T H E L I V I N G L A N D S C A P E _ referencing GPS co-ordinates with co-ordinates E S S E X G A R D E N S T R U S T plotted and generated using GIS. Methodology Regressive mapping started with modern OS maps to Animals in the locate the site and identify the 10km British National Grid (BNG) reference for (South) Thorndon Park Landscape at TQ68, TQ69; these were divided into 1km BNG references for visual studies in GIS. 1km references Thorndon Park. identified the required OS 1st ed. 25” maps (1868), allowing data collection of detailed mapping to Robert Adams continue visual analysis for assessing structures Introduction associated with ‘Animals in the Landscape. This During the 16th-19th centuries in England there was process identified a list of features for further a fascination for exotic animals among the higher investigation, established a time line and developed a echelons of society, some for ornamental strategy, which supported the other lines of enquiry characteristics and others for possible domestication, employed during this study. County Council but all were symbolic of elite family status.1 The (ECC), kindly supplied digitalised estate maps, which eighteenth century ideals popularised by Bridgeman allowed the temporal analysis to extend back to 1598, and many others, used the ha-ha to ‘Call in the showing the key stages of landscape change and Country’ allowed domesticated animals to become development since its purchase by the Petre family in part of the landscapes ‘Picturesque’ appeal, a living the 1570’s. These estate maps were processed and re- landscape feature.2 Menageries on country estates scaled to make them compatible with modern OS varied in construction, but were often façade or mapping data using GIS. This process required pavilions containing screened animal pens, usually literary documentation (to interpret features), containing birds only and often with only semior non- archaeological reports, maps and photographic permanent structures.3 In addition aviaries, game evidence, which created site specific mapping to guide stores, kennels, stables and other animal related the surveying, correlated layers of data and supplied buildings were common on large estates. Thorndon additional data for a second survey. The second Hall, Essex, one of two principle residences acquired survey was required to identify feature, which could by the Petre family in the 1570’s,4 is a large site with not be located accurately during the first, allowing a historical longevity and high potential for containing detailed survey focused on two features, rather than archaeological evidence to investigate structures all structures associated with animals. The surveys associated with animals. Thorndon remained in the were carried out a week apart, this allowed time for Petre family for four hundred years, it has a long reviewing the mapping and adding data collected from association with animals inside its park and manorial the first survey to refine search areas. Additional parish. Hatch Farm was built as a ‘Model Farm’ for survey work investigated the menagerie and old stable the Thorndon Estate, specifically for rearing of deer block, to pin down locations while assessing their and cattle on the Thorndon estate.5 Thorndon was relationships with other feature in the landscape. GIS chosen for site specific analysis, because documentary allowed the generation of mapping for visual research evidence for this estates in Essex has been studied and provided data for cross-referencing on the ground thoroughly by A.C. Edwards and Nancy Briggs, using GPS coordinates to find earthwork remains of demonstrating large amounts of information, which demolished, neglected or forgotten features at survived over four centuries. The techniques used for Thorndon. investigating structures associated with animals on Regressive Mapping and Site Survey Thorndon’s estate included literary and archival The starting point for the mapping was the 25inch to documentation, maps, aerial photography, site survey the mile Ordnance Survey (OS) map of 1868; the and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) features identified on the map included menagerie technology. Historical archaeology theory states that, plantation, Hatch Farm, pigeon mount, the old hall ‘…archaeological interpretations gain strength by stables site, and surviving relict buildings and moving back and forth between multiple lines of earthworks. Other references on the maps included evidence, a process referred to…as ‘tracking’…this lost structures such as a deer cote and an eagle’s cage, approach allows…multiple interpretations of the with further references through place names to a historical past.’6 This investigation utilises this rookery, paddocks and pastures. The map also show method of interpretation to examine the animal related two deer parks associated with the old and new halls, structures and draw conclusions on their construction, in addition to place names like, ‘Old Thorndon placement and use. This investigation