Species Composition and Status of Stored Sorghum Pests in Traditional Farmer’S Storages of Kena District of Koso Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International

42(1): 12-22, 2020; Article no.JEAI.53994 ISSN: 2457-0591 (Past name: American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, Past ISSN: 2231-0606)

Species Composition and Status of Stored Sorghum Pests in Traditional Farmer’s Storages of Kena District of Koso Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Ararso Gognsha1* and Berhanu Hiruy1*

1Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author AG designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author BH managed the analyses of the study, managed, corrected and approved overall designing of the study and write up the final manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Article Information

DOI: 10.9734/JEAI/2020/v42i130447 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Suleyman Korkut, Professor, Division of Wood Mechanic and Technology, Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, Duzce University, Turkey. Reviewers: (1) Christopher Kalima Phiri, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Malawi. (2) Kunle Ogungbemi, Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute, Nigeria. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/53994

Received 30 December 2019 Accepted 10 January 2020 Original Research Article Published 07 February 2020

ABSTRACT

Aim: To determine the species composition and status pests of stored sorghum under traditional storages of farmers in Kenna district of Konso Zone of Southern Ethiopia. Study Design: From peasant association, about three sub-localities were randomly selected and from each sub-locality, three villages were selected at random with using a nested design. Place and Duration of Study: Survey was conducted between 1, August to 27, December 2019 in four major sorghum growing peasant association of Kenna district of Southern Ethiopia. Methodology: The study on determination of the species composition and status pests of stored sorghum was made from of half kilogram of wheat grain sample taken from 720 stores of randomly selected representative farmer’s storages of four peasant associations using key of books related to stored product insects. Results: Fifteen arthropods species consisting of twelve primary and secondary pests and three natural enemies belonging to four insect orders with in nine families were recorded. Of which, nine species such as S. zeamais, S. oryzae, S. cerealella, T. castaneum, T. confusum, C. ferrugineus,

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], [email protected];

Gognsha and Hiruy; JEAI, 42(1): 12-22, 2020; Article no.JEAI.53994

C. pusillus, R. dominica and P. interpunctella, respectively were found to be the most abundant as they appeared between 3.47 and 19.44 individuals per 100 g of sampled grains. They were also found to be the most frequently occurring as they occurred in the range between 63.89 and 94.44% per 100 g of sample grain collected from survey site and had major pest status. Conclusion: The traditional methods and practices used by farmers were inefficient for providing adequate protection of their stored sorghum grain pests. Therefore, there is urgent need for designing effective management strategies against insect pest’s sorghum as well as improving the existing farmer’s traditional storage strictures in the survey site in order to reduce the loss of stored sorghum by insect pests and the associated food insecurity.

Keywords: Arthropod pests; stored sorghum; species composition; status.

1. INTRODUCTION storage pests are major concerns for farmers worldwide but especially in developing countries Sorghum is the fourth most important world like Ethiopia, as they account to large percentage cereal, surpassed only by wheat, rice and maize (10-50%) of grains loss after harvest that could in area of production. The United States is the not be compensated [13,14]. world’s largest producer of sorghum, followed by India. The bulk of energy, protein, vitamins and Accordingly, in Ethiopia, food security has been minerals have been derived from sorghum by more threatened by excessive post-harvest millions of poorest people in India as well as in losses of grains such as sorghum caused by the African countries [1]. Sorghum is an storage insect pests, at household and at a important source of food, feed, forage and nation level [15]. A married of insect pests are industrial raw material worldwide [2]. It is mostly indicated to causes loss of sorghum grain in cultivated in semi-arid tropics where water is storage. Among these pests, the principal causes scarce and drought is frequent [3,4]. The crop is of losses of stored grains such as sorghum are environment-friendly as it is water efficient, maize weevil and Angoumois grain moth [10,14, requires little or no fertilizers and biodegradable 15,16]. organic matter [5]. In many parts of the world, sorghum has traditionally been used in food Consequently, these days, safe grain storage products and various food items [6]. 50% of and prevention of post-harvest losses grains due sorghum is grown directly for human to insect pests has arisen to be more a necessity consumption [5]. than ever, so as to overcome scarcity of grains among resource poor farmers as well as to fight Ethiopia is the second largest sorghum producer malnutrition and famine in study area, in in Africa, after Sudan. Sorghum is one of the particular and Ethiopia in general. This is central major staple crops grown in the poorest and to ensure food security poor farmers and to most food-insecure regions of Ethiopia [7]. nourish the ever-increasing population of the Nationally it provides one third of the cereal diet country where more than 85% of the population and is grown almost entirely by the subsistence earns its livelihood directly or indirectly from farmers [2]. The crop is typically produced under agriculture. Reducing losses of grains under adverse conditions such as low input use and farmers traditional storages, therefore, becomes marginal lands [8]. fundamental not only from the standpoint of improving food security, but also from the Despite all the aforementioned significances, the requirement to store harvested grain on which production and storage of sorghum has been farmers have spent their knowledge, finance, affected by a range of abiotic and biotic labor and time [17]. constraints. Among biotic constraints, insect pests are the most important one to cause Therefore, reducing the post-harvest losses of significant loss of stored grains such as sorghum stored grains like sorghum due to insect pest’s during storage in developing countries, including needs great attention by any concerned bodies Ethiopia [9,10]. In addition, insect pests were such as researchers, policy makers, farming indicted to be the most successful and diverse community and students at graduate level. arthropods from animal kingdom that have been Accordingly, the need for maintenance of the closely associated and affecting the wellbeing of nutritive and other qualities of food grains human being in diverse ways [11,12]. Grain through improved storage methods and/or

