A New Chapter in an Old Story; Being an Interesting Account of The

9743 U 81*42 BANCROFT :BRARY

THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

J. Porter Shaw Collection

Gift of Marguerite Bachrach

A NEW CHAPTER IN AN OLD STORY

V The Cave Man of Prehistoric Times who Unconscior THE FIRST MISSILE Invented Arms and Ammunition A NEW CHAPTER IN AN OLD STOKY BEING AN INTERESTING ACCOUNT OF THE STRANGE STEPS BY WHICH A Great Modern Business HAS GROWN OUT OF ANCIENT CONDITIONS TOGETHER WITH A LOOK INTO THE FUTUKE

PUBLISHED ANNO DOMINI MCMXII BY REMINGTON ARMS -UNION METALLIC CARJTBaDGE, CO 299 BROADWAY, NEW YORJC Copyright, 1912, by THE REMINGTON ARMS- UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE COMPANY Prepared, Pictured and Printed by THE SEARCH-LIGHT LIBRARY 450 FOURTH AVENUE NEW YORK Staff Photographer, P. P. Pullis

The Seven Remarkable Full - Page Illustra- tions found in this Book including the Front Cover Picture TRIBUTE OF THE AGES are Actual Photographs from Life. A NEW CHAPTER IN AN OLD STORY

FOREWORD This book has been written to tell of an important event

, . to us who write and to who read. Like most ? important you ..- --<>.* important events its preparation commenced years ago. Perhaps it would be as well to start at the very beginning, for it is an interesting story.

History--and Before

How it Began

NAKED savage found to escape. He knew that he had himself in the great- saved his life, but there was some- est danger. A wild thing else which his dull brain failed beast, hungry and to realize. fierce was about to He had invented arms and ammu- attack him. Escape nition! was impossible. Re- In other words, he had needed to treat was cut off. strike a harder blow than the blow of

He must fight for his life but how? his fist, at a greater distance than the Should he bite, scratch or kick? length of his arm, and his brain

Should he strike with his fist? These showed him how to do it. After all, were the natural defences of his body, what is a modern rifle but a device but what were they against the teeth, which man has made with his brain the claws and the tremendous muscles permitting him to strike an enor- of his enemy? Should he wr rench a mously hard blow at a wonderful dead branch from a tree and use it for distance? Firearms are really but a a club? That would bring him within more perfect form of stone-throwing, striking distance to be torn to pieces and this early Cave Alan took the before he could deal a second blow. first step that has led down the ages There was but a moment in which to the Remington Arms and U M C to act. Swiftly he seized a jagged ammunition. fragment of rock from the ground and This strange story of a development hurled it with all his force at the that has been taking place slowly blazing eyes before him; then another, through thousands and thousands of and another, until the beast, dazed years, so that to-day you are able to and bleeding from the unexpected take a swift shot at distant game in- blows, fell back and gave him a chance stead of merely throwing stones, this

-M is the story which we shall leaves, they saw him pick up a briefly tell. pebble from the bank and then The Earliest Hunters to their surprise, take off his The Cave Man and his girdle of skin and place the descendants learned the stone in its center, holding valuable lesson of stone- both ends with his right hand. kN SLING MAN EGYPTIAN MAST TOP throwing, and it made Stranger still, he whirled the SLING SOLDIER hunters of them, not big- girdle twice around his head, game hunters that was far too risky; then released one end so that the but once in a while a lucky throw leather strip flew out and the stone might bring down a bird or a rabbit shot straight at a bird in the water. for food. And so it went on for cen- The mystery was solved. They had turies, perhaps. Early mankind was seen the first slingman in action. rather slow of thought. The Use of Slings At last, however there appeared a The new plan worked with great great inventor the Edison of his day. and a little made took the second success, practice He step. 7 expert marksmen. W e know that A Nameless Edison most of the early races used it for We do not know his name. Pos- hunting and in war. We find it he did not even have a sibly name, shown in pictures made many thou- but in some he hit a scheme way upon sands of years ago in ancient Egypt for and throwingstones farther, harder, and Assyria. We find it in the Roman than of his ancestors. straighter any Army where the slingman was called " The men and women in the Cave a funditor." found that one Colony suddenly We find it in the Bible where it is with a little bright-eyed young fellow, written of the tribe of Benjamin: forehead than the straighter others, "among all these people there were was beating them all at hunting. seven hundred chosen men left weeks he had been During going away handed; every one could sling a mysteriously, for hours each day. stone at an hair breadth and not whenever he left the he Now, camp miss." Surely, too, you remember was sure to home while bring game, the story of David and Goliath when the other men would back straggle the young shepherd "prevailed over for the most r part empty-handed. the Philistine w ith a sling and with a Was it witchcraft? They decided stone." to investigate. Today shepherds tending their flocks What Saw They upon these same hills of Syria may Accordingly, one morning several of be seen practising with slings like them followed at a careful distance as those of David. Yes, and slings were lie sought the shore of a used in European Armies

stream where water-fowl until nearly a hundred years ;= might be found. Parting the after America was discovered. Something Better since now but one

Yet they had ! hand was needed their draw-backs. to twirl the spin- A stone slung dle, and the other might kill a bird or could hold it in even a man, but it place. This was the was not very effective ^c- FEATHERING THE ''bow-drill" which ARROW against big game. also is used to this day. What was wanted was A Fortunate Accident a missile to pierce a thick hide. But bent wood is apt to be Man had begun to make spears springy. Suppose that while one were for use in a pinch, but would you bearing on pretty hard with a well- like to tackle a husky bear or a tightened string, in order to bring fire well-horned stag with only a spear for quickly, the point of the spindle a weapon? should slip from its block. Naturally, No more did our undressed ances- it would fly away with some force if tors. The invention of the greatly the position were just right. desired arm probably came about in This must have happened many a most curious way. times, and each time but once, the Long ages ago man had learned to fire-maker may have muttered some- make fire by patiently rubbing two thing under his breath, gone after his sticks together, or by twirling a spindle, and then settled down stu- round one between his hands with pidly to his work. He had had a its point resting upon a flat piece of golden chance to make a great dis- wood. cover}', but didn't realize it. In this way it could be made to But, so it has been suggested, smoke, and finally set fire to a tuft there was one man who stopped of dried moss, from which he might short when he lost his spindle, for get a flame for cooking. This was a red-hot idea shot suddenly such hard work that he bethought through his brain. him to twist a string of sinew about He forgot all about his fire- the upright spindle and cause it to blocks while he sat stock still twirl by pulling alternately at and thought. the two string ends, as Once or twice he some savage races still chuckled to him- do. From this it was / self softly. There- a simple step to fas- upon he arose ten the ends of and to i, began the two strings to experiment. a bent piece of He chose a wood, another longer, springier great advantage piece of wood, bent

WINDING THE SHAFT it into a bow, and strung it with to huddle with his fellows in some a longer thong. He placed the end cave to avoid being eaten by prowl- of a straight stick against the thong, ing beasts. Instead he went where drew it strongly back, and released he would and boldly hunted the it. fiercest of them. In other words, his

The shaft whizzed away with brain was . beginning to tell, for force enough to delight him, and lo, though his body was still no match there was the first Bow-and-Arrow! for the lion and the bear, he had What Came of It thought out a way to conquer them.

. . . . After that it was merely a matter Also he was better fed with a of improvement. The arrow-end was greater variety of game. And apt to slip from the string until some now, free to come and go wher- one thought to notch it. Its head ever he might find it, he was struck with such force that the early able to spread into various hunter decided to give it a sharp lands and so to organize the from a flake of in tribes and nations which at last point, shaped flint, ' f. order that it might drive deep into gave us civilization and history. f the body of a deer or bear. Unfortunately his weapons were But most of all it must fly true and not always used for hunting. Wars straight to its mark. Who of all came, and arrows were seen to be as these simple people first learned to deadly against mankind as against feather its shaft? Was it some one the animals. who had watched the swift, sure- Thus, from the earliest days down footed spring of a bushy-tailed through the Middle Ages and into squirrelfrom branch to branch ? modern times, we find archers in Possibly, for the principle is practically every army. the same. At all events A Great Variety with its feathers and It is interesting to its piercing see how many differ- point the ent forms of bow arrow became the were used. The Eng- most deadly of all mis- lish had a six-foot siles, and continued "long bow" made of to be until long after yew or ash, in a sin- the invention of fire- gle straight piece, arms. that shot arrows the Ruler of the Earth length of a man's Armed with his arm. The Indians bow-and-arrow, man had bows only forty now was lord of cre- inches on the aver- ation. No longer was age, since a short bow it necessary for him was easier to handle in thick forests. They used various chose well-seasoned mulberry, and kinds of wood, horn, or even bone, such encased each piece with two fire- as the ribs of large animals. These toughened strips of bamboo. These they generally backed with sinew. they wound tightly together with Sometimes they cut spiral strips rattan fiber. Where the strings were from the curving horns of a moun- attached at the ends was placed a tain - sheep, and steamed them cover of sharkskin, and the whole straight. Then they glued was then given coat after coat of

r these strips together into a their famous lacquer, a varnish w hich wonderfully tough and springy never cracked, wore like iron, and bow. Once in a while they even resisted all kinds of weather. The took the whole horns of some result was a bow of the most wonder- young sheep, that had not curved ful lightness, strength, spring, and too much, and used the pair just as durability. they grew. In this case each horn An Unusual Shape made one-half of the bow, and the Its shape was quite as scientific. piece of skull between was shaped The bigger the bow, the stronger the down into a handle. This gave the shot, and of course they wished for shape of a "Cupid's Bow," but it large bows. The Japanese archers could shoot to kill. were much too short to handle large Other Types bows of ordinary shape, but this is Many of the ancient pictures that where brains told again, and every have come down to us from Egypt one knows that the little brown men and Assyria are filled with archers have brains. doing various kinds of feats So they shaped their bows, seven with odd angular bows. feet high in some cases, with the cen- The Greeks tral part straight, the top curve long, used curved and the bottom curve short. This ends and a gave a powerful drive from the lower straight cen- part of the string, and made it possible tral handle. to fit the arrow a foot below the But perhaps center. The result was archery like the most sci- that of the English long bow. entificallycon- As to Arrows structed, were The arrows were quite as important, the built-up and their making became a great in- bows of the dustry with every race. This Japanese. was because so many must be These carried for each hunt or battle. clever lit- Who is not familiar with tle fellows the chipped flint arrow- heads that the farmer so often turns up with his plow as a rel- chance of losing an ic of the period occasional arrow? when Americans He did not need were red-skinned to invest many instead of white? millions in an These arrow- ammunition fac- heads have gen- tory like the vast erally a shoulder Union Metallic where the arrow Cartridge plant was set into the at Bridgeport. shaft, there to be STRANGE TYPE OF BOW AND ARROW Instead he, him- NEW CALEDONIA bound tightly self, was both with sinew or plant and work- fiber. Many of them also ing force, as he squatted under a for- barbed to hold the flesh. est tree and skilfully chipped a pile of A Workshop Near the Capitol flint-flakes into proper shape. Strangely enough, one of the Or perhaps he would be working largest workshops ever found was on shafts. In this case he would take in the District of Columbia within a stick from a bundle of service-berry sight of our Capitol building. shoots, or some other chosen wood, In some parts of the country and patiently straighten it by bend- may be found obsidian, or vol- ing it back and forth through a piece - canic glass, and keen edged of pierced horn. Occasionally he splinters of this were even better would squint along its length until than flint. his practiced eye was satisfied.

