Complete Streets Reference Guide

Reference Guide Unit 1 What are Complete Streets?

Definition “A transportation facility that is planned, designed, operated, and maintained to provide safe mobility for of Complete all users, including bicyclists, pedestrians, transit vehicles, truckers, and motorists, appropriate to the Streets function and context of the facility. Complete street concepts apply to rural, suburban, and urban areas.” - Official Caltrans Definition

“Complete Streets are streets for everyone. They are designed and operated to enable safe access for all users. Pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and public transportation users of all ages and abilities are able to safely move along and across a complete street. Complete Streets make it easy to cross the street, walk to shops, and bicycle to work. They allow buses to run on time and make it safe for people to walk to and from train stations.” - National Complete Streets Coalition

History of • Post WWII growth created motor vehicle dependence. Complete • 1962: the Federal-Aid Highway Act (planning for future projects should be “comprehensive”). Streets • Early legislation included: the Oregon “bike bill” (1971); California AB 69 (1972); and Florida Statute 335.065 (1984). • No Federal Complete Streets Policy yet today.

Metro Resources

Transit Supportive Planning Toolkit (2016) online resource

Los Angeles Long Range Metro County-wide Metro Complete Street Active Transportation Transportation Plan Sustainability Planning Policy (2014) Strategic Plan (2016) (2009) Policy & Implementation Plan (2012)

California’s AB 1358 – Complete Streets Act (2008) Complete CEQA – but hasn’t always directly encouraged Complete Streets (passed 1970; new guidelines, 2010) Streets AB 32 – Global Warming Solutions Act (2006) SB 375 – Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection Act (2008) Policies SB 226 – CEQA Streamlining for Infill Projects (2011) SB 99 – Created the Active Transportation Program (ATP) (2013) SB 743 - LOS generally shall not be used as a significance threshold; addresses CEQA reform (2013)

Key Refer to the 10 Elements of Comprehensive Complete Streets Policies from the National Complete Streets Tenants Coalition. Local policy should: avoid vague, noncommittal statements; use clear language; build on of Local existing work; and leave no room for circumnavigating requirements. The Policy should also: ID roadway Policies users; discuss the modes covered; include a clear vision; apply to both new and retrofit projects; make any exceptions specific; and set clear procedures and performance standards.

1 Unit 2 Why are Complete Streets Important?

Safety & Public Shifting Travel Demand & Funding Opps. & Sustainability Health Demographics Future Trends Fiscal Responsibility Current Trends

Intergovernmental New Planning Aging population After Leverage county, Panel on Climate paradigm: emphasis increasing. transportation state, federal funds Change requires on safety. infrastructure (e.g. Metro Call for adaptation & increases, more Projects, ATP grants, mitigation. Gov’t Rising rates of Immigration people use it. TIGER grants). officials will control obesity & health care from developing carbon emissions costs. countries on the through cap-and- rise. Job creation Technological and cost benefit trade, regulation, & advances Disadvantaged Lifestyle changes analysis taxation. (e.g. vehicle Communities, in household automation). SB 74: Created changes Senate Bill 535 & location to balance congestion (2012). preferences. mgmt practices with active transportation, Populations suffer Millennials & Rise of public health, etc. disproportionately Creative Class Transportation from poor street Network Sea level rise: design & have an Companies 6.7” by 2030 increased likelihood (rideshare). 14.3” by 2050 of illness, injury, & 41.1” by 2100 death.

Sustainability Health Quality of Life Safety Economic Benefits Transportation Active A recent study Streets designed Americans spent an Quick accounts for greater Transportation found that with sidewalks, average of 18 cents Facts than 70% of oil has been shown people who medians, improved of every dollar on consumption, 25% to improve mental live in walkable bus stop placement, transportation, with of global warming health. communities are traffic-calming, the poorest 1/5 of pollution, & a large more likely to be & treatments for families spending proportion of local 43% of people socially engaged disabled travelers more than 2xs air pollution, such with safe places & trusting than improve pedestrian that figure. Most as particulate matter to walk within 10 residents of safety, according families spend that leads to “air minutes of home less walkable to the FHWA. much more on their quality alert” days met recommended neighborhoods. Some features, like transportation than and increased rates of activity levels; medians, improve on their food. health problems. among individuals Additionally, they safety for all users without safe reported being since they enable place to walk, just in better health pedestrians to cross 27% were active & happier more busy roads in two Taking public enough. often. stages, get rid of transportation saves left-turning vehicle individuals $9,581 Nearly 1/3 of Complete Streets crashes, & improve each year. transit users increase the sense of bike safety. meet the Surgeon social connectivity & General’s sense of community recommendations belonging. for minimum daily exercise through their daily travels. 2 Unit 3 How to Put Complete Streets on the Books

