Emergency Management Magazine Fall 2016

STRATEGY AND LEADERSHIP IN CRITICAL TIMES

FALL 2016

KNOWN OR UNKNOWN

WHETHER THEY ARE KNOWN OR UNKNOWN, THESE LONE WOLVES ARE PROVING DIFFICULT TO STOP.

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16 Enhancing 20 Corporate 26 Field Campus Safety Preparedness Tested and Ready The U.S. Department of Education Wells Fargo’s regional emergency At one school, the final exam hopes emergency planning managers embrace resilience. includes heat, mosquitoes on campus goes beyond the and MREs. historic norm.

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Learn more by downloading a complimentary copy of the cybersecurity policy guide at: governing.com/cyberguide

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EDITORIAL Editor: Jim McKay [email protected] Managing Editor: Elaine Pittman [email protected] GT Editor: Noelle Knell [email protected] Chief Copy Editor: Miriam Jones [email protected] Copy Editor: Lauren Harrison [email protected] Staff Writers: Jason Shueh [email protected] Colin Wood [email protected] Eyragon Eidam [email protected] Editorial Assistant: Ryan McCauley [email protected]

DESIGN Chief Design Officer: Kelly Martinelli [email protected] Graphic Designer Pubs: Kimi Rinchak [email protected] Senior Designer Custom: Crystal Hopson [email protected] Production Director: Stephan Widmaier [email protected] Production Manager: [email protected]

PUBLISHING VP Strategic Accounts: Kim Frame [email protected] Stacy Ward-Probst [email protected] Arlene Boeger [email protected] Shelley Ballard [email protected] Karen Hardison [email protected] Sales Directors: Tracy Meisler [email protected] Melissa Sellers [email protected] Audrey Young [email protected] Lara Roebbelen [email protected] Carmen Mendoza [email protected] Deanne Stupek [email protected] Lynn Gallagher [email protected] Kelly Schieding [email protected] SHUTTERSTOCK.COM Account Executives: Paul Dangberg [email protected] Christine Childs [email protected] Rebecca Regrut [email protected] REST OF THE BOOK Bus. Dev. Managers: Lindsey Albery [email protected] Kathryn Nichols [email protected] DEPARTMENTS 8 Letters Sr. Sales Administrator: Kelly Kashuba [email protected] Sales Administrators: Alexis Hart [email protected] Jamie Barger [email protected] NEXT-GEN 911 10 Point of View Jane Mandel [email protected] Morgan Rothenbaum [email protected] 30 The 911 Another Slips the FBI Ashley Flynn [email protected]

Cyber Challenge Sr. Dir. of Sales Operations: Andrea Kleinbardt [email protected] Increased connectivity brings cybersecurity 12 In the News Custom Media Managing Editor: Jeana Bigham [email protected] threats to 911 call centers. Dir. of Web Marketing: Zach Presnall [email protected] 14 Bulletin Web Advertising Mgr.: Adam Fowler [email protected] HOMELAND SECURITY Subscription Coord.: Eenie Yang [email protected]

32 Quelling ISIS 34 Major Player CORPORATE on Twitter Intelligence specialist Malcolm Nance CEO: Dennis McKenna [email protected] President: Cathilea Robinett [email protected] Researchers are looking at ways discusses ISIS and the difference between CAO: Lisa Bernard [email protected] to thwart the Islamic State’s social lone and unknown wolves. CFO: Paul Harney [email protected] Executive VP: Alan Cox [email protected] media recruiting. Chief Content Officer: Paul W. Taylor [email protected] Deputy Chief Content Officer: Steve Towns [email protected] 46 Disaster Zone VP Research: Todd Sander [email protected] PUBLIC HEALTH Living History 38 Secret Resource Emergency Management (ISSN 2156-2490) is published quarterly by e.Republic Inc. 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom, CA 95630. The federal government stockpiles 48 Product Spotlight Periodicals Postage paid at Folsom, CA and additional offices. Postmaster: Send address changes to Emergency Management emergency medicines and supplies in 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom, CA 95630. © 2016 by e.Republic Inc. All rights reserved. Opinions expressed by writers are not several locations. 50 Last Word necessarily those of the publisher or editors. The Keys to Corporate Resiliency Article submissions should be sent to the attention of the Managing EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS Editor. Reprints of all articles in this issue and past issues are available (500 minimum). Please direct inquiries for reprints and licens- 40 Prepare Your ing to Wright’s Media: (877) 652-5295, [email protected]. Subscription Information: Requests for subscriptions may Business be directed to subscription coordinator by phone or fax to the numbers below. You can also subscribe online at DHS launches site to get the emergency www.emergencymgmt.com preparedness message to businesses. 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom, CA 95630 Phone: (916)932-1300 Fax: (916)932-1470 www.emergencymgmt.com

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“Excellent article! PREPARE, PREPARE, PREPARE!” Preparingtx — in response to the article Time Bomb in the Summer 2016 issue

Disaster Preparedness

ample time to prepare, and that preparation has begun. A similar quake is thought to have occurred in or before January 1700. Scientists estimate that a recurrence would be due in about 500 to 600 years. But they don’t know for sure. They also don’t know how much seismic slip occurred during that quake in 1700. Did the subduction zone save anything? “Faults tend to be pretty good at this. They don’t always spend everything they have,” said Brian Atwater of the U.S. Geolog- ical Survey Earthquake Hazards Program. There may have been a lot of “breakage” during the last quake or there could be parts of the fault that didn’t break. That would be a way to get “better than 500 years’ worth of slip in 300 years,” Atwater said. Or maybe the earlier quake spent the “whole bank account” and the future event won’t amount to much. This article was well written, but omits “That’s part of the challenge of trying to present to a public audience scenarios for some important details. Recent studies Time future earthquakes and their unknowns,” said Atwater. “They don’t happen like clockwork.” indicate that the southern portion of the Rebekah Paci-Green is the director of Bomb the Resilience Institute and a professor at Western Washington University. She helped