Later when the Indians had Then he would round it, smooth it, learned from the White Man the and gauge it with other simple tools. use of iron, they began to send Every arrow in a quiver must be ex- iron-headed arrows between his actly alike and as straight as a sun- ribs in return for the loss of their beam. The slightest error would country. spoil the aim of the marksman, and Can you see the Indian arrow- this too frequently might be a matter maker at his task in the of life and death. days when the "Blood-Getters" "cost of t off at the proper p r o b 1 e i length, headed, consiste notched, mere- f e a t h - ered, ly in the

PRIMITIVE ARROW-MAKER run crosswise, and the arrow must enter in a flat-headed position. Since the notch gives the arrow its position in leaving the bow, hunting- arrows must therefore be straight- notched with reference to the head, and the best war-arrows cross-notched, a truly ingenious idea. "Frog Crotch" and "Bowel Raker" of had S WITH CROSS-BOWS IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY Most nations, course, metal Courtesy of Longmans Green Co. arrow-heads, and in Japan these had strangely named forms for perhaps painted as well, the arrow special purposes. The "Frog was finally complete, and yet not Crotch" and "Knife Prong," before the arrow-maker ofttimes did for example, were made to cut the a blunt curious thing. Taking up a helmet strings and armor-lacing pointed stone he dug zig-zag grooves of the foe. One was called the its as be seen in along length, may "Armor Piercer," and was pro- museums. What was the meaning vided with a hardened steel head of this? shaped like a mechanic's center- differ. Some believe that Opinions punch. they were to let air into the wound The "Bowel Raker" was a mur- and cause a flow of blood. Hence derous affair which tore the abdomen their name "blood-getters." Others of its victim. Still others were called think the arrow they helped cling from their shapes "Willow Leaf," to the and still others claim flesh, "Turnip Top," etc. To use arrows they are merely a primitive symbol for special purposes like these indi- of because were lightning, they sup- cates that the Japanese were clever to swift- posed give extraordinary archers. We are told that some of ness and a sort accuracy through them could even "sew the wings" of of magic. a flying bird, that is, drive a single Deer's Ribs and Man's Ribs Even the matter of notching was not as simple as it might seem to be. Arrows were aimed at the heart, but the heart is partly pro- tected by ribs which the arrows must slip between. In hunting four-footed animals like the deer and buffalo with up-and-down ribs, the arrow must drive forward with the head standing nearly upright. On the other hand, man's ribs

'- SHOOTING WTLD BOAR WITH CROSS-BOWS Courtesy of Longmans Green Co. arrow through both wings through warfare. Man has been a without touching the savage fighting animal through pretty bird's body. much all his history, but while he Barbs and Poisons tried to kill the other fellow, he It would take volumes objected to being killed himself. to tell the story of archery Therefore he took to wearing ar- in peace and war through mor. During the Middle Ages he all its thousands of years. piled on more and more, until at last We must hasten, and can one of the knights could hardly not examine the barbed walk, and it took a strong horse to arrows of some races that carry him. When such a one fell, he were made to pull loose went over with a crash like a tin- from their shafts and re- peddler's wagon, and had to be main in the wound, or the picked up again by some of his men. cruel, poisoned points of Such armor would turn most of the others. We can not stop arrows. Hence invention got at to consider the wonderful work again and produced the Cross- marksmanship which could bow and its bolt. We have already ani- split a slender hazel rod at learned how the tough skin of 400 yards, nearly a quarter mals brought about the bow; now we of a mile, or the power see that man's artificial iron skin which could pierce a stout caused the invention of the cross- oak plank or drive an bow. arrow completely through What It Was the body of a buffalo. What was the Cross-bow? It was Cases have been known the first real hand-shooting machine. where two buffaloes, run- It was another big step toward the SIXTEENTH-CENTURY rifle. idea was HUNTING ning side by side, have been day of the The simple CROSS-BOW had killed with a single arrow. enough. Wooden bows already All these and many other points been made as strong as the strongest prove to us that the bow and arrow man could pull, and they wished for have played a very important part in still stronger ones steel ones. How- the history of the world. Their use could they pull them? At first they was undoubtedly one of the principal mounted them upon a wooden frame steps in the development of modern and rested one end on the shoulder arms. for a brace. Then they took to A Shooting Machine pressing the other end against the But the age of machinery was com- ground, and using both hands. Next, ing on. Once in a while there were it was a bright idea to put a stirrup it with glimpses of more powerful and com- on this end, in order to hold plicated devices to be seen among the foot. not satisfied. these simple arms. Still they were A new weapon now came about "Stronger, stronger!" they clamored; "give us bows which will kill the into place, and the whole ten can be enemy farther away than he can shoot sent at their mark in fifteen seconds. at us! If we cannot set such bows Would you like to charge that kind with both arms let us try our backs !" of a proposition ? Some of them were So they fastened "belt-claws" to their used in the war between China and stout girdles and tugged the bow Japan, and it appeared that a man strings into place with their back killed with a cross-bow bolt was and leg muscles. about as dead as one shot with the "Stronger, stronger again, for now latest thing in modern ammunition. the enemy has learned to use belt- And Now for Chemistry claws and he can shoot as far as we. Human muscle seemed to have Let us try mechanics!" reached its limit, mechanics seemed So they attached levers, pulleys, to have reached its limit, but still the ratchets, and windlasses, until at last world clamored, "Stronger, strong- they reached the size of the great er! How shall we kill our enemy siege cross-bows, weighing eighteen farther away than he can kill us?" pounds. These sometimes needed a For answer, man unlocked one force of twelve hundred pounds to of the secrets of Nature and draw back the string to its catch, took out a terrible force. It but how they could shoot! Notice was a force of chemistry. the pictures of the cross-bows and Who first discovered you will see that now the weapons the power of gunpowder? began to look a little like guns as Probably the Chinese, we know them. They had shoulder although all authorities pieces. donotagree. Strange, isit In the Chino-Japanese War not, that a race still using Everything is good until something cross-bows in its army better comes. Cross-bows were very should have known of good indeed in their day, and the explosives long before smaller sizes became popular for the Christian Era, and per- hunting in many countries. Some haps as far back as the time forms also were made to throw of A loses? Here is a passage stones and bullets instead of arrows. from their ancient Gentoo It will surprise most people to learn Code of Laws: "The that cross-bows are still carried by magistrate shall not make Chinese soldiers in some of the in- war with any deceitful terior provinces. machine, or with poisoned Don't smile, the Chinese repeating weapons, or with cannons cross-bow is really a very clever arm, or guns, or any kind of fire- and none of us would like to get in arms." But China might its way. It has a box above the frame, as well have been Mars and in this box are ten arrows. As before the age of travel. fast as one is fired another drops Our civilization had which he had used pure instead of impure saltpeter. Suddenly there was an explosion, shattering the chemical apparatus to work and probably alarming the whole out the building. "Good gracious!" we can problem for itself. imagine some of the startled brothers Playing with Fire saying, "whatever is he up to now! It all began through playing Does he want to kill us all?" That with fire. It was desired to throw explosion proved the new combina- fire on an enemy's buildings, or tion was not fitted for use as a thrown his ships, and so destroy them. fire; it also showed the existence of Burning torches were thrown by terrible forces far beyond the power machines, made of cords and of all bow-springs, even those made springs, over a city wall, and it of steel. became a great study to find the Roger Bacon thus discovered what best burning compound with which was practically gunpowder, as far to cover these torches. One was back as the thirteenth century, and needed which would blaze with a left writings in which he recorded

great flame and was hard to put mixing 1 1 . 2 parts of the saltpeter, out. 29.4 of charcoal, and 29 of sulphur. Hence the earl}' chemists This was the formula developed as made all possible mixtures of pitch, the result of his investigations. resin, naphtha, sulphur, saltpeter, Berthold Schwartz, a monk of etc.; "Greek fire" was one of the Freiburg, studied Bacon's works most famous. and carried on dangerous experi- What Two Monks Discovered ments of his own, so that he is Many of these were made in ranked with Bacon for the honor. the monasteries. The monks He was also the first one to rouse were pretty much the only peo- the interest of Europe in the great ple in those days with time discovery. for study, and two of these And then began the first crude, shaven - headed scientists efforts at ..-; now clumsy gunmaking. had a chance to enter his- Firearms were born. tory. Roger Bacon was Shooting Tubes the first. One night he Do you realize the priv- was working his diabolical ilege of living to-day in- mixture in the stone-walled stead of five hundred laboratory, and watched, years ago? Suppose by the flickering lights, that you had to lay the progress of a cer- aside your hand- tain interesting com- some, accurately bination for balanced SLING MAN IN ACTION Practice Developed some Wonderful Marksmen Among the Users of this Primitive Weapon Remington barrel and ignite it with a rifle with its de- trigger. These matches were pendable UM C fuses of some ^slow-burning fiber, ammunition, like tow, which would keep a spark and then to stick for a considerable time. Formerly a lighted match they had to be carried separately, into the vent hole but the new arrangement was a of a clumsy iron tube great convenience and made the on a wooden handle. matchlock. The cock, being Suppose that you could not be sure curved like a snake, was called the whether the unscientific mixture "serpentine." would burst the fire out the barrel, Winding Up a Gun or merely refuse to go off. projectile, About the time sportsmen were Would you be the enthusiastic sports- through wondering at the conven- man are to-day? you ience of the matchlock, they began to That was what ancestors your realize its inconvenience. Thus do were against," only they prob- "up ideas change; you simply cannot keep the ably thought weapon wonderful, humanity contented. But then the and felt were much they very up-to- "kicker" is a valuable member of date. We will not go into details. society. He brings us progress. The It took centuries for to become " guns kicker" said that matchlocks burned perfect enough to take the place of up a great deal of fuse, and were hard bows and cross-bows, and we shall to keep lighted. Both statements only glance at a few of the principal were true, so inventors racked their changes. brains again for something better. The Coming of the Matchlock They all knew you Hand bombards and culverins were could bring sparks among the early types. Some of with flint and steel, these were so heavy that a forked and that seemed support had to be driven into the an idea worth / ground, and two men were needed, working on. one to hold and the other to u r e - ! aim, A N m ; prime and fire. How does that strike berg inven- you for a duck-shooting proposition? tor, in 1515, Of course such a clumsy arrangement hit on the could only be used in war. wheel-lock. Improvements kept coming, how- In this a ever. Guns were lightened and bet- notched tered in shape. Somebody thought steel wheel of putting a flash pan for the powder, was wound by the side of the touch-hole, and now up with a key MUSKETEERS WITH it was decided to fasten the slow- like a clock. MATCHLOCK, in a movable the Flint BANDOLEERS, match, cock, upon AND REST or pyrite, was held against the jagged in many large museums to this day. edge of the wheel by the pressure But now the robbers had their of the serpentine. You pulled the turn. There are two stories of the trigger, then "whirr," the wheel re- invention of the flint-lock. Both volved, a stream of sparks flew off deal with robbers, both have good into the flash-pan, and the gun was authority, and both may be true, for discharged. inventions sometimes are made inde- The Invention of the Chicken Thieves pendently in different places. This gun worked beautifully, but One story runs that the flint-lock it was expensive. \\ ealthy sports- which was often styled "Lock a la men could afford them, and so for the Miquelet," from the Spanish word, " " first time firearms began to be used Miquelitos marauders, told its for of these its hunting. Some sixteenth origin in name. The other is, and seventeenth century nabobs had that the flint-lock was invented in such guns of beautiful workmanship, Holland by gangs of thieves, whose so wrought and carved and inlaid, principal business was to steal poul- that they must have cost a small try. The Dutch expression for chick- for- en thieves is "snaap-hans" we tune. might say "snap hens" and the