1 Goal Setting & Visioning Determine ‘outcomes’ & ‘outputs’: Outcomes Outputs Bicycle mode share Miles of protected bike lanes Pedestrian mode share Miles of sidewalks Number of bicyclist- or pedestrian- Number of pedestrian crossings of arterial roadways involved traffic fatalities Number of projects at locations with an above-expected crash rate

2 Integrating Complete Streets into Local Planning Processes

Integrate the policy into General Plan Entitlement Processes (such as): Development Review Checklists Traffic impact studies DRAFT Regional Transportation Plans Impact fees Mitigation fees FIGURE 2-2 PROPOSED STREET CONTEXTS In-lieu mitigation fees

3 Street Typologies, Layered Networks & Place-Types

Determine if the street has: Create a layered network A Motor vehicle emphasis B approach for each of the Transit emphasis typologies listed under 3A Bicycle emphasis Pedestrian emphasis

4 How to Handle Caltrans Facilities

Refer to the: Caltrans Smart Mobility Framework California Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) California Office of Traffic Safety (OTS) NelsonAssessment\Nygaard Consulting Associates,Technical Inc. | 2-5 Assistance Program

Conduct/Develop Develop a Pedestrian Safety Action Plan (PSAP) Refer to Multimodal Level of Service (MMLOS) Best Practices

3 Unit 4 How to Evaluate Complete Streets

Safety Equity Economic Environment Public Health Usage / Ridership Access

Fatalities Access Opportunities Air quality Trips Counts Timing (e.g. total (e.g. VMT per (e.g. jobs, (e.g. air (e.g. bike trips to/ (e.g. number (e.g. travel time number, & by capita, bike trip accessible in toxics nearby, from school) of bicyclists/ by mode) mode, age, percentages, 30-45 mins, temp Clean Air Act pedestrians per income, gender, walking trip & permanent contaminants) unit time) etc) percentages) jobs created by project)

Serious Injuries Place Value Stormwater Emergencies Counts (e.g. total (e.g. LOS, multi- (e.g. tax yield runoff (e.g. emergency (e.g. first/last number, & by modal LOS, per acre, real (e.g. rate and response times) mile connections, mode, age, usage percentages estate property volume of runoff, percent of people income, gender, by age, gender, value, retail & percentage of serviced, low etc) etc.) restaurant sales runoff that is stress biking & nearby) absorbed) walking) Counts (e.g. first/last mile connections, trees retained or planted)

Benchmarking Goal-Setting Innovative (i.e. before (e.g. Vision Zero, Strategies projects are People St) implemented)

Why Evaluate your Complete Streets?

Make sure Complete Streets projects are working towards the right goals • Economy • Environment • Place • Safety • Equity • Public Health • Apply the right performance metrics

4 Unit 5 Moving from Policy to Practice

FUNDING SOURCE Metro Call for Projects Metro Metro Toll Roads Metro Set Goals & Weigh tradeoffs & gain consent Measure A Dept of Performance Parks & Rec Metrics Proposition C Metro Measure R Metro Plan Evaluate Measure M Metro Complete Streets Projects Cap and Trade (includes AHSC) CA EPA Overcome barriers & Active Transportation Program Caltrans opposition Regional Surface Transportation Caltrans Build Great Secure Projects project Program funding Congestion Mitigation and Air FHWA Quality Program Surface Transportation Program FUNDING FHWA Local SOURCES & STRATEGIES Enhanced Mobility of Seniors FTA • Coordinating with maintenance or capital projects and Individuals with Disabilities • External funding and grants (5310) • Innovative strategies: • Public-private partnerships (P3s) Formula Grants for Rural Areas FTA • Crowd-funding (5311) • Capital improvement funds Urbanized Area Formula Grant FTA (5307) BARRIERS & OPPOSITION TIGER Discretionary Grants US DOT OVERCOMING BARRIERS • Engage stakeholders at the right times • Identify project champions • Spend political will wisely • Pick your battles carefully • Consider the “Policy-to-Practice” Cycle • Derive performance measures from project goals • Use storytelling • Can’t always pick the low hanging fruit • Show how a plan fits into Complete Streets goals • Clarify the process • Apply a variety of performance measures for different people with different values • Help justify your project with performance measures • Report back on performance measures

5 COMMON TRADE-OFFS HOW TO ADDRESS

• Frame the conversation around Person-Mobility for all modes. • Explain if other project benefits may outweigh effects to roadway capacity/ Traffic & LOS LOS. • Describe that congestion may be inevitable but providing travel options is a choice. • Recognize whether a data-driven argument is necessary (or helpful) or if a policy-driven argument is more valuable.

• Describe the political will that exists and link to project goals. • Make a critical early project decision: attempt to stay within existing ROW, Roadway Narrowing or allow to go beyond existing ROW?