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appropriate management strategies is kebeles or peasant associations (PAs) are unquestionable and timely. namely Fasha, Debeno, Buso and Fuchucha kebeles of Kenna district in the Zone. Survey To develop such improved facilities as well as was conducted between 1, august to 27, design effective management strategies that December 2019. Besides, sorghum grains stored could be easily adopted by farmers, assessing for 12 months under farmers traditional storages the current status of insect pests of stored grain of pervious year (1 December 2018–30 like sorghum under farmer’s traditional storage December 2019) were also considered for this condition is very vital and key step. Therefore the study. current study was designed with the objective of determining the species composition and status 2.2 The Study Design and Sampling arthropod pests of stored sorghum under Protocol traditional storages of farmers in Kenna district of Konso Zone of Southern Ethiopia. From each kebele (peasant association), about 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS three sub-localities were randomly selected and from each sub-locality, three villages were 2.1 The Study Area and Period selected at random with the assistance of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) sub-kebele staff Survey was conducted in four major sorghum using a nested design as adopted by earlier growing kebeles or peasant associations (PAs) researchers [14,16]. Kebeles were selected of Kena Districts of the Konso Zone (Fig. 1). The purposefully based on abundance of sorghum

Fig. 1. Map of the study area

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production, such that all villages of the kebeles arthropods by different authors [18,19,20,21,22, growing sorghum were selected for the survey, 23] were used for identification purpose. Then while villages, representative farmers and their after, insects were sorted according to their storages were selected randomly. orders, families and species, and counted for each subsample grains from each of different 2.3 Determination of the Species farmer’s traditional storage methods in each case Composition and Status of Arthropod noting the number. Pests of Stored Sorghum under Farmer’s Traditional Storages The status insect pests of stored sorghum were determined using the formulas indicated below

[24]. The average of the sum total of species of Half kilogram of sorghum grain was sampled arthropods (insect pests) collected from sub- from each stores (a total of 720 stores; two store samples from each village each PAS was used from each villages of 360 randomly selected to determine the status of insect pests. For villages of four PAs were considered) using a assessing pest’s infestations, the main variables nested design, such that District was nested have been included abundance, relative under Zones and Kebeles were nested under abundance and Constance (frequency) of District, and sampling stores were nested under species found in samples as suggested by Kebeles. Kebeles, District and Zone were previous scientist [24]. Abundance refers to the purposively selected, while selection of villages total number individuals of a species divided by and sampling stores were done randomly as the total number of samples (in this case the total indicated in section 2.2 as adopted by previous number of kilograms) and it is expressed researchers [14,16]. The samples were taken from top, sides, center and bottom of the storage Abundance of species  structures using different sampling tools such as sampling spear, sampling scoop and human Total number of individuals of species hands among others. Samples taken from Total number of samples different positions of the stores were thoroughly mixed and half kg was taken as a final working The relative abundance of species is calculated sample. as the following formula:

