Radiative Heating and Cooling in Circumstellar Envelopes

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Radiative Heating and Cooling in Circumstellar Envelopes Radiative Heating and Co oling in Circumstellar Envelop es von DiplPhys Peter Woitke aus Berlin Vom Fachbereich Physik der Technischen Universitat Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Dr rer nat genehmigte Dissertation Berlin D Promotionsausschu Vorsitzender Prof Dr D Zimmermann Berichter Prof Dr E Sedlmayr Priv Doz Dr J P Kaufmann Tag der mundlichen Prufung Wei man wo man innehalten mu entsteht geistige Festigkeit Gibt es geistige Festigkeit dann entsteht innere Ruhe Hat man innere Ruhe dann entsteht Gelassenheit Hat man Gelassenheit dann entsteht besonnenes Nachdenken Gibt es besonnenes Nachdenken so kommt das Gelingen Konfuzius Buch der Riten Zusammenfassung oe bis zu etwa m bilden auf den ersten orp erpartikel von einer Gr Kleine Festk orende Komp onente der Materie in unserem Kos Blick eine unbedeutende eher st atzliche mos Genauer b etrachtet kommt diesen Staubteilchen jedo ch eine grunds Bedeutung zu Aufgrund ihrer groen Wirkungsquerschnitte fur die Wechselwirkung mit Licht pr agen sie in ganz entscheidender Weise das Erscheinungsbild des heutigen Universums Sie b eeinussen wesentlich die dynamischen thermischen und chemi schen Eigenschaften des Gases in der Interstellaren Materie und sind ohne Zweifel mitverantwortlich fur den kosmischen Kreislauf und die chemische Evolution der Materie Man kann ohne Ub ertreibung sagen da es ohne die Existenz der Staub teilchen weder die Erde no ch den Menschen ja vielleicht nicht einmal die Sonne geb en wurde Die Bildung dieser Staubteilchen aus der Gasphase erfordert relativ sp ezische ther mo dynamische Bedingungen Neb en hohen Dichten sind insb esondere niedrige ab er nicht zu niedrige Temperaturen unterhalb der Sublimationstemp eratur des b etrach teten Festk orp ermaterials erforderlich Diese Voraussetzung ist absolut zwingend Fragt man nach der Existenz solcher Bedingungen in astrophysikalischen Ob jekten so liegen diese vor allem in den zirkumstellaren Hullen von kuhlen Riesensternen vor demzufolge gelten die massiven Winde dieser Ob jekte als Hauptpro duktionsst atten des Staub es im Universum Bei Riesensternen mit Eektivtemp eraturen unterhalb von etwa K ist der Mechanismus der Staubbildung und des Massenverlustes nicht zuletzt durch die Arb eiten der Berliner Arb eitsgrupp e von Prof Dr Sedlmayr hinreichend verstanden Bei genugend groen radialen Abst anden vom Stern erreicht das Gas Temperaturen die niedrig genug sind um den Phasenub ergang vom oglichen Die entstehenden Staubteilchen nehmen orp er zu erm Molekul zum Festk durch Absorptions und Streuprozesse den Impuls des Strahlungsfeldes teilweise auf und geb en diesen durch St oe an das Gas weiter Dieser Impulseintrag treibt den stellaren Wind Neb en diesen Sternen gibt es eine Reihe von weiteren staubbildenden Ob jekten Insb esondere existiert eine zahlenm aig eher unbedeutende Klasse von R Coronae Borealis RCB Sternen die sich nicht recht in das obige Bild einordnen lassen Bei diesen Ob jekten kommt es in unvorhersagbaren zeitlichen Abst anden immer wieder zur Bildung von riesigen Staubwolken die den gesamten Stern vorub ergehend ver onnen so da dieser fur das bloe Auge fur Monate o der Jahre vom Himmel decken k zu verschwinden scheint Beobachtungen legen nahe da der Staubbildungsproze are Beobachtungen liegen fur WolfRayetSterne Ahnliche wenn auch nicht derart sp ektakul und NovaeExplosionen vor i ii ZUSAMMENFASSUNG b ei diesen Sternen in einer Entfernung von nur einigen wenigen Sternradien stattn den mu obwohl die RCBSterne Eektivtemp eraturen von etwa K b esitzen aftiger als die Sonne sind Die vorliegende Arb eit die also heier und viel leuchtkr nimmt diese Beobachtungsergebnisse ernst G angige Metho den zur Temperaturb estimmung ergeb en in so geringen radialen Ent fernungen vom Stern sehr hohe Temperaturen so da die Staubbildungstheorien at sich die Staubbil durch die RCBSterne auf eine harte Prob e gestellt werden L dung in der N ahe dieser Sterne mit den ublichen Theorien erkl aren Setzt man die Gultigkeit der Theorien voraus so mussen entweder die Beobachtungen falsch sein o der es mussen in der N ahe dieser Sterne zumindest zeitweilig viel niedrigere Temperaturen als erwartet herrschen Kann es in der N ahe von heien Sternen zu thermo dynamischen Bedingungen kom men die Staubbildungsprozesse zulassen Angeregt durch diese Fragestellung unter sucht die vorliegende Arb eit den thermischen Zustand dunner Gase unter dem Ein u von stellaren Strahlungsfeldern Es handelt sich hierb ei zun achst um allgemeine nicht RCBspezische grundlegende Studien Eine Metho de zur zeitabh angigen Temperaturb estimmung von Gasen in zirkumstellaren Hullen wird entwickelt die von