o f t h e M aumee river ( Perrys 1 8 1 1 bu rg . ) In , Congress p rov i ded for a su rvey o f t h e proj ected 1 8 2 2 h i g h way ; and i n , tu rned t h e bu ild in g o f t h e road over to t h e State o f O h io . Te road was know n as t h e Western R eserve 1 8 8 and M aumee Tu rnpike . In 3 t h e O h io l egi slature voted to im prove an d macadami ze i t . 1 8 8 Western Reserve Tu rnpike . I n 3 , t h e O h io l egislatu re voted “ to improve and macadamiz e it . ? 3e fo r e o . macadam izi n g , w h at was t h e c n dition o f t h is road

I t was an al most cont i nuou s m u d h ole . Over some of t h e worst “ o p laces logs 11 e 1 e laid formin g a c o 1 d u r y . ( For amu sin g tal es o f ri g h ts to m ud h ol es ; t h e tavern s alon g t he 1 way an d detail s o f bui l din g t h e tu rnpike , see Everett , p . 4 5 , ’ “ e t seq an d pp 44 1 an d 65 4 ; al so M i ss Keel er s T h e San dusky " R i ve n ) to W h at call ed attention t h e aw ful condition o f t h e ol d road , a nd h ow ?

T h e O h io an d M i c h i gan War , cal l ed al so t h e Toledo War , in 1 8 1 b o u nda 1 3 5 , w as ove t h e y l ine between t h e State o f O h io an d 2 3

. ff Mic h igan Territory T h e Governor of O h io , h is sta , commis sio ne rs 60 0 an d su rveyors , w it h troop s an d in fluential men , met at Lower Sandusky and traveled toward t h e disputed territory by way o f t h e Western Reserve an d M aumee Tu rnpike . A fter h t - w a t e r a nd r e a liz wallow ing t h roug t h i r y on e mil es o f mu d and , _ i ng t h at t h is was t h e on ly route betw een t h e east an d w est , t h e officers o f t h e S tate h astened to l en d t h ei r ai d to t h e permanent improvemen t of t h e road . W h at w a s t h e result o f t h i s boun dary dispute ? T h e di sputed strip of lan d along t h e nort h ern bou ndary of the o O h io , i ncl uding town of Toledo , was awarded to O h i ; and Mic h igan was compen sated by t h e gi ft of w h at ’ is now h er nort h

‘

u of va lu e in . ern pen ins la , a tract inestimabl e copper an d timber It is wort h y of note t h at t h e inn um erable m i litary titles o f early 1 e sid e nt s of O h i o V1 ere by products of t h is T o ledo War W h at was t h e first carr i age i n Lower S an dusky ? T A fter t h e Battle o f t h e h ames , i n Canada , October t h e spoi ls of t h e v ictory were broug h t by General Harrison to ’

Fort S tep h en son , among t h em bein g Gen eral Proctor s carriage . r T h os . L . Hawki ns , w h o was i n c h a ge o f t h e government prop e r ty at t h e Fort , used to h itc h oxen to t h e coac h an d take drives l ’ . o d in it I t was probabl y very even t h en , as Hawkins j ack - kn i fe uncovered at l east tw elve coats of paint u pon its si des .

Gen eral Proctor h ad broug h t it over from Englan d . VVha t sta g e routes passed t h roug h Lower San dusky ? 1 8 1 P the I n t h e spri ng o f 3 , Calvin ease ran express mai l twice a week from P i ttsbu r g to t h e h eadquart e rs of t h e Nort h western army . At ti mes t h i s route led t h rou gh Lower Sand usky , an d s ome passen gers were doubtless accommodated . T h e main c h an B e nel of passenger travel , h owever , was t h e S andu sky river . 1 8 0 the fore 3 Con estoga wagon s of pioneers , boat s h aped , w it h

w . cu rved bottom , began orkin g t h ei r way alon g t h e tu rnpike I n ’ o s ' t h e 3 . stages w ere ru nnin g t h roug h Lower San dusky wit h con i s de ra ble . re g ularity , i n spite o f t h e aw ful roads T h e Lower 1 8 San dusky W h i g , of J un e , 39 , says t h at Ot h o H inton , proprietor o f t h e stage l ine between Low er S and u sky and Detroit , h ad put

