CJT_02_2013.indd 59 Edith CowanUniversity, Australia Geotourism is a is Geotourism Abstract DOI: 10.2478/cjot-2013-0004. Dowling, R.K.(2013).GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableT Ross K.Dowling/ of SustainableTourism Global Geotourism–AnEmergingForm JEL classification:Y80,L83/Accepted:29October2013 geological ,geotourists,geoparkssustainabledevelopment Keywords vironment of plants and animals as well as the en- (living) Biotic the of awarenessgreater build to environment, (non-living) Abiotic the of understanding an with focuses on an area’s geology and as the basis of fostering development. oheritage, geodiversity, geoconservation, and geotours , is relatively new. Geotourism is defined as tourism which have been described in the academic literature for over thirty years, geotourism and its attendant concepts of ge- geotourism offers a newformofsustainabletourismwhichismore holisticthanprevious nicheformsoftourism.

new form of tourism based on the geological environment. Whilst and and ecotourism Whilst environment. geological the on based tourism of form new e-mail: [email protected] Cultural environment of people, past and present. (59 —79 | Czech JournalofTourism ourism. CzechJournalofTourism, 2(2),59-79. It is argued that 02 /2013 It begins

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 60 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism Figure 1 a is there whereverareas urban/built or areas natural visit may they and tourists,group and lers -independent bothcentres.visitorGeotouristscomprisegeosite can patronageof and geo-activities tours, guided view-points, and geo-trails of features,use geological to ding of earth sciences through appreciation and learning. This is achieved through visits understan- an and geodiversity of conservation the and geo-sites to tourism promotes a refined as been subsequently has tourism’ ‘geological strictly geotourism as of definition early An rism. 2012). One new emerging type of tourism which is ‘environmentally innovative’is geotou- ve forms of tourism which foster both environmental and social responsibility (Pásková, It has been suggested that greater attention should be paid to environmentally innovati- Introduction Source: NewsomeandDowling (2010) areasnatural (Figure 1). in only place takes tourism area natural definition by as tourism area natural of forms 60

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Czech JournalofTourism rism isrepresentedasa particularlystrongrelationship lines dashed and Solid geotou- and ecotourism between connection The pathways. interconnecting represent tourism. of forms other with geotourism of relationship The geological attraction. This is a is This attraction. geological form of tourism that specifically focuses on geology and landscape. It landscape. and specifically geology tourismthat on of focuses form 02 /2013

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(59 —79) key distinction between geotourism and other and geotourismbetween keydistinction 8.1.2014 15:21:07

CJT_02_2013.indd 61 Figure 2Conceptualizationofthenatureandscopegeotourism a workswith and heritage geological tes product that protects helps build communities, , communicates and promo- appreciation and conservation, and is locally beneficial. It is about creating a featuresa geological th’sin a Source: DowlingandNewsome(2006) tion aswell asplanningandmanagement(Figure 2). components of tourism such as attractions, accommodation, tours, activities, interpreta- the with combined ‘process’ and ‘form’ of elements geological the comprises otourism ge- Overall, geosites.appreciating and from learning visiting, means part ‘tourism’ The crystals. and soils sediments, types, rock outcrops, rock landforms, , include resources Natural landforms. of study the is geomorphology while earth the of study sustainable developmentsustainable tool for the development of local and regional communities. Thus, geotourism is sustainable tourism with a etuim trcin ae o big eeoe aon te ol, rmrl as primarily world, the around developed being now are attractions Geotourism Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism way that fosters environmental and cultural understanding, understanding, fosterscultural waythat environmentaland wide range of different people. Geology is the is Geology differentpeople. of range wide (59 —79 primary focusprimary on experiencing the ear- | Czech JournalofTourism geotourism 02 /2013

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 62 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism take place in natural areas, they argued that geotourism can occur in either natural or natural either in occur can geotourism that argued they areas, natural in place take cally focuses on geology and landscape. Unlike ecotourism, which by definition can only to itandhelpto (p.74). value manageitsustainably’ geoheritage through more meaningful and memorable experiences, they are more likely perspective,therefore,havea on people if toa with engage through new and memorable experiences, which community helps the geoconservation wards a a be to needs a geotourism sustainable understanding (Thomas, 2012). become It has been suggested that there can geodiversity of studies change, landscape of nologies chro- within principles these using By history. and systems process of complexity the of understanding an gain can we time, and processinvestigationform, geology’sthe of forThroughgeotourism. importance has This conservation. its including appreciation, ned by theconcept ofsustainability. Taken versity). together geotourismthat notionis the a as understand geological heritage (geoheritage), and appreciate geological diversity (geodi- a is geotourism that is definitions these in Inherent aesthetic mere appreciation1995).(Hose, of refinements Further were made 2012). 2008, (2000, Hose by level the beyond sciences) Earth the of development the to bution a of geomorphology and geology the of understanding and the provision of interpretive and service facilities to enable tourists to acquire knowledge definition ofgeotourism. the latter by the National Geographic Society. This has led to confusion surrounding the tourism.‘geological’ or‘geographical’ The former by hasbeencharacterised geologists, either as defined being geotourism is, that standpoints, different two by defined been has it and times recent relatively in occurred only has geotourism of concept the ver, Travel to areas of outstanding natural landscapes or unique landforms is not new. Howe- Defining Geotourism A knowledge. geoscientific and conservation forexcellencemethodsin demonstrate exploreand and education conservation, and tourism. It seeks to conserve significant geological features, are nowadays 100 globalgeoparks in29countries.A geopark achieves itsgoalsthrough There ‘global’. to Asia-Pacific Regions, or European (eg. ‘regional’ ‘national’, ‘aspiring’, a through evolve 2011).Geoparks (UNESCO, there live who ties communi- local the of development sustainable the promote to used being is heritage a is 62

Newsome and Dowling (2010) described geotourism as a Geodiversity now stands alongside biodiversity as an important element of landscape of element important an as now biodiversity alongside Geodiversity stands it as defined tourism, based geology as geotourism of definition published first The major vehicle for such a such for vehicle major |

Czech JournalofTourism unified area with geological heritage of international significance and where that where and significance international of heritage geological with area unified more experiential involvement to ennable people to rediscover their geoheritage hf aa fo taiinl prahs o elgcl nepeain to- interpretation geological to approaches traditional from away shift wider audience (Gordon,audience 2012).wider ‘fromthat argues He a development is through UNESCO’s ‘geoparks’. A ‘geoparks’. UNESCO’s through is development 02 /2013

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(59 —79) deeper awareness and connection with their with connection awarenessand deeper vehicle to foster geoconservation, geoconservation, foster to vehicle form of tourismunderpin- formof is form of tourism that specifi- site (including its contri- its (including site series of levels from levels of series aube ol in tool valuable geoconservati- geopark 8.1.2014 15:21:07