fault (from near Eureka, Calif., to near SHUTTERSTOCK.COM put together Cascadia Rising, a 182-page document that goes into alarming detail about the Florence, Ore.) ruptures on average every One of the most ‘terrifying’ disasters in the offing is a Cascadia impending Cascadia earthquake and tsunami. Subduction Zone earthquake in the Pacific Northwest. The document takes you through the 250 years, generating a quake of magnitude scenario of The Quake. The daytime quake By Jim McKay | Editor will sneak up on the region’s population, 8 to 9. The entire fault ruptures every 500 feeling somewhat like a semi-truck passing by. As the shaking continues, some will years on average, resulting in the magni- he Weather Network identified those on the coasts. The good news is that the forget their initial training. Some may run, in a March report four “terrifying last time this happened was 70,000 years ago but will make it only a few steps before disasters waiting to happen.” and the “repeat” time would be 700,000 years. falling. After about a minute, the shaking tude 9 quake. It has been 316 years since the One was deadly, exploding lakes in Africa. The other disaster potentially in the offing will begin to toss people about. Things not These are rare events known as limnic erup- is the Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake. anchored will fall. Some people will have last one. The south coast is well within the tion and happen when CO2 builds up over This scenario involves a magnitude 9.0 or gotten under chairs, tables or something time from nearby volcanic activity. Another worse earthquake in the Pacific North-North- they think will protect them. Many will not. window for this event. There may be more potentially catastrophic event would be the west that would be felt all the way down to The document says that coastal areas onset of giant space rocks hitting the Earth. Northern California. The Pacific Coast would will likely feel it the worst. But down in time in the north, but that is only a guess, This would be a global catastrophe, because have perhaps an hour of warning before the Oregon and even Northern California, partiparticlescles in the atmosphereatmosphere would block up tsunami hit. As a referenreferencece pointpoint to how bad residents will know sometsomethinghing is afoot. to 70 percent of sunlight for the first couple this earthquake will be, the recent earth-earth- and it is a fool’s errand to rely upon that off ears BesidesB id thatth t particles ti l suspended d d ini quakeinJapanthatregisteredmagnitude62qkiJ thtitd itd62 The Damage assumption. The Northern California/southern Oregon area gets twice as many of these earthquakes We need to educate our people (those Insulated concrete-form homes add as our northern brethren. It is critical that citi- who will accept the information), and get strength. Though they cost a little more zens prepare for themselves. The responder them to prepare for at least a few days than a concrete block home. Compared community will do its best to assist, but we are without help. I strongly urge people to to building a wood frame home, which is too few in number and not well funded. educate themselves about the potential far less, these type of homes are stronger No seaports will be left, not much for disaster. Learn as much as possible about it and over time can save the owner money airports, roads out, bridges down, power and the eff ects it is likely to have on us. through heating/cooling costs. down for a long time, water and wastewater Michael — in response to the article I think insurance companies and systems inoperative, medical facilities Time Bomb in the Summer 2016 issue possibly some other initiative to help damaged. It is not all doom and gloom, off set the additional costs could get people however. Look at the recent experience Yes ... I’m a geologist and physical to build this way especially in tornado- in Japan. “Their” subduction zone fault is geographer who specializes in hazards and and hurricane-prone areas. similar to our own. Even in the devastated mitigation. This will be worst disaster the Robert G. Brookens Jr. — area, 95 percent of their citizens survived U.S. has ever seen and probably ever will. in response to the article Joplin the disaster. With proper education and Sherry Young — in response to the article Study Spawns Recommendations preparation, we can do the same thing here. Time Bomb in the Summer 2016 issue in the Spring 2016 issue SHUTTERSTOCK.COM

We appreciate your feedback, and we invite you to join the conversation at www.emergencymgmt.com or on our Facebook page at www.facebook.com/emergencymgmt

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By Jim McKay Another Suspect Slips the FBI

ccused bomber Ahmad Khan Rahami is have the individual prove to have been radicalized yet another example of someone with and carry out a terrorist act. FBI facetime who has turned around to In the cases that you will read about in the cover allegedly commit a terrorist act. It’s also another story, the FBI has taken heat for not continuing to example of the diffi culties investigators face in our track the individuals, or at least alerting local law cover story. Lone or Known Wolves? examines the enforcement about the possibilities. recent history — prior to Rahami being accused of planting explosives in New York City and New Certain Fate Jersey on Sept. 19 — of the task of uncovering One thing is for certain: Despite what some potential terror suspects before they act. have said of the path forward for Rahami, if he is convicted of the bombings, he faces certain and grim punishment. ... THE FBI NEVER INTERVIEWED ACCUSED Consider where previously convicted terrorists have gone: Richard Reid, the “shoe bomber”; BOMBER AHMAD KHAN RAHAMI, ALTHOUGH Ted Kaczynski, the “Unabomber”; Ramzi Yousef, HIS FATHER SPOKE OF HIS FASCINATION involved in the 1993 bombing of the World Trade WITH AL-QAIDA AND JIHADIST VIDEOS. Center; and Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev — all, among others, reside at ADX, the United States Penitentiary Administra- tive Maximum Facility in Florence, Colo. The AN AWARD-WINNING Apparently the FBI investigated Rahami in emphasis here is on “maximum.” PUBLICATION 2014. His father told the agency that his son was ADX is known as the country’s secure a terrorist and to watch him. The FBI was also supermax prison. Inmates here are housed in 7 x told that Rahami was possibly trying to obtain 12 concrete cells with concrete beds and concrete ASBPE AWARDS 2015 / MAGAZINE explosives and was associating with bad people. walls with no chance to see outside or to see other OF THE YEAR Emergency Management He spent time in jail for assault, but the FBI found inmates. Many spend 23 hours a day in the cell. Magazine no evidence that he was radicalized. According Inmates are shackled when taken beyond their to The New York Times, the FBI never interviewed cells, and by design there is very little contact with Rahami, although his father spoke of his fascina- guards, other prisoners or anyone else. tion with al-Qaida and jihadist videos. This is where Rahami could ﬁ nd himself if he This case exhibits the same type of pattern, is convicted — a concrete cell with no opportunity MAGGIE AWARDS 2015 / BEST where the FBI ﬁ nds a reason to investigate an indi- to see or feel the outside world ever again. k OVERALL PUBLICATION vidual but deems him not to be a threat, only to Emergency Management Magazine

ASBPE AWARDS 2013 / MAGAZINE OF THE YEAR Emergency Management Magazine

QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS? PLEASE GIVE US YOUR INPUT BY CONTACTING OUR EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT AT [email protected], OR VISIT OUR WEBSITE AT WWW.EMERGENCYMGMT.COM.

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Explore our online, on-campus, and executive formats: scs.georgetown.edu/edm2016

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BIOMETRICS: RELIABLE, QUICK AND EFFICIENT — BUT NOT FOOLPROOF

In 1996, moviegoers watched as other markers to verify that we are sity’s biometrics expert Dr. Anil Jain “Credential-based systems, ID card, Ethan Hunt peeled off a lifelike mask who we say we are. and his team made it happen. passwords, PINs — they all sort of and slinked through U.S. Embassy But all of this information being Jain was recently approached by have their own weaknesses, right? security and facial recognition collected forces you to consider, detectives who asked him to unlock Documents can be forged; docu- systems in Mission Impossible. As what about those Ethan Hunt/ a murder victim’s phone for potential ments can be stolen. Passwords and one of those moviegoers, I absolutely James Bond-types clever enough evidence. With only the victim’s full PINs, even though they are supposed lost my mind. Nothing was safe from to steal passwords you can never set of prints, he did. to be random characters, people, if someone who could steal your face change? What happens when When you ask Jain what he thinks they want to remember it, [make it a] and wear it around. Nothing. someone steals your biometric the larger implications of biometrics relatively simple combination of char- At the time, biometric security data and tricks a machine into are, he will tell you that as security acters,” he said. “That’s why for higher measures looked so far away, seem- believing they are you? measures go, biometrics off er security, we have started adopting ingly relegated to government agen- Believe it or not, it has already something PIN codes and passwords biometrics. And there are some places cies like the CIA, classifi ed military happened: A dead man’s phone can’t. A thumbprint or an iris scan are where biometrics are the only way to facilities and spy fi lms. But today we was unlocked using a fi ngerprint not only harder to fake, they’re also fi nd a solution.” live in a world that very much relies reprinted in a lab. It took some impossible to guess — but they still —Eyragon Eidam on our fi ngerprints, faces, voices and doing, but Michigan State Univer- aren’t perfect.