is divided into Pasture’ within or adjacent to the estate boundaries. three phases; the first used regressive mapping to Pastures indicate grazing by animals like cattle and investigate changes in the estate layout and plotted sheep, whereas paddocks would be associated with any noted association to animals, the second examines horses and deer.7 Both the new and old halls had literary and archival evidence for animals in the ponds, presumable for providing fish to the kitchens, landscape, and the final stage used map and literary water for grazing animals, and ornamentation to the evidence to locate and interpret earthworks by cross- landscaped grounds. Home farm was outside Thorndon () on the East Horndon Estate, with the farmland of these two manors (1733) showed planned changes proposed by Robert amounting to1,448 acres (most of this was rough James Petre these retained the , the pigeon pasture or parkland and partly leased to outlying mount (possible dovecote) was recorded by 1669 and farms). Thorndon was completely remodelled from the menagerie appeared in the newly designed 1763 when the old hall was demolished and Lancelot landscape of 1733. The next detailed survey was Brown redesigned the park 1766-72, (although many carried out by Spires (1778) after the estate had been of the landscape features now survive as re-arranged by Robert Edward Petre (1763) and archaeological remains). The Spires map (1778) Lancelot Brown (1766-72) the old deer park and shows this rearrangement of the landscape including menagerie were retained. The park was rotated the menagerie (Figure 11). This period also saw the through 180° and the new hall had a new deer park demolition of the old hall, stable, outbuildings and St and pond installed. The Spire map also showed Hatch Nicholas church.8 The 1733 alignment faced north, farm inside the park boundaries, this specialist deer but after 1772 the new hall faced south with a new and cattle rearing farm also reflects the elite status of deer park to the west, some features were retained its surrounding landscape, rookery wood originates from the Bourginion layout, including the old deer from the tree nursery, probably after Robert James’s park, menagerie, a serpentine lake feature and the mill death in 1742.14 The Claton map (1805) shows the pond (Figure 10). Hatch farm and Rookery wood (was menagerie, Hatch farm, old pond and extensive the former locations of the nursery) appeared on parkland, but provides little additional detail. The 1st Spires map (1778),9 with additional references to a edition OS (1868) identified a deer cote, north of the northern Eagle’s cage (TQ58, TQ59) and a southern old pond and a eagles cage, west of the new hall, these Deer cote (TQ68, TQ69) found on the OS 1:2500 suggest continuity of use and status. maps (1868). The Pigeon mount was also retained although the structure on this feature disappeared, and speculation suggests it may have fallen into disrepair, becoming another outbuilding, demolished with the old hall and its surrounding complex.10 The Bourginion plan (1733) for the formal gardens (only parts of which were undertaken) included the esplanade…new Ingrave church, pleasure gardens adjacent to the old hall, the menagerie, nurseries, ponds, the enlargement of the old mill pond and the construction of a ‘zigurat’ between the northern arms, octagon, kitchen gardens and lawns. The stable block is to the east of the old hall with gate houses to the east and west of the old hall (Figure 1).11 The Menagerie was a feature of Robert James Petre vision for Thorndon in the eighteenth century. It was approximately 180m square, with a central pond an island, animal sheds in the north east corner. The pigeon mount does not appear on the Walker map of 1598, but is on the 1669 map by Duke Cosmo of Tuscany, and its interpretation suggests either a dove cote or a pergola.12 The Walker’s map (1598) includes a pond situated east of the old hall, approximately 200m long by 90m wide, aligned north-south, which was most likely an integral part of a water management system which fed the moat. In addition, it was a mill and fishpond; the northern arms were created while the main body had its capacity increased. The Walker map (1598) also showed the Figure 1 Features Associated with Animals at stable block associated with the old hall and to the Thorndon Park (Author’s Image) south-east, large scatterings of Tudor brick, tiles and pottery were found around ruin wood.13 Conclusions from Map Analysis: Results from the map analysis provided an insight into how a major, manorial estate connected with its animals for economic reasons, in addition to social ideals, which used livestock as ornamental feature to reflect family status. The Walker map (1598) demonstrates the Petre family’s dominance over the surrounding landscape (Figure 2) and annotations like ‘Stable Mead’ and ‘The Ovlde Parke’ suggest high status animals like horses and deer. Bourginion map these predate the Petre family’s ownership of Thorndon and were investigated