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Changement Catégoriel Et Transition De Phase : Les Catégories Perceptives Comme Des Attracteurs Emmanuel Viglieno

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Changement Catégoriel Et Transition De Phase : Les Catégories Perceptives Comme Des Attracteurs Emmanuel Viglieno Changement catégoriel et transition de phase : les catégories perceptives comme des attracteurs Emmanuel Viglieno To cite this version: Emmanuel Viglieno. Changement catégoriel et transition de phase : les catégories perceptives comme des attracteurs. Psychologie. Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. Français. NNT : 2013MON30043. tel-00958335 HAL Id: tel-00958335 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00958335 Submitted on 12 Mar 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PAUL VALERY – MONTPELLIER III Arts, Lettres, Langues, Sciences Humaines et Sociales ED 60 – Territoires, Temps, Société et Développement Laboratoire Epsylon – EA 4556 Thèse présentée par Emmanuel VIGLIENO Pou lotetio du gade de Doteu e Pshologie Cogitie De lUniversité de Montpellier III CHANGEMENT CATEGORIEL ET TRANSITION DE PHASE : LES CATEGORIES PERCEPTIVES COMME DES ATTRACTEURS Sous la direction de Manuel JIMÉNEZ Membres du jury : Paul VAN GEERT Professeur – Université de Groningen (Rapporteur) Rémy VERSACE Professeur – Université de Lyon 2 (Rapporteur) Manuel JIMÉNEZ MCF HDR – Université de Montpellier 3 (Directeur) Per Giorgio ZANONE Professeur – Université de Toulouse 3 (Examinateur) Christophe GERNIGON Professeur – Université de Montpellier 1 (Examinateur) Denis BROUILLET Professeur – Université de Montpellier 3 (Examinateur) Mai 2013 REMERCIEMENTS A lheue où ette thse aie à sa fi, jai ue pese pou les pesoes dot les heis ot ois le ie tout au log de es i aes et dot haue due aie ou due aute a contribué, substantiellement ou modestement, intentionnellement ou pas, à faire que cette thse deiee e uelle est et uelle aie à so tee. Trop nombreuses, pour que je puisse toutes les ite et e e appele idiiduelleet de haue delles à cet instant, je tenais malgré tout à mentione elles dete elles qui furent les plus remarquables et leur adresser es plus sies eeieets et je euse pa aae aups de elles ui échapperaient à ma mémoire et dont la mention serait malgré tout légitime. Pour commencer, je voudrais témoigner ma gratitude à Manuel Jiménez, pou aoi encadré, accompagné et soutenu depuis sept ans dans cette longue route qui a conduit à ce pojet u peu fou uest la datio due thse. Pou sa getillesse, sa sagesse, et pou toute la discrétion, le espet et lhuilit ae lauelle, toujous, il a su eouage, distille ses conseils et me soutenir, parfois dans les pires moments de doute. Je le remercie pour ses ualits doute, sa patiee ifiie et so aiti. Merci aux professeurs Paul Van Geert et Rémy Versace, pou aoi fait lhoeu dte les rapporteurs de cette thèse, pour leur expertise et leurs critiques qui valorisent mon travail et me permettent de le mettre en perspective afin de le faire évoluer. Merci aussi au professeur Pier Giorgio Zanone daoi aept de patiipe au ju de a thse alg ue piode et u emploi du temps chargé. Je remercie également les professeurs Christophe Gernigon et Denis Brouillet pour leur participation au jury de la thèse, pou aoir fait bénéficier de leur expérience et pour représenter et soutei lejeu de la dynamique au sein du laboratoire Epsylon. Mention spéciale à Denis Brouillet à qui je dois daoi t elui ui a suscité mon intérêt pour la dynamique dès les premières heures de mon parcours. Tous eu ui ae ui jai pu aoi des hages ui ot peis deihi a isio personnelle et dalioe a dahe. Mei à Lionel Brunel pour ses nombreux conseils, sa lecture attentive et ses remarques constructives. Merci à Walid Briki pour les échanges trop rares sur le domaine de la dynamique et par lesquels, nous avons pu mutuellement nous soutenir quand cela devenait particulièrement difficile à certains moments et sur bien des plans. A Raphaël Trouillet pour nos noeu hages et pae uil a su saisi le foidale hoizo ue pouait epsete lappohe daiue pou laei de la pshologie ogitie à Montpellier. Merci à Laurent Munilla, Laurent Ferrier et Thibaut Brouillet pour nos nombreuses discussios eihissates et pou aoi fait patage leu epiee de laetue opliue uest la thse. Jadesse, ie sû, a eoaissae à tous eu ui ot patiip à latiit fastidieuse de la eletue du tete pa leuel ils taiet souvent pas concernés. Merci à mon père Francis, a sœu Hélène, à Emmanuelle et Geneviève, ainsi que tous ceux déjà cités et qui ont par ailleurs participé. Le taail iutieu et patiulieet effiae uils ot aopli est due aleu osidale pour la qualité de ce document. Due aie gale, je eu eeie eu de o etouage, ui ot souteu pa leu aiti, leu ofiae et leus