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ACOTTAS OEOTJA I 4
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ARCHAIC TERRACOTTASTERRACOTTAS
OF BOEOTIABOEOTIA
« L'ERMAL'ERMA>> » di di BRETSCHNEIDERBRETSCHNEIDER MiklósMuaOs SzabóSzaO Archaic Terracottas ofof Boeotia Boeotia © CopyrightCopyright 1994 «L'ERMA>' L'ERMA » didi BRETSCHNEIDERBRETSCHNEIDER Via Cassiodoro, 1919- - 0019300193 RomaRoma Graphic layout by «<
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ISBN 88-7062-837-X
CONTENTS
Introduction P.p. 9
1. GeometricGeometrie and subgeometricsubgeometric BoeotianBoeotian terracottasterracottas »> 15
2. Boeotian terracottasterracottas in thethe 7th7th centurycentury B.B. C...... >>C » 21 2.1. The polychrome horse teamteam groupgroup ...... >> » 23
2.2. The group of polychrome, "realistic" war-chariotswar-chariots ... »>> 26 2.3. TransitionalTransitional teamsteams ...... 27 » 27 2.4. The "Centaur-Workshop""Centaur-Workshop" and itsits circlecircle ...... » 29
3. Boeotian terracottaterracotta production at the turn ofof thethe 7th-6th7th-6th centuriescenturies...... »> 33 3.1. The group of the glazed riders ...... »>> 33 3.2. Horses with reserved heads ...... »> 35 3.3. Plastic vases and terracottas paintedpainted inin white white over over glazeglaze » 36 3.4. The mourning-women group ...... »>> 41
4. TheThe Boeotian primitive style in thethe 6th6th centurycentury B.B. C.C. ... »>> 43 4.1. Glaze painted primitives ...... »>> 45 4.11. Corinthianizing group ...... »>> 45 4.12. The descendants of the CorinthianizingCorinthianizing terracot- tas —- transitional types ...... »>' 51 4.121. "Pappades" ...... »>> 51 4.122. Additional female figures ofof aa transitionaltransitional nature...... nature »> 53 4.123. Horsemen ...... »>> 54 4.13. The group ofof thethe glaze-stripedglaze-striped horsemenhorsemen »> 56
5
4.14. Bird-faced "pappades" »>> 6060 4.141. "Protopappades" ...... »>> 6161 4.142. Seated "pappades" fromfrom thethe workshopsworkshops of the Bird-kylices ...... »> 6262 4.143. Standing "pappades" of aa transitionaltransitional naturenature...... »> 6464 4.144. Standing, canonical "pappades""pappades" ...... »>> 6565 4.2. Mat-painted primitives ...... »'> 6868 4.21. Handmade typestypes ...... »>> 6969 4.211. Bird-faced "pappades" ...... »>> 6969 4.212. Groups ...... »>> 7070 4.213. Horsemen, teamsteams ofof horses, and others »>> 7171 4.22. Board idolsidols withwith mold-mademold-made facesfaces ...... »>> 7373 4.221. Canonical standing "pappades""pappades" ...... »>> 7474 4.222. Seated and standingstanding "pappades""pappades" withwith naturalistic limbslimbs ...... »>> 7878 4.2221. Variant forms ofof thethe canonicalcanonical standing "pappades""pappades" ...... »> 7878 4.2222. Atticising seatedseated "pappades" ... »>> 7878 4.2223. The Polos groupgroup ...... »> 7979 4.223. Other typestypes ...... »>> 8080
5. Primitive terracottas ofof thethe archaicarchaic periodperiod outsideoutside BoeotiaBoeotia »>> 8383 5.1. Attica ...... »>> 8585 5.2. Corinth ...... »> 9191 5.3. Argos ...... »> 9696 5.4. Arcadia ...... »'> 102102 5.5. Laconia ...... »>> 103103 5.6. Other regions ...... »>> 105105
6. Boeotian coroplasticcoroplastic primitivesprimitives andand terracottasterracottas of other centerscenters...... > » 111111
7. Late archaic BoeotianBoeotian terracotta sculpturesculpture ...... >> » 121121 7.1. The genre-figurinesgenre-figurines ...... > » 121121 7.2. The occurrence and influenceinfluence ofof EastEast GreekGreek andand Athe-Athe- nianniantypes types ...... »>> 127127
6 ConclusionConclusion...... »>> 133133
AbbreviationsAbbreviations...... »>> 137137
List ofof illustrationsillustrations ...... »>> 143143
PlatesPlates...... »'> 151151
77 INTRODUCTION
Due to its unfavorableunfavorable location,location, BoeotiaBoeotia diddid notnot participateparticipate in in the the greater venturesventures ofof thethe stimulatingstimulating age age of of Greek Greek colonization colonization which which opened new prospects ofof economiceconomic andand intellectualintellectual connectionsconnections 1j.. As a result, duringduring thethe 7th7th andand 6th 6th centuries centuries B. B. C. C. thethe region region was was charac- charac- terized by aa conservativeconservative peasantpeasant cultureculture22,, and,and, asas ifif inin response, response, aa tendency toto aa GreekGreek archaicarchaic stylestyle teemingteeming withwith anachronisticanachronistic ele-ele- ments 33. . An art historicalhistorical examinationexamination ofof materialmaterial excavated excavated inin Boeo- Boeo- tia raisesraises aa seriesseries ofof complicated complicated questions.questions. TheThe basicbasic problem problem had had already been outlined at thethe endend ofof thethe lastlast century: century: waswas there, there, in in fact, fact, an independent Boeotian art? DoDo thethe local local findsfinds reflectreflect more more than than mere mere imitation or slavishslavish repetitionrepetition ofof thethe stylesstyles ofof thethe greatgreat centers,centers, com-com- bined with a tenacioustenacious preservation of ancient traditions? IfIf thethe an-an- swer isis yes,yes, whatwhat isis characteristically characteristically BoeotianBoeotian aboutabout thethe works works discovered inin the soil of Thespiae, Haliartus, TanagraTanagra andand otherother impor-impor- tant settlementssettlements4 ? InIn recent recent years years significant significant scholarshipscholarship onon thethe sub-sub- ject ofof BoeotianBoeotian large-scalelarge-scale sculpturesculpture andand vase-paintingvase-painting hashas soughtsought answers to these questions'.questions5. However,However, thethe last last few few decades decades have have not not
1 Boeotia's only significantsignificant undertaking,undertaking, dateabledateable much much later later (c. (c. 560 560 B. B. C.), C.), waswas its participation inin thethe foundingfounding ofof HeracleaHeraclea Pontica.Pontica. MoreMore recentrecent research research has has shown shown that eveneven in this Megara had the leading role. See:See: D. ASHE1UAsheri in;in: "Forschungen an der Nordküste Kleinasiens I" {Ost.(Ost. Akad. Wiss.Wiss. PhiPhil.-Hist. 1.-Hist. Kl. 106, 1972),1972), 2323 ff.ff. 2 For this see:see: W. RHYsRhys ROBERTS,Roberts, The Ancient Boeotians. TheirTheir CharacterCharacter and and Culture, andand their Reputation (Cambridge 1895);1895); P. GUILLON,Guillon, La Béotie antiqueantique (Paris 1948),1948), 1717 ff; R. J.J. BUCK,Buck, A History of BoeotiaBocotia (Edmonton 1979)1979) 1 fff and and 87 87 ff. ff. 3 A. BONINELLA,Boninella, Aevum 41 (1967),(1967), 11 ff.ff. 4 ' A striking characterization of the direction of research:research: Lullies,LULLIES, Plastik, 137 ff.ff. See also the works cited in notenote 55 andand thethe contentscontents ofof thethe Conclusion. Conclusion. 5 For large-scalelarge-scale sculpturesculpture see primarily Ducat,DUCAT, 451 ff; furthermore, W.W. Schild-Xenidou,SCRILD-XENIDOU, Boiotische Grab-und Weihreliefs archaischer und klassischerklassischer ZeitZeit (Munich 1972) 152152 ff.ff. See also, P.P. M. Fraser,FRASER, T.T. Rönne,RöNNE, Boeotian and WestWest GreekGreek Tombstones (Lund 1957) 33 ff.ff. ForFor vase-paintingvase-painting withwith thoroughthorough bibliography: bibliography: Ruckert,RUCKERT, 12-15.
