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The Potential of Periphyton-Based Aquaculture Production Systems

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The Potential of Periphyton-Based Aquaculture Production Systems ThePotentia l of Periphyton-based Aquaculture Production Systems Doctoral Dissertation Mohd.Ekram-Ul-Azi m C6NTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS 0000 0873 3715 Promotoren: Prof.Dr . E.A. Huisman Emeritus Hoogleraar in deVisteel t en Visserij Wageningen Universiteit Prof.Dr .J.A.J . Verreth Hoogleraar ind eVisteel t en Visserij Wageningen Universiteit Co-promotor: Dr. M.C.J.Verdege m Universitair docent bij de Leerstoelgroep Visteelt en Visserij Wageningen Universiteit Promotiecommissie: Prof.Dr .Ir .A .J . van der Zijpp Wageningen Universiteit Prof.Dr .N .d e Pauw Ryksuniversiteit Gent, Belgie Prof.Dr . M.A.Waha b Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh Dr. P.va n der Steen International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE), Delft K J' The Potential of Periphyton-based Aquaculture Production Systems Mohd. Ekram-Ul-Azim Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor op gezagva n derecto r magnificus van Wageningen Universiteit, Prof.Dr . Ir.L . Speelman, inhe topenbaa r te verdedigen opmaanda g 10decembe r 2001 des ochtends omel fuu r ind eAula . Azim,M.E . 2001. Thepotentia l ofperiphyton-base d aquacultureproductio n systems.Ph.D . Thesis,Wageninge n University. Fish Culture and Fisheries Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Wageningen Institute ofAnima l Sciences (WIAS),Wageninge n University, TheNetherlands . ISBN: 90-5808-564-3 ,o A^;?O!,3'O2_ Stellingen (Propositions) 1. Labeo rohita is a predominantly periphyton grazer, realizing excellent growth and production inperiphyton-base d aquaculture systems. (this Thesis) 2. Byprovidin g a substrate area similar to the pond water surface area, both autotrophic and fish production canb e doubled. (this Thesis) 3. The expanded aquaculture industry relying heavily onfish mea l poses athreat , not onlyt o capture fisheries, but also toitself . (Naylor et al., 2000 in Nature) 4. More attention should be given to research of polyculture and integrated cultures, especially targeting fish species that feed low in the food chain. (Professor E.A. Huisman in his farewell message, January, 2001) 5. The practice of aquaculture should be pursued as an integral component of development, contributing towards sustainable livelihoods for poor sectors of the community, promoting human development and enhancing social well-being. (Bangkok declaration, Aquaculture development beyond 2000) 6. Mechanization and automation save money, time and resources. However, if applied in a dogmatic way, they reduce creativity and enhance the wealth of few at the expense of many. 7. In a world where freshwater will become increasingly scarce, increasing fish production concurrently with sustainability is apriorit y aswel l asa challeng e for scientists. 8. Machee Bhatee Bangali (Fish and rice maketh ePeopl e of Bangladesh). (Bangladeshi proverb) Stellingen belonging toth e thesis "The potential of periphyton-based aquaculture production systems" M.E.Azi m Wageningen, 10December , 2001 (Dedicatedto mywife and daughter Abstract Azim, M.E., 2001. The potential of periphyton-based aquaculture production systems. Ph.D. Thesis, Fish Culture and Fisheries Group, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, Wageningen Institute ofAnima l Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, TheNetherlands . The overall objective of this study was to determine the technical and economical performance ofperiphyton-base d aquaculture systems in Bangladesh. Itthu s addressed one of the key constraints for the poor to benefit from fish culture - limited access to resources such asfertilizer s and feeds -whil e tryingt o maximize the conversion of these resources into fish. The suitability of four locally available substrates for periphyton growth was evaluated and the optimal fertilization regime determined. The production and growth of four indigenous species, rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton), catla Catla catla (Hamilton), kalbaush L. calbasu (Hamilton) and gonia L. gonius (Linnaeus), was evaluated under single species and polyculture conditions. The species were selected on the basis of their feeding behaviour, ease of culture and high market demand. Theperiphyto n production rate was around 2.5 g of ash free dry matter m"2d" 1. Considering the total periphyton substrate area in the pond, this rate can support an estimated fish production of 5,000 kg ha"1 y"1. Periphyton production effectively doubled the autotrophic C production, while no trade-off in production between phytoplankton and periphyton communities was observed. The nutritional quality of periphyton was adequate to support the dietary needs of the experimental fish. Nitrogen retention in fish in substrate-based systems was