© in This Web Service Cambridge University

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60924-2 - Case Studies in Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Ultrasound Edited by David J. Mclario and John L. Kendall Index More information

Index

abdominal distension, 215 breath-stacking, 192, 194 abdominal pain, 117, 121, 129, 147, 158, 159, 195 bronchiolitis, 100 abscess, 90, 91, 182, 183, 184, 254, 276 ultrasound evaluation, 102 diagnosis, 182 ultrasound technique, 101, 102 drainage, 90–97, 254, 256, 276 bupivacaine, 227 incision, 255 localization, 254 cardiac arrest, 62 peri-orbital, 88 cardiac tamponade, 43, 47 peri-tonsillar (PTA), 94, 95, 97 cardiovascular assessment, 38 subperiosteal, 85, 86, 88 neonate, 57 tubo-ovarian (TOA), 156, 157 RUSH protocol, 43–47 ultrasound appearance, 92 carotid artery, 95, 96 uncooperative patient, 275 carpal tunnel, 244 Achilles tendon rupture, 177, 178 cat scratch disease (CSD), 91 acoustic shadowing, 4, 7 cellulitis, 182, 184, 276 acute lymphocytic leukemia, 62 cutaneous, 90 adjunctive measures, 278, 279, 280 diagnosis, 182 Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) primary survey, orbital, 87, 88 36 peritonsillar, 94, 95, 97 air bronchogram, 106, 107 preseptal, 87, 88 air bubble artifact, 277 central venous pressure airway assessment, 36 assessment, 38 A-lines, 5, 100, 101 RUSH protocol, 47 anesthetic inﬁltration, 255 cervical lymphadenitis, 90 anisotropy, 179 cervical sign, 127 ankle pain, 177 chest trauma, 25, 26, 32 antecubital fossa, 202 chest x-ray, 110 anterior fontanel, 66, 67 child abuse, neonate, 58 apnea, 64 cholecystitis, 3, 130, 132 appendicitis, 118, 119 diagnosis, 131 ultrasound evaluation, 119 cholelithiasis, 130, 132 arthrocentesis, 262, 265 circulation assessment, 38 hip, 263 cobblestoning, 182, 254 knee, 265 cogwheel sign, 157 artifacts, 7 comet head and tail sign, 36 ascites, 215, 216, 219 comet-tail artifact, 7, 30–32, 37, 51, 52, 100, asthma, 192 102 common bile duct (CBD), 130 bag–mask ventilation, 50 concentric ring sign, 122 barcode sign, 32, 42, 51, 52 congestive heart failure (CHF), 110–12 bell clapper deformity, 152 ultrasound evaluation, 112 beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), 161, 162 cough, 104, 211 bilious emesis, 123, 126 crashing neonate, 56 bladder, 5, 222, 223 bladder aspiration, 222 deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 114, 115 landmarks, 223 dehydration, 136, 137, 201 ultrasound-assisted, 222, 223 severe, 207 ultrasound-guided, 222, 223 ultrasound assessment, 137 B-lines, 100, 101, 102.Seealsocomet-tail artifact dermoid cysts, 90 bloody stools, 138, 141 desaturation bowel obstruction, 122, 123 following intubation, 191 brachial structures, 203 sudden, 50 branchial cleft cysts, 90, 91 diarrhea, 134, 137 breathing dilated cardiomyopathy, 110 assessment, 36–37 dirty shadow, 4, 192, 277 difﬁculty, 93–98, 108, 110, 211, 212 double-track sign, 127

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-60924-2 - Case Studies in Pediatric Emergency and Critical Care Ultrasound Edited by David J. Mclario and John L. Kendall Index More information

