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The Walking Dead: Estranhamente Familiar

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The Walking Dead: Estranhamente Familiar UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE LETRAS The Walking Dead: Estranhamente Familiar Diogo Filipe Serras de Almeida Tese orientada pela Profª. Doutora Teresa Cid e co-orientada pelo Prof. Doutor José Duarte, especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses e Americanos, na área de especialização em Estudos de Cultura 2016 Agradecimentos À Professora Doutora Teresa Cid e ao Professor Doutor José Duarte, meus orientadores, quem muito respeito e admiro, por me terem aceite como orientando. Agradeço também por todo o apoio ao longo do meu percurso académico, pelos seus votos de confiança e por todas as horas que passaram em torno deste texto, de forma a tornarem mais organizadas e claras as minhas ideias e opiniões, tornando-me um melhor aluno e investigador. A todos os professores cujas aulas frequentei nesta instituição e que me ajudaram a desenvolver o gosto pelo estudo da cultura. Aos meus amigos e colegas de faculdade, por terem partilhado comigo o seu percurso académico, permitindo-me testemunhar os seus primeiros contributos profissionais. Aos membros dos Mensageiros das Estrelas, por compartilharem comigo o entusiasmo pela cultura nas suas diferentes expressões e por compreenderem o contributo que o estudo da Fantasia e da Ficção Científica pode alcançar. Aos meus pais, Etelvina e Luís, sem os quais nada disto teria sido possível. Obrigado por toda a ajuda, apoio e compreensão ao longo de toda a minha vida, pelos sacrifícios e por tudo o que investiram em mim. Obrigado pelas refeições quentes e pelas boleias, obrigado pelo carinho e pelas “secas” e, acima de tudo, por sempre acreditarem em mim. À minha ‘vó Celeste, obrigado pelo apoio, por sempre rezar por mim por ser exemplo do tipo de pessoa quero ser. Aos primos com quem cresci, Tânia e Telmo, e que me introduziram a vários aspectos da cultura popular, que vieram a tornar-se parte essencial de quem sou hoje. Aos meus manos, Nadja, David, Martim, Tuca e Luna, por me aceitarem como parte da família, quer queiram quer não, pelo seu apoio no decorrer desta tese e por partilharem comigo a paixão pela cultura e pelas muitas aventuras pelo imaginário da Fantasia e da Ficção Científica. À minha Moça, a principal razão pela qual consigo completar os meus objectivos. Pela motivação, e por toda a ajuda. Por todo o tempo. Por todos os dias ao meu lado para que eu não entrasse em pânico. Por partilhar comigo os meus gostos. Obrigado pela oportunidade de poder continuar descobrir novas formas de ver o mundo contigo. Acima de tudo, por todo o amor que existe, e sempre existirá, entre nós. Dedico este texto à Tatiana. i Resumo A presente dissertação pretende fazer uma análise aprofundada da figura do zombie, desde a sua origem como um elemento cultural e religioso encontrado primeiramente nos cultos e mitos de povos autóctones do Haiti até aos tempos modernos, onde está presente em diversas representações da cultura popular. Presta-se especial atenção à influência que esta figura teve nos Estados Unidos da América ao longo de todo o século XX e até aos dias de hoje, em particular a nível cinematográfico e televisivo. Partindo de uma análise da problemática envolvida com as origens do próprio conceito de zombie e das suas raízes na cultura africana dos povos Bantu, explora-se a identidade do zombie dentro do contexto haitiano onde este existe como uma figura ligada ao pós-colonialismo e à hegemonia cultural a que o povo haitiano foi submetido, e analisa-se o processo que aquele atravessou até se tornar um dos principais monstros dos séculos XX e XXI. O zombie existirá principalmente através do cinema, e é no grande ecrã que vai evoluir ao longo do século XX, acompanhando os medos e ansiedades relevantes para a cultura em que se desenvolve e espelhando os males da sociedade através de narrativas fantásticas, que frequentemente focam mais falhas inerentes à natureza humana do que os próprios zombies, algo especialmente presente nas obras do realizador George Romero, considerado o criador do zombie moderno. Os ataques terroristas de 11 de Setembro de 2001 provocam uma mudança na imagem do zombie no ecrã, que vai ser usado como metáfora para os novos medos que surgem do sentido de insegurança próprio do século XXI. Assim, o zombie moderno é analisado tendo em conta várias obras cinematográficas recentes, com especial atenção dada à série televisiva The Walking Dead (Frank Darabont, 2010), o principal objecto de análise desta dissertação. A popularidade, a aceitação crítica e o sucesso comercial como a mais bem-sucedida série de zombies de todos os tempos permitem olhar para The Walking Dead como uma obra relevante não só do sub-género zombie, como também enquanto objecto cultural que explora os receios e