CJT_02_2013.indd 63 the first time included in it the term ‘geology’. A ‘geology’. term the it for in but included definition, time first the the of version geographic the adopted It geotourism. of the concept clarify to need the recognized UNESCO, of auspices the 2011under in Portugal through ‘geomarketing’. tourism was carried out through ‘striking’ and ‘original’ on-site interpretation promoted of form This development. economic for opportunities provide to dimensions spatial rience and sensations, and explaining the through its temporal and 2006: 20). It was described as being based on imagination and emotion, favouring expe- a in features earth-science interesting taining con- landscapes and sites natural exploiting tourism of kind multi-interest ‘a is which distinctive assets ofa place. all is, well,that as history cultureand to extendedit and promoteshould conservation, a in and, tourism sustainable of concept the incorporated definition Geographic National The stated. explicitly not phic, 2005). Here the environmentterm was taken to include geology although this was (NationalGeogra- residents its well-beingof the and aesthetics,culture,heritage, ment, of a character as tourism or enhances the geographical that sustains tourism such as tourismcultural and ecotourism. It stated that ‘geotourism was defined a embraced that geotourism of a promoting was Society Geographic National the America of States United the in 2000s, and 1990s the in researchers academic by Australia and 38-39). Vasiljević,& 2012:(Hose generations’ future and current for and byresearch and ning lear- appreciation, generating by conservation their for constituency-build to artefacts, situ ex and situ in associated their with togethertopography, encompassing their and as ‘The provision of interpretative and facilities service for geosites and geomorphosites ohistory and geo-interpretation. Based on this 3G approach, geotourism is then defined key interrelated aspects (the ge- ‘3G’s’)geotourism, of modern that is, geoconservation, bythree underpinned is it that suggests He management. sustainable its toapproaches planningandmanagement. staff, trained dation andservices, whether by independent travellers or tour groups, requires access, accommo- , to geotourism visitation that in broaderdestinations, the ced tourismaspectsof activity tours, geo-activities and patronage of geo-site visitor centres. This definition also embra- guided points, view and (geotrails) trails geological of use features, geological to visits earth sciences through appreciation and learning. This is achieved through independent of understanding an and (geodiversity), diversity geological of conservation the osites), human modified environments. It is viewed as promoting tourism to geological sites (ge- and enhances the identity of a of sustains identity which the enhances tourism and as defined be should ‘geotourism that stated conference the Following this approach, an International Congress of Geotourism held at Arouca, Arouca, at held Geotourism of Congress International an approach, this Following a as defined being also was geotourism time same the Around While geotourism (essentially ‘geological’ tourism) was being characterised in England and geotourism of theoreticalunderpinnings and historical(2012) the Hose outlines Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism similar vein to ecotourism, asserted that tourism revenuetourism that asserted ecotourism, to vein similar broader remit and included a included and remit broader territory, taking into consideration its geology, envi - geology, its consideration into taking territory, (59 —79 didactic and entertaining way’ (Pralong, (Pralong, way’ entertaining and didactic

| declaration released at the end of of end the at released declaration Czech JournalofTourism broader ‘geographic’ view ‘geographic’ broader range of niche forms of forms niche of range new form of tourism of form new place – its environ- 02 /2013

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 64 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism as wellas an as a as both geotourism view to is forward way best The place’. of ‘sense the application of sustainable tourism principles combined with be the simply element of to an area’sseems geotourism of view Geographic National the essence In it. of plar a be should fact in but principles, tourism sustainable incorporates only not tourism) of form (a ecotourism that way same the exactly in is This graphic. Geo- National by espoused as principles geotourism the encompasses naturally ctive) a (from geotourism as exclusive mutually is view Neither tourism. sustainable to akin somewhat tourism, to ‘approach’ an as geotourism views latter the a as geotourism on focuses former the that is nition elements ofgeotourism. multiple the of one as viewed is tourism geological definition, this 2011). In laration, residents(AroucaDec- its well-beingof the and ronment,culture,aesthetics,heritage an area’s ‘senseofplace’. Abiotic, of up made is environment the that idea the on based being as viewed is geotourism a of character or identity the of understanding the is geotourism of development the to Essential economy. the and interpretation), tage geoheri- (through appreciation geoconservation), (especially conservation for benefits generates development tourism Such Press). In (Dowling, development’ tourism nable sustai- fostering of basis the as landscape and geology area’s an on focuses which rism benefits to local communities through the economic benefits generated through geo- through generated benefits economic the through communities local to benefits its and interpretation, appropriate through heritage Earth our of understanding and of the geological earth’s features), (the vation conservation its fostering an appreciation sustainable nature of geotourism is founded on the basis of its promotion of geoconser- and cultural understanding, appreciation and conservation, and is locally beneficial. The focus on experiencing the earth’s geological features in a to theenvironment inwhichthey live orare visiting. a with tourists or residentsprovides the thus, and parts component lasted). This forms the basis of a the landforms originated) and of components its throughinterpreted lived inthearea inthepast, aswell ashow they live there today, atpresent. Biotic components of the environment determine the Cultural Landscape of how people of animals and plants which live there. By extension, the combination of the Abiotic and the Abiotic elements of geology and climate first as these determine the Biotic elements about know must we environment, the appreciate and understand fully to that argues and ra), the climate, and geology of elements 64

The major difference between the ‘geological’ versionsand ‘geographical’ of the defi- Thus, applying these factors to a to factors these applying Thus, hrfr, etuim s n mrig om f utial tuim ih a with tourism sustainable of form emerging an is geotourism Therefore, geology of understanding the with starts which geotourism of essence the is This |

Czech JournalofTourism or human components, both past and present (Figure 3). Geotourism 3). (Figurepresent and past both components, human or Cultural oi and Biotic to it, but one that firmly ties itself ties firmly toapproachthat one but it, apoc cmrss the comprises approach ‘ABC’ This components. Cultural 02 /2013 Time (when these processes occurred and how long they more holistic understanding of the environment and its

| combined definition, geotourism is defined as ‘tou- as defined is geotourism definition, combined

(59 —79) elements of animals (fauna) and plants (flo- plants and (fauna) animals of elements Biotic (landforms and landscape), and (landforms Form region or territory. Toterritory. this, or achieveregion ‘form’ or type of tourism whereas tourism of type or ‘form’ way that fosters environmental first first tonaturegeologic the of ‘geological’ perspe- ‘geological’ best practice exem- practice best greaterconnection of tourism of form (how Process primary primary Abiotic 8.1.2014 15:21:07