during the first survey. This feature was also very over grown with succession vegetation by appeared to show up clearly through mapping, using the OS contour and spot height data. The first survey identified its ground position and map analysis using GIS showed a depression inside the 30m contour with a bank, also at 30m, separating the remains of a possible pond. The first survey identified features which correlated with Clutton and Mackay (1970) and ECC archaeological report (1994); these features were investigated further during the second survey. This feature showed a shallow depression, approximately 1m deep, with a possible second pond to the south, although the natural topography drops away (south). The spot heights indicate a 30m bank running east to west across this feature, which appeared man-made because it was straight, and as suggested (Figure 5) a possible gully connecting the stream on the western side could indicate a water management system. Menagerie Rectangular earthworks to the north were reported as an enclosure for animals; these comprise a slight ditch and bank forming a right-angle at the north-west corner. The centrally located, landscaped pond and traces of a dam across the stream to the south,16 field study showed a deep cut earthwork, possible remains Figure 2 The Walker Map (1598) of East and West of a sluice gate. The menagerie terracing (Figure 6) Horndon (ERO D/DP P5) Reproduced by courtesy of steps up three times for the stream, before levelling Essex Record Office. out to form the plateau where the animal enclosures

were reported to be.17 The large Horsechestnut tree, central to the

Figure 3 Horsechestnut tree at the centre of Menagerie plateau, possibly 317yrs old:

Earthworks Associated with Animal Structures and Management at Thorndon The structural elements of Thorndon associated with animals in the landscape which remain as earthworks (Figure 4).15 were examined during the surveying stages of the project. The archaeological survey carried out by Essex County Council (1994) provided a key to investigating Thorndon’s landscape for Figure 4 Garden Elements at the southern end of establishing the position of old hall stables, the Thorndon 1733-42, in Clutton and Mackay (1970b). menagerie and water management features. Medieval Fish Pond The earthworks of possible medieval fish ponds in Mill wood were recorded by Essex County Council, location during survey one, using the OS contours and spot height data. The map analysis using GIS indicated a depression inside the 30m contour with a bank, also at 30m, suggesting the remains of a possible pond. This feature showed a sallow depression, approximately 1m deep, with a possible second pond to the south, although the natural topography drops away considerably to the south and vegetation prevented detailed survey. The spot heights indicated the 30m bank runs east to west, directly across this feature, which appeared man-made because it was straight, and as suggested (Figure 5) a possible gully connecting the stream on the western side could indicate a water management system. Figure 5 Mill Wood Earthworks. Traces of a watering system for Robert James Petre’s nursery remain as earthwork in the area now known as the rookery.

Figure 6 Terraced Earthworks leading to the Figure 7 Plateau in front of Ruin Wood, position of MenageriePlateau: gate house and entrance driveway.

Menagerie plateau had a girth measurement of 430cm; the Forestry Commission’s tree dating calculation placed this tree at 317yrs old, with a planting date of 1692. Taking this age and date as accurate, this would allow the suggestion that it was selected as a shade tree, around 35-40yrs old and close to animal structures in Lord Petre’s Menagerie (Figure 3). Pond Associated with Mill and Menagerie The importance of water management and natural hydrological data provided clues for finding structures and areas associated with animals.18 The earliest suggested evidence of water management was found at mill wood, where the depressions and gullies Figure 8 Earthwork terrace and plateau, most appear to connect with the stream (Figure 3) running probably associated with the Old Stable Block at from the north and west, heading south (Figure 2). Thorndon: Note tree cover which created difficulties, The menagerie also follows this line of natural GPS readings were still possible under light tree hydrology with it pond acting as part of the water cover, although the accuracy was reduced. management system to the north of a large serpentine lake and mill pond. A bridge across the stream Bridge containing three arched course and ten plus stretcher The bridge (Figure 10) was re-examined and it’s a courses could be there for carriage traffic visiting the three course arch and ten plus stretcher courses, menagerie. Another feature noted was an earthwork, strongly suggests the drive way and entrance were on thought to be a medieval fishpond within mill wood, the northern side of the plateau, but no dating showing up as rectangular depressions