Yo u w i 1 1 flint-lock was therefore called

. find "snaphance" in Holland. them In either case the explanation is easy. The matchlock showed its fire at night and wouldn't do for thieves, the wheel-lock was too expensive, so again necessity became the mother of a far-reaching invention. The Gun of Our Ancestors Everybody knows what the flint-lock was like. You simply fastened a flake of flint in the cock and snapped it against a steel plate. This struck off sparks which fell into the flash-pan and fired the charge. It was so practical that it became the form of gun for all uses; thus gun-making began to be a big industry. Invented early in the seventeenth century, it was used by the hunters and soldiers of the next That was the combina- tion of guns with other weapons, and their concealment in vari- EARLY PERSIAN GUN ous peaceful looking objects. two hundred years. Old people re- Guns were made which were battle member when flint-locks were plenti- axes at one end and muzzles at ful everywhere. In fact they are the other; muskets were combined still being manufactured and are sold with pikes. Pistols were made a part in some parts of Africa and the Ori- of daggers and at times the muzzle ent. One factory in Birmingham, was plugged with a dagger point that England, is said to produce about had to be removed for firing. In twelve hundred weekly, and Belgium some cases even the frame of a cross- shares in their manufacture. Some bow was made into a gun-barrel. It of the Arabs use them to this day in was also a favorite trick, especially the form of strange-looking guns with with robbers, to conceal a pistol in an long, slender muzzles and very light, innocent looking whip-stock, or other curved stocks. unlikely place. Freak Guns The Scotch Clergymen

There were freak inventors in the We must not forget that rifling flint-lock period just as there are was invented about the time that the

r to-day. Some of them w restled with wheel-lock appeared, and had a great the problem of repeating guns, and deal to do with the improvement of put together a number of barrels, shooting. Austrians claim its inven- even seven in the case of one carbine. tion for Caspar Zollner of Vienna who Others tried revolving chambers, like cut straight grooves in the barrel's our revolvers, and still others, maga- bore. His gun is said to have been zine stocks. Pistols came into use used for the first time in 1498, but in many interesting shapes, but these the Italians seem to have still better were too practical to be considered warrant as these significant words freaks. appear in old Latin Italian, under Pistols, by the way, are named date of July 28th, 1476, in the inven- from the town of Pistoia, Italy, tory of the fortress of Guastalla: where they are said to have been "Also one iron gun made with a twist first used. invented and like a snail shell." The rifling made

However, immmim there was one odd idea which seems to have been very popu- for a time. lar SCOTCH WHEEL-LOCK .

the bullet spin like a top as it flew another great devel- through the air, thus greatly improv- opment, the Breech- ing its precision. If this were a Loader. complete history, instead of a brief Perhaps you have story, we should stop and tell about had to handle an old the different kinds of grooving. muzzle-loader. It was As it is we shall jump over to the all right so long as year 1807, when the Rev. Alexander you knew of nothing John Forsythe, LL.D.,got his patent better, but think of it papers for something far better than now that you have even the steady old flint. He had your beautiful Rem- invented the percussion system. In ington and yourUMC some form this has been used ever ammunition! Do you since. Which is to say remember how some- that when the hammer times you overloaded, of your gun falls, it and the kick made doesn't explode the your shoulder lame powder, although it for a week? Or how, seems to. Instead it when you were ex- sets off a tiny portion cited you shot away of a very sensitive your ramrod? The chemical compound gun fouled too, and called the "primer," and was hard to clean, the nipples broke the explosion of this off, the caps split, and the breeches "primer" makes the rusted so that you had to take them powder go off. Of to a gunsmith. Yes, in spite of the course the two explo- game it got, it was a lot of trouble, sions come so swiftly now you come to think of it. How that your ear hears only different it all is now! a single bang. From Henry VIII to Cartridges Caps and Breech-Loaders Breech-loaders were hardly new. Primers were tried King Henry VIII of England, he of in different forms called the many wives, had a match-lock "detonators," but the arquebus of this type dated 1537. familiar little copper cap Henry IV of France even invented was the most popular. one for his army, and others worked No need to describe a little on the idea from time to time. them. Millions are still But it wasn't until fixed ammunition made to be used on came into use that the breech-loader old-fashioned nipple really came to stay, and that was guns, even in this day only the other day. You remember of fixed ammunition. that the Civil War began with muzzle- swiss But now we come to loaders and ended with breech-loaders. PISTOL OF THE EARLY SEVENTEENTH CENTURY WHEEL-LOCK RIFLE

Houiller, the French development of arms gunsmith, hit on the and ammunition. great idea of the car- We have not touched tridge. If you were going upon that other great di- to use powder, ball and vision of firearm history percussion primer, to get dealing with ordnance. your game, why not put Cannon, too, have passed them all into a neat, through a succession of handy, gas-tight case? wonderful changes. Simple enough, when The clumsy stone- you come to think of throwing guns, used by

it, like most great Mohammed II in 1453 ideas. But it re- when besieging Con- quired good brain- stantinople, have stuff to do that been developed into thinking. tremendous modern naval and coast-de- These are a few fence guns hurling reasons why you armor-piercing pro- can hunt with such jectiles many miles. convenience. There While these changes are a thousand have been full of in- other things that terest, our brief his- might be spoken of tory has kept in mind had we the space. the steps that have led Some will come into to the Twentieth Cen- the other chapters, tury Hunting-Arm. but most of them But one thing, will have to be you can see that taken for many forgot- granted, unles: ten men have you wish to get been working books and begin for your benefit studying about the entire throughout thousands of years.

GERMAN HARQUEBUS PISTOL The Romance of Remington Arms

A Refusal and What Came of It wo men, a smith and In reality, it was such a very son, both named good gun that soon the neighbors like before Eliphalet Reming- ordered others it, and ton, in 1816, were long the Remington forge found itself hard at to meet the , working busily one work Thisday at their forge increasing demand. Several times in beautiful Ilion each week the stalwart young man- Gorge, when, so ufacturer packed a load of gun- tradition says, the barrels upon his back, and tramped son asked his father all the way to Utica where a rifled finished for money to buy a rifle, and gunsmith and them. met with a refusal. The request At this time there were no real

' was natural for the surrounding hills gun-factories in America, although were full of game. The father must gunsmiths were located in most of have had his own reasons for refusing, the larger towns. All gun-barrels but it made Remington Arms! were imported from England or Europe. Eliphalet Jr. closed his firm jaws Machine to Save His Shoulders tightly, and began collecting scrap A iron on his own account. This The broad shoulders of Eliphalet he welded skilfully into a gun- Jr. must have ached under his load, barrel, walked fifteen miles to Utica for his busy brain soon devised to have it rifled, and finally had a machinery with which he weapon of which he could do the might well be proud. rifling for himself. Thus the forge wheels from Steele's Creek, and set up became a complete gun-factory, re- his big tilt-hammer, trip-hammers, ceiving material as scrap iron, and bellows, grind-stones, and boring- and out finished rifles. the racket turning Shotguns rifling-machines ; they made also were made. Up in the gorge was was music to his ears, for the busy little a ledge of red sandstone. This plant was the child of his brain furnished the first grind- and hands. The business stones which ground grew wT ith a jump; within down the barrels to one year demand ran proper form by power ahead of supply. from the brook. The "Stone Forge" Thus father and So Remington son worked away put up an addi- briskly creating tional building, a brand-new since known as American in- the "Stone dustry. They \ Forge." Into put brains as this he put well as metal more trip- intotheirguns, hammers spe- and soon Rem- c i a 1 1 y for ington Arms welding and began to be forgingbarrels. famousinallthe By this time surrounding the demand was counties. so great that he Bursting the Shell organized a ship- In 1828, the same ping department year that the elder and carried a stock Remington met his of all parts needed by death ELIPHALET REMINGTON, a through accident, WHO MADE THE gunsmith. the business outgrew the FIRST GUN Affairs ran along with con- little shop by the brookside stant improvements for a de- burst its shell like a "seventeen-year cade, and the energetic young smith locust" and bought a large farm developed into a famous and pros- near the Erie canal. There to-day perous manufacturer. Finally, in 1 839, the great plant stands. he founded a partnership with Ben- No town was there at that time, jamin Harrington for the purpose of merely a country "corners," and Mr. making, as a separate industry, farm Remington, after his father's death, utensils and other iron articles, al- built a house to live in, and put up a though this is not a part of our story. wooden shop for his machinery. Gathering Scrap Here he brought water for several You can't make iron goods without iron, and supply was not well organ- some reason this firm wished to be ized then. So you must imagine Mr. relieved of this order, and Air. Rem- that this was the Remington sending men with teams ington perceived chance for which he had throughout the surrounding country great been waiting. He purchased the to stop at all farmhouses, bargain for contract and their special machinery, broken plows, hatchets, kettles, odds and became a Government con- tractor. Of course the carbines were well made. Carried by the American forces, they helped to win the Mexi- can War. Eliphalet Remington was therefore not without his share in the extension of the Union. Another building was added, and another water-race constructed in order to take care of the carbine contract; thus the plant grew. This building, the "Old Armory," still stands. and ends of all kinds, to feed the busy forges. Thus the country was drained of its scrap iron, fresh metal was drawn from the Clinton ore beds of Oneida County, while timber, cut from the surrounding hills, was burned into charcoal for fuel. In the meantime Mr. Remington had sons of his own growing into maturity, and Philo his eldest, prepared to enter the industry. ACTORY BU1LOINO The Mexican War In 1845 a war-cloud grew suddenly Bigger Contracts out of the southwest. At the distant A few more years passed and far- mutterings of the coming conflict sighted statesmen saw with alarm with Mexico, the Government looked that another and vastly greater war- about hastily for firearms. cloud was gathering. Signs increased William Jencks, having invented a that both North and South were slowly carbine, the War Department gave moving toward civil war. Ames & Co. of Springfield, Mass., a Arms were the all-important thing. contract to manufacture several thou- Mr. Remington, having shown his sand under the Jencks patent. For ability in the carbine contract, re-

-^v' ; .

ceived an order for five thousand Steam was added to water-power, rifles of the "Harper's Ferry" expensive machinery was installed. model; and later additional orders Work, day and night, went on to for seventy-five hundred. In 1857 the limit of human endurance. and 1858, the Government called on Besides the rifles, there were such him for five thousand Maynard self- urgent calls for Remington pistols priming musket locks. Remington that an additional building was revolvers under the Beal patent rented in Utica, the daily output were also made in quantities. being three hundred pistols. Meanwhile, in 1856, the firm of E. A Hero's Death Remington & Sons was formed with The terrific strain was more than the three sons, Philo, Samuel, and Eliphalet Remington could stand. Eliphalet, as partners of their father, It was a matter of patriotism as and a thriving village took the place pure as any that had called others of the country "corners." to the firing line. Many men could The Storm handle a musket but he, "The 1861 came, the storm-cloud burst Father of American Gun-Making," in all its fury, and Government as he has been called, must bring his orders began to pile in upon the tremendous energy and mechanical factory. Five thousand "Harper's genius to the task of producing mus- Ferry" muskets came in to be kets for the rush of volunteers. At changed so that either sabers or no point had he spared himself, and bayonets could be attached. The when on August 12, 1861, he passed work had to be completed within away, his great organization was a two weeks, for the emergency was vital link in the chain of national tremendous. Every man and boy defense. He truly gave his life for in Ilion was engaged and the gigantic his country. Thus did the youth of task finished on time. twenty-three, who forty-five years Additional buildings were put up. before had forged the first gun-barrel, live to see his tightly about the brave but exhausted name the great- Southerners. The great Northern est in the an- forces, many of them armed with nals of Ameri- rifles of Remington make, at last can gun-mak- proved irresistible, and upon the I2th ing, his arms day of April, Gen. Lee surrendered. relied upon in Mingled with the great rejoicing, the country's there came a touch of severe misfor- direst need, and tune to Ilion, for the Government thus met his cancelled all unfilled orders, and the death in the ser- complicated organization, built up vice of the Union. with so much trouble and expense, to J The Sons meet the strain of production, stop- The three sons ped short with a jar. Large indebt- proved equal to edness for machinery, material,