— on a supply of n ew two h orse coac h es . Artemu s Beebe , propri etor of t h e connectin g lin e east o f Cleveland t h en ran coac h es w n only as fa r est as B ellevue , an d stage wago s from t h at place “ o f to Lower Sandu sky , on account of t h e un evenness t h e roads " and nig h t travel . T h at sort o f t ransportation woul d seem slow enoug h now , but it was generally sati s factory t h en , even w h en t h e passengers pai d s ix cents a mi l e for t h e privi lege o f walkin g and carryi n g a rai l w it h w h ic h to h elp pry t h e stage o ut o f mu d " o a i h ol es . General Hinton ast n is h ed h is acquaint nces by tu rn ng out r o bbe i o f t h e mail s transported on h i s o w n coaches 24

’ I n o s t h e 4 . t h e stages east and w est , as wel l as a l ine sout h to

81 . Colu mbu s were ope rated by N eil , M oore Co T h ei r coac h es f - in were great com fortabl e a fai rs , w it h a rai led top for l i g h t l u g five gage , an d a bi g leat h er boot be h ind capabl e o f h ol di ng or

si x trunks . T h e stages made from fou r to fi fteen m i les an h ou r

accord in g to t h e weat h er and condition o f t h e road . T h ere were u fou r h orses , w it h rel ays at every station . At Lower San d sky , t h e stage o ffice was at t h e h i storic corn er tavern w h ere t h e \Vhe e l n i n g stat ion now sta ds . T h e d rivers were imposin g , sententiou s . “ - i a ble . intell igen t men , very skil l ful w it h t h e r t welve foot l as h es , ’ " to pick a fly o ff t h e l eader s c a r wit h out to uc h ing h i m . T h ey

soun ded h uge h orn s as the v approac h ed t h e vill age . Eac h d river 0 11 ca rri ed a wall et contain in g a way bi l l , w h i c h w as in scribed 1ti t h e name and desti nation o f eac h passen ger , w i t h amoun t of g :1s ga g e : as well al l manner o f local news . T h us reports of fi res .

accid ents , deat h s , election s , pa ssed from place to pl ace . I n t h i s w a y w o rd came to Lower San du sky of t h e deat h o f P residen t

Harri son w h o h ad so long served as mil i tary h ead of t h i s region . “ " n ( Con sul t. S ta ge Coac h Days , by M rs . Earl e , for t h e g e eral

subj ect . ) ? an d w h ere were. t h e Plank Roads

P . A lank Road , li ke a tu rn pi ke , was wel l graded and ditc h ed r o 2 - T h e oad bed w as made l ike a wooden si de walk , inc h oak p lanks , 8 s . B e feet l on g , lai d on stri n ge r firmly embedded in t h e ea rt h ginnin g in 1 8 5 0 over fi fty miles o f P l ank R oads w ere la i d out i 1 T ffin S 1 1 1 1 . o f Fremont , exten d in g to , Fostori a and G reen i g Citizen s o f Fremont sp ent ov er i n buil d in g suc h o a d s . D i d the Plank Roads faci l itate tran sportati on ?