and banks, or a evidence was available at the date of surveying. The possible quarry site, but no documentary evidence pond, island and animal enclosure would all be visible remains.19 The earthworks of possible medieval fish from the bridge position, with the drive heading up the ponds in Mill wood were recorded by Essex County hill toward the possible site entrance. Council, these pre-date the Petre family’s ownership of Thorndon and were investigated during the first survey. This feature was also over grown with succession vegetation by appeared to show up, after ruin wood was the most likely location for the old stable block. Pigeon Mount The pigeon mound, positioned approximately 200m west from the old hall remains as a sizeable earthwork about 30m in diameter and 4m high, its purpose is unknown although suggestions include a dovecote or pergola as possibilities.20 The pigeon mound was excavated in 1990’s this revealed an octagonal building constructed of brick, window glass and lead indicates diamond patterned windows in the walls or dormers in the roof. The pegged and hipped roof tiles conform to construction techniques required for an

Figure 9 Feature resembling the Island and Lake of octagonal building.21 The recovery of slip glazed tile the Thorndon Menagerie. suggests an ornate floor was once in place and large pieces of shaped baked clay or daub remain unexplained, this fired ceramic material could be pre- formed nesting units. The absence of plaster, render or pointing of the brickwork, does not fit with an ornately decorated building like a summer house, therefore the tiles could be a practical way of keeping the floor clean. In addition, the lack of plaster etc. could indicate that the building was lined with some other kind of feature like, fired clay or preformed nesting boxes, which have been noted in dovecotes on other sites. The octagonal dovecote was a popular architectural variation in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, as were free standing, ornately decorated dovecotes, created as landscape features. Furthermore, pigeon were thought to prefer light, airy conditions, therefore it was not uncommon for dovecotes to contain windows.22 At the pigeon mount there were fragments of Tudor brick and glazed floor

Figure 10 Bourginion (1733) menagerie layout: tiles in the eroding soil on the slopes, during the first (detail of ERO D/DP 23/1) Reproduced by courtesy of survey. Essex Record Office. The Lawn and Southern Hedge The lawn was ploughed when surveying took place, Stables but the field boundaries had not changed since the Stables were situated south east of the old hall, both map (Figure 4), was drawn (1970), although it looked feature were visible by travellers heading north from different on Bourginion’s plan (1733), its position the Thames (Figure 7), the pigeon mount on a terraced correlated with this map. The southern hedge (Figure plateau, and the lawn extended south beyond them. 7) appears to be much later, as it would obscure views Walking this area show no obvious remains of the of St Nicholas Church (demolished), the lawn and stables, except a terrace in front of ruin wood, so GPS Thames, but the field boundary was on Walker co-ordinates were used to pin down their position on (1598). The same process of cross-checking between the ground, during the second survey. Reviewing the map and survey was implemented to search for the map evidence between surveys, located the stables island and lake associated with the Menagerie (Figure 8), east of ruin wood on a slightly lower (northwest of the old deer park). As outlined above, plateau to the old hall, illustrated by Walker’s map the first survey located the plateau and terracing of the (1598). The first survey produced useful data on menagerie, but did not locate the island and lake. Thorndon’s layout, but to ensure accuracy this was Difficulties inherent with GPS and Geo-referencing of cross-referenced with a second site visit, to pin point documentary evidence caused errors, which had to be features on the ground. To achieve this, mapping from taken into account during ground proofing exercises. Clutton and Mackay (1970) study of Old Thorndon In addition, GPS however advanced it may be, does Hall was scanned, then overlaid onto OS maps to not work well under tree canopies, because the establish the correct scale and orientation, before satellite signals become interrupted when the line of making comparisons with historic estate maps. This sight is poor and inaccuracies occur. Finding the allowed GPS co-ordinates to be generated in GIS, stable block in open ground (Figure 8) was easier than which in turn provided a system for cross-referencing finding the island and lake of the Menagerie (Figure actual ground position with generated point during the 9) for these reasons, but the combination of survey exercise. These processes lead to the technology and field work has identified a feature interpretation (Figure 8) that the plateau to the east of likely to be the island and lake.