9 produced a seriousserious advanceadvance in thethe studystudy ofof thethe most most exciting exciting form form of locallocal production,production, thethe terracottaterracotta figurinesfigurines 66. Boeotian coroplasticcoroplastic material became ofof particular interest during the lastlast quarterquarter ofof the the previous century followingfollowing the discoverydiscovery of thethe TanagraTanagra cemeterycemetery 77;; finds from thethe graves,graves, forfor thethe most most part part illegally illegally excavated, excavated, reached reached the world's major collectionscollections of antiquities. InIn contrastcontrast toto the the early early hellenistic "Tanagras", archaicarchaic terracottaterracotta sculptures sculptures generally generally met met with with revulsion in scholarly circles at thethe endend ofof thatthat century.century. TheThe so-called so-called "pappades" (named(named for theirtheir headdressesheaddresses which which resemble resemble those those of of Greek Greek orthodox priests) and otherother hand-formedhand-formed typestypes werewere unanimouslyunanimously nega- nega- tively appraised and were designated as atat bestbest clumsy,clumsy, naivenaive oror chil-chil- dish 88. Furthermore, accordingaccording to thethe period'speriod's evolutionistevolutionist notions,notions, artart developed fromfrom "primitive""primitive" abstract formsforms toto thethe moremore naturalistic, naturalistic, thus "more"more perfect"perfect" solutions.solutions. Accordingly,Accordingly, thethe Boeotian Boeotian idolsidols couldcould represent but thethe beginningbeginning stagesstages ofof suchsuch a aprocess. process. Although thethe prejudicedprejudiced notionnotion thatthat such "primitive" terracottasterracottas (dis-(dis- covered on numerous mainlandmainland GreekGreek sites)sites) werewere pre-Mycenaeanpre-Mycenaean disap-disap- peared relatively fastfast fromfrom scholarlyscholarly literatureliterature9 9,, the BoeotianBoeotian "pappades" werewere consideredconsidered for for a a long long time time as as late late Bronze Bronze Age Age works, works, or, more often, as examplesexamples of Geometric art. ThisThis lastlast notion, notion, basedbased on stylistic arguments,arguments, becamebecame deeplydeeply embeddedembedded inin scholarlyscholarly writing, writing, as evidenced by the datings whichwhich cropcrop upup eveneven todaytoday inin variousvarious com- com- pendia or cataloguescatalogues ofof terracottasterracottas 1100.. Yet thethe discoverydiscovery ofof thethe
6 Aside fromfrom a few subgeometric works, the productionproduction ofof BoeotianBoeotian small-small- scale bronze plastic workshopsworkshops remained,remained, forfor aa longlong time,time, mostly mostly unknown. unknown. See: Grace,GRACE, 49-50. 49-50. For small-scalesmall-scale archaic bronze sculpture: Ducat,DUCAT, 191 191 ff. The publication of the material from the ThebanTheban CabiriumCabirium representsrepresents aa turningturning point in research:research: B. Schmaltz,SCHMALTZ, MetallfigurenMetailfiguren aus demdem KabirenheiligtumKabirenheiligtum beibei Theben. DieDie StatueStatuetten tten aus Bronze und Blei. (Das{Das KabirenheiligtumKabirenheiligtum bei bei Theben Theben VI) Berlin,Berlin, 1980. That the muchmuch discusseddiscussed bronzebronze kouroskouros inin Rhode Rhode Island Island is is probably a fake also deserves to be noted. MostMost recently:recently: D. G. MITTEN,Mitten, Muse- um ofof Art, Rhode IslandIsland SchoolSchool ofof Design, Design, ClassicalClassical BronzesBronzes (Providence, R.I.,R.I., 1975) 34-40.34-40. 7 For the historyhistory ofof thethe excavationexcavation ofof thethe TanagraTanagra cemetery:cemetery: WinterWINTER I, I, xi, ff; AndriomenouANDRIOMENOU 1985; 1985; HigginsHIGGINs 1986.1986. 8 8 See: R. KekuleKEKULE V.v. STRADONITZ,Stradonitz, Griechische TonTonfiguren figuren (Berlin 1878), 12;12; E. PoTTiER,POTTIER, Les Statuettes de terre cuite dans l'antiquité (Paris 1890) 21 f. ForFor an aesthetic appraisalappraisal ofof thethe "pappades""pappades" with with an an overview overview of of earlier earlier opinions: opinions: PAUL,Paul, 165165 f; also supra n.n. 4 and Zervos,ZERVOS, passim. 9 See E. POTTIER,Pottier, Ibid., 19, ff. ForFor the the pre-Mycenaean pre-Mycenaean datingdating of of the the Argive Argive primitives: chapterchapter 5, n. 86. 10 10 E. POTTIER,Pottier, Diphilos etet les modeleursmodeleurs des terresterres cuitescuites grecquesgrecques (Paris 1909), 47;47; SCHNEIDER-LENGYEL, Schneider-Lengyel, 15. 15. See also chapter 4, n. 3.
10 cemetery of ancient MycalessusMycalessus nearnear RhitsonaRhitsona in in 1907, 1907, andand the the subse- subse- quent rapid publicationpublication ofof itsits excavationexcavation inin thethe firstfirst decades decades of of this this century, produced thethe surprisingsurprising resultresult that that the the ill-omened ill-omened "Boeotian "Boeotian primitives" could hardly predatepredate thethe 6th 6th century century B. B. C. C. 1111. This yieldedyielded fundamentally new associations for the problem thatthat naturallynaturally demanded demanded fresh approaches. TheThe notionnotion thatthat archaicarchaic BoeotianBoeotian terracottaterracotta sculp-sculp- ture belongsbelongs within thethe mainstreammainstream ofof thethe development development ofof GreekGreek artart had failed conclusively. Thereupon the priority waswas toto searchsearch forfor exter-exter- nal points to secure the material's chronologicalchronological position.position. TheThe lastlast half half century, however, hashas seen little advanceadvance inin thisthis approach,approach, duedue mainly mainly to thethe stagnationstagnation ofof BoeotianBoeotian archaeologicalarchaeological surveys and toto thethe laglag in the publication of terracottasterracottas fromfrom creditablecreditable contexts.contexts. TheThe Rhitso- Rhitso- na cemeterycemetery has remainedremained the fixedfixed point,point, despitedespite thethe factfact thatthat the the character ofof itsits grave-goodsgrave-goods isis undeniablyundeniably provincialprovincial compared compared with with the material fromfrom thethe greatgreat centerscenters ofof Boeotia Boeotia 1122. By necessity, there-there- fore, the most importantimportant treatmentstreatments stillstill build build on on these these chronological chronological bases, or onon conclusionsconclusions whichwhich cancan bebe derivedderived fromfrom evidence evidence ofof Boeoti-Boeoti- an large-scale sculpturesculpture and vase-painting.vase-painting. SinceSince RhitsonaRhitsona hashas notnot yield- yield- ed pre-sixthpre-sixth century terracottas,terracottas, thethe coursecourse ofof the the development development ofof Boeotian "board" idols,idols, ofof hand-workedhand-worked horsemen,horsemen, etc. etc. remains remains unclear. unclear. In addition toto Grace'sGrace's fundamentalfundamental assessment, assessment, which which examined examined select select coroplastic remains fromfrom BoeotiaBoeotia inin relationrelation primarily primarily to to large-scale large-scale sculpture",sculpture13, Paul'sPaul's workwork deserves deserves mentionmention asas an an important important experiment experiment in a monograph publication ofof BoeotianBoeotian "board""board" idols, idols, despitedespite the the limited limited number of figurines included in thethe studystudy 1144. . Both works revealedrevealed thatthat the 6th6th centurycentury typestypes areare notnot documents documents of of the the lingering lingering geometric geometric style, butbut of a relatively short-livedshort-lived local production withwith aa clearlyclearly defina-defina- ble chronology.chronology. DespiteDespite thisthis importantimportant insight,insight, thethe view view became became widespread thatthat << « protoppades protoppades >>» and and riders riders similarsimilar to 6th centurycentury idolsidols had been produced inin BoeotiaBoeotia inin thethe 7th 7th century century B. B. C. C. 1155. Consequent- ly, it is not surprisingsurprising thatthat according according to to the the latest latest handbooks handbooks on on Greek Greek terracottas, Boeotia isis relatively terra incognitaincognita during the firstfirst halfhalf of the Archaic period,period, becomingbecoming populatedpopulated with securely dateable produc-
11 Most significant fromfrom the point ofof thethe historyhistory of of terracotta terracotta sculpture: sculpture: Uan;Ure, 53 ff. AdditionalAdditional bibliography inin chapter 2, n.a. 2 and chapter 4, n. 1.I. 12 12 See Grace,GRACE,- 21 21 ff. 13 13 GRACE,Grace, passim. 14 14 Paul,PAUL, 165 165 ff. 15 15 This train of thought is based on Ure'sUre's view (Ure,(Uit, 54). See most recent-recent- lyly,, L. E. PRESTON,Preston, The J. Paul GettyGetty MuseumMuseum Journal 2 (1975)(1975) 125-26.125-26.