the burden. . etc., had been incurred Philo, the eldest, took ^W upon the Government charge of the manu- contract. Cutting off facturing. Samuel, all resources meant the next in age, be- disaster, and the local came the general bank, a large creditor, agent, negotiating was forced into fail- contracts and pur- ure. Later, when chasing machinery prosperity returned, and materials. Eli- the Remingtons in phalet, the youngest was strictest honor paid in SAMUEL a beautiful penman and REMINGTON full, with interest, all the had great command of lan- stockholders and creditors guage. Therefore he took up the cor- of the unfortunate bank. respondence. This was before the days The Breech-Loader of typewriters another industry in This crisis was a kind which, by the way, the Remingtons of "acid test." First it were destined to play an important tested credits. Theirs part. were so high that In 1865 the partnership of E. Rem- notes were extended ington and Sons was succeeded by and new credits a corporation of the same name, granted. Next it having a nominal capital of one mil- tested character. lion dollars, and a plant valued at Some one has said one and one-half million dollars. that when trouble Peace and Disaster comes "weak men Meanwhile, in Virginia, Gen. Grant take to the woods steadily, surely drew his lines more but strong men take to work." The Remingtons were Large additions were made to every strong men; and they worked. department. At times 1,850 hands The war had shown that the arm of were employed, and the plant run for the future must be a breech-loader. twenty-four hours a day, the daily out- Very well, the Remingtons would lead put reaching a total of thirteen hun- the procession, as always before, by dred rifles and two hundred revolvers. producing the world's best breech- A Bad Cartridge loader. An inventive genius named Some interesting incidents occurred John Rider was engaged to develop in connection with these foreign the new arm, surrounded by the best contracts. Samuel Remington had skilled mechanics securable. These practically closed with Prussia for soon presented the famous system of an order of two hundred thousand a dropping breech-block backed up by rifles. The Army Board, after the the hammer. The world took notice. severest tests, was enthusiastic in The new plan was so simple, so prac- favor of this arm, when the King ticable, so serviceable, that Den- came to the place of demonstration mark placed an immediate and asked to see it. Samuel Rem- order for forty-two thou- ington handed him a loaded rifle sand rifles. Prosperity and stood back confidently. returned, and again the The monarch raised it to windows of the big plant his shoulder, sighted glowed all night as work along the barrel, pulled was pressed upon this con- the trigger, and the tract. In 1867 the United hammer m e r e 1 y States Navy Department snapped! A bad adopted the Remington breech- cartridge at this of loader and ordered twelve thousand. all moments! Im- During the same year Spain ordered patiently Wilhelm eighty -five thousand. Next year threw down the rifle came a demand for thousand and strode The deal was thirty away. , for Sweden; Egypt took fifty thou- off, a matter of several million sand; in 1870 France called for the dollars. extreme capacity of the factory. Once an order was pending Samuel and Philo for equipping the whole Turk- These orders proved the Remington ish Army with four hundred the best rifle in the world. Other thousand rifles, when a cer- factories were now making breech- tain individual demanded loaders, but governments clamored a royalty so exorbitant for the output of one company. that Samuel Reming- " Samuel Remington spent his entire ton refused. Roy- time abroad, as sales-agent; his alty" is a po- brother, Philo, was presiding genius lite word for of the factorv at Ilion. "graft." THE "LONG BOW" IN SHERWOOD FOREST One of Robin Hood's Famous Band Encounters a Savage Tusker at Close Range The Egyptian Palace ever-memorable Spanish Ball. Pat- In spite of such incidents the busi- rick Gilmore and his famous band ness was enormous. France took a were imported for the occasion and total of one hundred and forty-five everything else was in proportion. thousand arms; New York State \\ ell might Ilion celebrate, for Spain bought twenty-one thousand for her and her colonies had taken more than ten militia; Porto Rico took thousand; three hundred thousand rifles, which Cuba eighty-nine meant millions in thousand; Spain one wages to the town. hundred and thirty This was the high- thousand more; and water mark of that Egypt fifty-five period. Conditions thousand. changed again and The Egyptian the day of huge Khedive was so im- foreign orders began pressed with the fill- to pass. One cause ing of his contract was graft. The that he presented Remingtons, being Samuel Reming- unwilling to take t o n with a business through marble palace bribery, lost possible near Cairo. From orders. Further- Mexico came more, many coun- orders for fifty tries now established thousand arms; factories. REMINGTON SALESMAN IN CHINA from Chile for Retire or Serve twelve thousand. Thus another time The great New York sporting goods came when a critical decision must house of Hartley and Graham, who be made. Philo Remington and his further along will come into our story, brother, being wealthy and full of disposed of one hundred and forty- honors, thought seriously of retiring four thousand. from business. One of the agents of this latter con- But success brings duties as well cern put on Chinese clothes, made as rewards. The town depended on his way to Pekin, and gained the the factory, and the brothers felt that ear of Li Hung Chang, who ordered the hands must be kept from want. Remington rifles for the Chinese It meant to go backward, or to go Army. All these brought the total forward upon new lines and again sales up to the million mark. they decided to go forward. It was The Great Ball at this time that they brought out It was while the Spanish officers the famous Remington Typewriter, were in Ilion, that the town gave its which now occupies a large building near the parent plant. Sewing ma- Sewing-machine lost about one mil- chines and farm implements also lion dollars; an enterprise for making were made for a while. electric-lighting plants was unsuc- The Day of the Repeater cessful; large gifts to charity and edu- But a new day had dawned in the cation had lowered their resources; history of arms. Just as bows had and finally they were led to disaster replaced slings, and the percussion by helping a false friend. system had taken the place of flint A Glimmer of Hope and steel, so now repeaters began to Just at this time Turkey appeared show their advantage over single fire. again in the market, and for a while The Remingtons employed inven- hope ran high that her order for six tors to develop the world's best repeat- hundred thousand rifles would be er, just as they had done with breech- placed in Ilion. This would have loaders. The first model, developed saved the day. The Turkish experts at large expense proved unsatisfac- reported favorably upon the Reming- tory, and rather than have the Rem- ton-Lee, but the German Government ington name associated with anything was able finally to secure the order for inferior, the heavy investment was a German manufacturer. to and loss. charged profit Creditors now began to press. Some James P. Lee's bolt mechanism was cash was raised by the brothers a different Mr. proposition. Lee, through selling their interest in the after for experimenting several years Remington Typewriter to its pre- at the Remington factory, perfected sent manufacturers, but not suf- the parent of modern military rifles. ficient to save them, and in 1886 Why the Chinese Defeated the French the business, that had begun These new rifles were first used in seventy years before with the action by the Chinese. At the battle making of the amateur gun- of Lang Son in the '8o's, the French with their Kropatcheck guns were three times repulsed by the Chinese armed wr ith Remington-Lees. The American-made guns could be re- charged in a few seconds, while those of the French took much longer. The latter were at the mercy of the foe when their magazines were empty. Still difficulties followed. It was expensive to build necessary machinery; there had been heavy losses in other enterprises; three hundred and fifty thousand dollars went in the Agri- cultural Works; the Scattergood Cot- ton Gin was a financial failure; the PAGES FROM THE CATALOG IN CHINESE barrel, passed into a receiver's hands. the following pages. At this point it is Two years were taken in winding enough to say that a strong, far-sighted up its affairs, and in March, 1888, man of ample resources and great Hartley and Graham of New "\ ork, constructive ability now took control. bought a large interest. Philo Rem- That is why the highest grade of ington survived but one year longer. invention and mechanical skill have Like his father's, his death was also continued to be employed, and the chargeable to service; he had con- American marksman, the best shot in tinued his business in order that his the world, has been given the best dependents might not come to want, arms to shoot with. Shotguns have and the struggle broke him down. been made selling as high as $750. The Entry of Marcellus Hartley Solid breech hammerless guns have Philo Remington died, but the carried the name Remington to a business survived. To-day, as for- higher point in recent years than in merly, the great factory at Ilion is any of its former days, and the mar- pulsing with life and teeming with vellous auto-loading action seems to be prosperity. To-clay, as for nearly a practically the last word in firearms. century, the name Remington stands To-day at the very head of the arm-making Upon the death of Mr. Hartley in industry; the hunters and marksmen 1902, his grandson, Marcellus Hart- of the world look to it for the newest ley Dodge became President of the ideas, and the mostperfectmechanism. Company, and his associates are This is largely due to another re- unanimous in believing that in the markable personality whose life and future lie the greatest days of the career will be touched on more fullv in venerable business.

FIRST REMINGTON ARMORY The Tale of U M C Ammunition

The Young Merchant T TAKES more than a Southern to. solicit trade. Trav- :^ trips perfect gun to make eling in those days had many hard- good shooting, the am- ships, and at one time he was ship- munition also must wrecked in a hurricane on Lake Erie ^ be right. That is why with the thermometer at 15 degrees y o u always specif}" below zero. However, he gained "U M C," and the much knowledge and experience, story of that famous red made many friends, and at twenty- ' and white trademark is worth seven decided to go into business telling. At the start, the story is so for himself. much that of the remarkable man One day three young men, J. Rut- founded the business that we sen Marcellus and , who Schuyler, Hartley, shall gain a better understanding by Malcolm Graham, met in a Maiden glancing at the early life of Mr. Lane restaurant for a serious talk. Hartley. Before they left, the firm of Schuyler, Thirty-one years after the younger Hartley and Graham had been decided Eliphalet Remington made his famous on, and soon after, March I, 1854, the gun-barrel, Marcellus Hartley, at the newnameappearedat 13 Maiden Lane. age of twenty, became entry clerk and Weathering a Panic assistant book-keeper with Francis The young men had to borrow Tomes and Sons, dealers in hardware most of their capital, but had brains, and sporting goods. Soon he found energy, and experience of their own. himself in the gun department, which Mr. Hartley's part consisted in trips meant more to him than he then to Europe to buy stock, principally realized. He advanced rapidly, and sporting guns, and in acting as his the firm sent him on Western and own drummer in the West. They made money from the start, and by 1860 had become the largest American dealers in firearms. Then came the war; America's young industry could supply only a part of the needed arms. While the factories at Ilion and elsewhere were pushed to their limit, it also became necessary to buy large quantities abroad. Air. Hartley was the most competent buyer of foreign guns to be found, and Secretary-of-War Stanton surprised him with EARLIER TY) an appointment. With a rank equivalent to that of brigadier general, and a large credit upon Baring Brothers of London, this young man of thirty-five sailed abroad in July, 1862. It meant a great business sacrifice but he was too patriotic to hesitate at his country's need.