Future Buildings May Be Tough as Coconuts FATAL ‘JIHADIST’ If you've ever tried cracking open a coconut, then you're no doubt ATTACKS IN THE U.S. aware of how structurally strong they are. Scientists from Germany's SINCE 9/11 University of Freiburg recently analyzed coconut shells to see what makes them so tough, and their fi ndings could lead the way to building materials that are better able to withstand earthquakes. Coconut shells consist of three distinct layers: the leathery exocarp on the outside, the fi brous mesocarp in the middle Number of deaths and the hard endocarp on the inside, which protects the developing seedling at the heart of the coconut. Using compression 20162016 / ORLANDO, FLA., NIGHTCLUB SHOOTING 4949 machines and an impact pendulum, the scientists observed the manner in which the endocarp distributes impact energy. 2015 / SAN BERNARDINO, CALIF., SHOOTING 14 What they found was that the vessels that make up a coconut’s vascular system — which take the form of angled, ladder-like structures 2015 / CHATTANOOGA, TENN., MILITARY SHOOTING 5 known as vascular bundles — dissipate energy by defl ecting cracks lengthwise, instead of allowing them to 2014 / OKLAHOMA BEHEADING 1 travel straight through to the inside. It is now hoped that these vascular 2013 / BOSTON MARATHON BOMBING 4 bundles could be replicated using textile fi bers embedded 2009 / LITTLE ROCK, ARK., SHOOTING 1 within concrete. SOURCE: SOCIETY

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As adoption of body cameras increases, many police departments are overwhelmed with how, when and where to store video. Adding to the challenge are various storage myths, which can cause agency leaders to believe they will be unable to afford the storage needed to support body cameras or that they will need to hire additional staff to manage the solution. In this Q&A, Ted Hayduk, a global consulting solution architect specializing in video surveillance, explains why body camera video storage is simpler than you may think.

TED HAYDUK, Global Consulting Solution Architect, NetApp DEBUNKING THE MYTHS OF BODY CAMERA VIDEO STORAGE

Q: What are some common assumptions footage used to identify an individual to Q: What criteria should agency about body camera storage? have an image density of just 40 pixels leaders use when selecting a A: There are myths that body camera storage per each foot of distance. By using the data storage provider? is complicated because: 1) cameras generate a right tool for the right job, agencies can A: The cloud is one option and it’s the preferred signifi cant amount of data; 2) you have to hire reduce their fi le size by four to fi ve times. method for several vendors. However, the agency people who specialize in how to handle video needs to understand what that means in terms data and; 3) it’s a large project that touches all Q: What are some best practices of risk. Who encrypts the data? Who stores and aspects of management. However, video is just for capturing, handling and processes it? It’s the agency’s responsibility another type of information that needs to be storing body camera video? to certify that CJIS-compliant vendors are managed, similar to what agencies are already A: Agencies need to consider: actually following rules and procedures. handling in paper, audio or still-picture form. What is the mission of our body camera Additionally, some agencies that sign up for Body camera information can fl ow through a program? This will help them determine long-term agreements fi nd there are terms and department’s standard policies and procedures what offi cers should be capturing conditions they didn’t fully understand. Even if with some minor changes. There are techniques and how cameras should be used. the cloud looks easy and affordable, consider and technologies that allow departments to How will cameras be assigned? It’s the potential risks and look at your fi xed costs easily control the video throughout its life cycle. best to assign each offi cer a camera over a fi ve-year period. There are several to create a sense of ownership and environments that allow agencies to handle all Q: What are some perceived challenges simplify the chain of evidence. of the data on premises. With an on-premises around body camera implementations? How much data will our cameras solution, agencies can determine who and A: There’s a perception that when you take generate? Offi cers should only use the what data is added or removed. Then, they pictures, video or audio, you have to use the camera while they are interacting with can leverage the cloud to make safety copies best technology available. Body cameras are citizens. On average, between 1.75 and 3 because the encryption of that data is rendered intended to capture the interaction between hours of footage are captured per shift by the in-house software before it goes to the citizens and offi cers — agencies don’t need — that’s about 1 GB or less per hour. cloud. In my experience, you can save 40 to 60 the best quality video to achieve this. A What are our data storage policies? percent by going with an on-premises solution. high-defi nition camera allows you to see There are 29 states that have legislation It’s important that police departments look images that are farther away, but the body on how body camera video should at all available options, understand the issues camera range should be 10 feet and inward. be stored and used, which can vary about how body camera data is captured, and The Department of Justice requires video between 30 days and 1 year. consider how to archive and manage it over time.

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EM16 Q&A Arrow.indd 1 9/14/16 1:22 PM

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he Clery Act doesn’t say when or how a campus emergency team should initiate critical communications. It doesn’t lay out the precise Tscenarios that might require a timely notiﬁ cation or prescribe speciﬁ c means for reaching out to students and faculty. All it says, in eff ect, is that campus leaders need to have a well documented plan.

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At the University of Massachusetts Amherst, that plan rests largely in the hands of Jeff rey Hescock, director of university emergency management and business continuity for Amherst and four other UMass campuses. While Hescock uses an emergency text notiﬁ cation system powered by Rave Mobile Safety software, he said the technology is not the most important piece of the emergency communications puzzle. “The texting is great, but you also have to have the plans and procedures and protocols behind it,” he said. In most cases his emphasis is on timeliness, a process that ensures emergency messages don’t get held up by bureaucratic roadblocks. That means Emergency managers at colleges large ensuring frontline campus police dispatchers and small are taking a wider view of

are authorized — and trained — to call a APIMAGES.COM emergencies and plans on campus. general alert. “We make sure we can get that message out as quickly as possible and not have those plans. “As part of the annual planning multiple layers of people needing to review it.” process my emergency management team will Having the policy is great; having it docu- cross-reference what we are doing to the new tion. Now he’s adding follow-up notifi ca- mented, as per the Clery handbook, is even handbook as well as to all of our other require- tions into the broader warning procedure. better. “We are big on standards — accreditation ments. We’ll make sure that we are collecting At the same time, Gaff ney is working standards, best practices. We see a tremen- that information and rolling it into our already closely to communicate those changes to dous value in having a document that spells existing plans,” she said. “It is all part of the local emergency managers in the commu- out clearly: Here is what we are going to do,” same continuous improvement process.” nity. Campus emergency managers, along Hescock said. “Going through that exercise At the Washington State University campus with their peers in city and county positions, helps us to defi ne our processes even better.” in Pullman, meanwhile, Director of the Offi ce agree that the Clery requirements can form At the fi ve-campus University of Minne- of Emergency Management Michael Gaff ney a helpful foundation for their collaborative sota system, whose Twin Cities branch alone is casts a wide net to ensure he can get the word planning and communications eff orts. host to some 80,000 individuals on any given out to the roughly 28,000 individuals who popu- day, Emergency Management Director Lisa late the campus at the height of the school year. Dressler depends on multiple levels of notifi ca- Try to log into the main university portal for hen Gary Jenkins took over as the tion when urgent alerts are needed. In addition things like registration and fi nances, and you’ll Pullman, Wash., police chief and to sirens and an on-campus PA system, she be redirected to a site asking you to fi rst choose emergency management director also uses some email and — primarily — a text your preferred mode of emergency contact. For in 2010 the city’s emergency plan alert system to spread word of emergencies. those who don’t get pulled into the system this W had just been rejected by FEMA Her team pulled the alarm in early June way, Gaff ney also reaches out via the all-campus as insuffi cient. As he set out to reformulate it, during a severe weather event. While the email list. He can push emergency messages on Jenkins saw that despite its massive population heavy winds and dangerous thunderstorms the university’s apps that normally deliver bus base, the university had never been eff ectively hadn’t reached the Twin Cities yet, the timing information and campus maps, and there’s also included in the city’s emergency plan: In fact, looked bad, with the storm due to arrive just an emergency alert website. Miss all that, and the two had separate emergency plans. as people were leaving work. “It was coming there are still the loudspeakers and the sirens. As Jenkins set out to improve that situa- in fast and coming in hard. We knew there The annual review of Clery compliance tion, he found in the Clery Act a helpful ally. would be downed trees and power lines,” gives Gaff ney an opportunity to run through all “Because of the requirements the schools have, Dressler said. “So even though it didn’t meet these outreach eff orts afresh. “The minimum they had a lot of things already put together, the threshold for an emergency in terms of threshold level is compliance, but we want to so that we just had to reformulate in terms wind severity, which is what we would normally know: Can we provide even better informa- of how FEMA wanted them to look, and that use, we still wanted to get that message out.” tion? Do we learn lessons from our tests that could then be the basis of our plans,” he said. The incident went smoothly, with students, ought to be captured?” he said. In fact, yes. In The cooperative planning proved so eff ective faculty and staff all alerted to seek shelter and one recent test of a confi rm-receipt func- that the city and surrounding county eventually keep themselves informed. It’s the kind of tion, his team found that students, more so joined the university’s contract for emergency thing Dressler plans for all the time, and she than faculty, needed to be sent test messages communications services. The Everbridge said the Clery requirements help her to lay more than once in order to gain their atten- system allows university emergency leaders to