11 tion only in thethe 6th6th centurycentury B.B. C.C.16.16. However, since thisthis material'smaterial's provenance and wider artart historicalhistorical connections connections areare relatively relatively unclear, unclear, interpretations based onon constantconstant referencesreferences toto thethe conservatism conservatism ofof the region'sregion's peasant cultureculture cancan inin nono wayway bebe considered considered solutionssolutions 117•7. The present publication, which is basedbased primarilyprimarily onon researchresearch under- under- taken inin GreeceGreece betweenbetween 19701970 andand 19741974 emphasizesemphasizes thethe examination examination of the critical periodperiod ofof BoeotianBoeotian coroplastic output. InIn otherother words, words, we have attempted to clarifyclarify thethe productionproduction ofof thethe 7th 7th century century and, and, closely linked with it, thethe developmentdevelopment ofof thethe 6th6th century century primitive primitive types".types18. TheThe examination examination of of the the unusually unusually complex complex manifestations manifestations of of the change from thethe ArchaicArchaic toto thethe ClassicalClassical periodperiod hashas provedproved no no less less of aa significantsignificant challengechallenge 1199. Furthermore, material fromfrom thethe majormajor Greek centers of Athens,Athens, Corinth, Sparta andand Argos Argos havinghaving beenbeen syste-syste- matically analyzed,analyzed, wewe havehave soughtsought toto answeranswer the the question question mostly mostly avoid- avoid- ed in professional publications, namelynamely thethe mannermanner in in which which the the Boeotian Boeotian primitives relate to the productionproduction of other sites.sites. InIn other other words, words, is is it proper toto treattreat the the Boeotian Boeotian material material as as a arelatively relatively isolated isolated phenome- phenome- non? IfIf thethe answeranswer isis no, no, asas we we strive strive to to argue, argue, what what connections connections can can be demonstrated betweenbetween thethe variousvarious centers,centers, whatwhat place place did did Boeotia Boeotia occupy among these and toto whatwhat extentextent cancan wewe speakspeak of of local local coroplas- coroplas- tic characteristics?characteristics? Henceforth, allall archaic terracotta typestypes whichwhich areare eithereither mademade upup of totally undateable basicbasic formsforms ("board"("board" oror cylinder cylinder body; body; bird-beakbird-beak or mousemouse face;face; arm stubs,stubs, etc.)etc.) oror whichwhich combinecombine thesethese withwith "up-to-"up-to- date" elementselements (that is,is, accordingaccording toto thethe periodperiod style) style) shallshall bebe called called "primitives", thusthus retainingretaining the the category category which which Ure Ure employed employed to to desig- desig- nate similarsimilar worksworks 2200. We emphasize, however, that thisthis designation designation does not havehave aa pejorativepejorative sensesense 2211,, but indicatesindicates figuresfigures whichwhich areare
16 See S.S. MOLLARD-BFSOUES, Mollard-Besques, Les terres cuites grecquesgrecques (Paris 1963), 4444 ff.; HIGGINS,Higgins, Gr. Te.Tc. 4545 ff; ROHDE,Rohde, 15 f. 17 Unfortunately material fromfrom newnew excavationsexcavations ofof essentialessential importanceimportance isis mostly unavailable to research. TheThe publication publication of of Andriomenou's Andriomenou's dissertation dissertation represents some some advance. advance. ANDRTOMENOU, Andriomenotj, 1980. See also, Thebes,Thèbes, 90-95 (a biblio- graphic compilation regardingregarding researchresearch on on individual individual Boeotian Boeotian sites); sites); P. Roesch,RoEscH, La Béotie antique (Paris 1985) 15 ff. 18 See SZABOSzabó 1973; SzabóSZABO 1975 and SZABOSzabó 1979. 19 SzabóSZABO 1974. For questions on thethe BoeotianBoeotian coroplasticcoroplastic koinekoine andand in-in- dividual workshops: M. Szabó,SZAaO, BMusHong 37 (1971),(1971), 9-17 and 90-96. 20 Ure,Ui, 5353 ff. 21 "Primitive coroplastic" oror "primitive style" may appear asas aa primarilyprimarily pejorative aestheticaesthetic categorycategory to to thethe reader.reader. DoubtlessDoubtless it appearsappears inin suchsuch aa sense in internationalinternational artart historical historical publications publications (See (See PAUL, Paul, 165), but sincesince thethe end of the lastlast centurycentury itit isis alsoalso usedused in in the the Latin Latin or or English English languages languages toto
12 more or less independent from the productionproduction ofof thosethose creativecreative centerscenters which represent thethe leadingleading stylisticstylistic trends trends of of Archaic Archaic art22. art22 . This publication, within thethe givengiven perimeters,perimeters, naturallynaturally seeks seeks to to give give a complete overview ofof thethe historyhistory ofof archaicarchaic BoeotianBoeotian terracottaterracotta sculp- ture. WeWe havehave dealtdealt onlyonly brieflybriefly with subjectssubjects onon whichwhich therethere isis littlelittle new to be said at the moment. NorNor waswas therethere thethe opportunityopportunity toto pub-pub- lish in totototo the compiled lists ofof thethe tremendoustremendous materialmaterial according according to types, groups or workshops.workshops. TheThe exceptionsexceptions areare those those groups groups which which are destineddestined to eliminateeliminate the blankblank areasareas ofof thethe history history of of Boeotian Boeotian terracottas in thethe 7th7th centurycentury B.B. C.C. WeWe hadhad toto restrictrestrict ourselves ourselves toto introducing the most characteristiccharacteristic examplesexamples andand thethe mostmost significantsignificant historical connections from the analogous material ofof thethe otherother archaicarchaic Greek centers.centers. Numerous scholars and museums helped bring aboutabout thisthis publica-publica- tion by facilitating research, sendingsending photographsphotographs andand providingproviding infor-infor- mation regarding unpublished finds.finds. I waswas ableable toto studystudy materialmaterial inin storage thanks toto thethe kindkind permission permission of of the the following: following: Athens Athens National National Museum: V. Kallipolitis and B.B. Philippaki;Philippaki; AcropolisAcropolis museum:museum: G.G. Don-Don- tas and M.M. Brouskari; BoeotianBoeotian museumsmuseums (Thebes, (Thebes, Schimatari-Tanagra,Schimatari-Tanagra, Chaironeia, Thespiai): Th.Th. Spiropoulos.Spiropoulos. TheThe &oleÉcole Française Française d'Archeologie d'Archéologie in Athens, whose hospitalityhospitality I enjoyed in thethe coursecourse ofof mymy studystudy tripstrips to Greece,Greece, extended thethe opportunity forfor me toto examineexamine inin detaildetail thethe terracotta sculpturessculptures discovereddiscovered byby thethe French French excavations excavations atat Ptoon, Ptoon, in the Korykian cave atat Delphi, KirrhaKirrha andand Argos.Argos. For this I oweowe per- sonal thanks to P.P. Amandry,Amandry, F. CroissantCroissant and A.A. Pasquier. G.G. Stein-Stein- hauer made possiblepossible the studystudy ofof thethe SpartaSparta Museum's Museum's terracottas.terracottas. I became acquainted with thethe coroplasticcoroplastic collectioncollection ofof thethe Kanellopou-Kanellopou- signify "early""early" or "indigenous","indigenous", andand oftenoften inin thethe contextcontext ofof aa relativerelative chronolo- chronolo- gy. In thethe presentpresent instanceinstance "primitive" is partly a terminusterminus technicus andand inin this context refers toto allall ArchaicArchaic terracottaterracotta sculpturesculpture whichwhich isis mademade upup of of "timeless" elementary forms. Furthermore,Furthermore, itit willwill bebe usedused asas aa stylisticstylistic categorycategory when coupled with the prefixprefix ofof Argive,Argive, Boeotian,Boeotian, etc., to indicateindicate thethe locallocal school ofof archaicarchaic terracottaterracotta sculpture within its territory. ThusThus itit would would have have been misleading to introduce the designationdesignation ofof aa BoeotianBoeotian abstractabstract stylestyle asas has once been proposed because,because, asideaside fromfrom the the well-known well-known terter terminological terminological problems associated withwith "abstract", thethe categoriescategories underunder discussiondiscussion areare nono more abstract thanthan thethe contemporary,contemporary, similarlysimilarly fashioned fashioned Corinthian, Corinthian, Spartan, Spartan, or ArgiveArgive terracottas.terracottas. 22 E.B. Kunze's remarks on primitiveprimitive terracottasterracottas maymay bebe thusthus understood understood {AM(AM 55, 1930, 143143 ff.);ff.); G. M. A. Richter'sRichter's experiment to trytry toto fitfit selectedselected Boeotian Boeotian coroplastic material intointo anan assumedassumed developmentdevelopment ofof archaicarchaic sculpturesculpture may may be be considred unique (Richter,(RICHTER, Korai, passim.). This system restsrests onon fundamentalllyfundamentallly mistaken bases. See:See: P. deDE laLA Coste-Messelière, Cos'rE-MEssELIERE, JournalJournal des Savants (1970)(1970) 129 ff.ff.