angústias de uma sociedade que enfrenta diferentes desafios. Palavras-Chave: Zombie, Cinema, Estados Unidos, The Walking Dead, Cultura. ii Abstract This dissertation aims at doing an in-depth analysis of the zombie, from its origin as a cultural and religious element found primarily in the cults and myths of native Haiti through the modern times, where it is present in several representations of popular culture. Special attention will be given to the influence that this character has had in the United States of America throughout all the twentieth century until today. Starting with an analysis of the origins of the concept of zombie and its roots in the African culture of the Bantu, I explore the figure of the zombie within the Haitian context where it was created as a connection to post-colonialism and the cultural hegemony that the Haitian people have been submitted to. Moreover, I further analyze the process which the zombie has undergone until it became one of the main movie monsters in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The zombie is a cinematic figure par excellence, and it is in the big screen that it will evolve throughout the twentieth century, where it will be used to represent the fears and anxieties of society. Zombie narratives, however, are more about the inherent flaws of human nature than about zombies, something especially relevant in the works of the director George Romero, considered the father of the modern zombie. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 changed the image of the zombie on screen, which will be used as a metaphor for the new fears arising within the context of the twenty-first century’s general sense of insecurity. Therefore, this study focuses on the modern zombie, taking into account several recent films, and paying special attention to the first season of the television series The Walking Dead (Frank Darabont, 2010) the main object of analysis of this dissertation. The popularity, positive critiques, and commercial success as the most successful zombie series ever allow us to look at The Walking Dead as a relevant work not only of the zombie subgenre, but also as a relevant cultural object that explores the fears and anxieties of a society now facing different challenges. Key Words: Zombie, Cinema, United States, The Walking Dead, Culture. iii Índice Agradecimentos ........................................................................................................................ I Resumo .....................................................................................................................................II Abstract ...................................................................................................................................III Introdução ..................................................................................................................................1 Capítulo 1: O Zombie: Uma História Cultural...........................................................................6 1.1 Origem do Zombie .......................................................................................7 1.2 Presença Cultural e Zombie Studies .............................................................9 1.3 Origem haitiana do Zombie .......................................................................15 1.4 America Meets the Zombie.........................................................................19 1.5 (Falta de) Origens Literárias do Zombie.....................................................21 Capítulo 2: O Zombie: Breve História Cinematográfica.........................................................23 2.1 A Origem do Zombie no Cinema Americano ............................................24 2.2 Os Anos 50 ................................................................................................28 2.3 George Romero e a Génese do Zombie Moderno ......................................30 2.4 Dawn of the Dead e Day of the Dead ........................................................35 2.5 O Renascimento Zombie ............................................................................41 2.6 28 Days Later ............................................................................................43 2.7 Resident Evil e Survival Horror.................................................................48 2.8 O Zombie na Actualidade ..........................................................................50 Capítulo 3: The Walking Dead.................................................................................................54 3.1 The Walking Dead de Robert Kirkman .....................................................55 3.2 The Walking Dead de Frank Darabont: Da Página Para o Ecrã ................57 3.3 Temas Abordados na Série ........................................................................61
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