A Difficult Mission The mission was very difficult. Eng- land was full of hostile spirit. The cotton supply for her great mills came from the Southern States, and THE GREAT BRIDGEPORT PLANT C the war hurt business, . ".* consequently there was wide-spread sympathy for the South that hindered Mr. Hartley at every turn. Con- federate agents were abroad endeavoring /I to buy up all possible supplies; and a third difficulty appeared in the combinations of manufacturers to corner the gun market. His task, therefore, was to create sympathy for the North, to out-general the Confederate agents, and to break the corners in arms. In all these he succeeded wonderfully. He printed and distributed fifteen thousand copies of John Bright's great anti- slavery speech at Birmingham. First and last he secured about two hundred thousand rifles in the months he spent abroad. A Strange Encounter Many years later he attended a dinner where a Mr. Trenholm was one of the speakers. In the course of his remarks this gentleman referred to war RTRIDGES times, when he had to purchase arms as European agent for the Confederacy. Often when upon the point of securing greatly- needed guns he had found that some secret influence was defeating him. In one case a Belgian manufacturer had slipped away when he had thought he was certain

of his rifles, and he had wondered at the mys- terious skill of his unknown opponent. This dinner meeting was a surprise to both, for it came out that the

unknown w a s Mr. Hartley. Returning from Europe he resumed the work of his firm, which had prospered greatly, and then his career broadened into four main lines of development. Four Enterprises One of these undertakings brought close relations with the Remingtons, and led later to the acquisition of that famous business. Another was the formation of the Bridge- port Gun Implement Co. to make rods, U cleaners, extractors, powder measures, etc., for the old-style arms; and later, other sporting articles when breech-loaders changed the situation. A third was and on August 9, 1867, The Union the engagement, to experiment with Metallic Cartridge Co. was incorpo- dynamos and lamps, of Mr. Hiram rated. It consisted of Mr. Hartley, Maxim, since famous as the inventor Mr. Schuyler, Mr. Graham, Mr. of the Maxim gun, then best known Charles H. Pond, and Mr. Robert J. in electricity. This laid the founda- White. The oak had taken root. tion of what is now the great West- Then began the first successful inghouse Electric manufacture of me- Company, later tallic cartridges in sold to Mr. West- the United States. inghouse. The Back in the '50'$ fourth was the sub- percussion caps, ject of this chapter, skin cartridges for The Union Metallic revolvers, linen car- Cartridge Co. tridges for Sharp's From a Souvenir to a breech-loaders, and Great Industry a few poor rim-fire \ears before, copper cartridges while traveling in had been made, but the \Yest as sales- now came this new man for Tomes industry more im- and Company, Mr. portant than all the Hartley was shown rest combined. At a roughly- made first they made rim- MARCELLUS HARTLEY metallic shell for lire cartridges, for the charge of a gun. the center-fire had He begged the shell as a souvenir, not been invented, percussion caps and from this acorn a big oak finally and shotguns, but soon dropped the grew. guns to concentrate on ammunition. After the war, ten years later, he A Versatile Genius took action. By this time he fully Air. Hartley and his associates by realized the great importance of their business sagacity had created an metallic cartridges for the new breech- opportunity, and were on the lookout loading arms. Several factories after for a mechanical genius. He came; trying to make them without much his name was Alfred C. Hobbs. success had given up. These plants Hanging on the wall of the present and patents were for sale. New York City office is a former lock Mr. Hartley's firm bought the of the Bank of England. The English Crittenden and Tibbals Alanufactur- Government had offered a prize of ing Company of South Coventry, one thousand dollars to any one who and the business of C. D. Lett of could pick it. Mr. Hobbs, jack-of- Springfield. These they moved all-trades, finally did it in fifty-one to Bridgeport, Connecticut, hours. He had been superintendent of the Howe Sewing Machine Company, and, after five years brought his great ingenuity to the problems of cartridge-making. For twenty years he remained in charge, inventing nearly all the special machinery that made the business so successful. It is difficult to get a permit to visit the Bridgeport factory. The mechanical secrets are too valuable.

Col. Berdan's Center-Fire Idea THE U M C FACTORY IN 1873 The first cartridges consisted in ball, and wads into packing powder, the firing-pin that ignited this little a case so that the powder was single cap, the priming mixture was driven a small quantity of ignited by very against the anvil and exploded. This called "priming mix- high explosive explosion was transmitted to and ture." For a while this priming mix- ignited the powder through a small ture was concealed in a hollow rim opening in the base of the shell. and the of the exploded by pressure Owing to the position of the primer, hammer. But Col. Berdan falling these cartridges were called "central- revolutionized He cartridge-making. fire cartridges" and are well known manufactured a form of our present today. the mixture primer; placed priming These cartridges were first made in a little then secured, just cup, at the U M C factory.

. below but in Surrounded by the Enemy contact with In 1870 occurred an incident un- this mixture, equaled in the history of salesman- a piece of ship. France, in a desperate struggle metal called with the invading Prussian armies, the "anvil." needed American arms and ammuni- This cup, tion, and in August the firm's special now called representative, Air. \V. \V. Reynolds, the "prim- secured in Paris an order of con- ' : was er, siderable size, and also a large seated in the payment for preceding shipments. center of the Paris being besieged, how was he base of the to get them to America with every cartridge. foot of the surrounding country When the guarded by watchful Germans? hammer fell The Pinch of the Siege and struck After a few davs food FROM THE N. Y. HERALD PRINTED IN 1870 began to grow scarce, aero- but ever naut as he D u r e - strolled vilio. about he Danger in thought the Air of escape. At eight He must minutes get his past e- order 1 e v e n and his theropes payment were DISCUSSING TERMS AT END OF FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR past the th rown Prussian off, and lines. The only pathway lay through the balloons shot high into the clear the air. Armed with a permit from sky. A breeze bore them toward the Peard, the Finance Minister, he sought Prussian lines; soon there were puffs out an old theater which had been of smoke far beneath them. Bullets converted into a balloon factory; to whistled through the air; cannon, complete one balloon took ten days, musketry and rockets were turned and cost $1,250 in gold. upon the adventurers, and for a time At this point word wr as received they were in the greatest danger. from the Government that M. Gam- Swiftly moving specks mounted betta, the great War Minister, must Uhlans galloped along the thread- leave Paris for reasons of state, and like roads below, expecting the voyag- the use of the American's balloon ers would be forced to descend; but was requested. A period of bad fortune favored, and the freshening weather followed; from day to day breeze finally bore them out of range. Gambetta was forced to delay his A Narrow Escape start, so that the second balloon was Then there came a new peril. finished before the first left. Friday, Gambetta's engineer lost control of the morning of departure, came. An his balloon which dropped close to the immense crowd of people drew to- ground and then shot swiftly up again gether; the members of the Govern- directly beneath Mr. Reynold's car; ment were present, and both bal- for a few minutes it looked as though loons bore the French tricolor. Gam- a fatal collision could not be avoided. betta and his companions climbed A sudden breath of wind changed its into the wicker basket attached to course, and once more the two swept one. In the other were seated Mr. onward together. Reynolds, his friend Mr. C. W. Way Gambetta attempted to land at of New York, a French officer M. Criel but discovered just in time that it was a Prussian camp. He escaped Turkish inspector was the famous by throwing his baggage overboard Tewfik Pasha, later Minister of and was wounded in his hand by a Finance, and at one time minister to shot. Later he came down into a this country. tree top near Amiens. The Americans The "Irish Turk" Some of the older men of the Company recall one inspector called the "Irish Turk." A real Turk by birth, he had the face, the build, and even the brogue of a red-haired, blue-eyed Irishman.

&> t < lyj/^. / ,/ ,'< t f'r *****.- ^_J .-_ '/,(_/ *f^et The Turkish contract amounted to two hundred and ten million rounds, the largest order ever placed in this country. The Russian contract really began some years before the war, in 1868. The coming of the Russian inspector, Gen. Gorloff, was of great advantage to the

kept on for ninety-five miles and made a safe landing at \ ille Roy whence they, too, went by rail to Amiens. Russia and Turkey Clash Then Russia and Turkey decided to fight. Both patronized the Bridgeport factory, and the strange situation developed of one plant daily grinding out thousands of cartridges for the combatants to fire against each other in deadly battle. Both nations had their inspectors at the works. The officers treated each other with formal courtesy while they inspected millions of the little messengers of death which were to fill the air of Southeastern Europe with noise PORTIONS OF PO FORNEY GIVEN TO MR. REYNOLDS. and destruction. The chief SHOWING SIC OF FIRM AND FRENCH VISES business. This competent officer was New York, arriving April, 1871. a very severe inspector, and thus Much of this ammunition had been helped establish the highest standard under water five weeks. The whole of product. After two years of was taken out and returned to the strict application to business Mr. factory, the wet paper boxes removed, White, secretary of the Company, and ten thousand, four hundred and out for a social took him evening; fifty of the cartridges fired, proving Gen. Gorloff then remarked that it them uninjured." Twenty years later was his first outing in America, and more of this lot were tested without added that if the contract were a a missfire. U M C cartridges from failure he might as well blow his the wrecked "Maine," found in good brains out. condition after thirteen years' sub- Was it a failure? Gen. Gorloff re- mergence, furnish another striking ported: "There have been fired in example. Could there be better proof our regular work twenty thousand, of the quality of the primer, its water- seven hundred and twenty cartridges tight fit in the primer pocket, or the without one missfire, and two hundred excellence of the lubricator and the reloaded ten times, making twenty- crimp? two thousand, seven hundred and In 1871, the Russian Grand Duke twenty total, without a missfire, in the Alexis came to this country and inspection of two million." visited Bridgeport, where he made a Recovered from a Wreck speech. The U M C plant was in Robert J. White reported in 1871: gala attire, one long line of "grass- "The bark Forya from New ^ ork to hopper machines" being decorated Cronstadt with three million, six hun- with bouquets that rose and fell dred and forty-five thousand, one with the motion of the mechanism. hundred and twenty U M C cart- So many factory girls appeared in ridges for the Russian Government silk dresses that the Duke was much was dismasted in a gale, had the deck amazed at the condition of operatives stove in, and was abandoned at sea. in America. The steamer Iowa from Liverpool The Russian Tramp found her filled with partly water, A poorly clothed man, apparently her and towed her to pumped out, a vagrant, one day approached Gen. Gorloff with a request for work. He said he was a Russian \vho had been told by the Consulate in New York that he might find a job at Bridge- port. The General directed him to the U M C Company who set him to work cleaning the office, looking after guns, etc. limit by United States authorities. Though his clothes were Very much the same experience shabby, he had small marked many of the other Central hands and and feet, kept and South American wars and up- himself remarkably risings. However much these factions clean. One two day, might differ among themselves, they months he failed later, all agreed as to what were the best to appear as usual, but rifles and cartridges. In one case there about ten o'clock arrived was the curious situation of twonations attired from faultlessly Colombia and silk hat to TEVVF1K PASHA polished Venezuela at shoes, and said with a war w i t h each courtly bow: "Good other, whilea sep- General, I leave you to- morning, arate insurrec- day. Good-by." tion was He was a nobleman's son who had proceed- ing in each coun- been detailed to serve as a spy upon all four of the General. try; the warring bod- An International Secret ies fired U M C At one time Gen. Gorloff a rejected bullets from large quantity of cartridges to the Remington rifles. great surprise of the Company who Perhaps no one had believed them perfect. Spain, is more deeply E ALEXIS ; engaged with a Cuban rebellion, GENERAL CUSTER versed in the in- promptly bid for the rejected lot; there had been a secret understanding side stories of in- that these should be refused by Russia ternational conflicts during the past than is Air. W. to aid Spain. thirty years J. Bruff, the It was well that Spain secured this Company's general manager. Did shipment since the Insurrectionists not the seal of business confidence fasten his there is much of recent had not neglected to provide them- lips, selves with Remington rifles and history that he might illumine. U M C ammuntion. In the later Making Paper Shells Cuban rebellion, that just preceded In the panic of 1873, the steady the Spanish-American War, all wages of the U M C plant relieved the forces fighting under Gomez, Bridgeport. This same year the Com- Maceo, Garcia, and the others, were pany bought from C. D. Wells of so equipped although it had been a Springfield his equipment for making difficult matter for the "Junta" to paper shells which were practically all forward their munitions to the scene hand-made. Soon machines were in- of war. More than one such fili- vented for this work, an important bustering expedition was overtaken development, because shotguns were and captured within the three-mile rapidly increasing in use. This was largest ammunition factory in the -- .y world is thus a product of "Brains and Op- portunity." Every new rifle, :,& shotgun or revolver of any