1313 los Museum in Athens thanks toto thethe kindnesskindness ofof A.A. PasquierPasquier asas well well as M. Brouskari. TheThe American American SchoolSchool ofof Classical Classical StudiesStudies in in Athens, Athens, specifically D.D. Burr Burr Thompson,Thompson, made made it it possiblepossible thatthat I studystudy thethe ter-ter- racottas fromfrom thethe AthenianAthenian Agora,Agora, and CharlesCharles WilliamsWilliams IIII thethe materialmaterial from Corinth and Phlius.Phlius. WithWith thethe permissionpermission ofof the the Deutsches Deutsches Ar-Ar- chaologischeschäologisches InstitutInstitut of Athens and primarilyprimarily withwith thethe friendlyfriendly help help of B. Schmaltz,Schmaltz, II waswas ableable to make use of the finds from ThebanTheban Cabin-Cabiri- urnum and to avail myself of the Institute's archivearchive forfor mymy research.research. TheThe finds from thethe KerameikosKerameikos excavationsexcavations werewere mademade availableavailable toto me me by by U. Knigge, thosethose of Tiryns by P.P. GerkeGerke andand thethe OlympianOlympian materialmaterial by by H.-D. Heilmeyer.Heilmeyen. TheThe following helped with solutionssolutions toto particularparticular problems: in Eretria,Eretria, thethe SwissSwiss excavators, excavators, primarilyprimarily K. K. Metzger; Metzger; onon the islandisland ofof Thasos,Thasos, thethe membersmembers ofof the the Ecole École Francaise, Française, especially especially Cl. Rolley and in thethe ArchaeologicalArchaeological MuseumMuseum ofof Thessaloniki,Thessaloniki, E. E. Youri. Youri. The study ofof BoeotianBoeotian material scatteredscattered inin the the various various European European collections and the assemblingassembling ofof photophoto documentationdocumentation provedproved toto be be enlightening. II oweowe gratefulgrateful thanksthanks to to the the following: following: Paris, Paris, Louvre Louvre (P. (P. Devambez, A. Pasquier), Laôn, MuséeMusée ArchéologiqueArchéologique (A.(A. N.N. Rollas);Rollas); Lon-Lon- don, British MuseumMuseum (D.(D. Haynes,Haynes, B.B. F.F. Cook);Cook); Munich,Munich, StaatlicheStaatliche An- An- tikensammlungentikensamrnlungen (F. W.W. Hamdorf, M.M. Maass);Maass); Karlsruhe,Karlsruhe, BadischesBadisches Landesmuseum (J.(J. Thimme);Thimme); Bonn,Bonn, AkademischesAkademisches KunstmuseumKunstmuseum (U. (U. Willers); Heidelberg,Heidelberg, SammlungSammlung des ArchäologischenArchaologischen Instituts derder Univer-Univer- sität (H.(H. Gropengiesser);Gropengiesser); Wurzburg,Würzburg, MartinMartin vonvon Wagner-Museum Wagner-Museum derder Universität (G.(G. Beckel);Beckel); Berlin, StaatlicheStaatliche Museen, Museen, Antikensarnmlung Antikensammlung (E. Kriseleit); Copenhagen,Copenhagen, DanishDanish NationalNational Museum Museum (T. (T. Bro). Bro). I oweowe thanksthanks forfor theirtheir critical critical comments comments to to János János Gyorgy György Szilágyi, Szilágyi, D. Burr Thompson,Thompson, F.F. Croissant,Croissant, A.A. PasquierPasquier andand B. B. Schmaltz. Schmaltz. For the illustrationsillustrations II waswas alsoalso able able to to rely rely on on the the photographs photographs of of Istvdn István Rácz (Helsinki) whichwhich hehe donated to the BudapestBudapest MuseumMuseum of of Fine Fine Arts. Arts. The English translation has beenbeen mademade possiblepossible withwith thethe supportsupport of the GettyGetty Grant ProgramProgram havinghaving alsoalso assistedassisted withwith thethe publication publication for which I extend heartfelt thanks. II am am also also grateful grateful to to Jan Jan Stubbe Stubbe Gstergaard,stergaard, NyNy Carlsberg Glyptotek,Glyptotek, Copenhagen for initiating andand car-car- rying through thethe projectproject and and to to Helen Helen Nagy Nagy of of the the University University of of Puget Puget Sound, Tacoma, forfor translating the HungarianHungarian texttext intointo EnglishEnglish andand to her colleague,colleague, Peter GreenfieldGreenfield for hishis helphelp withwith revisingrevising and and editing editing the English text. TheThe manuscriptmanuscript whichwhich formsforms thethe basisbasis ofof thethe transla-transla- tion was completedcompleted in 1981.1981. ThereThere hashas beenbeen opportunityopportunity forfor minor minor revisions only23.only23 .
23 Essentially the same is truetrue forfor J. J. S. S. Østergaard's0stergaard's important important work work which which mirrors andand furtherfurther develops develops thethe resultsresults included included in in this this book. book. (See (See 0stergaard.)ØSTERGAARD.)