CJT_02_2013.indd 65 Figure 3 communities through appropriatetainable economicbenefits. sus- build helps and promotesheritage, and communicatesgeological geoconservation, either of these forms of tourism. It is about creating a geotourism product that embeds with synonymous not is but tourism, cultural and ecotourism with links has It tourism. that geotourism is geologically-based (that is, based on the earth’s geoheritage); sustai- geoheritage); earth’s the on based is, (that geologically-based is geotourism that to occur. There are three key principles which are tofundamental geotourism. They are ber of interrelated components, all of which should be present for authentic geotourism a comprises It form. present its in geotourism shape to combine elements These dation, tours, aswell activities,interpretation asplanningandmanagement. accommo- attractions, as such tourism of components the with ‘process’combined and ‘form’ of elements geological the comprises geotourism Overall, geosites. appreciating a in Tourism, crystals. and soils sediments, types, outcrops,rockrock landforms, landscapes, resourcesinclude ral is the studyGeology is of the landforms.studywhile geomorphology Natu-of the earth Geotourism’s Characteristics Source: Dowling(inpress) Geotourism may described as having be further a how longtheylasted) Process (how the landforms originated) and of components the include to important is it tourism, of up made is a both as viewed best is Geotourism Abiotic, Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism geological sense, encompasses visiting, learning from and from learning visiting, encompasses sense, geological iotic and Biotic ultural (ABC) components. When describing geo- describing When components. (ABC) Cultural Form of tourism as well as an Approach to it. It it. to Approach an as well as tourism of Form (59 —79 Time (when these processes occurred and | number of essential characteristics. Czech JournalofTourism (landforms and landscape), and (landforms Form 02 /2013 num-

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 66 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism geotourism may be viewed as a as viewed be may geotourism 2011). Costa, & Thus, (Farsani,Coelho, development skill and jobs generation, income mic, social and benefitsconservation and geotourism development offers local residents son, &Dowling, 2009). understanding of the surrounding abiotic, biotic and cultural environment (Mao, Robin- guides are often especially highly valued by geotourists as they can provide an enhanced Local activities. related in participating or geo-attractions viewing through people local with interact they when occurs This as features. geological well other as and landforms communities viewing local with interacting in interested generally are geotours in features.Touristsgeological the perceived of ‘ownership’participate or real who either 2012). It is here that the stakeholders Leung, because theybecome important are the ones with & Dowling, (Newsome, attributes geoheritage of protection and/or servation con- the ensuring time same the at whilst opportunities development fostertourism to is geotourism of goal The benefits. community local fostering and educative mentally focused,geologically environ-arebeing characteristics tourism.Its of forms sustainable to beessentialfor a product to beconsidered anexemplar ofgeotourism. educative (achieved through geo-interpretation). All three characteristics are considered nable (i.e. economically viable, community enhancing and fosters and geoconservation); challenge to geotourism in any region or country is to develop its tourism capacity and tourismcapacity todevelopits is anytocountry geotourismregionin challenge or The geoconservation. and enhancement community viability, economic fosters also It scape is vistas), essential to the planning, development and management of geotourism. featuresgeological its a and (at earth a setting,geotourismeither mayin occur tures)processes.and/or Unlike a on, depends and ecotourismin, occurs which are viewed for asbeingdesirable allforms oftourism. a for essential be to considered are characteristics three first The satisfaction. tourist generates and beneficial, locally geo-interpretation), through (achieved educative geoconservation), fosters and enhancing community viable, economically (i.e. sustainable geoheritage), geotourism. They are that geotourism (that is is, geologically-based based on the earth’s to fundamental are which principles key five 2011).are(Dowling, There occur to rism geotou- authentic for present be should which of all components, interrelated of ber a comprises It form. present its in geotourism shape to combine elements These stimulation intheform ofeducation. providingand geoconservation, of terms in site the managing impacts, negative tential a presenting in knowledge specialist requires where geotourism clearly differs from other forms of tourism. The emphasis on geology text being explored here, however, geology is the centrepiece and the geological focus is con- tourism the In stakeholders. other and people local of efforts the through largely 66

Community involvement in tourism has increased due to its perceived local econo- local perceived its to due increased has tourism in involvement Community other to common are that principles key to according described be can Geotourism Geotourism is based on the earth’s heritage with a with heritage earth’s the on based Geotourismis a having as described is geotourism Therefore, |

Czech JournalofTourism product to be considered ‘geotourism’ while the last two characteristics two last the while ‘geotourism’ considered be to product 02 /2013 way in which geology can be conserved and managed, and conserved be can geology which in way

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(59 —79) range of scales fromrockscales outcrops of toentire range land- natural or an urban setting. The focussetting.the urbanThe on an or natural site for public access and managing po- managing and access public for site number of essential characteristics. essential of number focus on its geological forms (fea-forms geological its focuson natural natural num- 8.1.2014 15:21:08

CJT_02_2013.indd 67 major geotourism attractions, a geotourismattractions, major a undertake to motivations the that found WesternAustralia in ParkYanchep National119 at of tourists Studies Press). In Sanders, & Dowling, do, focusthe severalof recent studies Australiain Dowling,(Allan, 2011; Sanders, & Hurta- the protection (Limei&Yu, ofgeoheritage 2013). development of a was of great importance in the promotion local community involvement, the sustainable dalianchi Global Geopark, China indicated that the development of experiential tourism protection of what they visit. In a and conservation the to only second be should satisfaction and the services of Client visitor. expectations realistic the exceed or match should experience geotourism destinations. The geotourism particular at offered opportunities the should represent opportunities accurately geotourism about provided information addition, In . concept this in included also is visits site toregard in safetyvisitor of importance The industry. geotourismthe of viability long-term the to essential is geotourismexperience the with satisfaction their classified; are geotourists However, geo-experts. to geo-specialists to limited awareness of geological tourism, to ‘geo’ tourists from who range geo-amateurs, a be thereshould that suggested (2010)has 2010). Grant King, 2009; al., et Mao 2008; al., et Kim 2007; studiesrelating directly to geotourism evenand fewer geotouristsidentify which (Hose, 2010).King, However,few are2008; there Chapple, & Burne 2007; Hose, 2006; some, New- & Dowling 2005; Hose, 2002; al., et Calaforra (eg. tourism uncontrolled and/or is. There are some studies outlining the negative impacts on geo-sites as a Whilst geotourism may be able to be defined, it is harder to say exactly who a Geotourists the fieldwith tourists beinginvolved collectionand/oranalysis. ingeologicaldata to subsidize a a with financial be may contribution The benefits. cultural and social to addition in management, conservation resource for income rate products.gene- and Geotourismprovisionfacilitiesalso the can knowledge,of services, in and operations, geotourism involvedin become can communities Local experience. benefits the community and the environment but also improves the quality of the tourist in geotourism is that it encompasses the involvement of local communities and not only awareness.A byfosteringconservation enhanced earth forthe tiveaction posi- to lead ideally should geotourism extension, By it. of appreciation and awareness le who wish to interact with the earth environment in order to develop their knowledge, creating an enjoyable and meaningful geotourism experience. Geotourism attracts peop- in tools important are geo-interpretation and education Thirdly, it. Earth nurtures and the quality of its products without adversely affecting the geo-environment that maintains Trying to ascertain the motivation of geotourists to participate in geotourism has been geoconservation project.geoconservation Alternatively, it could consist of practical help in region’s economy, the popularization of knowledge, and spectrum of geotourists from general ‘visitors’ who either haveeither or geotouristswho ‘visitors’no of from general spectrum Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism tour of the Crystal Cave, included curiosity (52 %) and %) (52 curiosity Cave,included Crystal the of tour recent study of experiential tourism undertaken at Wu- (59 —79 part of the cost of the tour helping tour the of cost the of part | Czech JournalofTourism tour of one of the park’s the of one of tour result of mass fourth factorfourth 02 /2013 geotourist