Archival Research with John Radley’s name appearing in March 1661 Some original research was carried out on references and again in December 1663. Q/SR 388/14, 17 and to animals in the Thorndon archives, and this was Q/SR 388/22 accuse Radley of illegal entry to combined with material taken from the 1972 Thorndon (1661) to hunt and kill deer, these publication on Old Thorndon by J. Ward based on descriptions also describe his dogs as well known to documentary evidence. Here it is presented the local community and kept at residences not chronologically: occupied by Radley.32 Sixteenth Century Eighteenth Century ‘The Stables, Barns and Coach-houses at Thorndon The stables were very busy, with servants starting at stood at a little distance from the dwelling house, and 5am, and cleaning, feeding, watering and exercising surrounded three sides of a yard…Work began there horses required completion before breakfast. Accounts in September, 1587, when brickbats were gathered record, servants deliberately pulling off horseshoes, from the rubbish to serve for the foundations of the providing an excuse to visit the smith and the ale new barns and stables the following year, and work house while they wait.33 Horse feed was given out by was in progress throughout 1589-90. In autumn of a bailiff or steward, every Monday morning to 1589, the roof of the east end of the great stable, and coachmen or grooms, with two bushels of oats for little stable and the two coach-houses, and the two each horse under their care.34 long stables, and saddlehouse, were framed and Thorndon accounts from 1766 to 1778 indicated that raised. Brick was being laid at the new stables, barns the menagerie was staffed by Dominic Wood and his and coach-houses, and the coachhouse and stables wife Francis during this period, with their combined were being tiled in the early winter. The work was earning totalling 12 pounds and 10 shillings per half progressing well when, on the Twelfth Night, 1590, a year. Dominic was possible the best paid member of great wind so badly cracked and shook the brick walls Lord Petre’s staff, who worked with animals, earning of the new stables that they had to be completely 20 pounds per annum over this twelve year period. taken down. The damaged tiles on the dwelling-house Thomas Vincent the farmer (7, 10, 0), William Gibbs and outhouses were replaced in mid- February; work the groom (7, 0, 0), John Robson the second farmer on the stables began again in the spring.’23 The estate (5, 5, 0), James Digby the under groom (4, 10, 0) and in the sixteenth century was alive with the near Elizabeth Kiteheen the dairy maid (4, 0, 0) were all constant movement of horses ‘…from dawn to dusk, earning lower half yearly incomes.35 The menagerie and longer, there were horses to be accommodated.’ 24 was still being maintained in 1788, but work was Lonely and Lion lodges were the homes to the carried out by day workers,36 the work listed was warrener and gamekeeper respectively,25 later repairs to the earthworks and structures, with no becoming private homes. The bailiff of husbandry was mention of an animal keeper. Six monthly contracts responsible for home farm, under the supervision of shown in D/DP/A167 do not show up in the John Bentley from 1573. The records show that cattle D/DP/A59 estate accounts, which only listed day were bought and sold for beef, although a dairy herd workers and no regular staff. was kept to supply the household with milk, veal and beef, with hides being sold to local tanners. In addition, a moderate size flock of sheep was kept for wool, meat and sale.26 A falconer employed by Sir William Petre from 1550 with references to a ‘mews’27 ‘Sparrow hawks bred in the wooded parts of the old park, and a watch was kept on them for an opportunity to seize young birds to replenish the mews’.28 Seventeenth Century: References in the archival records and accounts of Thorndon showed an estate focused on livestock, with cattle, sheep, deer, providing food or income, with the cattle sales in 1655-56 exceeding £1000 and new stock costing around £500.29 The quarter session records provides insight into poaching of deer in the Figure 11 Spires map of Thorndon (1778) with seventeenth century. Archive records of 1655-63, Stables (1598) and modification to the designed suggest Thorndon’s deer park was still busy after landscape (1733) overlaid:(ERO D?DP P30) night fall, with local people trespassing with Reproduced by courtesy of Essex Record Office. regularity. 