282 Index

doughnut sign, 127 wall thickening, 131, 132 dyspnea. See breathing gallstones, 4, 7, 130, 131 identification, 130 echocardiography, 45–47, 56, 62, 63, 111 predisposing factors, 130 Focused Echocardiographic Evaluation in Resuscitation (FEER) gastroenteritis, 201 study, 43 gestational sac, 161, 162 point-of-care, 63 glenohumeral dislocation, 234 resuscitation, 63 greenstick fracture, 168 ectopic pregnancy, 162 risk factors, 160 halo sign, 186 ruptured, 160, 162 hamburger sign, 127 edge artifact, 3, 4, 7 hand elbow fracture, 171–73, 175 foreign body, 240, 241 electromechanical dissociation (EMD), 62 innervation, 242 emesis. See vomiting regional anesthesia, 247 empyema, 212 handheld ultrasound, 43 endotracheal tube (ET) placement, 36, 37, 56, 192, 194 head trauma.Seealsoskull fracture versus pneumothorax, 50 infants, 79 esophageal intubation, 193, 194 headache, 69, 70, 71 esophagus, 192 heart examination, 38, 112 extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 63 RUSH protocol, 47 extremities, assessment of, 38 hematoma, traumatic, 169, 178, 179 eye, 69, 70, 73, 81.Seealsooptic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) hemothorax, 23–26 normal anatomy, 82, 83, 87 ultrasound evaluation, 25 periorbital swelling, 85, 88 hip retinal detachment, 82, 83 arthrocentesis, 263 trauma, ultrasound applications, 84 effusion, 262, 265 slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), 164, fainting, 113 166 fall from height, 17, 22, 43 ultrasound evaluation, 164, 165 infant, 77 hydronephrosis, 148, 149 fallopian tube, 157 hyperventilation, 277 FAST (focused assessment with sonography for trauma) examination, 9, 11 idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS), 126, limitations, 14 127 repeat FAST, 17, 38 diagnosis, 127, 128 spleen injury and, 22 ileocolic intussusception, 122, 123 strategies, 13 inferior vena cava (IVC), 47, 110 technique, 13 cardiac function assessment, 111 femoral nerve, 226 dehydration assessment, 134–37 femoral triangle, 196 IVC/aorta ratio, 47, 136, 137 femoral vein cannulation, 196.Seealsointravenous (IV) access measurement, 136 femur fracture, 36, 225, 226 neonate, 57 fentanyl, 278, 280 inguinal hernia fetal development, 161 anatomic orientation, 144 fever, 104, 195 contents, 145 fibromatosis coli, 91 direct, 144, 146 finger indirect, 143–46 foreign body, 185, 186 inguinal masses, 143, 146 pain, 185 intra-articular injection, 236, 238 floaters, 81 landmarks, 235 foreign body, 187, 257, 258 positioning, 235 hand, 185, 186, 240, 241 technique, 236 plantar, 229 intracranial hemorrhage, 78, 79 ultrasound-guided removal, 259, 260 intracranial pressure (ICP) fracture, 38 assessment, 38 elbow, 171, 172, 173, 175 optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and, 70 femur, 36, 225, 226 pseudotumor cerebri, 70 forearm, 167–69, 267, 270 intraosseous (IO) line placement, 196, 207, 208, 209 identification of, 38 landmarks, 209 radial, 168, 169 needle misplacement, 208 radius, 10, 168, 267, 268, 270 ultrasound confirmation, 208, 209 ribs, 58 intraperitoneal hemorrhage (IPH), 10, 13–42, 43.SeealsoFAST skull, 78, 79 (focused assessment with sonography for trauma) examination detection difficulties in children, 16 gallbladder, 3, 4, 5, 129, 130, 132, 277 liver laceration, 15, 16 sludge, 132 neonate, 57