Each sample at each sampling date from the Relative Abundance of species  different storage methods at each villages of the Number of individuals of a species sampling site was collected in sampling bag, X 100 labeled with necessary information and kept for Total number of observed individuals further identification of insect pests. The samples at each sampling date from the different farmers’ Constance (frequency) expresses the traditional storage structures of each villages of percentage of species occurrence. It is obtained each PAS were sub sampled further after by the following formula. thoroughly mixing them to come up with a standard of 100 g sample. Constance of species  Number of samples in which the species occurred X 100 The sub sample from stores of each village of Total number of sample each PAS was sieved (using sieves of different size) for separating the adult insects from the 2.4 Data Analysis sample grains in Entomology laboratory of Arba Minch University. Alive and dead insects from Data collected from survey were managed and samples of farmer’s traditional methods were performed using Microsoft Excel version 2013 collected and immediately preserved in 100 ml and Statistical Package for Social Sciences capacity bottles or plastic jars and kept for further (SPSS) version 16. Descriptive statistics (mean identification. The subsampled grains were also and percentage) were used for compiling and putted in 1 L glass jars and kept under laboratory computing data on the species composition and conditions (27±3ºC and 55-70% RH) to status of insect pests of stored sorghum under determine species from internal infestation. farmer’s traditional storage conditions. Significant difference between Means separated by Tukey’s The procedures and keys of the books related honestly significant difference (THSD) test at with stored product insect pests and other 95% confidence interval level.

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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The current study regarding abundance, frequency of occurrence and economic 3.1 The Species Composition and Status importance of the aforementioned pests justifies of Arthropod Pests of Stored the actual knowledge of ecology and high Sorghum in Kena District economic importance of these insect pests, which is in agreement with study findings several Tables 1 and 2 revealed the various categories authors [18-23] which indicated that these are of insects and mites recorded on sorghum grain cosmopolitan pests in the world. stored in different storage structures of Kena Similarly, it was also reported that Sitophilus district. Accordingly, fifteen arthropods species zeamais, Sitotroga cerealellam Tribolium consisting of twelve primary and secondary pests castenum,Cryptolestes ferugineu and and three natural enemies belonging to four Oryzaephilus surinamensis were recorded from insect orders with in nine families were recorded. farmers Traditional Underground Pit sorghum Among these arthropod species identified from Grain Storages in Eastern Ethiopia [13]. It was farmers traditional storages, nine species such also revealed that a total of six species belonging as S. zeamais, S. oryzae, S. cerealella, T. to three different orders i.e. Coleoptera, castaneum, T. confusum, C. ferrugineus, C. Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera were recorded pusillus, R. dominica and P. interpunctella, sorghum storages in Dera Ismail Khan and its respectively were found to be the most abundant adjacent Punjab province areas. Of which the as they appeared between 3.47 and 19.44 maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) was the most individuals per 100 g of sampled grains. They abundant species, followed by confused flour were also found to be the most frequently beetle (Tribolium confusum), Angoumois grain occurring as they occurred in the range between moth (Sitotroga cerealella), (Rhizopertha 63.89 and 94.44% per 100 g of sample grain dominica) and rice weevil (S. oryzae) [25]. In collected from survey site and had major pest similar manner, it was also reported that 37 status. species of arthropods associated with stored

maize grain were recorded in Ethiopia. Among Following the aforementioned nine species, other which Coleopteran Sitophilus sp., Tribolium sp., similar species of Tribolium (non-specified or not Cryptolestes sp., and Carpophilus sp. and distinguished), Anisopteromalus calandrae, Lepidopteran Sitotroga cerealella, Plodia Cynaeus angustus, Cephalonomia species and interpunctella and Ephestia cautella were Pteromalus species, respectively were found to indicated to be widespread and common [26]. It be the next abundant and the next frequently was also shown that maize in storage has been occurring as they appeared in between 1.19 and attacked by numerous Coleopterous and 1.58 individuals per 100 g of sampled grains Lepidopterous insect pests [16]. and as they occurred in between 30.56% & 44.44%, respectively per 100 g of sample grain Most of the pest species (8 species out of 15) collected from farmers stores of the study area (Table 2) identified and recorded in the present and were intermediate insect pests. However, study were from the order of Coleoptera (beetles) Acarus siro was found to be the least abundant which implies great economic importance of and the least frequently appearing as they beetles in grain storages than moths and mites, occurred in < 1 individuals per 100 g of the which is in agreement with reports previous sampled grain (in average) and as they appeared researchers [27,28], in which beetles were in < 22.5% per 100 g sample grain, respectively shown to be the more diversified and highly (Table 1). destructive than moths, among post-harvest pests. Generally, in terms of abundance, relative abundance, frequency of occurrence and The classification of arthropods species in to nine status (economic importance), the 15 arthropod primary and secondary pests, twelve primary and species were found to be in the following secondary pests and three natural enemies in orders, i.e., S. zeamais > S. oryzae > S. the present study, is in accordance with the cerealella > T. castaneum > T. confusum > C. works or reports of previous scientists [18-23]. ferrugineus > C. pusillus > R. dominica > P. interpunctella > other similar species of Tribolium Three species (Anisopteromalus calandrae, > Anisopteromalus calandrae > Cynaeus Cephalonomia species and Pteromalus species) angustus > Cephalonomia species > Pteromalus out of 15 arthropods recorded were natural species > Acarus siro. enemies, and they were commonly occurring and