20 March 1655 Q/SR 366/18 is a warrant for arrest of Richard Larder for killing deer in Also, Robert James received some ‘Olive Thorndon, Larder was arrested but escaped custody.30 Birds’despatched to Thorndon’s menagerie, Collinson 29 December 1655, Q/SR 367/45 Henry Barnard, and Bartram were linked to these purchases from Thomas Barnard and Robert Luken were charged with America.37 The menagerie plantation ‘…at Thorndon unlawful hunting and killing of deer at Thorndon.31 included ornamental ducks and pheasants, deer, sheep, More detailed accounts from 1661-63 show regular red fowl from New England…terrapins, poaching by a gang of three to five men with dogs, bustards…squirrels. These were either let loose in the park and adjoining woods or else kept in the search area down. These earthworks were viewed for menagerie…’38 the west on survey one and from the east on survey Nineteenth Century two, looking from the east these anomalies stood out, A letter dated 1860 thanks Lord Petre for sending red because higher ground looked down on the deer to the Clifford family in New Zealand, and earthworks and additional data had been compiled signed by John Morrison, whose family settled in the before walking the area. colony (1860), although this appears more of an Management of animals at Thorndon’s extend back at exceptional case, as the letter had a subservient but least four hundred year, and documentary evidence personal tone.39 demonstrates this through land use, because no Discussion of Archival Material: indications of ploughing were identified during this Archival and literary documentation assisted the investigation. Thorndon’s ownership remained in one visual analysis of map evidence by providing details family from 1573 until the mid-twentieth century, for features, but it also helped to understand social, becoming symbolic of an elite manorial landscape. political and economic situation of contemporary This parkland landscape changed, most noticeably in lives. The lord was very rich and provided the eighteenth century, but animal remained a key employment to servants at Thorndon, supported the theme in management strategy and economic parish economy and in fact family influence extended sustainability of Thorndon and its surrounding far beyond Thorndon’s manorial jurisdiction. Animals parishes. Thorndon’s location also allowed access to were one way to demonstrate this power and ’s markets and ports, providing the ability for Thorndon certainly exhibited elite family status the Petre family’s influence to extend beyond England through the keeping of deer, the employment of a to the known world. This was demonstrated in the falconer, warrener and the presents of fish pond, eighteenth century by Robert James Petre’s which were all privileges of manorial lords. introduction of plants and animals from America and Collections of exotic animals, kept in menageries the establishment of a plant nursery as well as the reflected fashionable trends as well as demonstrating menagerie incorporated into Thorndon’s landscape in the ability to reach out across the known world to 1733. The presence of a falconer, fish ponds and bring back unknown animals or plants for keeping of deer were right associated with royal domestication or display purposes. Robert James Petre privilege, these rights were evident from the 1570’s was famous for his connection with America and his when the family purchased Thorndon and Ingatestone passion for exotic plant and animal species.40 estates. References to lonely lodge, the warrener Conclusion residence, the pigeon mount, a possible dovecote and The research confirmed the importance of utilising the the stables all evoke manorial benefits and family full range of documentary, archaeological, status. No evidence of warrens were found and the cartographic and GIS technology for a complete pigeon mount’s use is speculation, but their reference picture of the landscape. Survey work was based on should still be considered within the theme of map and documentary evidence these processes were investigation structures associated with animals. enhanced by GIS technology, which allowed re- Equally the presence of domestic animals like sheep scaling and correlation of estate map to provide and cattle cannot be overlooked, especially as the overlays on modern OS maps. GIS provided mapping provided food, income, employment along with for the first survey, allowed processing of results resources to Thorndon’s estate and surrounding between surveys and provided data for pinning down parishes. Animals clearly had great significance structures, not located accurately, by generating GPS within Thorndon’s landscape for many reasons co-ordinates for cross-referencing during the second associated with estate management, but also, as the survey. This ‘Tracking’ process certified the positions quarter session records