14 1. GEOMETRICGEOMETRIC ANDAND SUBGEOMETRICSUBGEOMETRIC BOEOTIANBOEOTIAN TERRACOTTAS TERRACOTTAS
According toto currentcurrent understanding, BoeotianBoeotian terracottaterracotta sculpture, sculpture, after reaching its firstfirst zenithzenith duringduring the the late late Mycenaean Mycenaean period,period, doesdoes not show signs of aa development untiluntil thethe lastlast quarter of the 8th8th centu- ry B.B. C.C. 1 The earliest post-Mycenaeanpost-Mycenaean terracottas,terracottas, the so-calledso-called bell-bell- idols, form a characteristic, althoughalthough not not completely completely homogenous homogenous group.group. With a fewfew exceptions,exceptions, thethe generalgeneral designationdesignation "bell-idols""bell-idols" refersrefers inin the professional literatureliterature to to wheel-made wheel-made hollow-body hollow-body formsforms with with long long necks and small heads, which were painted priorprior toto firingfiring andand whose whose movable legs werewere attachedattached separately.separately. The rather limitedlimited groupgroup2 consistsconsists ofof sporadicsporadic finds,finds, eveneven thethe provenance ofof whichwhich isis often unknown. ItIt isis questionablequestionable whetherwhether the the pieces designated as Theban in the largelarge EuropeanEuropean museumsmuseums cancan pro-pro- 3 vide a validvalid basisbasis forfor aa possiblepossible locationlocation ofof thethe idols'idols' workshopworkshop 1.. Initially, research sought to revealreveal thethe historyhistory ofof thethe bell-idols bell-idols onon the basis of typological-stylistictypological-stylistic analysis. AtAt thethe endend ofof thethe lastlast century century
1 See E.E. FRENCH,French, BSA 6666 (1971)(1971) 101 ff; ForFor thethe Theban Theban finds: finds: V. V.HANKEY, Hankey, BSA 47 (1952) 87.87. ForFor thethe more more recent recent Tanagra Tanagra excavations: excavations: TH. Th. SpIRopouLos, Spiropoulos, AAA 2 (1969)(1969) 2020 ff; AAA 3 (1970) 184 ff; SSpiropoulos,pIRopouLos, ErgonErgon (1977)(1977) 14 ff.ff. 2 List: J.J. DORIG,Doric, AntK 1 (1958) 50-5150-51 (Anhang(Anhang 1.)1.) —- Additions:Additions: Munich,Munich, Staatl. Ant. Slg.Sig. 5291 (Here, fig. 2); Munich, Staatl.Staad. Ant.Ant. Sig.Slg. Schön 116116 -— LUL- Lul- lies,LIES, 45, 45, no. no. 116;116; England,England, Clifford-NortonClifford-Norton Collection Collection - NICHOLSON,— Nicholson, 21, no.no. 54,54, pi.p1. 77 (For the typetype seesee fig.fig. 3); 3); England,England, Chesterman Chesterman Collection Collection - NICHoLsoN,— Nicholson, 21, no. 55, pi.pl. 7 (for(for the typetype seesee thethe piecepiece citedcited in in note note 30); 30); Toronto,Toronto, RoyalRoyal Ontario MuseumMuseum ofof ArchaeologyArchaeology 124C205124C205 -— GRACE, Grace, fig. 88 -— see see also also WINTER Winter I, 6,2b (as the previous).previous). AnAn exampleexample inin Upsala Upsala (Gustavianum, (Gustavianum, UniversityUniversity Col- Col- lection 811) fromfrom c. 700700 B.B. C. was calledcalled toto mymy attention attention by by J. J.Gy. Gy. Szilagyi. Szilágyi. 3 See: RUCKERT,Ruckert, 112-113, 112-113, Te Te 1 1(Paris, (Paris, LouvreLouvre CA 573); Ibid.-,Ibid.; TeTe 3 (Berlin,(Berlin, Staatl. Mus. Ant. Slg.Sig. V.V. 1.I. 3202 a); Ibid., Te 4 (Paris,(Paris, LouvreLouvre CACA 623).623). AlsoAlso al-al- legedly fromfrom ThebesThebes is is a piecea piece in Copenhagenin Copenhagen (BREITENSTEIN, (Breitenstein, no.no. 110) and anan example in Athens (fig.(fig. 3,3, here). here). TheThe latterlatter was erroneously assignedassigned aa ThebanTheban provenance byby WEBSTER Webster (9 f).f).
1515 M. Holleaux44 recognizedrecognized thatthat the statuettes he hadhad consideredconsidered "horri- bly grotesque" werewere manifestationsmanifestations ofof Boeotian Boeotian geometricgeometric sculpture.sculpture. However, hehe considered them earlierearlier thanthan examplesexamples ofof the the Athenian Athenian "Dipylon-style" 55. . The correction of thisthis chronologicalchronological errorerror waswas prevented until the beginning of the 1930's1930's by the fact that thethe originsorigins of the idols were sought not inin GreekGreek geometricgeometric art, butbut inin eithereither the the survival of Cretan-MycenaeanCretan-Mycenaean elements,elements, oror in easterneastern influencesinfluences 66. ItJ is also worth makingmaking thethe typologicaltypological observationobservation thatthat the the bell-idol bell-idol ser- ser- ies begins withwith the Athens —- Copenhagen Copenhagen typetype (Fig.(Fig. 3)3)7,7, althoughalthough whatwhat in art appearsappears moremore primitiveprimitive isis notnot always always thethe equivalent equivalent of of simpler, simpler, as F. Poulsen established inin 1906 inin connection with thethe AthensAthens exam-exam- ple 88. A significant milestonemilestone inin thethe history of thethe'study study ofof thethe groupgroup was F. Grace's work, which demonstrated onon thethe basisbasis ofof comparisoncomparison with GeometricGeometric ceramicsceramics thatthat the majoritymajority ofof thethe idolsidols hadhad been been produced aroundaround 700700 B.B.C. C. 99.. Since then new evidence has emergedemerged from thethe examinationexamination ofof thethe origins of Boeotian bell-idols. SinceSince this problemproblem isis notnot immediately immediately linked toto the subject at hand, only a fewfew aspects of it areare toto bebe high-high- lighted here.here. InIn aa studystudy whichwhich appearedappeared shortlyshortly afterafter World World WarWar II,II, V. MilojcicMilojèié endeavoredendeavored toto proveprove anan ultimately northern originorigin ofof thethe type 110.0. He based his argumentargument onon the the resemblance resemblance of of late late Bronze-Age Bronze-Age idols of thethe lowerlower DanubeDanube region"region11 toto terracottasterracottas producedproduced inin thethe workshops ofof AthenianAthenian "incised-ware""incised-ware" 1122. OneOne can hardlyhardly account,account, however, forfor a north-eastern, Balkan origin for thesethese AthenianAthenian terracot- tas, and eveneven the questionquestion ofof whetherwhether theythey preservepreserve thethe "memory""memory" ofof northern idols mustmust awaitawait furtherfurther researchresearch13 An. An additional additional problem problem arises from the twotwo centuries,centuries, andand thethe significantsignificant typologicaltypological andand tech-tech-
4" MonPiot 1 (1894)(1894) 21ff.21 ff. 5 Ibid., 41-42.41-42. 6 6 See Müller,MiJLLER, 79-81, with with aa synopsis of thethe variousvarious theories.theories. 7 MÜLLER,MULLER, 79; K. Mc. K. Elderkin,ELDERKIN, AJAAJA 34 (1930)(1930) 460.460. 8 8 F. POULSEN,Poulsen, IdiJdI 2121 (1906)(1906) 187.187. 9 Grace,GRACE, 10-11. 10 AA (1948-49)(1948-49) 33-34.33-34. 11 See primarily;primarily: Z. Letica,LETICA, Antropomorfne figurine bronzanobronzanog g doba u Jugos-Jugos- laviji (Belgrad 1973). Also;Also: T.T. Filipov,FILIPov, NekropolNekropol ot kasznatakasz.nata bronzovabronzava epohaepoha pri sz.sz. OrszojaOrszoja LomszkoLomszJco (Sofia (Sofia 1967); 1967); T.T. KovAcs, KovÄcs, ArchErtArchÉrt 99 99 (1972) (1972) 47-51; 47-51; N.N. MAJNA-PANDE,Majnaric-PandziC, OpOpArch Arch 71 (1982)(1982) 4747 ff.ff. 12 12 See mostmost recently; J.J. Bouzek,BOUZEK, SbornikSbornik narodniho muzeamuzea vv Pràze.Pràze. RadaRada A 28 (1974)(1974) no. no. 1.1. Id.,ID., The Aegean,Aegean, Anatolia Anatolia andand Europe:Europe: Cultural Interrelations in thethe SecondSecond MilleniumMillenium B. B. C. C. (Goteborg(Göteborg 1985)1985) 169169 ff.ff. 13 Ibid., 36-39;36-39; see fig.fig. 16.16.
