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Molecular Characterization of Lizard Parasites and Their Influence on Colour Ornaments UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física TESIS DOCTORAL Molecular characterization of lizard parasites and their influence on colour ornaments Caracterización molecular de parásitos que infectan lagartos y su influencia sobre los ornamentos de color MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Rodrigo Manuel Megía Palma Directores Santiago Merino Rodríguez Javier Martínez González Madrid, 2016 © Rodrigo Manuel Megía Palma , 2016 MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF LIZARD PARASITES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON COLOUR ORNAMENTS CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DE PARÁSITOS QUE INFECTAN LAGARTOS Y SU INFLUENCIA SOBRE LOS ORNAMENTOS DE COLOR TESIS DOCTORAL Rodrigo Manuel Megía Palma Madrid 2015 Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid “The beginning of wisdom is calling things by their right names”. (Confucius, ca. 500 BC) UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DE PARÁSITOS QUE INFECTAN LAGARTOS Y SU INFLUENCIA SOBRE LOS ORNAMENTOS DE COLOR MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF LIZARD PARASITES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON COLOUR ORNAMENTS MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Rodrigo Manuel Megía Palma Bajo la dirección de los doctores: Santiago Merino Rodríguez y Javier Martínez González Madrid, 2015 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS Departamento de Zoología y Antropología Física Caracterización molecular de parásitos que infectan lagartos y su influencia sobre los ornamentos de color Molecular characterization of lizard parasites and their influence on colour ornaments Memoria presentada por el licenciado Rodrigo Manuel Megía Palma para optar al grado de doctor en Ciencias Biológicas por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Dirigida por los directores Santiago Merino Rodríguez, profesor científico del Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Javier Martínez González, profesor contratado doctor en la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares. Santiago Merino Rodríguez Javier Martínez González Fdo. El Doctorando Vº. B. Directores Madrid, octubre de 2015 Agradecimientos institucionales Los fondos para la realización de los estudios que componen la presente memoria fueron proporcionados por el Ministerio de Educación que concedió una beca de formación de personal investigador al licenciado Rodrigo Manuel Megía Palma (BES- 2010-038427). El Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología CGL-2009-09439, y el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad CGL-2012-40026-C02-1 y 2 financiaron los proyectos incluidos en la presente memoria para optar al grado de doctor. Gallotia galloti insulanagae , Roque de Fuera (Tenerife) Cortesía de Iván Acevedo “Only by understanding the environment and how it works can we make the necessary decisions to protect it. Only by evaluating all our precious natural and human resources can we hope to build a sustainable world” (UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, 30 Mar 2005). Agradecimientos personales En primer lugar quería agradecerles la oportunidad y la confianza depositada en mí a mis directores de tesis, Santi y Javi por haberme mostrado su apoyo y dedicación en todo momento. A Santi, por habernos transmitido la inquietud acerca de las teorías evolutivas en torno a eso llamado selección natural. Por ser una fuente inagotable de conocimientos que me ha llevado a seguir haciéndome preguntas. Por haberme hecho cambiar la visión acerca del mundo que nos rodea. Por haberme ofrecido la oportunidad de conocer las increíbles especies de la herpetofauna ibérica, canaria y californiana. Pero sin duda, una de las cosas que más he agradecido a Santi es el haber podido desarrollar mi tesis doctoral entre los históricos muros de por pocos sabido el insigne edificio diseñado por Eiffel, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. A Javi, por su apoyo incondicional en todo momento, por los cabreos con buena cara, por saber dar collejas a tiempo y palmadas en la espalda cuando se merecían. También por haber estado siempre con la puerta abierta de tu despacho y siempre cargado de paciencia por teléfono para discutir durante horas acerca de lo divino y de lo humano sobre ciencia, y presentes y futuros trabajos. Por tu afán de llegar al fondo de la cuestión. Por haber hecho de la Universidad de Alcalá mi segunda casa. Con vosotros he aprendido a ser más crítico y probablemente más ordenado. A mis compañeros de laboratorio, Josué, Sara, Elisa y Juan Rivero. Al primero, aunque hace algunos años que ya defendió y a penas pudimos compartir discusiones científicas, siempre ha sido un ejemplo a seguir en esta tesis doctoral. Al mismo tiempo que a Josué, tuve la oportunidad de compartir algún tiempo el despacho y el campo con Sara. Gracias a su amabilidad, con