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Terrestrial Habitat Requirements of Nesting Freshwater Turtles

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itle: Use of Terrestrial Habitat by Nesting Freshwater Turtles RH: Aquatic Turtle Terrestrial Requirements Steen, D.A.a,b, Gibbs, J.P.c, Buhlmann, K.A.d, Carr, J.L.e, Compton, B.W.f, Congdon, J.D.d, Doody, J.S.g, Godwin, J.C.h, Holcomb, K.L.i, Jackson, D.R.j, Janzen, F.J.k, Johnson, G.l, Jones, M.T.m, Lamer, J. T.n, Langen, T.A.o, Plummer, M.V.p, Rowe, J.W.q, Saumure, R.A.r, Tucker, J.K.s, and D.S. Wilsont. aJoseph W. Jones Ecological Research Center, Newton, GA 39870, USA, corresponding author: [email protected], phone: (229) 220-2073, fax: (334) 844-9234 bDepartment of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA cDepartment of Forest and Environmental Biology, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA dSavannah River Ecology Laboratory, University of Georgia, Aiken, SC 29802, USA eDepartment of Biology and Museum of Natural History, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71209, USA fDepartment of Environmental Conservation, Holdsworth Natural Resources Center, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA gBiological Sciences, Monash University, Australia hAlabama Natural Heritage Program, Environmental Institute, Auburn University, AL 36849, USA iCentral Washington University, Ellensburg, WA 98926, USA jFlorida Natural Areas Inventory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32303, USA /05*$&UIJTJTUIFBVUIPSTWFSTJPOPGBXPSLUIBUXBTBDDFQUFEGPSQVCMJDBUJPOJO#JPMPHJDBM $POTFSWBUJPO$IBOHFTSFTVMUJOHGSPNUIFQVCMJTIJOHQSPDFTT TVDIBTQFFSSFWJFX FEJUJOH DPSSFDUJPOT TUSVDUVSBMGPSNBUUJOH BOEPUIFSRVBMJUZDPOUSPMNFDIBOJTNTNBZOPUCFSFGMFDUFEJO UIJTEPDVNFOU$IBOHFTNBZIBWFCFFONBEFUPUIJTXPSLTJODFJUXBTTVCNJUUFEGPS QVCMJDBUJPO"EFGJOJUJWFWFSTJPOXBTTVCTFRVFOUMZQVCMJTIFEJO#JPMPHJDBM$POTFSWBUJPO 70- *446& >%0*KCJPDPO kDepartment of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA lDepartment of Biology, SUNY College at Potsdam, Potsdam, NY 13676, USA mDepartment of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA nDepartment of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL 61455, USA oDepartment of Biology, Clarkson University, Potsdam NY 13699-5805, USA pDepartment of Biology, Harding University, Searcy, Arkansas 72149, USA qBiology Department, Alma College, Alma, Michigan, 48801, USA rResearch Division, The Springs Preserve, Las Vegas, NV, USA sGreat Rivers Field Station, Illinois Natural History Survey, Brighton, IL, USA tSouthwestern Research Station, Portal, AZ 85632, USA ABSTRACT Because particular life history traits affect species vulnerability to development pressures, cross-species summaries of life history traits are useful for generating management guidelines. Conservation of aquatic turtles, many members of which are regionally or globally imperiled, requires knowing the extent of upland habitat used for nesting. Therefore, we compiled distances that nests and gravid females had been observed from wetlands. Based on records of 8 000 nests and gravid female records compiled for 31 species in the United States and Canada, the distances that encompass 95% of nests vary dramatically among genera and populations, from just 8 m for Malaclemys to nearly 1 400 m for Trachemys. Widths of core areas to encompass varying fractions of nesting populations (based on mean maxima across all genera) were estimated as: 50% coverage = 93 m, 75% = 154 m, 90% = 198 m, 95% = 232 m, 100% = 942 m. Approximately 6-98 m is required to encompass each consecutive 10% segment of a nesting population up to 90% coverage; thereafter, ca. 424 m is required to encompass the remaining 10%. Many genera require modest terrestrial areas (< 200 m zones) for 95% nest coverage (Actinemys, Apalone, Chelydra, Chrysemys, Clemmys, Glyptemys, Graptemys, Macrochelys, Malaclemys, Pseudemys, Sternotherus), whereas other genera require larger zones (Deirochelys, Emydoidea, Kinosternon, Trachemys). Our results represent planning targets for conserving sufficient areas of uplands around wetlands to ensure protection of turtle nesting sites, migrating adult female turtles, and dispersing turtle hatchlings. Key Words: buffer, land use planning, landscape, nest, migration, reptile 1. Introduction Key factors in conserving biodiversity are the sizes and configurations of protected areas (Noss, 1983; Simberloff and Abele, 1982); however, identifying the size of these areas requires integrating many threads of essential information (Rondinini and Chiozza, 2010; Wu and Hobbs, 2002). Organisms with biphasic natural histories complicate protected area development because they require both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Specifically, core habitats of semi-aquatic species, including many amphibians (Semlitsch 1998; Pope et al., 2000; Porej et al., 2004), snakes (Roe et al., 2003), turtles (Burke and Gibbons, 1995), mammals (Kruchek, 2004), birds (Naugle et al., 1999), and insects (Bried and Ervin, 2006), encompass terrestrial uplands that are critical for conservation measures aimed at maintaining biodiversity (Semlitsch and Jensen, 2001). Terrestrial zones around wetlands are important for protecting wetland fauna during all life stages (Bodie, 2001; Semlitsch, 1998; Semlitsch and Bodie, 2003). Such areas are often termed “core areas” (rather than buffer zones, Crawford and Semlitsch, 2007; Semlitsch and Jensen, 2001). By designating these areas as core, the critical importance of adjacent terrestrial areas to a wetland fauna is more accurately represented (Gibbons, 2003). Many taxa are of conservation concern because certain aspects of their life history bring them into conflict with land development. For example, many wetland- associated organisms, such as aquatic turtles, require upland habitats for reproduction. Specifically, female turtles undergo terrestrial nesting migrations. Consequently, aquatic turtles represent a taxonomic group where a certain life stage (i.e., reproductively active females on terrestrial nesting migrations) is at disproportionate risk of mortality (Steen et al., 2006) and would benefit from terrestrial habitat protections. Turtle demography is characterized by relatively high nest and embryonic mortality, delayed sexual maturity, and high adult survivorship (Congdon et al., 1993, 1994), rendering populations particularly sensitive to decline when there is a loss of sexually mature individuals (Brooks et al., 1991; Gibbs and Shriver, 2002; Heppell, 1998). Thus, a synopsis of distances traveled overland by nesting females could generate useful targets for conservation planning to protect critical population segments. Although general reviews should not replace site-specific studies, they may provide guidance for regulators generating biologically appropriate wetland protection ordinances (McElfish et al., 2008). Our objective was to synthesize the relevant published literature and to collate unpublished data on overland nesting migration distances to create a comprehensive dataset on the distances that nesting turtles move from water while demonstrating how land use policy can be informed by habitat use data from critical population segments.
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