• Communicate directly with property and business owners (aren’t always the same). Business Access • Understand property “needs” vs. “nice-to-haves.” • Let crash data influence safety-based arguments.

• Perform occupancy study that accounts for time-of-day, special users, off- street parking supply (both business and residential). Parking • View on-street parking as a shared, public resource.

• Engage stakeholders at the right time. • Develop projects that reflect the community’s values (not yours). Community Character • Communicate early on and effectively. • Describe that Complete Streets can help calm traffic on residential streets, & Values create walkable neighborhoods, and increase community interaction.

6 Unit 6 Complete Streets on the Ground

References

Caltrans Complete Streets Implementation Action Plan 2.0 Main Street, California Los Angeles Complete Streets Manual (LA Mobility Plan) Model Design Manual for Living Streets, LA County

Complete Streets Local Policy Workbook Street Design: Part 1—Complete Streets (FHWA) Roadside Design Guide (AASHTO) Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: a Context Sensitive Approach (ITE) ADA Standards for Accessible Design (2010) Proposed Guidelines for Accessible Rights-of-Way (PROWAG)

STANDARDS & GUIDANCE MODIFYING DESIGN STANDARDS

• Caltrans Highway Design Manual • DIB 89: Class IV Bikeway Guidance (Separated • American Association of State Highway and Transportation Bikeways/Cycle Tracks) Officials’ (AASHTO) • DIB 82-05: Pedestrian Accessibility Guidelines for • Local manuals or street design standards Highway Projects • The California Fire Code • DIB 81-01: Capital Preventative Maintenance • California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (CAPM) Guidelines (California MUTCD) • Work Area Traffic Control Handbook (WATCH)

7 Unit 7 Deep Dive into Roadway Design Concepts

Pedestrian Facilities Road Diets Sidewalk Zones Road Diets Sidewalk zones improve safety and convenience for all A road diet involves converting a wide road into a narrow users. configuration. See example below. Before

After

Pedestrian Furniture/Curb Frontage Zone Buffer Zone Through Zone Zone functions as residential: 5-7’wide section between space next an extension commercial areas: buffer and to sidewalk Narrower lanes reduce speeds and increase safety of the bldg 8-12’ wide through zone Road diets reduce pedestrian crash risk Typical travel lane width: 10 - 12 feet Bicycle Infrastructure* Class I: Bike Path Class III: Bike Route Fully separated path for exclusive use by bicyclists. Shared lane for bicyclists and motorists.

2’ 10’ 2’

Class II: Bike Lane Class IV: Separated Bike Lane Striped bike lane adjacent to vehicle travel lane. On street bicycle lane separated by a physical barrier. May include grade separation, posts, barriers, or on-street parking. Highway Scenario Adjacent to On-Street Parking

on-street parking gutter

highway min 3’ 2’ min 5’ 8’ min 3’ min 5’ preferred 4’ preferred 7’

Posted Vehicle Speeds Buffered Bike Lane over 40mph

on-street 3’ 18”-3’ parking

> 40mph min 6’ min 5’ 8’ preferred 7’

*source: Highway Design Manual 1 Unit 7 Deep Dive into Roadway Design Concepts

On-Street Parking Parking Layout Types Parking along Complete Parallel Parking Angled Parking Back-in Angled Parking Streets provides a buffer between pedestrians and traffic, and visually narrows the street for motorists.

Can lead to “dooring” Sight limitations create Improves motorist incidents with bicyclists bicycle and vehicle conflicts sight distance Address with wider bike Eliminates door zone lane or buffer Easier loading/unloading Directs emissions towards sidewalks

Uncontrolled Crossings Unsignalized Intersection Best Practice Treatments Best Practice Treatments Mid-block crossing(as alternative) Intersection signalization Advanced yield lines Overhead flashing beacons Warning signs High-visibility markings Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacons (RRFBs) Curb extensions High-visibility markings Raised pedestrian refuge or medians Curb extensions Pedestrian hybrid beacon Raised pedestrian refuge or medians Pedestrian hybrid beacon

Traffic Calming Roundabouts

Slow Vehicles Crash Reduction Delay Reduction

Speed Control Volume Control Typically feasible at signalized intersections and all-way stops Speed humps Raised median barriers Splitter island reduces speeds Speed tables Diagonal diverters Minimizes ped-auto & auto-auto conflict Raised crosswalks Half closures Bicyclists and vehicles do not need to stop Raised intersections Full closures Pedestrians cross single traffic stream Traffic circles Road diet Roundabouts Reduced travel lane widths Chicanes Parking Mini-Roundabouts Median narrowing Raised median islands Appropriate for low volume streets Curb extensions Roundabouts Require yield on entry Lower speed limit Curb Extensions Feature splitter islands

Traffic Circle Appropriate for low volume streets Keep existing traffic control

2 Unit 7 Deep Dive into Roadway Design Concepts

Protected Intersections Protected intersections avoid mixing zones between all users, improve sight lines, and create low stress left turns for bicyclists.