. O 11 G reatl y t h e ol d road , forty bus h el s of w h eat con stituted

an average load for a span o f h orses . On t h e plank roads t h e r 1 1 same team coul d eadily h aul 0 bu s h el s . ? was t h e fi rst rai l way p roj ected t h roug h Lo w er San dusky a the T h e O h i o Rail way . w it h proj ected rou te alon g s h ore o f P Lake Erie from t h e enn syl van ia l i ne to t h e M a umee river . T h e S a nd u s k v tracks w ere to c ross t h e S an du sk y river at Lower , S r i o about forty rods nort h o f t h e presen t tate street b d e . Sketc h t h e h i story and co ns t 1 u c tio n of t h i s road on sti lts 111 1 8 Con struction was begun 38 . l h e t rack was la i d on a foun the o ff dation o f pi les d riven by a pi le d rive r , tops cu t to grade ‘ b y a buzz saw . T h e pil e d river , sawi ng mac h i ne , t raction en g in e and a peri patet ic board in g h ou se for t h e workmen were t rundled alon g over t h e track as fast as it was l ai d . T h e fi rst pi le w it h i n 1 1 8 t h e l i mits o f Lower San du sky was d riven Jun e 9 , 39 , at a

. w a s . . 81 . . . . spot n ea r t h e present L S M S R R station I t . w it ne s se d by a la rge assembl age . A superb trestl e crossed t h e river the from h il l to h il l , but O h io Rai l wa y bubble bu rst be fore tracks 25

C

were lai d in t h is vicinity , and t h e people h ad t h eir wort h less O h io

R ai lway money in t h eir pockets .

( For description o f t h is unique railw ay , its financing , construe

t ion , etc , see Everett , King , etc . ) W h en was t h e first rai l way operated t h roug h Fremon t ?

T h e present Lake S h ore an d M ic h igan Sout h ern Rail way , t h en l called t h e To edo , Norwalk an d Cl eveland Railway , sent its first

1 8 . passenger trai n t h roug h Fremont February 7 , 5 3 W h at was t h e secon d rail way t h rou g h Fremont ? no w An organiz at ion cal led t h e Fremont and I ndian a Railway , F r e t h e Lake Eri e an d Western , was incorporated by citizens of

mont , wit h D r . L . " . Raw son as presi dent . T h e first train left

1 1 8 . Fremont , running as far as Fostoria , February , 5 9 W h at was t h e t h ird rai lway to enter Fremon t ? W a T h e W h eel ing an d Lake Erie Rai lway , now a part of t h e s ste m 1 88 2 bas h 1 , ran its first passenger tra i n August 4 , o t i a ns o r ta tio n h ( A study of t h e i mp rtance o f steam p , w at it 1 u meant to a new count y , and detai ls o f finan cing , const r ction

c . an d Operat i ng of roads i n t h i s lo al ity , s h oul d h ere be made

. 1 6 Consult Everett , pp 4

H M is c e ll n o s . a e u . How was F remont represented in t h e Wa r wit h M ex ico ? th Company C of t h e 4 O h io Vol . I n f . was recru ited h ere , by

Capt . Samuel T h ompson . T h e company traveled by wagon to P “ errysbu rg , t h ence to Cincinnati by t h e M i ami Canal , t h ence down

t h e O h io and M i ssi ssipp i r ivers to New Orleans . I t visited Vera o f Cruz , S anta Fe , and was i n act ion at t h e Natural B ri dge M ex

" o u a t th ico an d P u eblo . Company C was mustered t e close o f

A . . 1 r i . e c u te t h e wa r Capta i n s C B radley and J . A . Jones also d a number o f men from t h is county . Over two h und red San dusky e f r count y pioneers vol unteer d o t h e M exican War . 1 Note some o f t h e i ncidents in t h e Har i son Campaign , and w h y di d Lower San du sky take especial interest i n it ? l h General Harrison , as comman der o f t h e Weste rn A my t h rou g 1 8 1 2 a nd t h e War of h ad traversed t h i s region a bgain and again , t h i s count y , h it h erto i nvariably D emocratic , cast a maj ori ty of h . t two votes for h i m as Presi dent At , e convention i n Columbus , “ 2 1 1 8 0 o f ' No rthw e s te r n February , 4 , T h e W h igs O h io got in ’ s about on e o clock in a proce sion h al f a mi le lon g , w it h a fac s imil e o f Fort M eigs at t h ei r h ead . T h i s was buil t at P errysbu rg

— und e r t h e supervision of M r . Spink an d Elder B adge r t h e lat ’ ter gentl eman , now eig h ty years old , was C h aplain i n Harrison s

- . T . . army H e , toget h er w it h h os L Hawkin s , w h o acted as Com mi ssary durin g t h e war , rode upon t h e Fort . 26

T h e rain fel l in torrents , but gaily we tramped t h e mud

t h roug h , To s h ow t h e w h ite stock gen try h ow w e stick to Ol d " Tippecan oe .