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send high-volume text, email and telephone “It keeps us all on the same page. When wee notifi cations. As co-users on the same contract, talk about what is required of us, our countyntty AT A city and county emergency managers can reach emergency management people can see across in support of one another. “Each of the exactly what we are doing and why. The fi rer GLANCE emergency managers for each of the entities and police and ambulance people can see wwhat The Clery Act requires that campuses has the ability to send an emergency notifi ca- viewpoint we’re coming at it from,” she said.iid. have documented plans for issuing both tion to anyone on the system,” Jenkins said. “So The Clery Act’s emphasis on communica-iica- emergency notifi cations and timely if my staff or I were not available to send an tions has been especially helpful in allowingnng warnings. What’s the diff erence? emergency notifi cation for whatever reason, the school to work out crisis response protocolsttocols one of the others could actually do it for me.” with the surrounding health-care community.nnity. That level of closeness makes sense to “If we have an emergency that involves injuriesjjuries EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION Gaff ney. “Anything that aff ects us is likely to or fatalities, we have to work very closely wwith have an eff ect on the city and the county,” the hospital on who tells the media what,” Scope: he said. As of mid-June the school’s Board of Donovan said. “So it helps to have that writtenitten Wide focus on any Regents, the City Council and County Board policy that says what we are going to do. TThen signifi cant emergency or of Commissioners all were in the process we don’t have to fi gure it out on the fl y.” dangerous situation of reviewing a fi rst-ever joint emergency Others point to the specifi city of languageuuage management plan. Gaff ney said Clery’s as a boon. “It’s the diff erence between ‘lock-kk- Why: documentation requirements were instru- down’ and ‘shelter in place.’ A high school Triggered by an event that is currently mental in bringing all the players together. will use the terminology ‘lockdown,’ becauseuuse occurring on or imminently threatening “The process of having to work out the it is just one or two buildings with controlledlled the campus. Initiate emergency details, to get it all written down, is really access — one way in and one way out. A notifi cation for any situation involving important. It requires strategic and tactical campus like ours with 352 buildings, theree is an immediate threat to the health or agreement on how things must and will operate no button to push to lock that down. So wee safety of students or employees. between principle players,” he said. “And now, talk about sheltering in place,” Hescock said.iid. Where: if the personalities change, if there is a new That can matter to an outside respondereer Applies to situations that occur mayor or a new City Council member, we arriving on scene. “They need to know on campus. won’t have to repeat all of that process. We whether all the doors are going to be lockedeed When: have the documentation as a starting point.” when they get here or whether those doorsrs Initiate immediately upon confi rmation While these Minnesota and Washington will be open,” he said. With help from the that a dangerous situation or campuses may dominate their local scene, school’s Clery compliance, “that’s some- emergency exists or threatens. with their tens of thousands of students, thing they can know before they get here.”” faculty and staff , these same town-and-gown As the new security handbook begins tot issues play out at smaller colleges as well. circulate, Moore at the Department of Educa-uuca- TIMELY WARNING Take for instance Michigan Technological tion said he is hopeful that city and countyy University: With its 7,000 students, mostly emergency leaders will engage with the docu-oocu- Scope: non-residential, it’s located on the farther ment, using it as a springboard to strengthenhhen Narrow focus on Clery crimes reaches of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, some emergency planning both for themselves 10 driving hours from Detroit. While it may and for their local colleges and universities.ss. Why: seem remote, this small school has many “If you look at a small liberal arts college,gge, Triggered by crimes that have already of the same cares as its big-city siblings. a lot of them have never had to go throughh occurred but represent an ongoing “If there is an armed intruder, a hostile the steps. They may have a very small policeice threat. Issue a timely warning for any intruder, if there is a fi re or a chemical spill, force. They don’t know where their closestt Clery crime committed on campus that we plan for all of that. We have written Level 1 trauma center is because they havee is reported to campus security authori- scripts for bomb threats, hostile intruder,” never thought about it,” he said. “If that ties or a local law enforcement agency said Jennifer Donovan, who as part of the county or city emergency manager knows and is considered by the institution public aff airs team on campus also serves on that, they might be able to help that campusuus to represent a serious or continuing the incident command team. “After Virginia emergency manager to fi x the hole. Then threat to students and employees. Tech, campuses really started paying atten- they can bring the schools into their largerr Where: tion to all of these things. That was when our programs to make sure there are seamless Applies to crimes that occur incident command team was developed.” connections between the plan for the largee anywhere on Clery geography. One of her team’s roles is to share what it community and the plan for the school.” k When: knows with those off campus, supported in part Issue a warning as soon as the by the Department of Education handbook. [email protected] pertinent information is available.

Source: Handbook for Campus Safety and Security Reporting

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The Mobile Response Unit DNESS is a 75-foot, heavy-duty “offi ce on wheels” that takes banking services directly to customers after a disaster.

Wells Fargo’s regional emergency managers embrace resilience.