1 Corner Refuge Island 4 2 Forward Bicycle Queuing Area 6 5 1 3 Motorist Yield Zone 2 4 Pedestrian Crossing Island 3 5 Pedestrian Crossing of Separated Bike Lane 6 Pedestrian Curb Ramp

Pedestrian Signals Bicycle Signals Safety Design Enhancements Safety Design Enhancements Leading pedestrian interval Permanent recall Short cycle lengths Fixed time Pedestrian scramble No right turn on red Activation Pedestrian recall Limit line detection Typical push button Activation Video detection Typical push button Extended time Accessible/audible

Transit Facilities Factors That Affect Transit Ridership Bus Stop Locations Near side stop: before intersection Allows pedestrians to access buses closest to crosswalk Eliminates potential of double stopping Destination Frequency Reliability Provides driver opportunity to look for oncoming traffic Accessibility Far side stop: after intersection Design Considerations Minimizes conflict with right turning vehicles Bike/Bus interface common design Minimizes sight distance problems Encourages pedestrians to cross behind the bus Platform geometry 8-10’ width Green Streets Design Curb height bike lane 6”-9” or more Canopy trees depending on Vegetated swales vehicle type Infiltration planters Bus zone/Platform Previous pavers 80’-160’ Length Infiltration trenches Stormwater curb extensions 3 Unit 8 Experimental and Demonstration Projects

Types of Experimental and Demonstration Projects

Hours Days

Quick input as a part of a larger Useful as a part of a campaign planning process. to educate and solicit feedback.

Should be an ‘event’ to Can be combined with an online encourage participation. forum to collect input over time.

Months Years

Pilot testing for a more Interim condition while funds permanent treatment. Creates are secured for permanent gentle transition between installation. installation & permanent improvement. Creates built-in user group to help champion permanent Responses to installation should changes. be monitored periodically.

4 Unit 9 How To Build and Maintain Complete Streets

Process

Project Initiation Concept Engineering Review & Service Construction and Planning Design Design Evaluation Period

Initial Maintenance Plan Ongoing Maintenance Update Maintenance Plan

Costs & Funding Typical Unit Costs Sidewalk & Frontage Improvements Simple retrofit/maintenance - $3m per mile Add or relocate curb/gutter, landscape & lighting - $8m per mile

Bikeway Improvements Re-striping with slurry seal - $350,000 per mile Protected bikeways - $1-2m per mile

Intersection & Crossing Improvements Protected intersection - $2m each Traffic signal - $500,000 each Pedestrian hybrid beacon - $250,000 each Rectangular Rapid Flashing Beacon - $30,000 each

Recommended Timeline

Immediately 1-2 years Within 3 Years

Review Current City Goals & Objectives -Evaluate Initial Complete Streets Projects Assemble Existing Supportive Policies -Review & Revise Complete Streets Policy, Implementation Plan, & Metrics Develop Complete Streets Policy

-Develop Implementation Work Plan -Establish City Design Standards & Guidance -Develop Evaluation Metrics & Baseline -Apply for Grants & Secure Funding -Construct Initial Complete Streets Projects 5 Complete Streets: Recommended Reading List

Agency Title Link City of LA Mobility Plan 2035 (2016) https://losangeles2b.files.wordpress. com/2012/12/mobilityplan_web_ jan_2016v61.pdf

SCAG 2016-2040 Regional Transportation Plan/ http://scagrtpscs.net/Documents/2016/ final/f2016RTPSCS.pdf Sustainable Communities Strategy (2016)

Los Angeles County Los Angeles County General Plan 2035 Update http://planning.lacounty.gov/assets/upl/ project/gp_final-general-plan.pdf (2015)

LA Dept of City Complete Streets Design Guide (2014) https://losangeles2b.files.wordpress. com/2012/12/complete-street-design- Planning guide-nov-20144.pdf

Metro Metro Complete Streets Policy (2014) https://media.metro.net/projects_studies/ sustainability/images/policy_complet- estreets_2014-10.pdf

SCAG/Metro First Mile Last Mile Strategic Plan (2014) http://media.metro.net/docs/First_Last_ Mile_Strategic_Plan.pdf

SCAG LA County TOD Access Study (2013) http://planning.lacounty.gov/assets/upl/ project/tod_Access-Study.pdf

LA County Public County of LA Bicycle Master Plan (2012) https://dpw.lacounty.gov/pdd/bike/docs/ bmp/FINAL%20Bicycle%20Master%20 Works Plan.pdf