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Table 1. The species composition and status of arthropod pests of stored sorghum in Kena district

Species of pest Total number of Abundance (Average no. insects/ Relative Frequency (% of samples status adult insect 100 g of grain sample) abundance (%) containing each species) Sitophilus oryzae 670 18.61 15.65 94.44 Major Sitophilus zeamais 700 19.44 16.35 97.22 Major Tribolium castaneum 575 15.97 13.43 83.33 Major Tribolium confusum 567 15.75 13.24 80.56 Major Other similar species of Tribolium 78 2.17 1.82 38.89 Inter Cryptolestes ferrugineus 300 8.33 7.01 72.22 Major Cryptolestes pusillus 246 6.83 5.74 66.67 Major Rhyzopertha dominica 154 4.27 3.6 58.33 Major Sitotroga cerealella 630 17.5 14.71 91.67 Major Plodia interpunctella 125 3.47 2.92 63.89 Major Anisopteromalus calandrae 67 1.86 1.56 44.44 Inter Acarus siro 25 0.42 0.35 22.20 Minor Cynaeus angustus 45 1.25 1.05 36.11 Inter Cephalonomia species 57 1.58 1.33 41.67 Inter Pteromalus species 43 1.47 1.24 30.56 Inter Total 4282 Inter = intermediate

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Table 2. Taxonomic position of arthropod pests recorded from stored sorghum in Kena district

Scientific name of pest species Order Family Common name Pest type Sitophilus oryzae Coleoptera Curculionidae Rice weevil Primary Sitophilus zeamais Coleoptera Curculionidae Maize weevil Primary Tribolium castaneum Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Red flour beetle Secondary Tribolium confusum Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Confused flour beetle Secondary Other similar species of Tribolium Coleoptera Tenebrionidae Flour beetles Secondary Cryptolestes ferrugineus Coleoptera Cucujidae Flat grain beetles Secondary Cryptolestes pusillus Coleoptera Cucujidae Merchant grain beetles Secondary Rhyzopertha dominica Coleoptera Bostrichidae Lesser grain borer Primary Sitotroga cerealella Lepidoptera Gelechiidiae Angoumois grain moth Primary Plodia interpunctella Lepidoptera Pyralidae Indian meal moth Secondary Anisopteromalus calandrae Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Pteromalid wasp Parasitoid Acarus siro Acarina Acaridae Grain or flour mite Secondary Cynaeus angustus Coleoptera Tenebrionidae e Larger black flour beetle Secondary Cephalonomia species Hymenoptera Bethylidae Pteromalid wasp Parasitoid Pteromalus species Hymenoptera Pteromalidae Pteromalid wasp Parasitoid

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had intermediate status in the current study, Department of Collage of Natural Sciences for suggest the presence of possibility of using these providing us with financial support to conduct this natural enemies (predators & parasitoids) as safe study. pest management alternative to synthetic chemicals in storage ecosystem. Similarly, it was COMPETING INTERESTS shown that the existence of considerable individuals of parasitoids and predators in stored Authors have declared that no competing maize were indications for the possibility of their interests exist. use in stored grain insect pest management [29]. REFERENCES 4. CONCLUSION

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APPENDIX

Annex 1. Partial views of pictures of arthropods recorded from stored sorghum grains of farmer’s storages of Kena district of Konso zone during identification in Entomology laboratory of Arba Minch University

Cryptolestes pusillus Tribolium confusum Rhyzopertha domina

Sitophilus oryzae Plodia interpunctella Sitotroga cerealella

Anisopteromalus calandrae Pteromalus sp. Cephalonomia sp.

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Acarus siro Oryzaephilus surinamensis Cynaeus angustus

a. Tribolium castaneum b. Tribolium castaneum c. Tribolium castaneum

a, b and c: Other similar species of Tribolium

Sitophilus zeamais Cryptolestes ferrugineus Tribolium castaneum ______© 2020 Gognsha and Hiruy; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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