EMERGENCYMGMT.COM 21

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s corporate America ready to cope During an emergency, businesses worry nership between the FBI and the private Iduring a disaster? Arguably not. In about employees, customers and community sector that shares information and tactics one recent survey, 22 percent of — usually in that order. “In most companies it for protecting critical infrastructure and key private-sector workers told Career- is fairly sequential, and community outreach resources. He chairs the Regional Consortium Builder their companies don’t have is the third priority,” said Peter Ohtaki, the Coordinating Council, one of the partner- plans in place to deal with fi re or fl ood. Increase bank’s San Francisco Bay Area regional emer- ship councils recognized by the U.S. Depart- the severity of the event, and confi dence gency manager. “At Wells Fargo it is very much ment of Homeland Security in the National plummets further. For example, 41 percent at the front of our work eff orts and priorities.” Infrastructure Protection Plan. He also served said their company isn’t prepared to deal The bank has done extensive work to build as a working group member on the National with “physical attack from another person.” up its credibility in the emergency manage- Infrastructure Advisory Council, giving Wells Fargo Bank likes to think of itself ment community, to make itself a trusted input on critical infrastructure and the as an exception to the rule. With a 2015 net partner. In return Wells Fargo has become National Incident Management System. income of $23 billion, and 265,000 employees a go-to player. It has struck formal relation- What all those activities add up to, he in 9,000 locations, there is much to safeguard ships with regional emergency organizations, said, is the ability to get timely informa- here. The burden falls largely to Vice Presi- and its crisis teams routinely are invited tion and make smart decisions. Terzich dent of Incident Management Christopher into the emergency operations center. pointed for example to the recent papal visit Terzich and his team of 26 strategically Things didn’t always run this smoothly, to Philadelphia, a mass crowd event in an distributed emergency managers. Together said Terzich, who has been with the bank area rich with Wells Fargo assets. “We had they anticipate crises, ensure employee for almost 30 years. He recalled the mood team members taking part in the plan- safety and help customers gain access to of self-congratulation when the emergency ning eff ort for months and months, looking their fi nances even in times of disaster. team unveiled its fi rst corporate disaster to see how we could all come to work, The team can cite the usual round of preparedness plan on Sept. 10, 2001. “We while still maintaining security,” he said. fundamentals in explaining its approach to were quite proud of ourselves — until Those relationships can make a tangible driving business continuity. There’s experi- the very next day, when we realized how diff erence in times of actual emergency. In the ence: FEMA-trained managers, some with much more there still was to do,” he said. midst of 2012’s Hurricane Sandy, when some three decades’ police work to their credit. groups made a premature call for evacuation, There’s the ongoing preparedness program, Terzich was able to tell his people to stay put, supported by a corporate intelligence unit based on information from more trustworthy that tracks a range of potential hazards on a In the ensuing years, Terzich has become sources. “At a time when there was all sorts of global scale. Topmost, though, is the matter an embodiment of the bank’s outreach confl icting information, we were able to push of outreach. Wells Fargo emergency profes- approach to emergency readiness. back,” he said. “When information was ambig- sionals say their ties to the community are He has served as president of the Infra- uous we were able to ask for clarifi cation.” the bedrock that underlies their eff orts. Gard Minnesota Members Alliance, a part- That same experience has played out among the bank’s regional emergency management leaders across the nation.

Wells Fargo’s emergency management eff ort may stretch across the global enterprise, but it is structured to play out at the local level, with regional managers situated centrally to the bank’s activities, including the United States corps, plus one in Hong Kong. “Our goal is to mirror where our customers are and where our communities are,” Terzich said. “A foot of snow in Minneapolis in FLICKR/ERIK DROST winter is not a signiﬁ cant issue, whereas The Republican National Convention in Cleveland raised concerns that brought a needed coordination three inches of snow in Charlotte [N.C.] can between Wells Fargo and agencies like the Secret Service, and DHS, plus state emergency managers and bring the city to a standstill. So we want to city public safety offi cials. have as much local control as possible.”

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CORPORATE CONTINUITY CORE customers and our team members,” Terzich The Incident Management Team makes up the heart of the Wells Fargo emergency management said. “They don’t attempt to be all-seeing, but operation, which is responsible for keeping employees safe and ensuring business continues they do attempt to identify when a situation is even in times of crisis. Specifi cally, emergency managers are charged with providing: changing. They watch when there is instability, and they look at the possible trajectories.” An enterprise focus Situational awareness Consistency of The team sends out travel advisories to ensure that team obtained through messages internally and weather watches. It off ers economic members respond monitoring and expert and externally. updates, and it churned out a steady stream safely during an review of available of reports around Brexit, Britain’s recent emergency at work information and strong Consistency in team vote to leave the European Union. Does all and for the enterprise information-sharing member safety and of this touch on emergency management? to prudently respond partnerships and well-being issues. The point is: It could. “If you see a threat, to crises of any relationships within you don’t necessarily have to respond to it, origin and scope. communities and Eff ective prioritization of but you do have to make sure somebody public agencies. resources in response. has the ball. You have to get it to the right place,” said Terzich. The threat intelli- Source: Wells Fargo Team Member Handbook January 2016 gence unit fi lls in that piece of the puzzle. Resources such as these have helped the bank to establish itself as an integral element Chris Cowart exercised that local control the value of working with the private sector,” of the emergency team in many communities. when the Republican National Committee he said. “If a community is going to recover came to Cleveland this summer. Based in quickly after a disaster, businesses have to Georgia, he’s a regional emergency manager be open. Commerce has to be fl owing.” overseeing 93 site emergency plans covering It fl ows fi rst at the local level and so that’s In the South, for example, the 20,000 employees in seven states. how the bank organizes its incident manage- Contingency Planning Association of The convention fell in his territory, a mass ment eff orts. At the same time, though, there the Carolinas numbers Wells Fargo event that raised concerns about everything are some advantages that come with being among its sponsors, alongside corporations from transportation disruptions to public a global entity. Wells Fargo’s emergency like Duke Energy and Lowe’s, as well as other demonstrations. To prepare, he coordinated managers say they will frequently tap the fi nancial institutions including BB&T and with Homeland Security, the Secret Service, organization for higher-level expertise. Bank of America. state emergency managers and city’s public “We have a number of experts — from In the Midwest, Regional Incident safety. “We want to be as prepared as we corporate properties, from risk and insur- Manager Jeff McClaran chairs the Safe- can be, and that means we want to share ance, from business continuity. There are a guard Iowa Partnership. He brings a ster- as much information as we can, to make lot of people who can assist us when we have ling pedigree to both tasks: An emergency sure everybody has the same information something that takes a lot of horsepower,” medical technician, he is also a certifi ed and shares the same messages,” he said. Cowart said. “That allows us to manage it at master anti-terrorism specialist, certifi ed The bank shares more than information. the local level, and then to escalate informa- homeland security level IV, a search-and- In response to disasters, such as the Texas tion up through those established channels.” recovery diver and a weapons-of-mass- fl ooding in spring 2015, it has sometimes In fact, that high-level expertise may even destruction-rated fi rst responder. deployed a Mobile Response Unit. This help Cowart and other emergency managers In Northern California, Ohtaki said 75-foot, heavy-duty “offi ce on wheels” takes to pre-empt crises, by preparing them with the bank is deeply integrated into the banking services directly to customers after a deeper level of threat intelligence than a local emergency response community — a a disaster. The unit has private offi ces and is typical corporate incident manager might level of involvement that has been in the equipped with computers, a cellular data feed enjoy. Specifi cally, the bank’s emergency making for some time. In 2012 the bank with satellite backup and self-contained gener- apparatus includes a threat intelligence unit signed a memorandum of understanding ators. Bank employees can off er mortgage composed of four individuals: one in Minne- with the California Emergency Manage- assistance, process insurance claim checks sota, one in Arizona and two in Washington, ment Agency (now the Governor’s Offi ce of and deliver other recovery-related services. D.C., whose job is to track any and all threat Emergency Services), agreeing to provide Cowart said the preparedness commu- activity that could impact bank interests. mutual assistance and share resources. nity has welcomed the participation of a They watch for hurricanes and track “Our private partners play a critical role private-sector partner. “Many of the state wildfi res. They monitor disease outbreaks in emergency response,” Mark Ghilarducci, emergency management agencies now have and keep tabs on political unrest — “any the agency’s director, said at the time. “Having a business-sector liaison. They recognize kind of emerging external danger to our organizations such as Wells Fargo who are