" caliber, is known immediately; thereupon the best ballistic experts in the country, under the direction ^..,v;;/_ |p of Mr. Wm. M. Thomas, Ballistic at once the load /.,:// due Engineer, develop to the best to it. So and y'' adapted perfect fact uniform are the results, that arm- 'that as makers have adopted them as stand-

r the country ard, and w ork in accord with the

.' in ,,- '/"" became settled U M C Company making changes. and big game grew One incident illustrates the care harder to find, taken at every point: In making ';>/ sportsmen gave paper shells, the paper tube, where more attention to the edges lap, naturally had a ridge wing-shooting. A sup- that wr as aw^kward in the gun. In :^y posedly ample stock was order to lap over smoothly, machinery made up, and the Com- was introduced to grind thin these pany advertised that edges; this step having been noted such a shell was on by Air. Bird, the paper manufacturer, the market. Orders he developed a thin -edged paper aggregating ten million, specially for this process. That is fairly flooded the plant, why a U AI C loaded shell slips so thus showing the power smoothly into your gun. of advertising and the Mr. Hartley's Energy size of the market. Until his death in 1902, Mr. Hartley The first U AI C watched the work closely, and threw shot shells were of into it his inspiring energy. Once brass, but the paper while making empty paper shells the shell followed. At primer had to be changed. At the first furnished to be factory great haste was being made, loaded by sportsmen, the when Mr. Hartley arrived and in factory began supplying them his forceful way exclaimed: "Do it ready -loaded in the '8o's. more rapidly. Put benches in the To-day several hundred mil- storehouses. Get a thousand more lions are turned out each year. girls if necessary. I want those Brains and Opportunities shells reprimed!" It was done. The vast plant much the The marvelous speed with "* - ~ - *"- ^^- ^-su- . '.- . r * +

* w C - T" . '/^? A ; . . '* *%&?** "^'^ ,. "L"*- ^ s/; ^v **. ^-1^3^ ^ - ^

DEER-STALKING This Compact Arm with its Small Bolt and Great WITH THE CROSS-BOW Power was Popular with Many Sportsmen which the great ten- creasing scale. story shot-tower was Ideas born within rushed to completion its walls have devel- several years ago, shows oped until they re- that the more build- energetic spirit /*?/" quired of Mr. Hartley survives ings. The growth in the present manage- has been continu- 44. ment. The ground was ously from within broken in July, and per- outward. M e n fect shot produced in once factory hands the following February. have risen by their Smokeless powder own abilities to came into use; the important places, U M C Company led ORIGINAL EXPENSE ACCOUlNT as Jerome Orcutt SHOWING BALLOON ITEftEftl v in applying it to fixed has done forty-six ammunition. It needed years ago a tool- new primers for perfect ignition, after maker, now the second vice-president. careful experiments, these were per- This great Company has played its fected, resulting in the "Nitro Club" part in the wars of the earth but the and "Arrow" brands of shot shells. principal role today is that of peace Foreign orders, an increasing de- in serving hunters and marksmen. mand for sporting ammunition, both For these it produces loads to fit at home and abroad, the needs of every known make of modern hand the growing army of operatives, the firearm, and carries in stock the addition of much new machinery, the enormous total of fifteen thousand necessary equipment for so great a different kinds of loads. business all of these have compelled The subject is growing more com- from time to time repeated enlarge- plicated as new inventions are being ments of the factory. developed; in the future, as in the And so y^^^^^k the big past, the Union Metallic Cartridge plant's his- mf ^^_^ ^ tory has Company will be found foremost in run on in Hi lrl!mnl J ever-in- the manufacture of ammunition. A Visit to the Bridgeport Plant

Getting Impressions _ T is no easy matter to tent operatives, and the steady click- secure a pass to the ing of innumerable parts blended into Bridgeport plant. Its a softened wide-spread sound. It I great advantage over seems absolutely endless; it is a mat- to JL, other concerns lies, ter of hours to the plant. ' go through in the Jz a large degree, Stop at one of the machines, and see exclusive machinery, the speed and accuracy with which it that has been at so much developed turns out its product; then calculate secrets of pains and expense, and the the entire number of machines and which are so carefully guarded. In our case, however, there will be nothing to hinder us from getting a few general impressions, provided we do not go into mechanical details too closely. The very size of the great manu- factory is impressive sixteen acres of floor space, crowded with machinery, and resounding with activity. In building after building, floor above floor, the sight is similar: the long rows of busy machines, the whirling network of shafts and belts above, the in-

. THOMAS AND MR. OR< AXE-HEAD PIERCED BY Bl'LLEl ience, that you are not surprised at this general air of content, so different from that found in many plants. It is an interesting fact that, among the 2,500 hands, labor troubles have been practically unknown throughout the Company's entire history. This truly speaks volumes, both for the reasonableness of the hands, and the you will begin to gain a little idea as to what the total output of this vast WEIGHING BULLETS institution must be. More than once you will find your- self wondering whether there can be guns enough in the world, or fingers enough to press their triggers, to use such a tremendous production of ammunition. But there are, and the demand is steadily increasing. This old world is a pretty big place after all. No Labor Troubles

One of the earliest impressions you consideration of the are sure to get is of the superior grade management. con- of employes. These are not the ordi- High wages, steady employment, siderate treatment and nary factory hands, but men and opportunities for advancement, these have been women of a very intelligent type the from the and the men Americans mainly. They are work- policy first, at the top are in cases those ing under such comfortable condi- many who have grown old in the service. tions of light, heat and ventilation, and the machines are equipped with Handling Deadly Explosives such devices for safety and conven- Another thing to strike you is the matter-of-fact way in which these operatives, girls in many cases, handle the most terrible compounds. We stop, for example, where they are making primers to go in the head of your loaded shell, in order that it may not miss fire when the bunch of quail whirrs suddenly into the air from the sheltering grasses. That grayish, pasty mass is wet fulminate of mercury. Suppose it should dry a trifle too rapidly. It would be the last thing you ever did suppose, for there is force enough in that double handful to blow its surroundings into fragments. You edge away a little, and no wonder, but the girl who handles it shows no fear as she deftly but carefully presses it into

The empty carrier then passes through a little door at the side of the building, and drops into the yawning mouth of an automatic tube. In the twinkling of an eye, it appears in front of the operator in one of the distrib- uting stations where it is refilled, and returned to its proper loading machine, in order to keep the machine going at a perfectly uniform rate; while at the same time it allows but a minimum amount of powder to re- main in the building at any moment. which it into moulds separate the Each machine has but just sufficient proper sizes for primers. She knows powder in its hopper to run until a that in its present moist condition it new supply can reach it. Greater cannot explode. precaution than this cannot be imag- Extreme Precautions ined, illustrating as it does, that no Or, perhaps, we may be watching effort has been spared to protect the one of the many loading machines. lives of the operators. There is a certain suggestiveness in Learning a Secret the way the machines are separated Did you ever find an imperfect by partitions. The man in charge takes a small carrier of powder from a case in the outside wall and shuts the door, then carefully empties it into the reservoir of his machine, and watches alertly while it packs the proper portions into the waiting shells. He looks like a careful man, and needs to be. You do not stand too close.

*The bullet breaks a metal tape at the moment of leaving the muzzle. This time and the time of striking target are electrically recorded on the Chronograph.

HOMOGRAPH FOR MEASURING VELOCITIES cart- rid ge orshot shell

possible. Does- n't it strike you as re- nickel, such as is used markable that, in an in jacketing certain output of something bullets. A corner of like four million per each strip is first bent day, every cartridge over at right angles, should be perfect? then back in the other Such things are direction until it is not accidental. doubled, then The secret is straightened. It does U M C inspection. not show the slight- Let us see what that est sign of breaking means. It means or cracking in spite laboratory tests to of the severe treat- start with. Here are ment, therefore it is brought many sam- perfect. Let but the ples of the body pa- least flaw appear, and per, wad paper, met- ROW OF PRESSES* the shipment is re- als, water- proofing jected. mixture, fulminate of mercury, sul- Photographing the Invisible phur, chlorate of potash, antimony Another man is engaged in taking sulphide, powder, wax, and other in- photographs of the invisible invisi- gredients, and even the operating ble, that is, to the naked eye. By materials such as coal, grease, oil, and means of a powerful microscope at- soaps. In this room we see expert tachment he first enlarges tiny metal chemists and metallurgists with their crystals until it can be seen whether test-tubes, scales, Bunsen burners, the structure shows the chance of retorts, tensile machines, microscopes, fracture. This is most important. and other scientific-looking apparatus, It indicates why U M C shells do not busily hunting for defects. burst in use. Even the severe govern-

*Such is the speed of these presses, that the brief interruption necessary for taking this photograph, caused the loss of nearly 40,000 cartridge shells, although the presses were stopped for less than five minutes. ment test, requiring that the same The Inspection of Empty Shells shell be fired and reloaded twenty Perhaps it may be interesting to times does not this for it worry plant, quote from a summary prepared by has the record of some of its that shells, Mr. Thomas, showing but one stage have been fired and reloaded eighty of the process: in condition. " times, finishing good Shot shells are received by inspec- Then come the various branches of tion department after the heads, the inspection work. These are too tubes, bodies, primers, and battery many and long to examine in detail. cups have been carefully examined, Our guide explains that the Inspec- gauged, sized and tested; they are tion is a unit Department by itself, then: distinct from the rest of the shop. "(i) Gauged for body diameter Its head reports directly to the Man- in chamber gauges. ager of Works and is not connected " (2) Gauged for head thickness with the manufacturing departments. and head diameter, and if any quan- His word is law. No matter whether tity of these defects be found, all a carload shipment is being held up shells in inspection department of for a handful of one particular kind that particular brand are returned of cartridge, the car cannot go until to manufacturing department to be this man is satisfied that all are either corrected or scrapped. right. "(3) Primers carefully examined. Expensive Care "(4) Entire shell examined for It is expensive to take such pains. We are told that it costs more to inspect shot shells than it does to load them, and that some of the high-power rifle cartridges are inspected so many times that, were it not for the use of automatic machinery, they could not be sold at a reasonable price. Here and there, as we go, we get glimpses of this process which takes the entire time of several hundred employes. At one point large inspection belts covered with the product, move slowly between rows of bright-eyed girls who occasionally make little darting grabs at something that has seemed defect- ive to their practiced glance. In other rooms, long rows of operatives are holding hands full of shells up to the light, or rolling them over their hands in the same keen search. EMPLOYES OF BRIDGEPORT PLANT GOING HOME FF any blemish which might mar the druggist's prescription department, general appearance. Slight scratches are weighing the bullets carefully, on head, or spots on bodies are suf- one by one, hour after hour, day after ficient causes for their rejection. The day, giving all their thought and at- average consumer would be unable to tention to this one thing; while other determine in many cases, if shown employes explode about two million in their sensi- our scrap pile, why the shells in primers a year testing question had been rejected." tiveness. Similarly, metallic cartridges The loaded shells and cartridges go must have shells gauged for size of through a series of gauges and tests pocket; heads gauged for diam- seemingly unnecessary after all that eter; shells carefully inspected have preceded the loading. For ex- inside and out for flaws, dents ample, it does look a little wasteful and buckled necks; primer pockets to see men take shells at random from examined for shape and condition; the various loading machines and shells gauged for length; shells packing tables, in order to cut them gauged in chamber gauge for body up and examine the contents. When diameter; necked shells gauged for we learn that a half-million perfectly profile and distance from head; good shells are thus destroyed each shells examined for depth of primer year, it impresses us as painstaking seating, condition of anvil, and ex- run mad, but it helps to explain why ploded primer; and shells finally gone there are no misfires in your U M C over for general defects that may box. have escaped other inspections. Testing for All the World Weighing Bullets And then at last come the shooting rim- In the same spirit, girls with deli- tests. Five hundred thousand cate scales, like those you see in a fire cartridges, two hundred and fifty thousand center-fire cartridges, and finds its way into this five hundred thousand loaded shells room. In an adjoin- must still be sacrificed on the various ing room, filled with shooting ranges each year, in order to pungent fumes of study Velocity, Intensity of Sound, powder, a rackful of Penetration, Pressure, and Shot Pat- these guns is being used tern, also the Mushrooming qualities with the appropriate loads. of soft-point bullets, and the Rigidity Thus the process of destruction of those with metal cases. Each of serves that of construction, and the these points in what is known as the apparent waste of a large sum of "Ballistic" work has special experts money each year in "burning pow- and apparatus. There is no guess- der," is really a wise economy. work anywhere. Maintaining the standard at what- Among other points we step into ever cost, is a business investment in the gun-room. It looks like the the future. arsenal of a fort. There are case after Deer In the Powder Park case of rifles, shotguns, revolvers, and Two miles distant is the powder pistols of practically every style, park, a really beautiful spot where caliber, and make, ever put on the curiously enough, a small herd of wild market, some of them classified as deer that broke into the park several English, German, Turkish, Argentine, years ago, have lived contentedly ever French, etc. These are all for test since. Many small buildings are purposes, for it is the determination scattered through the three hundred of the Company to produce the and sixty-one acres, and in these is standard load for every known kind stored the main supply of powder. of firearms; and as soon as a new type By means of a pouring plant this pow- appears anywhere, its counterpart der is turned from the kegs into