16 nical differences, whichwhich separateseparate thethe AtticAttic piecespieces — - dateddated toto the the 10th 10th century B. C. —- from from the the Boeotian Boeotian bell-idols. bell-idols. The missing links betweenbetween thethe AtthicAtthic 10th10th centurycentury piecespieces andand the the later Boeotian idols are toto bebe foundfound onon thethe easterneastern islands islands of of the the Ae- Ae- gean. AA 9th9th centurycentury RhodianRhodian statuettestatuette1144 appearsappears toto bebe thethe direct direct descendant of the AthenianAthenian terracottas 115,5, but isis decorateddecorated withwith paint-paint- ed motifs employedemployed inin geometricgeometric vase-painting.vase-painting. TheThe next next connection, connection, discovered inin an 8th centurycentury gravegrave atat thethe SeraglioSeraglio onon CosCos 116,6, is a ter-ter- racotta exhibitingexhibiting closeclose formalformal linkslinks toto thethe Boeotian Boeotian pieces pieces 1177. The na- ture ofof thethe rolerole ofof thethe CypriotCypriot bell-idolsbell-idols inin thisthis connection connection is is not not clear clear since the dating of the mostmost importantimportant pieces,pieces, is,is, forfor thethe moment,moment, anan insoluble problemproblem".18. Nevertheless,Nevertheless, itit is is possible possible that that the the local local Boeoti- Boeoti- an terracotta workshopsworkshops originatedoriginated underunder influences influences fromfrom the the eastern eastern Aegean inin thethe lastlast quarterquarter of the 8th century B. C. TheThe centaur statuettestatuette discovered at LefkandiLefkandi (Euboea)(Euboea) emphatically callscalls attentionattention to to the the need need to studystudy thethe questionquestion ofof connections connections betweenbetween thethe eastern eastern Aegean Aegean and and central GreeceGreece beginning with thethe endend ofof thethe ProtogeometricProtogeometric periodperiod 19. Specimens decorated with painted figuralfigurai motifsmotifs closelyclosely linkedlinked toto late Geometric vases constitute thethe mostmost solidsolid foothold foothold for for the the chronol- chronol- ogy of ofBoeotian Boeotian bell-idols 2200 (Fig. 1). These, as Ruckert'sRuckert's researchresearch has has recently proved, can be placedplaced inin phasephase III III of of the the Oinochoe-group's Oinochoe-group's workshop, oror 720-700 720-700 B.B. C.C. 2211. That thethe majoritymajority ofof the the oinochoes oinochoes have have been discovered in thethe regionregion ofof ThebesThebes 222,2, supports thethe theorytheory thatthat the terracottasterracottas areare ofof similarsimilar provenance provenance 223•3. A few idols, however,however, areare subgeometricsubgeometric inin charactercharacter (Fig. (Fig. 2)2) and and on the basisbasis ofof comparisoncomparison withwith thethe vasesvases cannotcannot datedate earlierearlier than than
14 14 G. JAcoJacopi,pI, "Scavi"Scavi nellanella necropolinecropoli didi JalissoJalisso 1924-28",1924-28", Clara Rhodos IIIIII (1929) tombtomb CXLI, 146, no. 1,1, figs.figs. 149,149, 142.142. 15 See HIGGINs,Higgins, Gr. TeTc 19. 16 Illustrated: HIGGINs, Higgins, Gr. Te.Tc. pl. 6,6, fig.fig. E;E; forfor thethe burial burial find: find: L. L. Moiuu- Morri- CONE,cone, BdA 35 (1950)(1950) 322, 320,320, fig.fig. 93.93. 17 See fig.fig. 3.3. 18 18 See from Amathus:Amathus: A.A. S.S. MuiutMurray,y, A.A. H.H. SMITH,Smith, H.H. B. B. WALTERS, Walters, Excava- tions inin Cyprus (London 1900) 113,113, fig. fig. 165.165. Also, aa piece without provenanceprovenance in thethe Nicosia Nicosia Museum: Museum: F. VANDENABEELE,F. Vandenabeele, BCH 97 (1973) 47-49, no.no. I, fig.fig. 1,1, see also p. 57, for thethe originsorigins ofof the the bell-idols. bell-idols. 19 V. R.R. DESISOROUGH, Desborough, R. R. V. NICHOLLS,Nicholls, M. POPHAM,Popham, SSABSA 65 (1970)(1970) 21-30;21-30; 7-11.7-11. 20 Paris, LouvreLouvre CA CA 623 623 (here: (here: fig. fig. 1); 1); Paris, Paris, Louvre Louvre CA CA573 573 (RUCKERT, (Ruckert, 112, 112, Te 1),1), Berlin,Berlin, Staatl.Staatl. Mus. Mus. Ant. Ant. Sig. Slg. V. V. I. 1. 3202 3202 a (RUCKERT,a (Ruckert, 113, Te 3);3); further:further: Boston, MuseumMuseum ofof Fine Fine Arts Arts 98.891 98.891 (RUCKERT, (Ruckert, 29, fig.fig. 2,2, TeTe 2). 2). 21 Ruckert,RUcKERT, 38-39, 38-39, 47-48 47-48 and and seesee 18.18. 22 Ibid., 17. 23 For this, seesee notenote 3.3.
17 700 B.B.C. C. 2244. This also appliesapplies toto aa piece piece in in Berlin Berlin of of protogeometric protogeometric appearance, decorated withwith concentricconcentric circlescircles 2255. The characteristic ele-ele- ments of the subgeometricsubgeometric bell-idols are the bird-likebird-like or simiansimian treat-treat- ment of the headhead andand thethe painted,painted, ratherrather thanthan plastic, plastic, renderingrendering ofof the arms. TheThe subgeometricsubgeometric antecedents antecedents of of the the "bird-beak" "bird-beak" face, face, popu- popu- lar inin archaicarchaic BoeotianBoeotian terracottas,terracottas, cannotcannot be be considered considered local local phenome- phenome- na, oror anan autonomous autonomous modemode ofof representation representation resulting resulting from from local local development. On the oneone hand,hand, thethe bell-idolbell-idol fromfrom KosKos2266 representsrepresents thethe identical head-type, whilewhile on the other,other, thethe "naturalistic""naturalistic" facial-type facial-type of the terracottas correspondingcorresponding to to phase phase III III of of the the Oinochoe Oinochoe Workshop Workshop survives intointo the firstfirst halfhalf ofof the the 7th 7th c. c. B. B. C. C. The pieces which seem toto be the earliestearliest typologically,typologically, and the ori-ori- gins of whichwhich areare widelywidely debated,debated, belongbelong toto thethe subgeometric subgeometric phase. phase. Supporting thethe earlierearlier chronology chronology HigginsHiggins assignsassigns the the Copenhagen Copenhagen ex- ex- ample to thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethe BoeotianBoeotian seriesseries 227,7, while Webster dateddated its Athenian parallel (Fig.(Fig. 3) toto the endend ofof thethe 7th7th c. c. B. B. C. C. 2288. The paint- 29 ed decorationdecoration of aa figurinefigurine publishedpublished byby G.G. vanvan HoornHoorn 29 displays aa close affinity to thethe aboveabove mentionedmentioned MunichMunich terracottaterracotta (Fig. (Fig. 2),2), andand it thusthus appearsappears possiblepossible toto datedate allall three three "conservative" "conservative" idolsidols toto the the beginning ofof thethe 7th7th century. ItIt bearsbears notingnoting thatthat thethe "bird-face" "bird-face" andand arm stubstub ofof thethe problematic problematic piecespieces correspondcorrespond toto the the stylization stylization of of the laterlater "pappades"."pappades". Furthermore,Furthermore, thethe Athenian Athenian terracotta'sterracotta's striped striped painting may be consideredconsidered the forerunnerforerunner ofof thethe abstractabstract manner manner of of decoration whichwhich flourishedflourished duringduring the first halfhalf ofof thethe 6th 6th century. century. Louvre CACA 19311931 3010 andand thethe idolidol inin the the Chesterman Chesterman collection collection 3311 may bebe considered as directdirect descendantsdescendants ofof thethe latelate Geometric Geometric examples.examples. Ac-Ac- cording to Ruckert, the garment'sgarment's decorationdecoration indicatesindicates thatthat these these were were probably produced at thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethe 7th7th century century B. B. C. C. 3322. An ex-
24 Berlin: RUCKERT,Ruckert, 113-114, Te 5; Munich, Staatl. Ant. Slg.Sig. 5291, ^fig.=fig. 2; England, Clifford-NortonClifford-Norton Collection: Collection: NicHoLsoN, Nicholson, 21, no. 54, pi.pl. 7, see RUCKERT, Ruckert, 48, J. N. COLDSTREAM,Coldstream, Greek Geometric Pottery (London 1968) 202202 ff and 211 (chronology). 25 For its identificationidentification see: J. Doric,DöiuG, op. cit.,cit., 50-51 list. 1, no. 10. 26 See notenote 16. 27 Higgins,HIGGINS, Gr. Tc.Te. 23.23. 28 28 Webster,WEBSTER, loc.IOC. cit. 29 Illustration, see:see: MflLLER, Müller, pl.p1. 18, no. 264, see 70, note 40. 30 Ruckert,RUCKERT, 114, Te 6. 31 Cited inin note 2. 32 Ruckert,RUCKERT, 39 and 48.