& PROGRAMS Metro Metro Countywide Sustainability Planning Policy http://media.metro.net/projects_studies/ sustainability/images/countywide_sus- & Implementation Plan (2012) tainability_planning_policy.pdf

LA County Dept Model Design Manual for Living Streets (2011) http://www.modelstreetdesignmanual. covm/ Public Health

LA Dept of City 2010 Bicycle Plan: City of LA (2011) http://planning.lacity.org/cwd/gnlpln/ transelt/NewBikePlan/Txt/LA%20

LOCAL & REGIONAL POLICIES, PLANS , Planning CITY%20BICYCLE%20PLAN.pdf

Metro Health and Active Transportation Agenda (2011) http://media.metro.net/ board/Items/2011/11_novem- ber/20111116AHSItem10.pdf

City of LA Downtown Street Standards: City of Los Angeles http://www.urbandesignla.com/resources/DowntownStreetStandards.php (2009)

Metro Los Angeles Long Range Transportation Plan https://www.metro.net/projects/reports/ (2009)

1 Complete Streets: Recommended Reading List (Continued)

Agency Title Link

Caltrans California Transportation Plan 2040 (2016) http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/california- transportationplan2040/Final%20CTP/ FINALCTP2040-Report-WebReady.pdf

Caltrans State Transportation Improvement Program http://www.catc.ca.gov/programs/stip. htm (STIP) (2016)

Caltrans Complete Streets Implementation Action Plan 2.0 http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/offices/ ocp/docs/CSIAP2_rpt.pdf (2014)

Caltrans Deputy Directive 64 (DD-64-R2): Complete Streets http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/offices/ ocp/docs/dd_64_r2.pdf – Integrating the Transportation System (2014)

Caltrans PL-11CTP Complete Streets Overview (2014) https://www.planning.org/events/events- ingle/3028521/

Office of Planning & Alternative Transportation Metrics (SB 743) (2013) http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/ faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_ Research id=201320140SB743

ChangeLab Model General Plan Language on Complete http://www.changelabsolutions.org/ publications/CA-complete-streets-policies Solutions Streets (2012)

Caltrans Complete Streets Implementation Action Plan http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/offices/ ocp/complete_streets_files/Complet- (2010) eStreets_IP03-10-10.pdf

State of CA Update to the General Plan Guidelines: Complete https://www.opr.ca.gov/docs/Update_ GP_Guidelines_Complete_Streets.pdf Streets and the Circulation Element (2010)

CA EPA Sustainable Communities and Climate Protection https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/sb375/sb375. htm Act (SB 375) (2008)

State of CA California Complete Streets Act (AB 1358) (2008) ftp://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/07-08/ bill/asm/ab_1351-1400/ab_1358_ bill_20080930_chaptered.pdf

CA EPA California Global Warming Solutions Act (AB 32) https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/ab32/ab32. htm (2006) STATE POLICIES, PLANS, & PROGRAMS STATE Caltrans Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP) (2006) http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/traffops/sur- vey/SHSP/SHSP-Booklet-version2_%20 PRINT.pdf

Caltrans Director’s Policy 22 (DP-22): Context Sensitive http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/transprog/ ocip/te/dp-22.pdf Solutions (2001)

Caltrans Corridor System Management Plan http://www.dot.ca.gov/dist3/depart- ments/planning/CorridorSystemMan- agementPlans.htm

State of CA California Streets and Highways Code http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/.html/shc_ta- ble_of_contents.html

2 Complete Streets: Recommended Reading List (Continued)

Agency Title Link Caltrans California Highway Design Manual 6th Edition http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/hdm/ pdf/english/HDM_Complete_15Jul2016. (2016) pdf

FHWA Incorporating On-Road Bicycle Networks into http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ bicycle_pedestrian/publications/resurfac- Resurfacing Projects (2016) ing/resurfacing_workbook.pdf

FHWA Strategic Agenda for Pedestrian and Bicycle http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ bicycle_pedestrian/publications/strate- Transportation (2016) gic_agenda/fhwahep16086.pdf

FHWA Transportation Alternatives Program Performance http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/transportation_alternatives/ Management Guidebook (2016) performance_management/guidebook/ tap_pm_guidebook.pdf

ITE Recommended Practices on Accommodating http://ecommerce.ite.org/IMIS/ItemDe- tail?iProductCode=RP-039 Pedestrians and Bicyclists at Interchanges (2016)

ITE Traffic Engineering Handbook, 7th Edition (2016) http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Wi- leyTitle/productCd-1118762304.html

NACTO Transit Street Design Guide (2016) http://nacto.org/publication/transit- street-design-guide/

AARP/SGA Evaluating Complete Streets Projects: A Guide for https://smartgrowthamerica.org/app/ legacy/documents/evaluating-com- Practitioners (2015) plete-streets-projects.pdf