THE EKTRANCES THE INDUSTRIAL ARMY JUST BEGINNING TO LEAVE small car- heavy, steamy odor of wet felt where riers, and the wads are being made; and there every for- on the other hand, are printing presses - t y f i v e of unusual shape turning out a shower minutes of printed "top-shot wads." one of If you look at the end of your shot- the Com- gun load you will find the shell pany's lit- closed with a disc of cardboard bear- tle engines ing the size and description of that takes a particular load. If you were to dig single car out this disc you would find it printed of these on both sides. Why? sealed car- Economy of Handling riers over Formerly these were printed on their pri- one side only, but in handling mil- vate rail- lions of such small objects a large to the way number were sure to be turned over, factor}'. and then needed to be righted. This Thus the took time, and time is money. powder is Finally it was decided to print on CAKTRrnr.K KQVALS MORE delivered both which was as THAN 1.000.000 OK SMALLEST sides, quite easy, fHKLII ON HAND) only asfast and then the discs would be always as needed. right side up. Various Departments Other presses are printing labels It is not our purpose to see things and box covers. At one point girls systematically, and we shall ramble are fitting cardboard boxes together at will from one department to with a deft speed that is fascinating another. At one place we find to watch. At other points packing whole rows of machinery turning out is going on with many clever little old-fashioned percussion caps, and mechanical aids to quick handling. realize that there must be still many And then there are the great ware- of the old muzzle-loading nipple guns rooms for raw materials, and the in use in various out-of-the-way cor- other rooms for crating, marking, and ners. Again, we find somewhat sim- trundling into waiting box cars. ilar machines pressing the steel linings The Big Teapot that have made the U M C steel-lined High above the huge plant stand shot shells famous the world over. two objects that may be seen for In another room we sniff the fra- miles around. One of these is the grance of cooking flour, sug- new shot tower, and the other the of a cracker of one hundred thousand /> I .; gestive bakery, water tank but it is only paste for the gallons, the "big teapot" they call paper tubes of the shot it familiarly which is connected with |yj shells. Again, here is the the intricate system of sprinkler pipes in every building. This means that center, coming down through the ceil- every nine square feet of floor space ing from above; we are invited to look has automatic fire protection. through an open port in one of these. Near this is the power plant with Raining Shot its lofty boilers, mighty engines, We see nothing but the whitened and marvelous dynamos sending life opposite wall, against which a light through wires to the army of machines. burns. The electrical equipment is of the It appears absolutely empty, though finest, and the switchboards are every- within it is raining such a swift where enclosed in wall cases with shower of invisible metal that if we glass doors and asbestos lining, to were to stretch our hands into the guard against chance of accident. apparently vacant space they would Built in Seven Months be torn from our arms. All this time, however, we have A large water tank below is churned had the shot tower in mind. Occa- into foam with the impact of the sionally we have caught glimpses of falling shot, and as we look down- it from various windows, and when we ward we make out finally the haze of have stepped outdoors in passing motion. It is so interesting that we from building to building, there it has take the elevator and rise ten stories stood, dominating the whole scene. to the source of the shower. Our guide, with the satisfied air of Here high in the air are the large having saved the best for the last, caldrons where many pigs of lead, now says that we will go there, and with the proper alloy, are melted into tells us, as we cross the yard, how it a sort of metallic soup. This is fed was rushed to completion in seven into small compartments containing and that it the last months, represents sieves or screens, through the meshes in scientific shot word production. of which the shining drops appear is solid The great building masonry, and then plunge swiftly downward. metal, and concrete. There does not Cascades of Shot to a burnable inch seem be square But this only begins the process. about it anywhere. Two large iron Taken from the water tanks and cylinders descend in the

R CAR ON PRIVATE RAILWAY CONNECTING PLANT WITH POWDER FAK hoisted up again, the shot pellets, in quire an average of thirty-five opera- a second journey down, through com- tions each, or one hundred and forty plicated devices, are sorted, tumbled, million operations in ten hours. polished, graded, coated with graphite, "One day's shipment will some- and finally stored. times run to seven million loads. The building is almost bare of work- "From four to five million paper men; everything is mechanical. wads are cut every day. " One pretty sight is that of cascades In the shot tower one hundred and of shot out of and pouring spouts, fifty tons of metal can be daily con- rolling smoothly down glass inclines, verted into the inconceivable total of tier above tier. Here perfect shot, twelve hundred million one and more than the occa- moving swiftly one-fifth billions of shot pellets. sional shoot over low imperfect ones, Laid out in a row touching each other, which check the and partitions, latter, one day's production of shot would them into bins. Noth- drop separate reach two thousand miles, or from enters U M C load. ing imperfect any New York to Salt Lake City. A Bunch of Statistics "The ammunition produced ranges all from 'B. B. Now we return to our starting point, the way tiny cap' shells. Some- but our guide feels that we should cartridges to five-inch over one million of these smallest take with us figures of what we have thing be to seen, and runs over the following list: cartridges would required equal "There are one hundred and one one of the largest." buildings with a total The Office Building floor area of sixteen acres, Nothing has been said in a twenty -five- acre of the brain of the plant, tract. In eluding the its offices. These are to powder park and other be found in every fac- land, the Company owns tory, but rarely so spa- four hundred and twen- cious as here, occupy- ty-seven acres. ing as they do a whole "There are fifty thou- building with many sand dollars' worth of fire departments. Here protection apparatus. we began, and here "The private railway we end our journey, system includes about a with bodies tired mile of track between and minds weary the buildings, in addition but inter- to the track running out e s t e d . to the powder park. "About four million loads are produced each working day. These re-

iAttCELLUS HARTLEY DODGE PRESIDENT THE BRIDGEPORT PLANT THE REMINGTON ARMS PLANT AT 1LION. N Y

An Interesting Day at Ilion

The Growth of Eighty Years far from the banks of manufacture of guns differs from all the Erie Canal, where other processes. These we will notice it runs through Ilion, especially. NOTstands a group of large To Prevent Bursting brick buildings about At the outset, we touch a point of whose early days we interest. When you raise a gun to have already learned. Here, your shoulder you take a chance. It as described in an earlier chapter, must be pressed close to your face, came Eliphalet Remington more than since that is the only way for you to eighty years ago; but how amazed he sight it. It must contain a powerful would have been could he have real- charge, or it will not shoot to kill. ized the greatness of its present Suppose that there be a flaw in the growth, for, as we roam through the barrel near the base, the gun might " works, we come upon signs, Building explode with serious results. No. 53," "Building No. 69," etc. It This often happened with the is borne in upon us that a deal of clumsy arms of olden time. It is space is required to produce all the occasionally heard of today. Remington arms that the world de- Therefore, if you are a sportsman, mands. it is reassuring to step into the room Of course, as in the cartridge fac- where they test materials. Modern tory, we find here similar vistas of science has learned a thousand things. swiftly whirring shafts, belts and pul- It takes no chances. leys; long rows of resounding machin- A new shipment of steel enters the ery, and armies of operators. There works. It comes from a steel mill are, however, points in which the famous for its products, and is sup- posed to be made upon a than double the pressure formula which must give of a service charge, the steel perfect results, according to the is rejected. That is one of the reasons laws of metallurgy, but even these why you can raise your Remington passports are not sufficient. It must to your face with perfect safety. stand the test. Remington arms, by the way, are By Machine and Chemistry made of "acid open-hearth steel," which is stronger, weight for weight, Accordingly, numerous samples are than the Bessemer steel taken from different parts of the lot used by most manu- and fashioned into "Test Plugs." facturers. Question number one is asked of the We "Pass the Test" metal by the keen-eyed man in charge of the laboratory: If visitors wr ere tested as severely "Were you carefully made upon as the material, we should all be that formula? Do you contain the turned back at this point. Fortun- exact percentage of carbon which ately, we are favored and allowed to , will give the best results?" pass inside. Here we spend, most in- The answer involves weighing in terestingly, several hours wandering the most delicate scales, and test- from building to building, and admir- ing wr ith chemical reactions until it ing the ingenious skill with which the is absolutely certain that the steel modern firearm is produced. is according to formula, and is uni- Some departments quiver with form throughout. But this does the shock of huge hammers which || not pass it until question number come crashing down upon the two is asked: metal parts and give them, "Are you as strong as you should roughly, the shape that be? Come, show your strength." later will be finished and And now the test plugs go into perfected by machine and a powerful contrivance that strains tool. them in the most scientific way, At other times, we and shows the answer upon an stand fascinated by the indicator. Since the giant force automatic machinery : of to the that ; 300,000 pounds pressure hums busily square inch can be brought to bear, along, almost unat- the slender plug must break at tended as some some point, and this point faithful, intel- is carefully recorded. ligent servant . If it fall even a trifle who can be short of the strength trusted to work by himself. required, which is In one place, a press is 5,000 pounds to the rapidly engaged in giving square inch, more the correct bend to MEETING The "Kentucky Rifle" with its Flint-Lock was AN UNEXPECTED Accurate but must be Muzzle-Charged No pains can be too great for that. This exquisite painstaking will be seen still more in the barrel-inspection department, to which we will go now. In passing, we must not forget the grinding shop where is perhaps the finest battery of grinding machines in the United States; or the polishers running at the dizzy speed of 1,500 to 1,700 revo- some small but important part. It lutions per minute, and stops its great pressure at exactly the making the inside of the right point with the most mathemat- barrel shine like glass. ical nicety, and a visitor remarks: This high polish is im- "Such a delicate touch as that might portant for it resists rust almost play billiards!" and prevents leading. Making Barrels That is the atmosphere of the whole Every One of the most important features place. action has its reason. is, of course, the making of barrels. There is not an unneces- The machines for drilling and boring sary motion made by are the best that money can buy, and any one, and there is the operatives the most skilful to not one be found anywhere. Care at this necessary thing omitted, whatevei the stage reduces the necessity for cost or trouble. straightening later. Every point is given the minutest atten- Looking at Reflected Lines tion. In 22 drilling calibers, But here is the In- for the of the example, length spection Department. hole must be from 100 to times 125 Hanging in the windows are trans- the diameter of the drill. lucent frames with a black line across have made it Improvements pos- the center of each. You will see sible to drill harder steel than for- one of the inspectors take a barrel merly. This reduces the weight of from the waiting rack, hold one end the gun, and is important to the man toward the light, squint critically who carries it. through the tube, and lay it aside off 2-1000 of an Inch Taking approvingly. The boring is an especially deli- You pick it up and follow his ex- cate task. In choke-boring your ample. First, you point it straight shotgun, for example, the final ream- at the black cross-line on the frame. er off took only 2-1000 of an inch. Then you tip up the farther end Think of such a gossamer thread ever so little, and see how two re- of metal! But it insures accuracy. flected shade lines form on the inner surface shining and run room until it had been separately barrel down the toward your eye. measured and proved perfect. lines are These straight as a die, there- There are two hundred and forty- fore, the barrel is perfect. Should five inspection points, and five hun- either one waver the slightest frac- dred and seventeen gauges must be tion the inspector's quick eye at once used: forty-nine on the guard; forty- detects it. Yours might not. Swiftly six on the receiver; thirty on the he picks up one after another and breech-block, and so on. On the repeats the process. Ah! there is receiver for the No. 10 repeating one that doesn't sat- shotgun, however, seventy gauges are isfy. This he places used, and thirty-one for the trig- in a frame having a ger alone. three - the of point bearing ; Beyond Power Sight it once or taps gently Some of these gauges are mar- looks twice, through vels of delicacy, but there is one it the again, repeats machine used which perhaps and now finds process, has never been equaled. Not it true. absolutely only will it make measurements Or he perhaps uses to one twenty-thousandth of an a different de- slightly inch but it is actually sensitive vice and does the to differences of a one hundred- straightening with a thousandth of an inch. Such hook instead of a ham- a minute dimension we can mer. Either method not even imagine; it is be- the accomplishes pur- yond the range of the most pose. powerful microscope, and An Inspecting Machine here is a of 5TGUNS AND RIFLES yet piece But the spirit of the mechanism which can never rests factory really detect it. contented with achievements. past Compare this with the That is there is now in- why being machine which can test ma- troduced a new machine, of even terial up to 300,000 pounds greater delicacy, showing reflected to the square inch, already circles in the barrel, and the doing spoken of. Do you wonder straightening mechanically. No that an arm coming from a place other manufacturer uses such a machine. We must not forget the gauges. Have you any idea how many times your Remington rifle or shotgun has had to pass through the gauging process? Not a single part of the mechanism could go to the assembling PAST AND PRESENT MODELS RIFLES where they use such devices should 1. Harper's Ferry muzzle-loading musket. be a ? Transformed Springfield breech-loader. "game-getter" Geiger patent 50 caliber carbine. From Past to Present Beales pat. 44 caliber sporting rifle. Thomas rifle 22 cal. pat. cane. and 32 One room links us with the past, Remington pat. military rifle. for in it are to be found a collection of the guns manufactured at Ilion during the past fifty years. We look in vain, unfortu- PISTOLS AND nately, for examples of REVOLVERS the rifles as made original 1. Rider pat.22& 44 cl in the little the 2. Eliott pat. 41 cal. forge by double derringer brookside; even the Jencks carbine, which began the series of Govern- ment contracts, is not shown. Here, however, is the "Harper's Ferry" model, an antiquated muzzle- loading musket while the next in order shows the great step to the breech-loader. In the third, the nipple-lock has been replaced by one of more modern make; a little farther beyond is seen the entry of the fam- 3. Rider pat. 22 cal. ous dropping breech-block 4. Rem. pat. 44 cal. 5. Smoot pat. 41 cal. backed up by the hammer. ti. Eliott pat. 32 cal. 7. Beales 32 cal this pat. It was improvement x. Rider pat. 50 cal. that started the flood of foreign orders narrated in 'The Romance of Remington Arms."