18 ample fromfrom Athens^3 and one inin TorontoToronto 3344 belong at the endend ofof thethe bell-idol series,series, as comparison with thethe reliefrelief onon the the Athenian Athenian Potnia- Potnia- pithos suggests; the two terracottas maymay bebe dateddated toto thethe secondsecond quarterquarter of thethe 7th7th c. c. B.C.35. B. C.35 . Consequently, allowing for the widest chronologicalchronological limits,limits, thethe series series of Boeotian bell-idols may bebe placedplaced betweenbetween 720 720 andand 650 650 B. B. C.C. TheThe type type disappeared around the middlemiddle ofof thethe 7th7th centurycentury and,and, according according toto all indications, hadhad nono notablenotable followingfollowing 3366. It isis certain,certain, however,however, thatthat numerous features ofof 6th6th centurycentury BoeotianBoeotian terracottasterracottas occuroccur on on Geo- Geo- metric and subgeometricsubgeometric forerunners.forerunners. AmongAmong thesethese areare the the bird-beak bird-beak face, varnishvarnish striping priorprior to to firing, firing, andand even even the the elongated elongated treatment treatment of of the neck. InIn addition,addition, asas GraceGrace hadhad noted,noted, therethere areare also also "descendants" "descendants" of the realisticrealistic headhead shapesshapes appearingappearing amongamong thethe "pappades""pappades" series series 37. A few subgeometric terracottas maymay bebe appendedappended toto the the bell-idol bell-idol group. SinceSince thesethese areare individualindividual pieces,pieces, theirtheir attributionsattributions areare not not without problems, suchsuch asas thosethose posedposed byby the the unparalleled unparalleled enthroned enthroned kourotroph ofof thethe GenevaGeneva OrtizOrtiz CollectionCollection 3118.. The treatment ofof thethe head is akinakin toto earlyearly bell-idols.bell-idols. TheThe decorationdecoration ofof itsits thronethrone hashas good good Attic parallels, however, soso that oneone recentrecent studystudy hashas questionedquestioned thethe figure's generallygenerally acceptedaccepted Boeotian Boeotian attribution attribution 39.39 .
33 Athens NationalNational MuseumMuseum 5692: 5692: WINTER Winter I.I. 6,6, 5.5. 34 Grace,GRACE, fig.fig. 8.8. 35 See: GRACE,Grace, fig. fig. 9. 9.For For thethe datingdating ofof the the pithos: pithos: R. R. HAMPE, Hampe, Frühe grie-grie- chische Sagenbilder in BöotienBöotien (Athens 1936)1936) 56-58; 56-58; GRACE, Grace, 16-20; 16-20; J. J.SCHAFER, Schäfer, Studien zuzu denden griechischengriechischen ReliefpithoiReliefpithoi desdes 8-68-6. JahrhundertsJahrhunderts v. v. Chr. Chr. aus aus Kreta, Kreta, Rhodos, Tenos und Boiotien (Kallmünz(Kallmunz 1957)1957) 73-75.73-75. 36 For thethe Boeotian Boeotian art art of ofthe the period: period: A. BONINELLA,A. Boninella, Aevum 41 (1967)(1967) 33 ff.ff. 37 Compare AthensAthens NationalNational Museum Museum no. no. 4261 4261 (GRACE, (Grace, 13, fig. 36)36) with thethe Toronto idolidol (see(see notenote 2). 2). 38 Schefold,SCHEFOLD, 136, 136, II, II, no. no. 84 (Boeotian).(Boeotian). 39 P. KRANZ,Kranz, AM 87 (1972) 14-15, pi.p1. 4, figs. 1-2:1-2: Boeotian: "fortgeschrittene 7. Jahrhundert". InIn aa more more recent recent study study departing departing from from his his earlier earlier opinion, opinion, Kranz hashas sought to proveprove thethe AthenianAthenian origin of thethe piecepiece (AA, 1978, 317317 ff). AmongAmong hishis reasons, the remark regardingregarding the qualityquality ofof thethe fabricfabric andand the type of clay is not decisive,decisive, given thethe lack of adequate analysis. TheThe mat-mat- color and varnish proveprove nothingnothing sincesince these these were were similarly similarly employed employed in in Boeotia Boeotia during the 7th century.century. (See(See thethe nextnext chapter.)chapter.) TheThe argumentsarguments basedbased onon the the analysis of the throne'sthrone's paintedpainted decoration decoration remain remain convincing, convincing, however, however, they they encounter difficulties (not denied by KranzKranz himself)himself) sincesince thethe motifsmotifs inin ques- ques- tion are alsoalso foundfound inin thethe repertory repertory of of Boeotian Boeotian vase vase painting. painting. (See (See J. J.N. N. C0L- Col- dstream,DSTREAM, op. cit.,cit., 203.) Coroplastic parallelsparallels for thethe uniqueunique piecepiece areare absent absent in Attica,Attica, whilewhile thethe BoeotianBoeotian bell-idolsbell-idols provideprovide parallelsparallels toto several several aspects. aspects. See, mostmost recently: recently: G. G.WICKERT-MICKNAT, Wickert-Micknat, "Die "Die Frau" Frau" (Arch. Horn.Horn. III R)R) Göttin-Göttin- gen, 1982,1982, pl.p1. IVIV c: "Vermutlich ausaus Böotien".Böotien".
19 The group of swimmingswimming waterwater fowlfowl fromfrom thethe former former Schön Schön Collec- Collec- tion in Munich,Munich, decorated onon itsits basebase withwith subgeometric subgeometric motifs motifs of of late late Geometric derivation4400,, can probably be dated toto thethe firstfirst halfhalf ofof thethe 7th centurycentury B.B. C., as cancan anan "iynx-wheel""iynx-wheel" inin thethe ParisParis Cabinet Cabinet des des Médailles (Bibliotheque(Bibliothèque Nationale)Nationale)4411 andand anan originally originally four-wheeled four-wheeled horseman inin thethe AthenianAthenian KanellopoulosKanellopoulos MuseumMuseum 442•2. These three maymay be assigned to the spheresphere ofof BoeotianBoeotian art onon thethe basisbasis ofof fabricfabric and and technical peculiarities; furthermore, asas indicatedindicated byby thethe cited cited parallels, parallels, they reflectreflect thethe influenceinfluence ofof late late Geometric Geometric Attica. Attica.
40 Lullies,LULLIES, 46, no. 120, pi.p1. 50; for the decoration:decoration: J. N. Coldstream,COLDSTREAM, op. cit.,cit., p1.pl. 14, figs,figs. a, b (Athenian parallels).parallels). 41 J.J deDE LAla GENIERE,Genière, REA 60 (1958)(1958) 27-28, pl.p1. I, no. 1-2; its AthenianAthenian fore-fore- runner: G.G. NELSON, Nelson, AJA 44 (1940)(1940) 443-56 (in Boston).Boston). SeeSee also, also, A. PASQUIER,A. Pasquier, Etudes DeiphiquesDelphiques (BCH{BCH Sappl.Suppl. IV),IV), Paris, 1977, 378.378. 42 M. Brouskari,BROUSKA1U, The Paul && AlexandraAlexandra KanellopulosKanellopulos MuseumMuseum (1985) (1985) 2424 (with ill.),ill.), "Attic,"Attic, Late Late Geometric". Geometric". ØSTERGAARD, 0stergaard, fig. 37 and note 18; argues for mid sixth century date. ForFor Geometric Geometric teams,teams, see:see: H. SARIAN,Sarian, BCH 9393 (1969)(1969) 651 ff; HEILMEYER,Heilmeyer, 32 ff.