Caltrans DIB 89: Class IV Bikeway Guidance (Separated http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/dib/ dib89.pdf Bikeways/Cycle Tracks) (2015)

FHWA Separated Bike Lane Planning and Design Guide https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ bicycle_pedestrian/publications/separat- (2015) ed_bikelane_pdg/separatedbikelane_pdg. pdf

AASHTO Guide for Geometric Design of Transit Facilities https://bookstore.transportation.org/ item_details.aspx?id=2215 on Highways and Streets (2014)

Caltrans California Manual on Uniform Traffic Control http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/ camutcd/docs/CAMUTCD2014_rev1. Devices (2014) pdf DESIGN & OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE DESIGN & OPERATIONAL Caltrans Design Flexibility in Multimodal Design (2014) http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/ design/2014-4-2-Flexibility-in-Design. pdf

FHWA Road Diet Informational Guide (2014) http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/road_diets/ info_guide/rdig.pdf

NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide (2014) http://nacto.org/publication/urban-bikeway-design-guide/

NCHRP Recommended Bicycle Lane Widths for Various https://www.nap.edu/catalog/22350/recommended-bicycle-lane-widths-for-vari- Roadway Characteristics (2014) ous-roadway-characteristics

Caltrans DIB 82-05: Pedestrian Accessibility Guidelines for http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/dib/ dib82-05.pdf Highway Projects (2013)

3 Complete Streets: Recommended Reading List (Continued)

Agency Title Link Caltrans Main Street, California: A Guide for Improving http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/LandArch/ mainstreet/main_street_3rd_edition.pdf Community and Transportation Vitality (2013)

Caltrans Traffic Operations Policy Directive 13-02: http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/policy/13-02.pdf Intersection Control Evaluation (2013)

FHWA Signalized Intersections: An Informational Guide http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/ conventional/signalized/fhwasa13027/ (2013) fhwasa13027.pdf

NACTO Urban Street Design Guide (2013) http://nacto.org/publication/urban- street-design-guide/

AASHTO Guide for the Development of Bicycle Facilities https://bookstore.transportation.org/ item_details.aspx?ID=1943 (2012)

Caltrans Traffic Operations Policy Directive 12-03: http://www.dot.ca.gov/trafficops/policy/12-03.pdf Crosswalk Enhancement (2012)

FHWA Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (2012) http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/ pdfs/2009r1r2/mutcd2009r1r2edition. pdf

NCHRP Tort Liability Defense Practices for Design http://www.trb.org/Publications/ Blurbs/166924.aspx Flexibility (2012)

National Complete Complete Streets Local Policy Workbook (2012) https://smartgrowthamerica.org/ resources/complete-streets-local-poli- Streets Coalition cy-workbook/

AASHTO A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and http://nacto.org/docs/usdg/geometric_ design_highways_and_streets_aashto.pdf Streets (2011)

AASHTO Roadside Design Guide (2011) https://bookstore.transportation.org/ collection_detail.aspx?ID=105

Caltrans DIB 81-01: Capital Preventative Maintenance http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/oppd/dib/ dib81-01.pdf (CAPM) Guidelines (2011)

ITE Planning Urban Roadway Systems: an ITE https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/ app/legacy/documents/cs/resources/ Proposed Recommended Practice (2011) samdahl-planning-urban-roadway-systems.pdf

Transportation Crossing Solutions at Roundabouts and http://www.trb.org/Publications/ Blurbs/164715.aspx Research Board / Channelized Turn Lanes for Pedestrians with DESIGN & OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE ( CONTINUED) DESIGN & OPERATIONAL Schroeder et al. Vision Disabilities (2011)

U.S. Access Board Proposed Guidelines for Pedestrian Facilities in https://www.access-board.gov/attach- ments/article/743/nprm.pdf the Public Right-of-Way (PROWAG) (2011)

America Walks Signalized Intersection Enhancements that http://americawalks.org/wp-content/ uploads/2014/12/America-Walks-Sig- Benefit Pedestrians (2010) nalized-Intersection-Enhancements-Re- port-Updated-1.30.2012.pdf

4 Complete Streets: Recommended Reading List (Continued)

Agency Title Link Caltrans Complete Intersections: A Guide to http://nacto.org/docs/usdg/complete_in- tersections_caltrans.pdf Reconstructing Intersections and Interchanges for Bicyclists and Pedestrians (2010)

Caltrans Smart Mobility Framework 2010 (2010) http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/tpp/offices/ ocp/documents/smf_files/SMF_hand- book_062210.pdf

Department of ADA Standards for Accessible Design (2010) https://www.ada.gov/regs2010/2010A- DAStandards/2010ADAstandards.htm Justice

FHWA Roundabouts: An Informational Guide (2nd http://www.trb.org/Publications/ Blurbs/164470.aspx Edition) (2010)