7. Remington pat. military carbine. 8. Keene pat. sporting mod. repeater. 9. Knife bayonet for military rifle. 10. Remington pat. small-bore sporting. 11. Lee pat. military rifle, saber bayonet. 12. Remington pat. sporting. No. 2 model. 18. Hepburn pat. target, No. 3 model. MODELS Continued

14. Remington pat. juvenile. No. 4 model. several the next over types, 7 Passing 15. Remington pat. jn\ enile, No. 6 model, the to claim special attention shows ttf. Remington pat. target. No. 7 model. 17. Browning pat. sporting, auto-loader. transition from single-fire to repeater. 18. Pedersen pat. trombone repeater. This is the Remington-Lee bolt-mech- after of anism rifle, developed years experimenting in this factory. It constitutes the 9. Beales pat. 3% cal. of modern 'j parent military 10. Rider pat. 32 cal. | magazine repeater rifles, and is the arm that

1 1 . Smoot . 32 cal . I pat in battle 12. Eliott pat. 41 cal. I was first used by single derringer the Chinese, as already described, proving so superior to the Kropat- chek rifles of the French. The series of rifles cul- minates, of course, in the SHOTGUNS familiar pump or trombone action, and the automatic repeater; in this latter the recoil is utilized to perform all the operations of setting, firing, ejecting empty shells, and replacing them with fresh loads.

Shotguns, Pistols, and Revolvers

13. Smoot pat. 38 cal. Nor must we overlook 14. Eliott pat. 22 cal. 15. Rider pat. 32 cal. the similar progress, as Rem. 22 cal. 16. pat. here set in 17. Beales pat. 44 cal. m forth, shotguns, from the dropping breech- block type to the trombone action and automatic repeaters. Shotguns form an increasingly large pro- because of portion of the total output, the greater number of sportsmen hunting ^^ birds and other small game. The require- ments of these hunters are closely studied. The many styles of pis-

tols and revolvers displayed 19. Rider pat. 20 ga., single shot, No. 1 model. are relics of the past. 20. Whitmore pat. 12 ga., 2-bar'l, lift lever. Their 21. Remington pat. 12 ga., 2-bar'l, mod. 1889. manufacture, 22. Rem. pat. 12 ga., 1-bar'l, semi-hammerless. 23. Rem. pat. 12 ga., 2-bar'l, hanimerless. 24. Browning pat. 12 ga. auto-loader. 25. Pedersen pat. 12 ga. trombone repeater. with the exception of the double Accordingly the gun is laid in a derringer, has now been discontinued rest with its muzzle pointed through v by the Company in order to concen- an opening in the wall into a bank of trate attention upon the production sand. Y\ e get behind a steel plate of rifles and shotguns. for safety, and put cotton in our ears; Rifling and Other Matters the trigger is pulled by means of a There is much more to notice as we string, bang! the gun is uninjured; go from building to building in the its strength has been assured. big enclosure. In some places we Then follow tests for action and come out upon elevated passage- speed, and if the gun be an auto- ways, running over the roofs of loader the swift rattle of its dis- buildings; we examine with interest charges is surprising. The well- the rifling department, one of the gauged parts move as smoothly as the most critical points in the shop works of a watch. And finally there where the shallow spiral grooves are are the target tests. cut into the barrel in order to give Firing at Targets the bullet the rotation which will Rifle after rifle in succession is laid keep it true in flight. These grooves in a rest and fired at a mathematically of course must be of exactly the right divided target upon the hillside. depth and spiral that the best results The results are noted through a shall always follow. telescope. Difficulty at this point in- \\ e shall see, without stopping to varibly rejects the rifle. describe, the big oil-pumping engines Shotguns are discharged at paper that supply oil for the lathes and targets in the shooting gallery. We drills; also the brazing furnaces, to- walk through the hallway that runs gether with many other things; and outside to the point where a boy is we shall come at length to the gun- handling the targets. We hear a testing rooms. distant bang. The boy pulls a han- "\\ hat! "you exclaim, "more tests? dle in the side of the wall, and a Is there to be no end to it?" Ap- frame emerges bearing a well-peppered parently not, for these are Remington sheet of paper. This he unfastens guns with ninety-five years of repu- and hangs up for reference, pinning a tation to sustain. fresh sheet in its place. These targets Testing with Loads must all be examined and every shot- If case there First, then, is the barrel as perfect as hole be counted. in any we believe it? We know that it is per- be found less than 75% of the shot fect in gauge and workmanship, but is within a circle of thirty inches from is at once there the slightest chance of an invis- the center, the gun rejected. ible flaw in material? The original Every Remington gun must pass tests of material made this very, very triumphantly through each of its will find the unlikely, but we will take no chances. tests. You inspector's rifle or If there be such a flaw, it must burst mark at the base of your shot- at more than double the service charge. gun barrel; it is never placed there The Modern Sportsman with his Remington-UMC . JASTER OF THE SITUATION Automatic Rifle is Prepared for all Emergencies until the completion of this entire as much care as the inspection process. of a barrel. Alany minds have

Utilizing "Kicks" The auto-loading gun, the especial pride of the Remington Works, with its solid breech, its side ejectment, its perfect balance, and its self-acting mechanism, makes use of the recoil, "the Kick" and turns it into service. Something very much like this, in another sense, takes place in the factory office, and perhaps it is after all the most interesting feature of the institution. All the rest deals with the present, but this has its on the future. bearing UNUSUAL TYPES OF ARMS OVER Once a week, on Tuesday, the BOARD ROOM MANTLE department heads gather for the purpose of discussing all letters, sug- many points of view. It is possible gestions, or complaints. Complaints? that some kick may contain a hint of Is it possible that such incredible great value, of which no one has pains as we have witnessed can ever yet thought. The kick must be fail to satisfy? Yes, occasionally, made of service. for the human being is a curious Your Letter creature, and no one has ever satisfied Therefore, if at any time you feel him everywhere. moved to write to the makers of But the Company invites com- your gun, you may do so with the plaints, is grateful for them. Each certainty that the letter will be read point is weighed and discussed with and discussed around the table in the ^ long room, that has the big bison-head at one end, surrounded by a collection of curious and historic guns. There men, who have made guns for more years, perhaps, than you have lived, will consider every point you raise, and if it should happen, as might chance, that the point you make be new, they will hold you in grateful remem- brance. The New Chapter

The Greater Future

HIS is the Chapter of the years to come. Thousands of r T I dealers, and millions of customers will help us write it in HF every land. You have already traced with us the biographies of two great institutions. Each started with small begin- nings, and rose steadily to a stage many times greater than was dreamed in its early days. In so doing the Remington Arms Company acquired acknowledged leadership in the manufacture of rifles and shotguns, while the Union Metallic Cartridge Company became easily the world's foremost producer of ammunition. Then one day in the recent past two famous trade-marks slipped quietly into one, thus:

REMINGTON UMC

A new chapter this Chapter in the world's industrial history had begun. A Symbol and What It Means Trade-Marks and symbols may mean much or little. "Old Glory" beheld the first time is merely a pretty flag, but an American who sees it flying in some foreign land, bares his head, and thinks with emotion of the great of the Ilion authorities. Thus it does Republic it represents. "Remington" not have to stand the test of outside and"U M C" call to mind the years use in order to prove success or failure. of time, the lives of men, and the From the start it necessarily is right. millions of capital, that have been Matchless Facilities devoted to the upbuilding. Each has Brains, however good, must be gained a meaning, full of interest to backed by resources. The Remington those who know, but taken together Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Co. they represent a force, so much greater has the advantage of unequaled facil- than the sum of both, that it may ities. From laboratory apparatus to be years before the world realizes its mechanical equipment, commercial full significance. organization, and financial capacity, The new trade-mark, therefore, its development is not hampered at stands for the tremendous weight of a single point. Many of its devices past achievements, but its principal are exclusive, and every new resource bearing is on the future. of value, that can contribute ever so It means that the greatest experts slightly to the general welfare, is known to both industries have been supplied as soon as it appears. brought into close co-operation under Impelling Spirit a single head. This is important in But more important than either, view of the fact that guns are made is the spirit behind both men and for ammunition, and ammunition for means. This country stands upon guns. Each is useless without the the threshold of greater commercial other. An improvement in either, development than the world has ever that is not accompanied by a corre- seen. No past leadership will suffice sponding improvement in the other, unless newly won with each new loses much of its value. year. Manufacturing, no longer Creative Brains merely an industry, is coming But two corps of experts working to be thought of as a science together from both sides of a single and an art. The full, broad problem, are like the two blades of a realization of these facts is the pair of shears cutting swiftly and largest asset of this Institution; truly because of their union. There its dominating thought of the can be no uncertainty under such future, and its determination to conditions. Every new theory in gun- keep a place in advance of even the making must be developed through general forward movement, con- the co-operation of those who will stitute the strongest insur- produce the ammunition for its use. ance that every development Every idea, arising in the busy brains of value will make its of the cartridge and shell makers, is first appearance bearing instantly influenced by the the symbol keen practical judgment "Remington-UMC"

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