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 68 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism discovered a numberofgeotourist They include: types. Photo: DepartmentofParks&Wildlife,WesternAustralia Figure 4 and more thanhalf(74 %)indicated aninterest inanother cave inparticipating tour. per cent of participants indicated that the cave was the main reason for visiting the park, Forty-three caves(19%). in interest an having and %) (20 friends or family caveby the to brought being included factors motivational key Other 4). (Figure %) (47 education 68

Further research based on the typology model (McKercher, 2002) (McKercher, model typology tourism cultural the on based research Further |

Czech JournalofTourism The a positive experience andenjoying theinformation delivery. The 3. have a positive experience. 2. tion choice,andtheexperience encountered isnegative. The who may not even beaware ofthegeo-site prior to visitation. The 5. sion to visita geo-site. 4. The 1. school studentsandillustratingthecolourdensityofa stalactite A Australia. Western Park, National Yanchep Cave, Crystal serendipitous geotourist for whom geotourism plays a geotourist incidental for geotourismwhom plays rolemeaningful no destina-in purposeful purposeful geotourist whose motivation is not influenced by geotourism, and geotourism, by influenced not is motivation whose geotourist accidental geotourist whose motivation is influenced by the geo-site having geo-site the by influenced is motivation whose geotourist intentional geotourist whose main motivation formotivationa geotouristtraveltomain visit is whose 02 /2013

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(59 —79) moderate moderate role in the deci- interacting with interacting guide tour geo-site, and geo-site, 8.1.2014 15:21:08

CJT_02_2013.indd 69 value ofthegeotourismvalue experience oftourists. willstill not bepopularwithsometypes touristsmoreeffectiveis promotingthan geositesthetourists,newto particularly the as geo- or tourists time first the retaining decades, two than less forexisted has geotourism geotourismasa and extrinsic motivations of the tourist. It can therefore be assumed that the status quo of increasinglevellikelihoodthetheof theirre-visitation.of Thiscorrelates intrinsictheto of successful geotourism experiences should be in the fulfillment of the touristhood ofneeds, revisiting thus the geosite. Taken together, theselikeli - the resultswith positively correlated motivation suggestextrinsic and motivation thatintrinsic the thethat ideal outcome autonomy,competencerelatedness and (Allan, Dowling,Sanders,2011). & discoveredIt in a in a as used being now is Geotourism Geotourism CaseStudies a representedCave Crystal at perience ex- geotourism the that showed study this of results behaviour.The tourists’ of core the the new island of Surtsey (which rose above the ocean in a in ocean aboverosethe (which Surtsey of island new the GlobalGeopark. geopark, Katla one and reserves, nature 80 and parks national four Regions, WorldHeritage two has the lava to on surface in earth the last 1000 years being of Icelandic origin. all The country of one-third with hot-spots active most world’s the of one is It icecap. largest third has 22 active volcanoes,country areas, 250 geothermal 780 hot springs, and the world’s a is Iceland Iceland –volcanotourism Other examples are now provided for Iceland,Australia andMalaysia. velopmentet(Zhang China in 2013)al., Malaysiaand Komoo,& Leman, (Ghani, 2013). de- sustainable (Ly,2013),and Vietnam in values cultural 2013),indigenous (Rangnes, (Frey,Germany 2013),Norway (Terai, 2013),in Japan (Choi, Kong 2013) art Hong and 2013) Sita, & 2013),(Li, China and Taiwanin geodiversity 2013),(Lee, in geo-education Unjah,& 2013)(Badang (Racmat KoreaIndonesia 2013),and in (Lim, geoconservation Malaysia in geoheritage – support to geotourism developing include These countries. a in benefits providing sustainable is geotourismhow on a 2013, in Korea, Island, Jeju in held Conference destination choice,whichcanbeusedto builda competitive advantage. cific geotourism product development and marketing. It can also provide an insight into markettourismmorespe-to niche contribute this will within and segments the of ding The emergence of a of emergence The Iceland’s volcanoes include Eldgjá, and Eldfell and Laki and recentinclude eruptions A

number of regions around the world. At the 3rd Asia Pacific Geoparks Network Geoparks Pacific Asia 3rd the At world. the around regions of number further study of 110studyoffurther geotourists Cavefoundtourist Crystalthattomotivation at is synonym for geological tourism. Sitting astride the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the Ridge, Mid-Atlantic the astride Sitting tourism. geological forsynonym

newform oftourism requires more focus onrepeat visitations. Whereas specific geotourist typology model provides a provides model typology geotourist specific Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism vehicle to foster sustainable tourism development tourism sustainable foster to vehicle high level of fulfilment in regard to the need for need the to regard in fulfilment of level high (59 —79 | ubr f aes ee presented were papers of number Czech JournalofTourism range of ways in a in ways of range series of volcanic eruptions eruptions volcanic of series better understan- better number of number 02 /2013

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 70 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism On April 14April On existing tours have alsobeenaltered to includea visitto thevolcano. ture and scientific tours have been created and to specificallyEyjafjallajökull experience waiting to take tourists on a standby on helicopters three and volcano the view to allowedvisitors that deals special to the volcano to watch the spectacular view. Icelandic tourism companies began to offer the world. During its initial eruption, hundreds of people from all over the world flocked Nowfromcome overpeople all of thousands worldthe volcanotothe stoppedsee that many people would go out of their way to see the volcanodormant covered in a The people that visited the wonderspectacular were either scientist or adventurists, not locals. not only a made the tojourney the tiny island of Iceland to see the magnificent volcano, providing a become now has volcano 2010).The in world’ the stopped that ‘volcano (the lajökull a duced pro- 1973),(which in Hekla Heimaey of island betweenthe 1968),1963(on Eldfelland its Lava , which is built into the cliff and featuring a setting provides tourists with an incredible geologically inspired experience enhanced by a of more lava with the steam rising from the geothermal plant adding to the surreal setting. While a it giving mud silica fine and Reykjanes Peninsula. The super-heated seawater is rich in blue-green algae, mineral salts the to water hot supplies which Project, Geothermal Svartsengi the from water hot by a is It annum. per visitors 170,000approximately with tions touristattrac- major Iceland’s of one Lagoon’, by,‘Blue close displays.the Also is there geology, geothermal heat and is brought to life through multimedia volcano andvisittheCentre. the see to world the over all from come visitors today and attraction geotourism lent excel- an is Centre Visitor Erupts Eyjafjallajökull The March. to through October from weekends the at and September,to through April from daily open is centre The free. and Italian Icelandic. Admission is approximately seven Euro and children under 12 are German, Norwegian, French, Spanish, English, languages; different seven in available is narration film’s the and people 60 seats theatre The it. after and during faced family a showing a has also Centre The 5). (Figure text and photos with eruption the ting illustra- wall interpretive an is there centre the Inside volcano. active an of foot the at a visitors givethe to Centreis Visitor Erupts Eyjafjallajökull the otherof and volcanosaim The Iceland. on Eyjafjallajökull of history and geology the about also but eruption, the about only not people educate to is goal 70 popular destination for geotourists. Thousands of people from all over the globe have