FHWA Street Design: Part 1—Complete Streets (2010) https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/ publicroads/10julaug/03.cfm

ITE Designing Walkable Urban Thoroughfares: a http://library.ite.org/pub/e1cff43c-2354- d714-51d9-d82b39d4dbad Context Sensitive Approach (2010)

National Complete Complete Streets (PAS 559): Best Policy and https://www.planning.org/research/ streets/ Streets Coalition/ Implementation Practices (2010) APA

TRB Highway Capacity Manual (2010) http://hcm.trb.org/?qr=1

TRB NCHRP Multimodal LOS Analysis for Urban http://www.trb.org/Publications/ Blurbs/160228.aspx Streets (2010)

AARP Planning Complete Streets for an Aging America http://assets.aarp.org/rgcenter/ppi/liv- com/2009-12-streets.pdf (2009)

APA U.S. Traffic Calming Manual (2009) https://www.planning.org/publications/ book/9026718/

FHWA Engineering Countermeasures for Reducing http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/speedmgt/ ref_mats/eng_count/eng_count.pdf Speeds: A Desktop Reference of Potential Effectiveness (2009)

EPA Green Streets: Managing Wet Weather with Green https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/ files/2015-10/documents/gi_munichand- Infrastructure (2008) book_green_streets_0.pdf

DESIGN & OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE ( CONTINUED) DESIGN & OPERATIONAL UC Berkeley A Technical Guide for Conducting Pedestrian http://www.techtransfer.berkeley.edu/ sites/default/files/file_uploads/psa_ Institute of Safety Assessments (2008) guidebook_2013_0.pdf Transportation

Caltrans Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): A Handbook for Partners http://transweb.sjsu.edu/MTIportal/ research/publications/documents/ (2007) BRT2006/Caltrans%20BRT%20 book%200307%20-%20Size%20Re- duced.pdf

5 Complete Streets: Recommended Reading List (Continued)

Agency Title Link FHWA Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ recreational_trails/publications/fs_publi- Trailheads, and Campgrounds (2007) cations/07232816/lc07232816.cfm

FHWA Mini-Roundabouts: Technical Summary (2007) http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/ innovative/roundabouts/fhwasa10007/ fhwasa10007.pdf

AASHTO A Guide for Achieving Flexibility in Highway https://bookstore.transportation.org/ item_details.aspx?ID=103 Design (2004)

AASHTO Guide for the Planning, Design, and Operation of https://bookstore.transportation.org/ item_details.aspx?id=119 Pedestrian Facilities (2004)

National Complete Costs of Complete Streets http://completestreets.org/webdocs/fact- sheets/cs-costs-2.pdf Streets Coalition

U.S. Access Board Pedestrian Access to Modern Roundabouts: https://www.access-board.gov/guidelines-and-standards/streets-sidewalks/

DESIGN & OPERATIONAL DESIGN & OPERATIONAL Design and Operational Issues for Pedestrians public-rights-of-way/guidance-and-re- GUIDANCE ( CONTINUED) search/pedestrian-access-to-mod- Who Are Blind ern-roundabouts

FHWA Guidebook for Developing Pedestrian and Bicycle https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ bicycle_pedestrian/publications/perfor- Performance Measures (2016) mance_measures_guidebook/pm_guide- book.pdf

Subcommittee on H.R.2071: Safe Streets Act of 2015 (2015) https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/2071 Highways & Transit

AASHTO Highway Safety Manual, First Edition Supplement https://bookstore.transportation.org/ item_details.aspx?id=2327 (2014)

Lusk et al. American Bicycle Guidelines and Crash Rates on Cycle http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/ pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301043 Journal of Public Tracks in the United States (2013) Health

Teschke et al. Route Infrastructure and the Risk of Injuries to https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti- cles/PMC3519333/ American Journal of Bicyclists: A Case-Crossover Study (2012) Public Health

AAA Impact Speed and a Pedestrian’s Risk of Severe https://www.aaafoundation.org/sites/ default/files/2011PedestrianRiskVs- Injury or Death (2011) Speed.pdf

Lusk et al. Injury Risk of Injury for Bicycling on Cycle Tracks versus http://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/early/2011/02/02/ip.2010.028696. Prevention in the Street (2011) full

FHWA Safety Benefits of Raised Medians and Pedestrian http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/ tools_solve/medians_trifold/ SAFETY STUDIES, POLICIES, & REPORTS Refuge Areas (2010)

6 Complete Streets: Recommended Reading List (Continued)

Agency Title Link FHWA Roundabouts: A Proven Safety Solution that http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/ other_topics/fhwasa09027/resources/ Reduces the Number and Severity of Intersection Intersection%20Safety%20Issue%20 Crashes (2010) Brief%2014.pdf

FHWA Evaluation of Lane Reduction “Road Diet” https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/ research/safety/10053/ Measures on Crashes (2010)

FHWA / Fitzpatrick Safety Effectiveness of the HAWK Pedestrian https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/ research/safety/10042/10042.pdf & Park Crossing Treatment (2010)

FHWA / Fitzpatrick Crosswalk Marking Field Visibility Study (2010) https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/ research/safety/pedbike/10067/10067.pdf et al.