( For fu rt h er incidents o f Fremont i n t h e Ha rrison campaign , see “ T h e San dusky Give some i nstances o f social l i fe i n Fremont i n early times ? F r e e m a n 1 1 8 2 8th T h e , J anuary 9 , 5 , describes t h e of Jan uary ’ ( Jackson s Day ) bal l at Social H al l , now M asonic Hal l , in t h e ol d B uckland B lock : “ T h e largest party t h at ever assembled i n Fremont on an occa ion of t h is kind w as at Social H al l 0 11 T h ursday evening last . Kessler p repared a supper t h at mu st h ave satisfied t h e most fas

id io u s x t . A bear was served u p in t h e best possibl e styl e ; ven ison , tu rkeys , c h icken s an d ot h er game i n great profusion ; an d t h e " ot h er accompan iments o f a feast . W h at was t h e first cr0 p sown and h arvested in t h i s local ity ?

I ndian corn , l ittle patc h es of w h ic h were common all along t h e in e . river lowlands . I t sol d early times for ten c nts a bu s h el W h at sugar was u sed ?

. o ne Maple sugar , h ome made Not l ess t h an h un dred ton s o f 1 8 maple sugar w ere made h ere in t h e spring o f 39 . W I1 O was t h e first man to pay cas h for cr 0 ps ?

. 1 82 R . H . H ey wood , o f t h e Castali a mil ls I n 5 t h e E rie canal was completed and h e sent out a circular t h at h e w anted bu s h els of w h eat an d would pay cas h for it . People h u rried to

h im from forty miles around , fearin g h i s money woul d give out be fore t h ey arrived . He was t h e first man in t h i s s ection to start " money . H it h erto store pay reigned . W h at price was pai d for butter an d eggs in early times ?

S i x cents a pound , an d si x cents a dozen , was t h e average price . W h en did t h e A siatic C h olera vi sit Fremont ? 1 T h e first and worst scourge was i n 834 . I t was brou g h t by o f one of a boat l ad o f German emigrants from B u falo . T h e emigrants ’ camp by t h e l andin g pl ace was a place of indescribable f P he s u fering . ersons merel y passing t spot caug h t t h e in fection and died by t h e roadsi des . T h e l iving coul d scarcely bu ry t h e dead . M any of t h e citizen s fled t h e town . T h e scou rge lasted a

. 1 8 1 8 mont h T h ere were a few deat h s from t h e c h olera in 39 , 5 4 , 1 an d i n 866 . W h at Parks h as Fremont ?

B i rc h ard Pa rk , t h e h andsome native grove in t h e w est end n o f tow was given by Sardis B i rc h ard , as was also t h e l i ttle Dia mond Pa rk sout h east o f it . 2 7

Fort Step h en son P ark belongs j oi ntly to t h e c ity ~ a nd t h e tr us t u ees of B irc h a rd Library , w h o p rc h ased it from its former o wners . T h e P ark east o f the Cou rt House was set apart for t h at pur

in 1 P . 8 0 by . p ose 4 latt B rus h , S r , an d h i s t h ree son s T h e w h ol e square su rroundi ng t h e cou rt h ou se and j ai l belong to t h e county G ive t h e ori gin an d s ign ificance of s o me of t h e names o flocal

s treets . i Front street n early ti mes f ronted t h e river . State street is t h e ol d Western Reserve and -M aumee road ma iz c a da m e d by t h e State of O h io .