vornherein so konzipiert ist da sie als elementarer Bestandteil von komplexeren Mo dellrechnungen in zukunftigen Arb eiten verwendet werden kann Das thermo dynamische Konzept dieser Metho de b eruht auf einer nonLTE Beschrei bung des Gases in der jedo ch eine Geschichtsabh angigkeit der Konzentrationen der Molekule und der Besetzungsdichten vernachl assigt wird Stattdessen wird ein ki netisches Gleichgewicht steady state vorausgesetzt Es wird gezeigt da diese at ohnliche thermo dynamische Beschreibung des Gases zul Annahme eine gew Die folgenden radiative Prozesse werden in dieser Arb eit b erucksichtigt Linienub er g ange von Atomen und einfach geladenen Ionen Vibrations und Rotationsub er g ange von p olaren diatomischen bzw linearen Molekulen Quadrup olUb erg ange von H gebundenfreiUb erg ange von Atomen aus dem Grundzustand und im Falle von Wassersto aus angeregten elektronischen Niveaus ferner Photo disso ange Diese Prozesse ergeb en in der Summe die ziationsprozesse und freifreiUb erg radiativen Heiz und Kuhlraten d h die W armemengen die das Gas durch Ab sorptionsprozesse pro Zeit aufnimmt bzw durch Emissionsprozesse verliert Die ra diativen Heiz und Kuhlraten bilden somit die Grundlage zur thermo dynamischen Mo dellierung des Gases Drei Anwendungen der entwickelten Metho de werden vorgestellt Zun achst werden die stabilen Gleichgewichtszust ande des Gases in den zirkumstella ren Hullen von RCBSternen b estimmt Diese Zust ande zeichnen sich dadurch aus da sich die radiativen Heiz und Kuhlraten ausgleichen Strahlungsgleichgewicht Es wird jedo ch festgestellt da das Strahlungsgleichgewicht eine zwar notwendige ab er nicht hinreichende Bedingung zur Berechnung des thermischen Zustand des Gases darstellt Unter gegeb enen Druck und Strahlungsfeldb edingungen k onnen aumliche Ko existenz von heien atomaren osungen existieren d h eine r mehrere L ZUSAMMENFASSUNG iii oglich thermische Phasen neb en kalten molekularen Phasen erscheint prinzipiell m Bifurkationen Der Relaxationsproze des Gases zum Strahlungsgleichgewicht wird in den zirkum stellaren Hullen von CSternen untersucht Hierb ei wird insb esondere das Verhal ten des Gases hinter Stowellen diskutiert die durch eine Pulsation des zentra len Sterns verursacht werden Es ergibt sich da nach der Passage einer solchen Stowelle nur ein hinreichend dichtes Gas in der Lage ist den Strahlungsgleichge wichtszustand nach einiger Zeit wieder zu erreichen Bei Teilchendichten cm alt sich das Gas zunehmend adiabatisch so da schlielich die Bedingung des verh Strahlungsgleichgewichtes ihre b estimmende Bedeutung fur die Temperaturstruktur dieser Sternhullen verliert angige thermische Verhalten des Gases in den zirkum Schlielich wird das zeitabh stellaren Hullen von pulsierenden RCBSternen genauer untersucht Es wird eine p e ahe des Sterns fortlaufend durch rio dische Situation studiert in der das Gas in der N Stowellen erhitzt und komprimiert wird und in der Zwischenzeit reexpandiert In einem b estimmten Dichtebereich kann dab ei das Gas durch einen StufenProze b estehend aus radiativer Kuhlung gefolgt von adiabatischer Expansion Tempera turen erreichen die weit unterhalb der Strahlungsgleichgewichtstemperatur liegen anden von etwa R treten hierb ei zeitweilig Tempera Schon b ei radialen Abst angig von der Stowellengeschwindigkeit Diese turen unterhalb von K auf abh Arb eit stellt daher die Hyp othese auf da die Kondensation von Ruteilchen in der aren ahe der RCBSterne durch Stowellen verursacht wird wodurch die sp ektakul N onnten ost werden k Verdunklungsereignisse dieser Ob jekte ausl alt somit grundlegende Erkenntnisse ub er das thermo Die vorliegende Arb eit enth dynamische Verhalten der Gase in zirkumstellaren Hullen Neue alternative Wege zur Staubbildung werden aufgezeigt iv Abstract This thesis investigates the thermal state of diluted gases b eing exp osed to stellar radiation elds On the basis of a steadystate nonLTE description the radiative heating and co oling rates of the gas are determined considering the typical densities present in circumstellar envelopes The following radiative pro cesses are examined line transitions of neutral and singly ionized atoms vibrational and rotational transitions of p olar diatomic and linear molecules resp ectively quadrup ole transitions of H b oundfree transitions from the electronic ground states and in case of hydrogen from excited electronic levels photo disso ciation and freefree transitions A thermo dynamic description of the gas is developed which allows for a time dep endent determination of the temp erature structure in the circumstellar envelopes of co ol and warm stars and can b e included into more complex e g hydrodynamic mo del calculations Three applications of this description are presented
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