el paso de los años he podido intercambiar con ella algunas opiniones sobre la ciencia y el mundo laboral que me han hecho reflexionar. Te deseo lo mejor decidas dedicarte a una cosa o a otra. A Elisa, gracias por tu buena cara en momentos de cansancio y por haber aguantado mis preguntas sobre estadística. Bueno, por haberme aguantado en general, jajaja. A Juan, por tu sentido del humor y tu generosidad. Gracias por las miles de horas discutiendo sobre ciencia a última hora de la tarde y tu inquietud y motivación por hacer las cosas científicamente correctas. ¡Vaya grupo de científicos! También quería agradecer a Juan Antonio Hernández la oportunidad que ha sido para mí guiar (o liar) a alguien en la investigación. Si alguien te diera la oportunidad, estoy seguro de que lo harías muy bien. A los compañeros que están pasando por el despacho, Paco, Alazne, Amaya, Beatriz, Cristina. Suerte con lo que está por venir. Quiero agradecer a todo el equipo de pestuzos del Museo su apoyo más o menos consciente durante esta etapa tan importante de nuestra vida profesional. Sin vosotros creo que, si esto hubiera sido igualmente posible, desde luego no hubiera sido disfrutando tanto. A Marcos, Barri, Melinda, Octavio, Cantarero, Chechu, Roger, Juan, Chío, Ponce, Carol, Ramón, Raúl, Jose, Marga, Silvia, Diego, Raquel, Esther, Ibáñez, Roberto, Salva, Mireia, Pilar, Jorge G., Paloma, Juanes y Miriam. (¡¡¡Qué grande el Harlem!!! jajaja) Por todas las horas compartidas al principio en el Gominolas y después con Jesús y Pablo en el Asador. Al equipo Jaquete: Laura, Jaime, Sergio, Dani, Eva, Andrés, Javi, Jorge N., Adrián y Jimena (¡felicidades por Martín!). De igual manera quiero darles las gracias a Natalia, Gema, Sandra y Paula por haber compartido pesares y alegrías de la tesis durante estos años. Y también excursiones, cañas y risas. A los estimables alumnos del colegio de La Vega y los que se unieron durante o después. Gracias chicos por seguir poniendo tantas ganas para seguir viéndonos fin de semana tras fin de semana. Por ser ese pequeño oasis siempre disponible. Carlos, Dani, Javi, Novo, Sergio, Gon, Bruno, Pedro, Edu y Jose. En este apartado quiero mencionar a Enrique. Gracias tío por haber compartido el gusto por los bichos desde aquel primer encuentro en el patio del colegio. Si me pongo a pensar, por ti cayó por vez primera un reptil en mis manos. Así que gracias, además, por haberme descubierto estos pequeños y maravillosos seres. Recuerdo con mucho cariño la ilusión de aquellos primeros huevos incubados con éxito ya fueran de Extatosoma, Pachnoda o Eublepharis . ¡Gracias! Muchas gracias a Javi y Nacho, Octavio, Melinda y Michael, Guille, Javi, Barri y Ponce por las horas de campo que nos hemos pasado esperando al lince y al lobo, o a la cabra Montés y el ciervo en la berrea con unos, o buscando Graellsia s y lacértidos escondidos en rincones que quedarán en la memoria con los otros. Gracias por todas las horas de conversaciones y de buenas sensaciones, las comidas en el peruano y las cervezas o vinos en vuestras casas. ¡Nos falta bimbarnos al oso juntos! En este apartado quiero agradecer a Honorio el haberme enseñado la piedra exacta bajo la cual se encontraba cada una de las distintas especies que se pueden encontrar en Valsaín y en extensión a Javier y Marisol por haber tenido una sonrisa siempre disponible a pesar del lío de los Montes. No quiero dejar de agradecer toda la amabilidad que siempre he encontrado de los investigadores y personal del Museo, en especial Manuela, Pedro, Olga, Annie, Mario y Patrick. Pero si he encontrado apoyo, ha sido especialmente de tres personas. La primera ha sido Javier Cuervo. Gracias por haberme permitido viajar contigo al Norte de Marruecos. Junto contigo y con Josabel, me permitió aprender de ambos un buen puñado de buenas prácticas en el manejo y procesado de las lagartijas. Gracias por haber tenido siempre la puerta abierta de tu despacho a mis dudas y peticiones y por haberme tratado desde el principio como a uno más. Gracias Josabel por acordarte de mí y de mis “bichitos” y andar siempre aportando contactos y muestras. A Iván Acevedo. Es increíble la de proyectos que pueden surgir en unas cañas en el Asador. De ahí germinó el primero de los viajes a tu tierra y la aventura con los Gallotia . Este primer viaje además de con Iván, contó con la inestimable ayuda de Eva, Cristina y Abraham, gracias chicos por facilitar las cosas durante el trabajo allí. Luego le seguiría otros viajes al Archipiélago donde pude disfrutar de la compañía y la colaboración de Gema, Gonzalo, Beatriz, Esaú, Aridany, Josefa y Félix. La tercera persona de la que no puedo hablar más que bien de él es Jose Martín. Gracias Jose por todos los mails amables en respuesta a mis preguntas. Por la disposición a colaborar y a encontrar puntos en común para trabajar. No sólo esta tesis, sino mi amor por los “duendecillos” y a la naturaleza en general se la debo en gran parte al apoyo incondicional que recibí desde pequeño de mis padres.
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