B i rc h ard aven ue , formerly M arket street was n amed for t h e n g enerous donor o f two city parks a d t h e publ ic l ibrary .

Crog h an street commemorates t h e h ero of Fort Step h enson , n d Garri son street , its galla t garri son P Hayes avenue h onors t h e resident , Fremont s most d i stin i g u she d cit izen w h o se residence opens from it . T h is street lon g h P bore t h e name o f Jo n , a fter Jo h n R ease , on e o f t h e largest w ho property owners of t h e vil lage , and opened a la rge part of

t h e street . w a s B i dw el l aven ue , long Water Street , named for one o f t h e t a early residen s w h o own ed t h e vil l ge water powe r , and h ad a fi a x se e d n flou r mill , a saw mill and a o il m il l alo g t h e river , nort h ‘ o u h f e E s and s t o B i rc h a rd aven ue . Ol der residents w il l r cal l o w n quire B idwel l as h e del ivered h is flour , driving an ox team

o . wit h a twelve fo t w h ip , and u sual ly barefooted

J ustice street was opened by M r . James Ju stice . O h io and San dusky and ot h er avenues 0 11 Cr o gha nsville h ill “ 1 1 w ere laid out an d n amed by the g overnmen t su rveyor in 8 6 . T h ere are no ot h er streets i n t h e city to compare w it h t h em in c wi dth and beauty o f lo ation . 0 11 Two streets t h e east side , near t h e rive r , were named for .

. o Wil liam C Ell iot , o f B rattleb ro, Vermon t , w h o su rveyed t h e t 0 11 o n e in stree w h i le a v isit h ere ; an d J udge Howl and , of t h e

corporators o f t h e vil lage .

Dick inson street , alon g t h e west corporation l ine o f t h e ci ty , M no r the 1 l was opened from t h e aumee pike , y , and was named f r h o t e . . first two U . S Congressmen from t h is local ity , t h e Hon R udolp h us Dickinson an d h i s son . Edward D ickin son .

B ib l o a i g r p h y .

History of San dusky Cou nty , by Homer Everett . n r b H e v . Histori cal Collections of O h i o , v Howe 2 8

f H istory o f t h e Late War by M c A e e .

O h io , by James W . Taylor .

O h io , by Ru fus King . ’

Col . S mit h s Captivity w it h t h e I ndians .

Craw ford s Campaign Again st t h e S andusky I ndians , by C .

B utte rfie ld . ’ Bouqu et s Expedition Against t h e O h io I ndian s , by C . B ut te r field .

Li fe Amon g t h e I ndians , by James Finl ey . H e ck e w e lde r T h e I ndian N ations , by .

T h e I ce Age i n America , by G . Frederick Wrig h t .

Proceed in gs of t h e S andusky County Pion eer Association . - 1 8 0 1 0 . F remont Jou rnal , 4 9 5 ’ Unveil in g of t h e Sol diers Mon ument at Fort Step h enson . A rc h o l ica l O h i o m o g an d H istorical Publication s . t r n \V es e Reserve H istorical Tracts . o Cou rts an d B ar of Pioneer Days i n S an dusky C unty , by Basil

1 0 . M eek ; Fremon t D aily News , S eptember 9 , 9 4 o f S eats J u stice and Court Hou se o f San dusky County , by Basi l 1 6 1 0 Meek ; Fremon t Da i ly News , Au gust , 9 5 u T h e S and sky River , by Lucy Elliot Keeler . 1 to C0 . T h anks are h erew it h ten dered Webb C . H ayes for valu

. o f able M M S , maps and early Americana from t h e Lib rary Presi - dent Hayes , for proo f readin g , and inval uable su ggestions ; to

Pro f . S et h Hayes for notes on t h e Geology o f S an dusky County ; “ an d to t h e compi l ers o f t h e Gu i de to t h e Local Hi story o f B ro o k " s o f l ine . M as , for t h e outline t h e a rrangemen ts o f t h ese qu eri es an d notes .

O L I)