At the foot of Eyjafjallajökull is Þorvaldseyri, a Þorvaldseyri, is Eyjafjallajökull of foot the At visitors. few very had Eyjafjallajökull 2010, April and March in eruption its Before Other geotourism attractions in Iceland include ‘The Rift’ in Eldborg, an exhibition of |

Czech JournalofTourism series of powerful earthquakes which shook the country in 2000), and Eyjafjal- and 2000), in country the shook powerfulearthquakeswhich of series once-in-a-lifetime foropportunity the visitors but a DVD which depicts the eruption as well as the challenges and hardships the hardships and challenges the as well as eruption the depicts DVDwhich spa setting than a than setting spa th 2011, one year after the eruption, they opened up a up opened they eruption, 2011,the after year one tour over the volcano. Today geological tourism and adven- 02 /2013 geotourism one, nether-the-less, the fabulous geological fabulous the nether-the-less, one, geotourism bright blue colour. The waters are surrounded by black by surrounded are waters colour.The blue bright

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(59 —79) personal feeling as to what it is likeliveis to it what tofeeling as personal farm owned by a byowned farm booming economy for the geothermal spa supplied spa geothermal natural natural lava wall. Also on visitor centre whose centre visitor famer and his wife. his and famer small theatre small glacier. 8.1.2014 15:21:08

CJT_02_2013.indd 71 cone is a is cone cinder resulting the km. Today sq 2.3 by size in increased island the and flow lava the beneath buried was island the on town the of third One Mountain’. ‘Fire Eldfell cone a Iceland, of coast you from North Americato Europe. tectonic and North American the continental Eurasian plates. Crossing the bridge takes two continents and is situated in the Alfagja rift valley, a acrossthese spans ‘bridge’ The (Figure6). split tectonicplates Earth’s the wheretwoof a nents’, BetweenTwo‘Bridge the admire Conti- can lies/touriststhere peninsula Reykjanes the Photo: Dowling(2011) Figure 5InterpretivePanelintheEyjafjallajökullEruptsVisitorCentre, easternIceland On the main island of Heimaey in the Vestmannaeyjar Islands, off the southern southern the off Islands, Vestmannaeyjar the in Heimaey of island main the On

remarkable geotourism attraction. It is situated on the lava-scarred peninsula lava-scarred the on situated is It attraction. geotourism remarkable major tourist drawcard and has given rise to the local of of attraction tourist local the to rise given has and drawcard tourist major volcanic eruption in 1973 formed a 1973formed in eruption volcanic Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism (59 —79 | Czech JournalofTourism chasm marking the boundary of new mountain, the red cinder red the mountain, new 02 /2013

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 72 articles Figure 6 Photo: Dowling(2008) Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism community. tourists with a with tourists leavesonly not which touristdestination iconic an growas toexpand continue and will and is one of the most impressive geological destinations in the world. Here geotourism Pompeii oftheNorth’. ‘The called been has project excavation erected The been visitors. many have attracting signs already is it and Interpretive exposed. are houses some of tops the and ced were which contents their buried fourof days all after the eruption are commenced. At there present excavations houses have commen- the Inside eruption. the by tephra in buried were which houses Islander’s former fourteen of excavation the on based is Theinattraction 400houses and lava tephra. for engulfing five months continued tion based on the eruption, causing its 5,000 inhabitants is to fleeIt to theFire’. mainland. Theof - World erup – ‘Eldheimar called attraction geotourism exciting an developing a 72 Volcanic Film Show which focuses on the eruption. Currently, the local council is council local the Currently, eruption. the on focuses which Show Film Volcanic

Iceland is abundant with volcanic activity, mountains, rock outcrops and peninsulas and outcrops rock mountains, activity, volcanic with abundant is Iceland |

Czech JournalofTourism tectonic plates.CrossingthebridgetakesyoufromEuropetoNorth America continental American North and Eurasian the joins bridge The Iceland. peninsula, nes a Continents’, Two Between ‘Bridge The unique geological experience but also benefits the local economy and economy local the benefits also but experience geological unique 02 /2013

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(59 —79) remarkable geotourism attraction on Reykja- on attraction geotourism remarkable 8.1.2014 15:21:08

CJT_02_2013.indd 73 reopened to the public in late 2012 after ten years, offering visitors an intimate, exclu- intimate, an visitors offering years, ten 2012 after late in public the to reopened A Jewel. and Mammoth Lake, – caves show spectacular three in theWestern Australian Tourism Awards for itsfacilities for tourists. hired out for functions, weddings, photo shoots and concerts and it has been the winner a a of advantage take can visitors attraction, Cave the Supporting culture. Aboriginal local the or adventure geology, the on focus a are There formations. various the touch able be to visitors for bers. There is also a helictites, stalagmites, pendulums,straw,stalactites, columnsandpillars. of its decorations, particularly its shawls. However, other decorations include flowstone, tel in 1905. The main geological attractions in the Cave are the high quantity and variety booming popularity of the cave tours resulted in the construction of a firstthe came cave in Western Australia haveto in installed lights electric the and 1903, a as opened was 1900it in 1899and discoveredin 2011).Robinson,(AusIMM; Metallurgy and first Mining Cave was of Ngilgi Institute an Ecotourismorganisation, Australia, tourismawarenessand industry Australasi-the with a Australia of Society Geological the of Subcommittee Global Geotourism Conference in 2008. In recent years it has a established a is country The continents. the of oldest the is it as features geological many to home is Australia Australia –cavetourism Photo: AugustaMargaretRiver TourismAssociation,WesternAustralia Figure 7 café, children’s playground, barbeque facilities and walk trails. Ngilgi Cave may also be There are 350 limestone caves in the area and local Tourism Association operates operates Association Tourism local and area the in caves limestone 350 are There cavethe Inside lighted boardwalks are provided for visitors through a the geologyofregionfocussingonthreeshowcavesinarea Interpretation atCaveWorks,WesternAustralia.TheCentreprovidesinformationabout pioneer in geotourism development and the country held the Inaugural Inaugural the held country the and development geotourism in pioneer cave touch wheretable’ ‘crystal samples of formations are provided Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism number of amenities for tourists including tourists for amenities of number (59 —79 | show cave to tourists. In 1903 it be- 1903it In tourists. tocave show Czech JournalofTourism Geotourism Forum within the within Forum Geotourism fourth cave, Moondyne, cave, fourth range of tours which tours of range nearby Caves Ho- range of cham- of range Geotourism 02 /2013

