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Superconductors, Lasers, and Bose- Einstein Condensates Superconductors, Lasers, and Bose- Einstein Condensates However, as superconductors, lasers, and Bose-Einstein condensates all share a common feature, it has been expected that it should be able to see these features at the same time. A recent experiment in a global collaborative effort with teams from Japan, the United States, and Germany have observed for the first time experimental indication that this expectation is true. [30] The quantum behaviour of hydrogen affects the structural properties of hydrogen-rich compounds, which are possible candidates for the elusive room temperature superconductor, according to new research co-authored at the University of Cambridge. [29] A German-French research team has constructed a new model that explains how the so-called pseudogap state forms in high-temperature superconductors. The calculations predict two coexisting electron orders. Below a certain temperature, superconductors lose their electrical resistance and can conduct electricity without loss. [28] New findings from an international collaboration led by Canadian scientists may eventually lead to a theory of how superconductivity initiates at the atomic level, a key step in understanding how to harness the potential of materials that could provide lossless energy storage, levitating trains and ultra-fast supercomputers. [27] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the superconductive current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron’s spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The changing acceleration of the electrons explains the created negative electric field of the magnetic induction, the Higgs Field, the changing Relativistic Mass and the Gravitational Force, giving a Unified Theory of the physical forces. Taking into account the Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators also, we can explain the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions. Since the superconductivity is basically a quantum mechanical phenomenon and some entangled particles give this opportunity to specific matters, like Cooper Pairs or other entanglements, as strongly correlated materials and Exciton-mediated electron pairing, we can say that the secret of superconductivity is the quantum entanglement. Contents The Quest of Superconductivity .......................................................................................... 3 Experiences and Theories ................................................................................................... 3 Marrying superconductors, lasers, and Bose-Einstein condensates ............................................ 3 Quantum effects at work in the world's smelliest superconductor ............................................. 4 Science & Metallurgy. ....................................................................................................... 6 'Long-awaited explanation' for mysterious effects in high-temperature superconductors ............ 6 Transition temperature much higher in ceramic than in metallic superconductors ................... 6 Pseudogap: energy gap above the transition temperature .................................................... 6 Two competing electron orders in the pseudogap state ........................................................ 7 Cuprates .......................................................................................................................... 7 Physicists discover new properties of superconductivity ........................................................... 7 Conventional superconductivity ............................................................................................ 8 Superconductivity and magnetic fields ................................................................................... 9 Room-temperature superconductivity .................................................................................... 9 Exciton-mediated electron pairing ......................................................................................... 9 Resonating valence bond theory ............................................................................................ 9 Strongly correlated materials ............................................................................................... 10 New superconductor theory may revolutionize electrical engineering ................................... 10 Unconventional superconductivity in Ba 0.6 K0.4 Fe 2As 2 from inelastic neutron scattering ............ 11 A grand unified theory of exotic superconductivity? ............................................................ 12 The role of magnetism ......................................................................................................... 12 Concepts relating magnetic interactions, intertwined electronic orders, and strongly correlated superconductivity ............................................................................................................... 12 Signi fi cance ..................................................................................................................... 13 Superconductivity's third side unmasked ............................................................................ 13 Strongly correlated materials ............................................................................................ 14 Fermions and Bosons ....................................................................................................... 14 The General Weak Interaction .............................................................................................. 14 Higgs Field and Superconductivity ..................................................................................... 14 Superconductivity and Quantum Entanglement .................................................................. 17 Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 17 References: ..................................................................................................................... 17 Author: George Rajna The Quest of Superconductivity Superconductivity seems to contradict the theory of accelerating charges in the static electric current, caused by the electric force as a result of the electric potential difference, since a closed circle wire no potential difference at all. [1] On the other hand the electron in the atom also moving in a circle around the proton with a constant velocity and constant impulse momentum with a constant magnetic field. This gives the idea of the centripetal acceleration of the moving charge in the closed circle wire as this is the case in the atomic electron attracted by the proton. Because of this we can think about superconductivity as a quantum phenomenon. [2] Experiences and Theories Marrying superconductors, lasers, and Bose-Einstein condensates Chapman University Institute for Quantum Studies (IQS) member Yutaka Shikano, Ph.D., recently had research published in Scientific Reports. Superconductors are one of the most remarkable phenomena in physics, with amazing technological implications. Some of the technologies that would not be possible without superconductivity are extremely powerful magnets that levitate trains and MRI machines used to image the human body. The reason that superconductivity arises is now understood as a fundamentally quantum mechanical effect. The basic idea of quantum mechanics is that at the microscopic scale everything, including matter and light, has a wave property to it. Normally the wave nature is not noticeable as the waves are very small, and all the waves are out of synchronization with each other, so that their effects are not important. For this reason, to observe quantum mechanical behavior experiments generally have to be performed at a very low temperature, and at microscopic length scales. Superconductors, on the other hand, have a dramatic effect in the disappearance of resistance, changing the entire property of the material. The key quantum effect that occurs is that the quantum waves become highly synchronized and occur at a macroscopic level. This is now understood to be the same basic effect as that seen in lasers. The similarity is that in a laser, all the photons making up the light are synchronized, and appear as one single coherent wave. In a superconductor the macroscopic wave is for the quantum waves of the electrons, instead of the photons, but the basic quantum feature is the same. Such macroscopic quantum waves have also been observed in Bose-Einstein condensates, where atoms cooled to nanokelvin temperatures all collapse into a single state. Up until now, these related but distinct phenomena have only been observed separately. However, as superconductors, lasers, and Bose-Einstein condensates all share a common feature, it has been expected that it should be able to see these features at the same time. A recent experiment in a global collaborative effort with teams from Japan, the United States, and Germany have observed for the first time experimental indication that this expectation is true. They tackled this problem by highly exciting exciton-polaritons, which are particle-like excitations
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