about 1.6 times higher than in control systemswithou t substrate.A speriphyto n substrate,bambo o (Bambusa sp.)prove dbette r than hizol branch (Barringtoniasp.) , bamboo side shoot orjut e stick (Corchorussp. ) in terms of nutritional quality and periphyton productivity. Jute stick, however, provided better economical returns. In single species culture, fish yields of rohu and kalbaush increased on average 80% compared to control systems without substrate, whereas with gonia, no significant production increase was observed. In periphyton-based polyculture systems, 70-180% greater fish production compared to controls was obtained. A three species periphyton-based polyculture technology was developed. Using the 75 m2 experimental freshwater ponds, provided with a substrate surface area approximately equal to the pond water surface area and stocked at the rate of 6,000 rohu, 4,000 catla and 1,500 kalbaush (total 11,500juveniles ) per hectare, a fish production of 2,306k gwa s achieved within a90-day s culture period. A pilot scale trial in an extended number of household ponds, distributed over different agro-ecological zones ofth ecountry ,ha sbee npropose d before dissemination ofthi s technology for wider use as a means of poverty alleviation and nutritional security in Bangladesh and elsewhere inth eregion . Key words: Periphyton; Biofilm; Artificial substrates; Pond productivity; Tropical aquaculture; Monoculture; Polyculture; Fertilization; Proximate composition; Stocking ratio; Stable isotope ratio; Nutrient efficiency; Production economics; Indian major carps; Catla catla; Labeorohita; Labeogonius; Labeocalbasu. Table of Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction 1 Part I Evaluation of substrates and optimization of fertilization rate for periphyton production: implications in aquaculture Chapter 2 The effect of artificial substrates on freshwater pond productivity 27 and water quality and the implications for periphyton-based aquaculture Chapter3 Optimization of fertilization rate for maximizing periphyton 55 production on artificial substrates and the implications for periphyton-based aquaculture Part II Selection of suitable indigenous fish species by monoculture Chapter 4 The potential of periphyton-based culture of two Indian major 79 carps, rohu Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and gonia Labeo gonitis (Linnaeus) Chapter 5 Thepotentia l ofperiphyton-base d culture of thenativ e major carp, 93 kalbaush Labeocalbasu (Hamilton ) PartII I Evaluation of polyculture by exploring fish stocking densities, species ratios and combinations Chapter 6 Optimization of stocking ratios of two Indian major carps, rohu 113 {Labeo rohitaHam. ) and catla {Catla catlaHam. ) in a periphyton- based aquaculture system Chapter 7 Evaluation of polyculture of Indian major carps in periphyton- 133 based ponds PartI V Comparison of fish production, nutrient efficiency and economics between traditional and periphyton-based production systems Chapter 8 A comparison of fertilization, feeding and three periphyton 161 substrates for increasing fish production in freshwater pond aquaculture in Bangladesh Chapter 9 General Discussion 185 Summary 205 Samenvatting 209 Ph.D.Educatio n Programme 213 Acknowledgements 214 CurriculumVita e 216 List of Publication 217 Promotors: Prof.Dr .E.A . Huisman Emeritus Professor of FishCultur e and Fisheries Wageningen University Prof.Dr .J.A.J . Verreth Professor of Fish Culture and Fisheries Wageningen University Co-promotor: Dr.M.C.J . Verdegem Senior Lecturer atth e Fish Culture and Fisheries Group Wageningen University Promotion committee: Prof.Dr .Ir .A .J .va n der Zijpp Wageningen University, TheNetherland s Prof.Dr .N . de Pauw University of Ghent, Belgium Prof.Dr .M.A . Wahab Bangladesh Agricultural University Mymensingh, Bangladesh Dr. P.va n der Steen International Institute for Infrastructural, Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering (IHE), Delft, The Netherlands Chapter1 General Introduction Introductionto periphyton-based aquaculture Statuso finlan d aquaculture production inBanglades h Since the 1970s,globa l aquaculture production has increased 10percen t annually and is now the fastest growing food production sector in many countries. Today, Asia's share is about 92 percent oftota l aquaculture inth eworld . About 60percen t of thetota lproductio n isproduce d in freshwater. Finfish accounts for approximately 98 percent of the freshwater aquaculture production. The development of inland aquaculture is seen as an important factor contributing to food security in Asia, particularly in the land-locked countries (FAO, 2000). The top ten inland aquaculture producing countries and their freshwater aquaculture production are shown in Table 1.Th eproductio n is dominated by Asian countries particularly China, India, Indonesia and Bangladesh, which together account for 90 percent of the world aquaculture production
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