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 74 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism second largest chamber inMalaysia Sarawak after Chamber. the is It total. actual the of % 30-40 justrepresent to thought is this but explored been is over 100m and its plan area is 58,000 square meters. Over 200km of cave passages have Cave in Gunung Api. It is the eighth largest cave chamber by area in the world. Its height long, 400m wide and approximately 70m high. Api Chamber is a 700m is It Mexico. New Park, National Caverns Carlsbad in Room Big the of size the classic sedimentdepositsandelliptical tubeslinkingdifferent cave levels. the world and are superb examples of tropical river caves with flood incursions, extensive area.thein caves The thathave beencreated arelargestthesomeof found anywhere in rivers by landscape karst the of erosion the byfollowed ago years million 2-5 formation caveresources,extremelya in isrich aspark The theworld. Sixty to seventy percent of the caves in the region have not yet been explored. passage with underground clear water constantly flowing, and the largest rock chamber in an informative visitor centre (Figure 8). and signs interpretation excellent with outstanding featuresis karst the of terpretation rainforest52,865 hectares of old primary crossed by a limestone formations. The majestic Gunung Mulu rise over a border. The geology of the area consists of a tablished in 1974 and is situated 100km southeast of the town of Miri, close to the Brunei it is mountains, one of the largest limestone cave systems in the world. The Park was es- these of forestedslopes the underneath Hidden surface. the below deep lie attractions unique limestone features in the world (UNESCO 2008). Thus, many of Mulu’s greatest most and largest the of some and biodiversity high its forrenowned is It (1585m). rat (2376m),Mulu Gunung – by three(1750m) Api mountains Gunung Bena- Gunung and tions in a gest tourist attractions in East Malaysia, encompassing spectacular caves and karst forma- lar- the of one is ParkNational Mulu Gunung Sarawak. in Mulu Gunung and Sabah in 2007.proclaimedin was keyOther Worldare the geositesKinabalu ListedMt Heritage a is Malaysia Malaysia –karsttourism leisure usingtheCave’s Mp3audioself-guidingsystem. overbeing some year000 Tourists35, old. MammothCavein explore cavesthe their at a with remains fossil its for features and unique fossils. It is 500 metres long and 30 metres deep and it is well knownformationcave its are attractions Cave’smain 1895.Mammoth until explored fully not around the world (Figure 7). Mammoth was known to European settlers in 1850 but was describes the formation and history of caves within the region, throughout Australia and sivecaving experience.AtLake Cave interpretativetherean centre is CaveWorks which 74

Sarawak Chamber is the largest natural rock chamber in the worldrockthe in chamber threelargestnatural is the and is times Sarawak Chamber Gunung Mulu National Park incorporates the largest cave in the world, the longest cave |

Czech JournalofTourism mountainous mountainous equatorial rainforest setting (Dowling, 2009). Mulu is dominated land of magnificent geosites and its first geopark, the island of Langkawi, of island the geopark, first its and geosites magnificent of land total of over 10,000 bones having been found in the cave, the in found been having bones 10,000over of total 02 /2013

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(59 —79) combination of alluvial clays, sandstone and

result of geological uplift in the karstthe geological inupliftresult of number of fast flowing rivers. In- mass of sandstone covering chamber in Whiterock 8.1.2014 15:21:08

CJT_02_2013.indd 75 Gunnung Mulu in particular, and to Malaysia to in general. benefits Direct economic benefitseconomic inclu- considerable brought has Geotourism culture. their preserve to a providedwith havebeen people local Mulu, in geotourism especially tourism, Through heritage. and culture traditional local the preserving in tourism of value tive a been Throughgeotourismtherehas 2009). ght about tangible benefits for local communities and the natural environment (Dowling, exit tower (Francis, 1999). a follows also It above. a with treetops the among winds walkway The structure. and design in experts from advice with nities commu- local the walkway. built forest tree-based by longest was the world floor. It is It in thepark. A hy r fre i a in formed are They a on taken have formations the rock, the dissolve and erode to continued has water As mountains. the of side the to cling that needles limestone high (McGinley,Api Gunung of side arepinnacles north-east a The 2008). Photo: Dowling(2009) Figure 8 trekking trail to the area, the Pinnacles Summit Trek, is one of the most popular hikes Gunung Mulu National ParkNationalprovides Mulu a Gunung Anotheris the Mulu activity Canopy which Skywalk, is 480m long and 20m above the As well as caves, razor-edged ‘pinnacles’ are a are ‘pinnacles’ caves,razor-edged as well As interpretation here geotourism class world developed have (left) Sue wife his and (right) Clark Brian nager The Visitor Centre at Gunung Mulu World Heritage Region, Sarawak, Malaysia. Park Ma- river running below and the soaring heights of nearby limestone cliffs cliffs limestone nearby of heights soaring the and below running river oet f ivrge soe nice b tik re vegetation. green thick by encircled stone silver-grey of forest circular route suspended between fifteen trees with a with trees fifteen between suspended route circular Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism sound example of how geotourism has brou-howgeotourismhas of example sound cross-cultural understanding of the incen- the of understanding cross-cultural (59 —79 feature of the area, particularly on the on particularly area, the featureof | Czech JournalofTourism razor-like appearance. appearance. razor-like collection of 45m of collection 02 /2013 separate separate reason

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 76 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism This is important because those who want to participate in the planning of geotourismof planning the in participate to want who those because important is This on is that of inclusion of all relevant individuals and groups in the engagement process. procedures.conflict resolution A and planning participatory effort, tourism in ways that are more appropriate for communities takes considerable time and 3. 2. 1. forration thehost region. Thisincludes: gene- income and opportunities employment in increase the is communities local with resourcesfurther into it. investmay and asset their protect to likely more are they tourism, through landscapes of use the from more gain people where that argue They peoples. local to benefit mic econo- tangible demonstrate areas protected where generated best is conservation for areasnatural sites.and cultural The logic for such development is that political support ted as a presen- often is geotourism regions, local for benefits infra-structural and employment and benefits ecological and social any minimise to adverse costs. presenting By income, economic, maximise to is stakeholderparticipation of aim main the tiveThus, impacts. opportunities. geotourism However, from geotourism, like other forms emerging of tourism, can generate both positive and nega- benefits the in equitably share they if and controloverhavemeasureof communities some them local if consideredsuccessful be only should venture geotourism Any 2004). Schweigert, & Stoeckl, (Greiner, tination a with tourists of interactions environmental and social economic, of balance the from improvement. accrue infrastructure tourism and from diversification benefits Net benefits economic of including communities local for revenue creation, generation, job a generate can It people. local for opportunities employment and development a as emerged has Geotourism Conclusion manufacturing, ortelecommunications. employment, havetogeotourism,entertainment, which for industries linkages instance cost from accommodation, food and . Indirect benefits have accrued to related the through as well as Skywalk), Canopy the for RM30 example,(for park the inside as de the income from entrance fees to the park, the additional fee of visiting different are- 76