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willing and able to help provide emergency accessed and deployed in the way that they Fargo. Other members of the bank’s emer- assistance and resources to aff ected commu- are most needed, without getting in the way gency management cadre come directly from nities in times of need is a benefi t to all of what the public sector is doing,” he said. the fi rst responder world, some with nearly Californians. These partnerships increase Ohtaki got all those gears turning when 30 years’ experience in police and fi re work. our resources, help us better coordinate and Super Bowl 50 came to the region in February, That hands-on background can be a deliver the services our residents will need bringing with it two weeks of frenetic activity valuable asset in translating corporate during times of emergency, and they help our in and around the San Francisco Bay Area. emergency priorities into tangible action. local communities get back on their feet.” “We had to make sure that our employees “Because they have experience as fi rst As a result, the Wells Fargo team is often could get in and out of work safely, that responders, they bring that special exper- invited to be a part of the EOC to help coordi- they were well prepared and knew what was tise to the table. They understand how it nate emergency response. The bank can help going on,” he said. Teaming with multiple all works and especially where to fi nd the to deploy mobile ATMs, for example, to ensure municipalities as well as authorities from resources,” said Terzich. As disaster profes- residents can access cash during a crisis. transit, public works and elsewhere, Ohtaki sionals, they know where to fi nd the latest Ohtaki’s role goes beyond the fi nancial generated a steady stream of information threat data and when to ring the alarm. sector. He teams with technology partners around the event. “Many of these activi- They know how to keep employees safe, and to help deliver mobile communications, ties took place during work hours and we just as important, how to keep them calm. and he works with the food and beverage wanted people to be knowledgeable about “My team’s job is also to vet the informa- industry to coordinate delivery of emergency the resources that were available to them.” tion, to make sure we are not acting just supplies. “We can help mobilize resources A former councilmember and mayor of because somebody tweeted something.” k in the private sector across all our part- Menlo Park, Calif., Ohtaki chaired the Cali- ners, to help make sure those things can be fornia Resiliency Alliance before joining Wells [email protected]

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Communicate.

Make your emergency plan today. Visit Ready.gov/communicate

PHOTOS BY DAVID SILVERBERG

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Bockistan lies in ruins. as deputy director and interim director. From student body is Hispanic — and they bring A magnitude 7.8 earthquake has rocked there he served a stint heading up air opera- an eagerness and earnestness to their studies the country, killing hundreds. Large apart- tions and emergency medical operations for that can be felt on campus. Likewise, the ment buildings have collapsed, communica- Monroe County, Fla.’s southernmost jurisdic- administration is unafraid of new ideas and tions are out, airports and seaports are closed, tion, which includes the town of Key West, the actively seeks new fi elds of endeavor. electricity is dead, and water isn’t fl owing. other Florida Keys and vast expanses of Ever- So when Almaguer proposed a new Into this situation come 42 Americans glades National Park. Along the way, Almaguer Academy for International Disaster Prepared- ranging in age from their early 20s to their late collected a master’s degree in public admin- ness, the administration was ready to listen. 50s, full of enthusiasm and determination to istration and one in homeland security and In 1992 Hurricane Andrew blasted through do good and carrying bags of gear. But they’re defense from the Naval Postgraduate School. the campus, shearing trees and ripping off entering an unfamiliar world in a state of disaster, full of cultural pitfalls and government red tape. What’s more, this is their fi nal exam — not to add any pressure. Bockistan, of course, is fi ctional. Suppos- edly situated between Pakistan, Nepal and India, it should be surrounded by the towering mountains of the Himalayas. The tempera- ture should be cold and the air should be thin. Instead, the rescue of Bockistan will take place under a blazing sun in a fl at Florida fi eld amid rampant mosquitoes and thick, humid, 100-degree air, only occasionally relieved by a light breeze or a pounding tropical rain. But the exact details of the response to the great Bockistani earthquake of July 2016 are less important than the larger purpose: a sophisticated master’s-level course in disaster management that culminates in a unique fi eld exercise. It’s a course and an exercise that physically and mentally test its students, teach them some of the pitfalls of international response, and at the same time build larger organizational resilience in the school and the surrounding community. In March 2012 Almaguer joined Florida BOCKISTAN IN RUINS International University (FIU) as assistant A magnitude 7.8 earthquake rocks a fi ctitious country, and master’s-level Florida THE RESPONDER AND THE SCHOOL vice president for disaster management International University students respond. On the bookshelf in Ruben Almaguer’s and emergency operations. offi ce are the relics of a life spent responding This was a coming together of a unique to disasters. institution and a unique individual, and There’s a chunk of brick from the Alfred the two complemented each other in roofs, doing $6.3 million worth of damage. P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, unusual ways. In characteristic purposeful fashion, FIU a hunk of steel from the World Trade Center FIU is a young school, founded in 1965 as students responded by organizing relief eff orts and a partially melted engine part from Flight Miami’s fi rst public research institution and focused on a campus center. In the longer 77, which hit the Pentagon on Sept. 11, 2001. initially situated on the site of an abandoned term, the National Hurricane Center, which There are relics from earthquakes in Vene- airfi eld. From these humble beginnings it had its physical radar dome and instruments zuela, Colombia, Armenia, Turkey and Taiwan. has grown to include seven campuses around destroyed at its usual site, moved to a hurri- Hurricanes Katrina, Opal and Mitch yielded the Miami area. The student population cane-resistant facility on the FIU campus. their artifacts, as did fl oods in Mozambique. has grown by leaps and bounds, from an The school hosted a conference of hurricane Almaguer served at all of them. initial enrollment of 5,667 in 1972 to more experts six months after the disaster and It’s an impressive collection for a man who than 54,000 today, and it’s still expanding. created an International Hurricane Research started his career in the Miami-Dade County, With 190 degree programs, the school Center. In 2012 it unveiled the country’s most Fla., Fire Rescue Department, rising to divi- has a very practical bent and an entrepre- powerful hurricane simulator, known as the sion chief before going to Florida’s Division neurial spirit. It serves a heavily immigrant, “Wall of Wind,” on its engineering campus. It of Emergency Management, where he served working population — 61 percent of the also created an entire disaster management