20 2. BOEOTIANBOEOTIAN TERRACOTTASTERRACOTTAS ININ THETHE 7TH7TH CENTURY CENTURY B. B. C. C.
Apart from thethe alreadyalready mentionedmentioned subgeometricsubgeometric coroplasticcoroplastic exam-exam- ples, 7th centurycentury BoeotianBoeotian terracottaterracotta sculpturesculpture is is virtually virtually unknown. unknown. The latest handbooks at bestbest characterizecharacterize thethe century'scentury's locallocal produc-produc- tion as insignificant'.insignificant1. TheThe lack lack of of evidence evidence has has puzzled puzzled research research since since the discoverydiscovery of thethe 6th6th c.c. B.B. C.C. gravesgraves ofof RhitsonaRhitsona22.. OneOne suggestedsuggested explanation isis that the productionproduction ofof 7th7th andand 6th6th centurycentury BoeotianBoeotian ter-ter- racotta workshopsworkshops mustmust havehave beenbeen essentiallyessentially similar.similar. AccordingAccording to to this theorytheory severalseveral "pappades""pappades" oror horsemen horsemen of of the the scattered scattered finds finds could could have been in realityreality producedproduced inin thethe 7th 7th century century B. B. C. C. 33. . There isis nono evidence toto support this propositionproposition and,and, asas wewe shallshall see,see, thethe cylindrical-cylindrical- bodied, long-necked, "proto-pappades","proto-pappades", datable onon thethe basisbasis of of the the find find context, cannot be earlierearlier thanthan the the beginning beginning of of the the 6th 6th c. B.c. B.C. C.".4 . Another theory ascribes the disappearancedisappearance ofof thethe bell-idolsbell-idols inin thethe mid 7th century to the suppressionsuppression ofof thethe locallocal artisticartistic traditiontradition under under Corinthian influence and thethe virtualvirtual conqueringconquering thethe Boeotian Boeotian marketmarket by Corinthian imports'.imports5. InIn fact, fact, however, however, as as A. A. Newhall Newhall Stillwell Stillwell hashas demonstrated 66,, Corinthian terracotta exports hardlyhardly passedpassed north-north- wards beyond PerachoraPerachora inin thethe 7th7th century century B. B. C., C., andand they they occur occur only only as exceptionsexceptions inin Boeotia7. Boeotia7 . Consequently, itit isis understandable thatthat inin scholarlyscholarly literatureliterature only only a fewfew Boeotian terracottas representrepresent thethe developmentdevelopment ofof 7th7th centurycentury
1 1 Thus: Higgins,HIGGINs, Gr. Te.Tc. 45; G. Richter's opinionopinion isis anan exceptionexception speaksspeaks of of an "active output" in reference to 7th century Boeotian terracottas.terracottas. (Richter,(RICHTER, 218) 2 2 R. M.M. Burrows,Buiuows, P. N. Ure,URE, BSA 14 (1907-1908) 226 226 ff;ff; JHS 29 (1909)(1909) 308308 ff; P.P. N. N. Ure, U, JHS 30 (1910)(1910) 336336 ff.ff. 3 Uin,URE, 53; Grace,GRACE, 15, 22.22. 4 Ure,Us, bc.loc. cit. cit. 5 See Grace,GRACE, 15. 6 6 STILLWELL,Stillwell, 13. 7 For example, see: Higgins,HIGGINS, Cat 243, no. 837,837, p1.pi. 130.130.
21 sculpture. KnoblauchKnoblauch identified as Boeotian a terracottaterracotta inin BerlinBerlin that JenkinsJenkins hadhad listedlisted asas anan example example of of proto-Daedalic proto-Daedalic clayclay sculpturesculpture which had broken with the geometricgeometric tradition andand thatthat hehe hadhad dated dated to the 70's of the 7th century'.century8. JenkinsJenkins assigned assigned the the head head from from Halai Halai in thethe ThebanTheban MuseumMuseum to thethe thirdthird phasephase of of the the middle middle Daedalic Daedalic style (c. 635-630 B.C.),B. C.), based based on on itsits Cretan parallels9 9.. AccordingAccording toto Knoblauch, aa terracotta fromfrom LocriLocri inin thethe Louvre Louvre exemplifies exemplifies thethe late DaedalicDaedalic development inin Boeotia. This opinionopinion has provedproved un-un- tenabletenablet° 10 . H. Goldman dateddated a unique figure fragment from HalaiHalai toto thethe 6th6th centurycentury".11. However,However, GraceGrace andand Knoblauch Knoblauch proved proved independently independently the the piece's 7th century manufacture; itsits dating to the thirdthird quarterquarter of of the the century remainsremains acceptedaccepted 1122. The dating of the terracottaterracotta fromfrom HalaiHalai was made much more difficult by the fact thatthat thethe paintpaint used used to to decorate decorate it waswas consideredconsidered aa characteristiccharacteristic 6th6th centurycentury techniquetechnique inin thethe 1930's1 133 . Thus we leave behind the relativelyrelatively "secure""secure" basesbases ofof thethe historyhistory of Boeotian terracottasterracottas in thethe 7th7th centurycentury B. B. C.C. 1144. . ForFor now, progressprogress is possiblepossible not throughthrough locallocal finds,finds, butbut throughthrough thosethose discovereddiscovered inin Attic excavations 1155. Numerous undocumented Boeotian terracottas cancan find defined chronological placesplaces onon the basis ofof databledatable coroplasticcoroplastic material fromfrom thethe AgoraAgora andand Kerameikos Kerameikos excavations. excavations.
8 Jenkins,JENKINS, 26, 26, pi. p1. 1, 1, fig. fig. 6;6; Knoblauch,KNOELAUCH, 192, 192, no. no.404 404 and and 32 32 note note 75.75. ForFor examples of large-scalelarge-scale DaedalicDaedalic sculpturesculpture from from Boeotia: Boeotia: E. E. D. D. PIERCE, Pierce, AJAAJA 28,28, 1924, 267-75.267-75. 9 Jenkins,JENKINs, 48, 48, 64; see KARouzosKarouzos 60, 60, figs.figs. 44-45; Thèbes,Thebes, 63,63, fig. 19.19. 10 Knoblauch,KNOBLAUCH, 192, 192, no. no. 405 405 andand 39,39, note note 97; 97; MOLLARD-BESQUES Mollard-Besques I, I, 11, no.no. 1362, B62, pi.p1. VII; seesee A. A. PASQUIER, Pasquier, BCH 106 (1982)(1982) 281 281 ff: ff: the the terracotta terracotta is the productproduct of aa LaconianLaconian workshop.workshop. 11 Loeb,L0EB, 70-72,70-72, pi.p1. viii,viii, fig.fig. 2.2. 12 Knoblauch,KNOBLAUCH, 192, 192, no. no. 403, 403, 32, 32, note note 75,75, 40 note 102; 102; GRACE, Grace, 50-51; In thisthis connection see thethe problemproblem of of the the dating dating of ofthe the Tyskiewicz Tyskiewicz bronze: bronze: GRACE, Grace, 49 f, fig.fig. 64.64. 13 See notes 1111 andand 12.12. 14 Unfortunately II did not have the opportunity to studystudy thethe materialmaterial fromfrom the enormousenormous AkraiphnionAkraiphnion (Akraiphion,(Akraiphion, Akraiphia) cemetery.cemetery. On thethe basisbasis ofof preliminary notices,notices, itit is not clear whether the 7th7th centurycentury tombtomb groupsgroups con-con- tain terracottas.terracottas. See: See: ANDRIOMENOU, Andriomenou, AAA 77 (1974) 325325 ff;ff; AAAAAA 1010 (1978) 273273 ff; furthermore,furthermore, BCH 100 (1976)(1976) 644; 101101 (1977)(1977) 584.584. MostMost recently, recently, AND1U0MEN0u Andriomenou 1980, passim.passim. (See tables 8 andand 1515 whichwhich representrepresent exclusively exclusively 6th6th century century terracottas.) 15 For the literatureliterature onon this, this, see: see: notes notes 17-20. 17-20.
22