show there were unwanted of the stable block and the menagerie island by re- animals present and used for poaching deer. examining earthworks that were overlooked or missed Thorndon’s estate was a living landscape and support during the first survey. The uses of handheld GPS in the evidence put forward by Festing, Groves and conjunction with co-ordinates generated by GIS others, that manorial estates had strong links with mapping narrowed the search area to approximately animals, to demonstrate family status, fashion, and 10m radius. Once the search area was narrowed down contemporary design theory. The historical evidence features that appeared as meaningless earthworks has faded with time, but remains in documentation, started to correlate with mapping and documentary structural relicts, earthworks and vegetation of this evidence, careful examination revealed their true protected landscape. Thorndon’s landscape today is characteristics. The position of old hall stables still open parkland with its historical themes appeared obvious when all the evidence was compiled demonstrated through interpretation panels for the and cross-referenced. The menagerie was more visiting public. Essex County Council currently owns difficult, because its complexity and scale were a large proportion of Thorndon Park and protects this hidden within two hundred years of woodland listed, relict landscape and its connections to grazing vegetation growth, but reducing the search area was and free-roaming deer. The old and new deer parks beneficial to earthwork interpretation. The terracing remain and animals remain an attraction at Thorndon and menagerie plateau were identified during the first with goat paddocks in the northern (new) deer park. survey, but the lake remained obscured by The field boundaries, south of Childersditch common undergrowth until the second survey narrowed the and west of Thorndon Park have not changed since the Walker map was drawn. The menagerie and old 23 Ward 1972 deer park are now SSSI’s and animal grazing areas 24 Edwards 1975 maintaining the connections with animals, which had 25 Edwards, 1975 great significance to Thorndon’s landscape history. 26 Edwards 1975 27 Ibid, 33. The combination of poor soils and legislation 28 Ibid, 49. associated with keeping deer contributed to the 29 ERO. D/DP/A53, (1655-56). survival of Thorndon’s landscape features helping 30 ERO. Q/SR 366/18, (1655). them escape the plough so its history lives on for 31 ERO. Q/SR 367/45, (1655). public appreciation today. 32 ERO. Q/SR 388/22, (1661). Bibliography 33 ERO..D/DP/F375, (1740), 4. Clutton, Sir, G., 1970a ‘The Death and Fame of 34 ERO..D/DP/F375, (1740), 7 35 ERO. D/DP/A167, (1766-78). Robert 36 ERO. D/DP/A59, (1788). James, 8th Lord Petre’ in Essex Journal, 5, 57-61 37 Clutton 1970a, 57-61. Clutton, Sir. G. & Mackay C., 1970b ‘Old Thorndon 38 Clutton & Mackay 1970b, 27-39. Hall, Essex: An History and Reconstruction on its 39 ERO. D/DP E174, (1860). Park 40 Clutton & Mackay, 1970a 57-61 and Garden’ in Historic Gardens, 12, 27-39 T H E L I V I N G L A N D S C A P E _ E Edwards, A.C., 1975 John Petre, London S S E X G A R D E N S T R U S T Essex County Council, 1994 Country Parks Archaeological Survey Thorndon Park, ECC Planning 90 Department Archaeological Advisory Group, 1-32 Essex County Council, 1995 The Pigeon Mount, Thorndon Park, Brentwood, ECC Field Archaeology Unit Essex Field Club, 2004 Essex Park, Stratford Festing, S., 1988 ‘Menageries and the landscape gardens’, in Garden History, 8, 104-117. Groves, L., 2002 Animals: Living Garden Features Not Incidental Occupants, unpublished MA Dissertation, Birkbeck University Harvey, N., 1984 A History of Farm Buildings in England and Wales, David and Charles Hicks, D., & Beaudry M.C., 2006 The Cambridge Companion to Historical Archaeology, Cambridge Muir, R., 2000 The New Reading of the Landscape: Fieldwork in Landscape History, Exeter Symes, M., 2006 A Glossary of Garden History, Shire Books Ward, J. C., 1972 The History of Old Thorndon Hall, Essex County Council Primary Sources are referenced in the text References 1 Groves 2002 2 Symes 2006. 3 Festing 1988, 104-117 4 Edwards 1975 5 Essex Field Club 2004 6 Hicks & Beaudry 2006 7 Muir 2000 8 Essex County Council, 1994, 1-32 9 Ibid, 1994. 10 Ibid, 1994. 11 Essex County Council 1994, 1-32. 12 Essex County Council 1995 13 Essex County Council 1994, 1-32 14 Clutton & Mackay 1970b, 27-39 15 Clutton & Mackay 1970b, 27-39 16 ESMR, in Essex County Council 1994, 1-32 17 Essex County Council 1994, 1-32 18 Harvey 1984 19 ESMR, in Essex County Council 1994, 1-32 20 ESMR, in Essex County Council 1994, 1-32 21 Ibid, 1994. 22 Ibid, 1994.Which ibids??