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department complete with a sophisticated, hardened campus EOC. When Hurricane Isaac approached south Florida in 2012, FIU shut down the campus for two weeks. “The provost said that they made the best decision with the information they had, and when you’re in emergency management, that’s what you want to hear,” recalled Amy Aiken, the school’s director of emergency operations. “The big takeaway was that the policymakers understood that it was important to make a clear decision with the information we had. This administration takes emergency management very seriously and they’re engaged.” Indeed, in contrast to many schools that have haphazard or low-priority emergency management offi ces, here emergency management sits high in the university’s hierarchy as a stand-alone department and a key priority. Twice a year the school conducts tabletop exercises based on scenarios from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and top university offi cials participate. “University management is disciplined,” said Aiken. “The focus is clear. We’re pretty high up in the food chain, which of their packs — and fi nd their way to the Another cruise line employee taking the makes it possible to build the program.” OSOCC. They did this despite bulky GPS course is Oscar Celorio, 42, a claims adjuster Or, as Almaguer put it: “This is the best devices whose batteries didn’t work. who is also part of his line’s “go-team” that prepared university before it happens, But somewhere out there, the eight-person responds to crises wherever they occur. while it happens and after it happens.” Yellow Team, representing European Relief, Christine Kruse, 46, is a crime scene a fi ctional nongovernmental organization, is detective with the Miami-Dade County Police THE MISSING YELLOW TEAM missing. Department. Learning disaster management The Bockistanis are pissed. What’s more, these students are old enough fi t in with her additional law enforcement Instead of reporting fi rst to the United and experienced enough to know better. responsibility for disaster mortuary response. Nations’ On-Site Operations Coordination The academy’s fi rst cohort is a mixed Darwin Villavicencio, 42, is also a detective, Center (OSOCC) before establishing a base bag, but all are coming with real-world a Marine Corps veteran and an FIU under- camp like they were supposed to do, the Yellow professional experience. Nearly all — 96 graduate. He’s seen disaster up close: He has Team has wandered off to parts unknown. percent — are currently employed. Of the been deployed to both New York and Haiti. That’s a no-no in this devastated country. 42 people accepted into the class (out of Jose Herrera, 53, is a chief fi re offi cer Having gone through bag checks and medical 62 applicants), 34 percent come from law and nurse with Miami-Dade Fire Rescue. examinations at their initial gathering point enforcement, 18 percent from fi re service Arriving to the United States from Cuba at in a university building, the entire class was and 14 percent are in the military, with the the age of 4, the treatment he received for a transported to Bockistan — in this case, FIU’s largest group coming from the U.S. Marines. job-related injury while working at an airport Biscayne Bay Campus. The initial OSOCC visit The private sector contributes 24 percent, so impressed him that he switched his career after arriving in the country is very important. nongovernment organizations 8 percent from aeronautical engineering to emergency There, team leaders are briefed on the situ- and 2 percent are already in emergency medicine. He’s spent 33 years in fi re and ation and issued satellite phones and radios, management. The average age is 43. rescue and loves it, but is now seeking to which the Bockistani government insists Imani Bradford, 24, is an example of a transition into emergency management. “It’s a operate on only a single frequency, and given private-sector student. In her day job, she little bit diffi cult but just as rewarding,” he said. the GPS coordinates to their base camps. handles logistics for one of the 18 cruise Rod Elkins retired after 26 years of active The Green, Red, Orange and Blue lines that operate from Miami. “I do a lot duty in the U.S. Coast Guard and now works teams managed to get through border of logistical coordination in my job and I for the service in a civilian capacity. A member security despite a lot of hassles — a like it. I realized that emergency manage- of the Coast Guard’s strike team responding to border guard found ammunition in one ment is a lot of coordination too,” she said. worldwide disasters, during Hurricane Katrina

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Introduction to Vulnerability Analysis and provides a boat to ferry them, and they Hazard Mitigation, and Field Operations. receive instructions in maritime operations. In any other program, all this would A string of VIPs come by to view the culminate in a written examination or thesis. exercise: Curtis Sommerhoff , director of the But here it ends in lugging heavy bags through Miami-Dade County Offi ce of Emergency sweltering heat and trying to fi gure out what Management, who has used FIU interns in is going on in Bockistan as the students apply his offi ce and worked with the university to everything they’ve learned in the class- develop software programs, test products room and are graded on their responses. and study threats such as storm surge; David Finally, the Yellow Team shows up at Paulison, former administrator of FEMA, the OSOCC. The United Nations representative, who worked with a number of FIU faculty played by Jennifer Beatty, a serving offi cial in during his time in Washington; and Dave the Offi ce of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance, Downey, chief of Miami-Dade Fire Rescue. attached to the U.S. Southern Command and a The visits and personal contacts being veteran of Afghanistan, has grim news for the made help cement the relationship between Yellow Team leaders: The entire team has been the surrounding response agencies and declared persona non grata by the Bockistanis the students, as well as among the students and is being kicked out of the country. themselves, who will be the fi re and police It will take a trek back to border security chiefs and emergency managers of the future. and the intervention of the U.S. ambassador Then, after three days, it is over. In to Bockistan to keep them in the country. But a moving nighttime ceremony under an the lesson is learned: When deploying abroad open tent, huddling from sheets of rain, to provide disaster relief, good intentions are the students exchange gifts, receive chal- not enough. Strict protocols and procedures lenge coins, and speak about the meaning of must be observed, particularly when it comes the course in their personal lives and their to credentialing and host country acceptance pride in being the fi rst cohort. The next AFFORDABLE AND ACHIEVABLE — not a mistake they’re likely to make again. morning, they dismantle the tents, pack Nearly all of the program’s students are the equipment and eat their last MREs. employed and most in fi rst responder-type THE BONDS OF BOCKISTAN professions, a big factor in designing the course. From there the students are bused to Over the next two days, the students go the university’s EOC for an evaluation. through the hurdles of international disaster They fi ll out forms rating the experience relief. They speak to Bockistani offi cials — and the entire course, and make he was in charge of the agency’s response portrayed by veteran responders — about suggestions for the next cohort. in Mobile, Ala. Now he’s seeking to add an the situation on the ground, trying to get a It’s an emotional farewell. Over the year, emergency management degree to his resume. comprehensive view of the disaster. Emer- and especially the last three days, they’ve Understanding the time demands and gency medical care instruction is provided bonded and shared a formative experience. requirements of a working, professional by world-recognized exotic disease expert The faculty provides statements praising student body like this, Almaguer and his Dr. Aileen Marty, and water purifi cation and their achievements and recounting how team designed the course to be both aff ord- sanitation are covered by Franklin Broad- far they’ve come. The feeling in the EOC able and achievable. Tuition is $25,000 and hurst, speaking from his own experiences is warm and fuzzy as well as collegial. includes teaching materials like books, which in Afghanistan. They receive instruction The sense of accomplishment is palpable. can run an additional $4,000. The class meets in satellite communications, erect tents New friendships have been made. every Saturday for one year with only four and chow down on meals-ready-to-eat Then someone turns on the EOC moni- holidays and is culminating in this three-day (MREs). They’re pounded by rain that falls tors and into the room comes breaking exercise. That’s in contrast to most master’s in cascades and struggle to stay hydrated in news: Three police offi cers have been programs, which can range in cost from the suff ocating heat. And they work both ambushed and killed in Baton Rouge, La. $30,000 to $120,000 and take anywhere from early in the morning and late into the night, The talk freezes and a silent chill descends. a year and a half to three years — something collecting information and fi ling reports. This is real and immediate. The responders in especially diffi cult for working students. Given the close relations between the this room will be returning to streets where That single year of coursework is one of FIU faculty and local emergency response disasters can occur at any time. But they will the most attractive aspects of the program, the agencies, they’re also visited by Miami-Dade be that much more prepared for both the students said. responders and get instruction in helicopter big events and the little ones. And so will During the class, students take nine courses operations and safety before being taken to the school and the broader community. with titles like Comparative Disaster Manage- remote locations to continue their situ- Reality has returned. Bockistan is suddenly ment Systems, Disaster Response and Recovery, ational reporting. The U.S. Coast Guard very far away. k