Index 283

ruptured ectopic pregnancy, 160, 162 neck mass, 86–89, 92 spleen laceration, 20, 21 cervical lymphadenitis, 90 intravenous (IV) access, 276 congenital, 89–91 femoral vein, 196, 197, 198, 199 inflammatory, 91 landmarks, 203 neoplastic, 91–92 motion-induced failure, 275 ultrasound evaluation, 90, 92 neonate, 56 necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), 134–41 peripheral, 202, 203, 204, 205 necrotizing fasciitis, 182, 183, 184 positioning, 196, 202 nerve block technique, 199, 205 femoral nerve block, 226–28 intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), neonate, 63–66 landmarks, 227 intubation, 109 positioning, 226 complications, 192 technique, 227 intussusception, 122, 123 intercostal nerves, 250 ultrasound evaluation, 123 nerve block, 250, 251 interscalene block, 237, 238 joint aspiration, 262 landmarks, 237 hip, 263 positioning, 236 knee, 265 technique, 238 median nerve, 242, 245 ketamine, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280 nerve block, 242, 244, 245 knee radial nerve, 242, 243 arthrocentesis, 265 nerve block, 242, 243, 244 effusion, 263, 264, 265 tibial nerve block, 230, 231 landmarks, 230 labial fusion, 221 positioning, 230 Lemierre syndrome, 94 technique, 231 leptomeningeal cyst, 78, 79 ulna, 10, 267 leukemia, acute lymphocytic, 62 ultrasound-guided reduction, 270 limp, 163, 164, 166, 261 ulnar nerve, 242 causes, 165 nerve block, 246, 247 lipohemarthrosis, 172, 174, 175 nitrous oxide, 279 liver laceration, 16 lower-extremity compression ultrasonography, 116 ocular trauma.Seealsoeye lumbar puncture, 272 ultrasound applications, 84 landmarks, 272 optic nerve, 83 technique, 273 optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), 38, 58, 71, 83 ultrasound-assisted, 274 measurement technique, 69–71 lung, 99, 100, 105, 106 neonate, 58 parenchymal injury, 24 pseudotumor cerebri, 70 surface landmarks, 102 reference ranges, 71 ultrasound application, 102–06 ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt evaluation, 71–74, 75 lung point, 194 oropharyngeal anatomy, 94 lung pulse sign, 32, 37, 50, 52 osteomyelitis, 183, 184 lung sliding, 31, 32, 37, 51, 52–193 ovarian cyst, 157 lymph node, 90, 92, 145, 146 ovarian torsion, 157 inguinal lymphadenopathy, 146 ovary, 155 lymphadenopathy, 91.Seealsoneck mass inguinal, 146 pain suppurative, 91 abdominal, 117, 121, 129, 147, 158, 159, 195 ankle, 177 main lobar fissure (MLF), 130 elbow, 171 malrotation with midgut volvulus, 123 finger, 185 Marfan syndrome, 249 forearm, 167 midazolam, 276, 279 left upper quadrant, 147 mirror artifact, 6, 7 pelvic, 155 Morison’s pouch, 41 right upper quadrant, 3, 129 fluid in, 12, 20, 42, 57 scrotal, 151, 152, 153 motor vehicle accident, 14, 23, 28, 32–39 shoulder, 233 MRSA infection, 182 palatine tonsils, 94 multiple trauma, 39 paracentesis, 217, 218, 219 ABCDEF approach, 38, 39 complications, 219 Murphy’s sign, 130, 131 contraindications, 218 muscle, 178, 179 landmarks, 217 complete injuries, 179, 180 positioning, 217 partial injuries, 179 technique, 219 myocarditis, 111 pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 157