Engaging local communities in geotourism development is a One of the most obvious and immediate benefits of sustainable geotourism associated |

Czech JournalofTourism sidents dueto increased receipts from tourism; consumption ofgoods,for example). induced employment (generated as a employment ata retail outlet); a as (generated employment indirect sions); direct employment industries(associated such service as , , conces- mechanism having the potential to offset the local costopportunity of protected 02 /2013 credible sustainable tourism industry, which offers new offers which industry, tourism sustainable credible

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(59 —79) result of increased spending capacity of local re- eut f nraig nuty nus uh as such inputs industry increasing of result complex task. Developing central considerati- central range range des- 8.1.2014 15:21:09

CJT_02_2013.indd 77 truly sustainable manner. sustainable andeconomicbenefitswillflow sociocultural ronmental, ina truly envi- associated its with development geotourism of promise the then addressed, been involved in future management if desired, once the plan is enacted. Once the issues have be to also but heard be to only not need and important very arearea the volvementin a with community local the in those large, be may stakeholdersinterested of Allan, M., Dowling, R. K., & Sanders, D. (2011).Towarda D. Sanders, & K., R. Dowling, M., Allan, References a havemayeither Arouca (2011).Declaration. Dowling, R. K. (2009). Geotourism’s contribution to local and regional development. In de Car- de In development. regional and local to contribution Geotourism’s (2009). K. R. Dowling, Choi, (2013).C. The role of geopark guides in enhancing geotourism: the recommended geopark En- (2002). A. Pulido-Bosch & J., Gisbert F., Sanches-Martos A., Fernandez-Cortes J., Calaforra Burne, R., & Chapple, R. (2008). Under the boardwalk – Tourism’s encounters with stromatolites. in geology and culture linking geoheritage: (2013).T.Communicating Unjah, & A., D. Badang, Dowling, R. K. (In Press). Geotourism. In Jafari, J., & Xiao, H. (Eds.), Dowling,(2011).K. R. Geotourism’s growth.global Frey, M. L. (2013). Geotourism, a Francis, G. (1999). for strategies novel as geoparks and (2011).Geotourism C. Costa, & C., Coelho, T.,N. Farsani, Dowling, R.,&Newsome, D.(2006).Geotourism. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd. o a for University ofSouthAustralia, SchoolofManagement. a CreatingTourism: Conference 2011CAUTHENational um, For oftheAPGN.Jeju theInnovation Island,SouthKorea, 7-13 September. Kong.systemHong Paperguide in presented at S0376892903000146. use. touristbefore caveshow tential a in capacity visitor permanent and impact human determining for control vironmental Beneath ourFeet’ Conference Proceedings (pp.107–112). Perth: Promaco Conventions. (Eds.), D. Newsome & K., R. Dowling, In management. visitor and protection stromatolite of issues the Addressing For oftheAPGN.Jeju theInnovation Island,SouthKorea, 7-13 September. at presented Paper Geopark. Sarawak Delta ved from http://www.europeangeoparks.org/?p=223 valho, C., & Rodrigues, J. (Eds.), J. Rodrigues, & C., valho, 0024-7. Portugal: CamarmunicipaldeIdanha-a-Nova. com/travel/articles/mulu-national-park-canopy-walkway-in-the-sky.html 91. DOI:10.1002/jtr.800. areas. rural in development socio-economic York: Springer. Korea, 7-13 September. Third Asia Pacific Geoparks Network Symposium, For the Innovation of the APGN. Jeju Island, South etuim xeine A experience; geotourism Mulu National Park – Walkway in the Sky. Retrieved from http://www.e-borneo. real or a or real Inaugural Global Geotourism Conference Australia 2008 ‘Discover the Earth Earth the ‘Discover Australia2008 Conference Geotourism Global Inaugural Arouca Declaration on Geotourism, November 12, 2011 Portugal. Retrie- Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism perceived stake, and each is important. Although the range range the Although important. is each perceivedand stake, tool for geo-education in science societies. Paper presented at efdtriain hoy esetv. n rs, . . (Ed.), J. M. Gross, In perspective. theory self-determination (pp. 15-37).Idanha-a-Nova, (pp. Development Local and Geotourism , 30(2), 160-167.30(2), 10.1017/, DOI: Conservation Environmental International Journal of Tourismof 68- 13(1), Research , Journal International the Third Asia Pacific Geoparks Network Symposium, Network Geoparks Pacific Asia Third the (59 —79 the ThirdPacificthe Asia Geoparks Symposi-Network , 3, 1-13.3, , Geoheritage 10.1007/s12371-010-DOI: | (pp. 885-890). Adelaide: 885-890). (pp. Blend Brilliant Czech JournalofTourism better understanding of motivations of understanding better Encyclopedia of Tourism. New 02 /2013 direct in- direct

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articles CJT_02_2013.indd 78 articles Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism Hurtado, Hurtado, H., Dowling, R. K., & Sanders, D. (In Press). An Exploratory Study to Develop a geotourism modern of purpose and nature the (2012).Defining A. Vasiljević,D. & T. A., Hose, Hose, T. A. (2012). 3G’s for modern geotourism. modern for 3G’s(2012). A. T. Hose, TowardsT.(2008). Hose, A. a Spain. southeast Province, Almeria in Geotourism (2007). A. T. Hose, (Ed.), M. Novelli, In landscapes. of time deep the appreciating Geotourism: (2005). T.A. Hose, Hose, T. (1995). A. Stone. ofBritain’s Environmental SellingtheStory Interpretation , 10(2), 16-17. (2010). TowardsC. Grant, a Gordon, J. E. (2012). Rediscovering a pre- Paper geoparks. and tourism (2013).Sustainable I. Komoo, & S., M. Leman, A., K. Ghani, Hose, T.A Hose, tourism: from benefits community Estimating (2004). R. Schweigert, & N., Stoeckl, Greiner,R., Lim, J. D. (2013). New conservation and interpretation approachPaperfor(2013).Korean interpretation D. and . J. Lim, Newconservation China. Geopark, Shennongjia in geo-conservation and geo-tourism Geo-heritage, (2013). J. Li, Lee. C. T.Lee. C. (2013). Geodiversity and geotourism development in Caoling Geopark, Yunlin County, King, L. M. (2010). Geotourism in the Hawaiian Islands. In Newsome, D., & Dowling, R. K. (Eds.), Kim, S. S., Kim, M., Park, J., & Guo, Y. (2008). Cave tourism: Tourists’ characteristics, motivations 78