eouageets. Ceu ui ot fait ue « simplement » me supporter et me comprendre. Merci à ma faille ui a jaais dout de oi. A Julien, parce uau lao, tu es une âme en écho à la mienne. Tout mon soutien et mes encouragements à ceux encore en devenir, et en particulier Audrey, Caroline, Thomas et Clémence, merci pour votre bonne humeur, ne la perdez pas dans ce qui va suivre. Enfin, pae ue lo oee pa le plus ipotat ais ue lo fiit pa lessetiel, je veux ici toige tout ladiatio, le espet et laou ue jai pou elle sas ui ette thse eisteait sipleet pas. A Delphine qui au long de toutes es aes a aopag et a partagé avec moi le poids de lourds moments de doutes et dietitude e laei. Elle ui a su se sacrifier et souffrir en silence et avec abnégation afin que je réalise ce projet. A elle qui, chaque matin depuis le oeeet sest lee au auoes pou alle faie u taail pile et harassant pendant de longues journées éprouvantes, mettant entre parenthèse sa propre dteiatio pou ue je puisse adoe, sereinement et sans contrainte, à la réalisation de e taail et le ee à tee. Je lui dois telleet ue es siple liges e sot uu témoignage dérisoire de ma gratitude et en aucun cas, une juste rétribution pour le rôle iese uelle a jou das ette thse, ais aussi dans ma vie. Aussi, cest ae huilit ue je veux lui dédier entièrement ce travail. RESUME Les atgoies peepties sot des lets fodaetau das ltude du fonctionnement du système cognitif. Elles traduisent la faculté du système cognitif à organiser un environnement continu et fluctuant selon des entités stables et discrètes. Classiquement, les catégories perceptives sont traitées comme des entités computo-symboliques constituées au tee du poessus de taiteet de lifoatio. Das ette thse, ous poposos ue modélisation alternative qui repose sur la théorie des systèmes dynamiques. Selon l'hypothèse dynamique en psychologie cognitive, les catégories perceptives sont des attracteurs du système cognitif. En conséquence, deux phénomènes particuliers devraient pouvoir être mis en évidence lors de l'activité de catégorisation. Le premier d'entre eux, la transition de phase, est la forme du changement entre deux attracteurs catégoriels. D'après la théorie des catastrophes, elle se manifeste notamment au travers d'effets non linéaires tels que l'hystérèse, la divergence et le ralentissement critique. Le second, la stabilité, traduit la faculté d'un attracteur catégoriel à se maintenir malgré les perturbations subies par le système. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en évidence les marqueurs de l'hystérèse, de la divergence et du ralentissement critique dans une tâche de catégorisation perceptive à choix forcé à deux modalités à partir de séries de dessins représentant un visage d'homme ou une silhouette de femme. Cette tâche a été déclinée dans six expérimentations menées auprès de 45 participants. Dans les trois premières expérimentations, nous avons fait varier le délai inter essai (ITI) selon trois valeurs (200, 550 et 900ms) et nous avons observé la divergence par une évolution de la taille de l'effet d'hystérèse en fonction de l'ITI. En parallèle, un pic des temps de réponses au voisinage du changement catégoriel révélait le ralentissement critique de la période de relaxation du système. L'indice de convexité du front montant du pic des temps de réponses a montré une évolution similaire à celle de la taille de l'effet d'hystérèse. Lors des trois expérimentations suivantes, nous avons testé les effets d'une tâche de distraction, d'une tâche de renforcement et du bruit externe sur les indicateurs de la transition de phase. Chacun de ces facteurs nous a permis de montrer que l'évolution de la divergence se faisait selon leur impact supposé sur la stabilité de l'attracteur catégoriel. Tous les résultats obtenus lors de ces six première expérimentation étaient en accord avec le model de la Fronce pour la transitions de phase. Enfin, dans une dernière expérimentation, ous aos tudi lolutio de la stailité de l'attracteur catégoriel au travers celle des temps de réponses d'une tâche de catégorisation perceptive menée sur 65 participants. Nous avons manipulé la stabilité de l'attracteur catégoriel en la renforçant grâce à des répétitions (1, 2 ou 3). Et, nous avons mesuré l'évolution temporelle de l'effet de la stabilité sur les temps de réponses catégorielles en manipulant l'ITI (200, 400, 700 et 1000ms). Nous avons mis en évidence une phase d'ascension et une phase de déclin de la stabilité. Et, nous avons montré que la durée de ces deux phases était fonction du nombre de renforcements subis par l'attracteur catégoriel. De cette façon, nous avons validé l'hypothèse de stabilité des catégories en montrant que celle-ci n'était pas linéaire.
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