284 Index

pelvic pain, 155 ring-down artifact, 6, 7, 128 pelvis, 261 ropivacaine, 227 pericardial effusion, 11, 12, 37, 38, 47 RUSH protocol, 47–48 pericholecystic fluid, 131 pipes, 48 periorbital swelling, 85 pump, 47 ultrasound evaluation, 88 tank, 47 peritonsillar abscess (PTA), 94, 95, 97 differential diagnosis, 96, 97 scrotal pain, 151, 152, 153 drainage, 96–97 seashore sign, 31, 51, 52 pharyngitis, 94 sedation, 278, 279 phrenico-colic ligament, 21, 22 seizures, 271 pigtail catheter insertion, 249, 250, 251 neonate, 66 plantar foreign body, 229 septic arthritis, 261, 262, 265 pleural effusion, 106, 212, 213, 214 septic shock, 46, 63 pleural line, 30, 31, 42, 50, 51 shock, 47, 48 pneumatosis intestinalis, 140, 141 septic, 46, 63 pneumonia, 106 shoulder dislocation, 234, 235, 238 pleural effusion, 211, 212, 214 analgesic techniques, 238 ultrasound evaluation, 107 intra-articular injection, 236 pneumothorax, 28–30, 32, 37, 42, 194 shoulder pain, 233 as cause of shock, 47 side-lobe artifact, 6, 7 M-mode imaging, 42 sinusitis, 86 prehospital intervention, 43 skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), 184 spontaneous, 249 skull, 77, 79 ultrasound assessment, 30–32 fracture, 78, 79 ultrasound features, 51, 52 slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), 164, 166 versus endotracheal tube positioning, 50 soft tissue injury, 180 point-of-care echocardiography, 63 sore throat, 93, 94, 97 portal triad, 130 spinal column, 272 portal vein, 130 spine sign, 213 posterior acoustic enhancement (PAE), 5, 7 spleen laceration, 20, 22 pregnancy, 161, 162 splinter, finger, 185, 186 ectopic, 160, 162 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), 215, 216, 219 fetal development, 161 status asthmaticus, 192 prehospital ultrasound, 42–43 stratosphere sign, 51 propofol, 276, 277, 278, 280 subperiosteal abscess, 85, 86, 88 pseudocysts, 75 complications, 88 pseudo-electromechanical dissociation (pseudo-EMD), superior mesenteric artery (SMA), 123 62, 63 avulsion, 36 pseudo-kidney sign, 122, 123 superior mesenteric vein (SMV), 123 pseudosac, 161, 162 suppurative lymphadenopathy, 91 pseudotumor cerebri, 70, 71 supracondylar fracture, 171, 173, 175 pulmonary edema, 48 classification, 172, 173 pulmonary embolism (PE), 114, 116 syncope, 113 pulseless electrical activity (PEA), 43–63 causes, 62 target sign, 122, 123 pyloric stenosis, 126, 128 tendons, 178, 179 pylorospasm, 126, 128 complete rupture, 179 pylorus, 125, 126, 128 partial injuries, 179 pyosalpinx, 156 tension pneumothorax, 30, 32–48 testes, 151 radial artery, 242 testicle, 145 radial fracture, 10, 168, 169, 267, 268, 270 testicular torsion, 151, 152, 153 ultrasound-guided reduction, 270 intermittent, 153 rectal bleeding, 138 thoracentesis, ultrasound-guided, 212, 213, 214 regional anesthesia, 226, 227, 242. See also specific landmarks, 213 nerve blocks positioning, 213 hand, 247 technique, 214 respiratory distress, 28, 108, 110, 112, 191 thyroglossal duct cysts, 90 respiratory failure, 192 tibial artery, 230, 231 resuscitation echocardiography, 63 tibial nerve, 230 retinal detachment, 82, 83–84 tonsils, 94, 95.Seealsoperitonsillar abscess reverberation artifact, 5, 7, 187 torus fracture, 168 rib fractures, 58 trachea, 36, 192 right main-stem bronchus intubation, 50, 52 trans-fontanel ultrasound, 65, 66, 67, 78, 79 neonate, 56 transient synovitis, 262, 265 right ventricle (RV) strain, 114, 116 triage, ultrasound application, 43

Index 285

tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA), 156, 157 ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt twinkling sign, 149 complications, 74 malfunction, 74–75 ulnar artery, 245, 246 ultrasound evaluation, 74–75 ulnar fracture, 10, 267 visceral–parietal pleura (VPP) interface, ultrasound-guided reduction, 270 193 ureteric jets, 148 visual acuity change, 81 urethral catheterization, 221 vitreous hemorrhage, 82–84 urinary bladder. See bladder vomiting, 125, 195 urine aspiration, 223. See bladder aspiration bilious, 123, 126 urolithiasis, 148, 150 mechanical causes, 126 urosepsis, 46 with diarrhea, 134, 137 uterus, 156 whirlpool sign, 152 venous access. See IV access venous thromboembolic disease (VTE), 116 yolk sac, 161, 162