US DOT Policy Statement on Bicycle and Pedestrian http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ bicycle_pedestrian/guidance/policy_ac- Accommodation Regulations and com.cfm Recommendations (2010)

FHWA & ITE Issue Brief 9: Pedestrian Safety at Intersections http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/intersection/ other_topics/fhwasa10005/docs/brief_9. (2009) pdf

FHWA Toolbox of Countermeasures and Their Potential http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/ped_bike/ tools_solve/ped_tctpepc/ped_tctpepc.pdf Effectiveness for Pedestrian Crashes (2008)

Potts et al. / TRB Relationship of Lane Width to Safety for Urban https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/ app/legacy/documents/cs/resources/lane- and Suburban Arterials (2007) width-safety.pdf (CONTINUED) Markowitz et al. ITE Pedestrian Countdown Signals: Experience with http://www.bikewalk.org/2006confer- ence/vconference/presentations/Pedestri- Journal an Extensive Pilot Installation (2006) anandBicycleTrafficSignalIssuesandDi- rections2.pdf

TRB / Fitzpatrick et TCRP Report 112/ NCHRP Report 562: Improving http://nacto.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/NCHRP-562-Improv- al. Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings ing-Pedestrian-Safety-at-Unsignal- (2006) ized-Crossings.pdf SAFETY STUDIES, POLICIES, & REPORTS FHWA / Zegeer et Safety Effects of Marked vs. Unmarked https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/ research/safety/04100/04100.pdf al. Crosswalks at Uncontrolled Locations (2005)

Oregon DOT / Pedestrian Safety Impacts of Curb Extensions: A http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/ TP_RES/docs/Reports/PedestrainSafety- Johnson Case Study (2005) CurbExt.pdf?ga=t

Van Houten & Efficacy of Rectangular-shaped Rapid Flash LED http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/resources/ interim_approval/ia11/stpetersburgrpt/ Malenfant Beacons (2001) stpetersburgrpt.pdf

7 Complete Streets: Recommended Reading List (Continued)

Agency Title Link Metro Propositions A Local Return http://media.metro.net/projects_studies/ local_return/images/lr_guide.pdf

Metro Propositions C Local Return http://media.metro.net/projects_studies/ local_return/images/lr_guide.pdf

Metro Proposition C 25% https://www.metro.net/about/finance- budget/taxes/

Metro Measure R Local Return http://media.metro.net/projects_studies/ local_return/images/measure-r-Lo- cal-Return-Guidelines.pdf

Metro Measure M Local Return http://theplan.metro.net/wp-content/ uploads/2016/11/report_prgm_ mgmt_2016_11.pdf

Metro Transportation Development Act Article 3 https://www.metro.net/projects/tda/

Metro Transportation Development Act Article 8 http://media.metro.net/ board/Items/2013/06_ june/20130619f&bitem13.pdf

Metro ExpressLanes Net Toll Revenue https://www.metro.net/projects/expresslanes/projectsprograms/

N/A Developer Mitigation Fees N/A COMPLETE STREETS IN LA COUNTY N/A Gas Tax https://media.metro.net/about_us/ committees/sfs/images/sfs_presenta- POTENTIAL LOCAL FUNDING SOURCES FOR tion_2015_0416_gastax.pdf

CA EPA Cap and Trade https://www.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/ capandtrade.htm

California Affordable Housing and Sustainable Communities http://www.sgc.ca.gov/Grant-Programs/ AHSC-Program.html Sustainable Growth Program Council

Caltrans Active Transportation Program http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/LocalPro- grams/atp/

Caltrans Regional Surface Transportation Program http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/transprog/ federal/rstp/regional_surface_transpor- tation_program-MAP21_090115_1.pdf

FHWA Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Program http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/ air_quality/cmaq/

FHWA Surface Transportation Program Local https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/map21/fact- sheets/stp.cfm

FTA Enhanced Mobility of Seniors and Individuals https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/ grants/enhanced-mobility-seniors-indi- with Disabilities (5310) viduals-disabilities-section-5310

https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/

SOURCES FOR COMPLETE STREETS FTA Formula Grants for Rural Areas (5311) grants/grant-programs/formula-grants-rural-areas-5311 POTENTIAL STATE & NATIONAL FUNDING & NATIONAL POTENTIAL STATE FTA Urbanized Area Formula Grant (5307) https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/ grants/urbanized-area-formula-grants-5307