DOI: 10.1007/s12371-011-0050-0. Europe.South-East and referenceUnitedKingdom the to particular with 0052-y. Geological Society. (Eds.), D. C. Prosser,V., & C. Burek, , 55(3),259-276.Journal mann. –Heine- Tourism: Niche TrendsButterworth Issues, Elsevier Oxford,Contemporary UK: Cases. and de Espana. Tecnologico127-146).InstitutoGeominero (pp. Madrid: Management and Conservation Its tage: (Eds.), E. W.Gallego, P.,Wimbledon, & D., Tourists.Barretino, for In motion scape experiences., 4,65-77. Geoheritage DOI:10.1007/s12371-011-0051-z. Island, SouthKorea, 7-13 September. at sented , Melbourne, 11-13Agricultural, Melbourne, andResource EconomicsSociety February. to presented Paper Shire. Carpentaria of case The April. Malaysia,17-20Sarawak, Mulu, Understandable. UniqueLandforms Conference,Making Geotourism Jeju Island,SouthKorea, 7-13 September. at presented APGN. Jeju Island,SouthKorea, 7-13 September. at presented Paper of theAPGN.Jeju Island,SouthKorea, 7-13 September. Taiwan.Paper presented at lishers. Pub- Goodfellow114-125). UK: (pp. Oxford, Landscape and Geology Tourismof The Geotourism: 299-318. behaviour.their of segmentation the and visit, to rism Typology ofTourism Journal Model. International Research, 15(6). |

Czech JournalofTourism (2000). European Geotourism – Geological Interpretation and Geoconservation Pro- Geoconservation and Interpretation Geological – GeotourismEuropean (2000). . Jeju APGN. the of Innovation Pacific Symposium, the Geoparks Asia Network ThirdFor the the Third Asia Pacific Geoparks Network Symposium, For the Innovation of the APGN. the of Innovation the For Symposium, Network Geoparks Pacific Asia Third the the Third Asia Pacific Geoparks Network Symposium, For the Innovation of the of Innovation the For Symposium, Network Geoparks Pacific Asia Third the typology of visitors to geosites. Paper presented at presented Paper geosites. to visitors of typology the ThirdPacificthe Asia Geoparks Network Symposium, Innovation the For history of Geotourism: definitions, antecedents and the future. In future. the and antecedents definitions, Geotourism: of history 02 /2013 sense of wonder: Geoheritage, geotourism and cultural land-

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(59 —79) (pp. 37-60). London: The London: 37-60). (pp. Geoconservation of History The , 4, 7-24. DOI: 10.1007/s12371-011-DOI: 7-24. 4, , Geoheritage Asia Pacific Journal of of PacificAsia Journal 13(3),Research , Tourism the 48th Annual Conference of the Australianthe of Conference Annual 48th the Tourism Interdisciplinary Interdisciplinary Tourism , 4, 25-43. 4, , Geoheritage the Second Global Second the Geological Heri- Geological Geotou- 8.1.2014 15:21:09

CJT_02_2013.indd 79 Zhang, J., Tian, M., Wu, F., & Mei, X. (2013). Discussion on key points of geopark construction and (2008). UNESCO F.M. Thomas, (2012). A pre- Paper education. school by utilized Geopark Global AreaVolcanic (2013).Unzen K. Terai, Robinson, A. M. (2011). Geoheritage, geotourism and The AusIMM. (2011).The M. and geotourism A. Robinson,Geoheritage, age, . 21) Cmuiaig elgcl eiae hog at a – art through heritage geological Communicating (2013). K. Rangnes, J. Pralong, P. (2006). Geotourism: A Pásková, M.(2012). Tourism ofTourism . Journal Czech , 1(2),77-113. Newsome, D., Dowling, R. K., & Leung, Y. F. (2012). The nature and management of geotourism: (2010).(Eds.) K. R. Dowling, & D., Newsome, http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/ Charter Geotourism (2005). Geographic National McKercher B. (2002). Towardsa (2002). B. McKercher (2008). M. McGinley, Mao, I., Robinson, A. M., & Dowling, R. K. (2009). Potential geotourists: An Australian case study. Ly, S. C. (2013). and Conservation exploitation of indigenous cultural values for construction and Limei, G., & Yu, Y. (2013). On experiential tourism in geoparks. Paper presented at the Innovation oftheAPGN.Jejuthe Innovation Island,SouthKorea, 7-13 September. development in China. Paper presented at http://www.whc.unesco.org/en/ from Retrievedlist/1013 (UNESCO) . Organisation Cultural and tific 9. servation and geotourism. Island, SouthKorea, 7-13 September. at sented 92. Symposium, For oftheAPGN.Jeju theInnovation Island,SouthKorea, 7-13 September. between geologists, artists and schools. Paper presented at on imaginationandemotion. Tourism, 61(3), Review 20-25.DOI:10.1108/eb058476. 2-3, 19-27. A Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers. sustainable/pdf/geotourism_charter_template.pdf rism Research, 4(1),29–38. article/Gunung_Mulu_National_Park,_Malaysia ofTourismJournal Research, 10(1), 71-80. September. Pacific Geoparks Network Symposium, at For the Innovationpresented of thePaper APGN. Jeju Geopark. Island, South Korea,Global 7-13 Plateau Karst Van Dong of development September. Pacific Geoparks Network Symposium, For the Innovation of the APGN. Jeju Island, South Korea, 7-13 case study of two established iconic geotourism destinations. . Jeju APGN. the of Innovation Pacific Symposium, the Geoparks Asia Network ThirdFor the Gunung Mulu National Park. World Heritage – United Nations Educational, Scien- Educational, Nations United – World Heritage Park. National Mulu Gunung Rtivd rm www.eoearth.org/ from Retrieved Malaysia. Park, National Mulu Gunung geomorphological approach to geodiversity – its applications togeocon- applications its approach– to geodiversity geomorphological Quaestiones Geographicae, 31(1), 81-89. DOI: 10.2478/v10117-012-0005- Ross K.Dowling•GlobalGeotourism–AnEmergingFormofSustainableTourism classification of cultural tourists. International Journal of of Tou- Journal International tourists. cultural of classification new form of tourism untilising landscapes natural and based the Third Asia Pacific Geoparks Network Symposium, For Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape. and Geology Tourismof The Geotourism: (59 —79 | Czech JournalofTourism the Third Asia Pacific Geoparks Network Tourism Management Perspectives, , 5, 88- 5, AusIMMBulletin, The oprtv project cooperative the Third Asia Third the the Third Asia 02 /2013

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articles