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Jay English, the Association of Public- Safety Communications Offi cials Interna- tional’s (APCO) director of communications center and 911 services, said PSAPs could be vulnerable to distributed denial-of-service attacks, which attempt to make an online service unavailable by overwhelming it with traffi c from multiple sources. “In order to take out a police department, the attacker has to obtain access to that police department and make a dedicated attack,” he said. “But in order to take out fi ve police departments and fi ve fi re departments, a hospital and an EMS agency, all they really have to do is fi nd one PSAP that serves all of them. A single attack could aff ect multiple responding agencies.” English, who is a former PSAP director, said that as we move toward NG911, PSAPs are going to become just as vulnerable as any home computer or wireless phone, laptop or tablet. “If you talk to directors of the largest PSAPs in the country, even they are not aware of the level of the threat they face today,” English said. “We have operated in a very secure, closed-loop analog environment for decades, and now as we move to an open IP environment we will be subject to the same kind of threats and multiple-vector attacks that any IP-based system is vulnerable to. So we have to start educating our folks and rethinking our defensive strategy.” The 911 Cyber Challenge The interconnection with other systems and networks adds to the level of complexity. Increased connectivity brings cybersecurity threats to 911 call centers. “Not only do you have the 911 inbound traffi c, you also have the computer-aided dispatch By David Raths | Contributing Writer [CAD] system, and both are dependent on GIS databases,” said English. “You have records management systems for all the mergency Management has published to digital, one challenge looms large: the agencies that tie into that CAD. All these are several articles about the movement increased risk of cyberattacks on 911 call becoming IP-based and integrated, and for toward a next-generation 911 (NG911) centers once they are connected to so good measure throw in FirstNet, which is system based on modern Internet protocols many devices and other networks. IP-based. All of a sudden you have end-to- that will allow responders to take advantage of With the current generation of 911 end IP networks and end-to-end vulner- capabilities such as text and video messaging. networks, PSAPs have seen telephony denial- abilities. We have to defend not just a single Beyond the capability to send and receive of-service attacks in which attackers fl ood a element, but multiple elements across the texts and multimedia, there are other benefi ts call center with calls to disrupt service. There enterprise. And we have to do it 6,000 times, to the new types of networks. Public safety have been more than 300 telephony denial-of- because there are 6,200 to 6,700 PSAPs and answering points (PSAPs) will be able to service attacks against public safety organiza- every one of them has to be defended.” transfer calls and activate alternative routing tions, including PSAPs, police departments, Scott Somers, a professor in Arizona State to share the burden during an emergency hospitals and fi re departments in the last University’s College of Public Service and or when they are closed by disaster. couple of years. Along with the high-profi le Community Solutions, agreed with English But accompanying all these impor- ransomware attacks on hospitals, several that this is a far more complex and dynamic

SHUTTERSTOCK.COM tant beneﬁ ts of the switch from analog police departments also have been victims. problem than we have seen historically.

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______Designer ______Creative Dir. 100 Blue Ravine Road Folsom, CA 95630 916-932-1300 ______Editorial ______Prepress www.erepublic.com CMY grey T1 T2 T3 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 Page # ______Other ______OK to go BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN “It is going to take money and expertise to prevent hostile acts against the United States. stay vigilant,” said Somers, who is a senior “They can network with other people in their fellow at George Washington University’s industry and in other industries to tap into Center for Cyber and Homeland Security. the collective knowledge out there to guide “This is not a one-time thing. It is not buying them in securing themselves,” Fricke said. a device in order to protect a system; it is APCO’s English, who served on the monitoring threats and addressing them as cybersecurity working group of the Federal they emerge. It is a very dynamic concern.” Communications Commission’s Task Force University of Houston One approach PSAPs can take is to start on Optimal PSAP Architecture (TFOPA), said Is Researching collaborating more to share best prac- the task force recognized that security has NG911 Cyber Solutions tices and threat information, Somers said. to be baked into the architecture upfront. “PSAP operators tend to be in law enforce- “You can’t build a system and then decide Computer scientists at the University ment, EMS or fi re bureaus, and their busi- we have to protect it,” he said. “By then it’s of Houston (UH) have experience ness is being fi rst responders, so they may too late. The PSAP community is very good at researching how to protect critical not have much knowledge about potential being fl exible and scalable as long as they are infrastructure from a cyberattack. cyberthreats, and those threats are always educated and know the threat they are facing. Now with a $2.6 million grant from evolving,” said Somers, who also served on the Like anyone in public safety, we are used to the U.S. Department of Homeland FirstNet Public Safety Advisory Committee addressing threats head on, but we have to Security Science and Technology and SAFECOM Executive Committee. know what it is and how to defend against it.” Directorate, the UH researchers are Somers recommended that the federal A January 2016 TFOPA report proposed studying technology and best prac- government work with PSAPs and the the creation of an Emergency Communica- tices to protect emergency response private sector to share information on tions Cybersecurity Center. The idea is to systems, including both current and threats. One model already in place is create a security operations center designed next-generation 911 systems, against the Multi-State Information Sharing and to tie together information from multiple distributed denial-of-service attacks. Analysis Center, which off ers cyberthreat PSAPs and defend PSAPs as an enterprise The UH computer scientists also are prevention, protection, response and rather than a stand-alone element. working on responses to ransomware. recovery for state and local governments. As they work on NG911 networks, English “We have a long research history Somers also is concerned that PSAPs with said, PSAP directors should prepare lists of and eff ort related to the resiliency fewer fi nancial and manpower resources may questions for vendor partners. “I approach of critical infrastructure,” said Larry fall behind. “If you look at 911 call centers as vendors as partners because I don’t want Shi, the principal investigator on the they convert to NG911, you will fi nd great someone to sell me hardware and drop it off at grant and assistant professor of diversity in approaches to confronting the the front door and leave. I want someone who is computer science at UH. “Part of our cybersecurity threat,” he said. “Cities like New going to be working with me on a solution. To mission is to engage and talk with the York and other large metropolitan areas are do that, they have to be willing to answer those emergency management community putting a lot of money into it because they tough questions and help me defend my enter- about their needs and their road map have more revenue and more resources. The prise,” he said. “For PSAPs that are updating in terms of NG911, and the integra- smaller ones may not have the funding or from analog systems that have been in place for tion of cyberdefense with emergency expertise to address the emerging cyberthreat. 10 years, this is a brave new world. They should management. Over the last 12 months, We see that a lot in other areas of prepared- draw up a checklist from the TFOPA report we have done a lot of outreach to ness, so why would this be any diff erent?” and the NIST [National Institute of Standards understand the needs of the commu- The nation’s 911 call center executives and Technology] cybersecurity framework nity. We are trying to understand the must see their function as part of the coun- for creating an RFP and better understand risks and vulnerabilities of NG911.” try’s critical infrastructure, said Keith Fricke, which vendor is going to be a partner versus UH researchers are seeking to a principal consultant with Overland Park, which just wants to sell you some hardware.” understand the most likely places Kan.-based tw-Security and a former health English said that if this transition is to take where cyberactors could attack system chief security offi cer. “As they move place over the next fi ve to 10 years, PSAPs the NG911 system. They plan to to an IP-based infrastructure, it is crucial that have to start talking about it now. “As with develop mitigation strategies or security is baked into that evolution. They will anything in government, if you start talking technology components that can be be subject to the same digital threats aff ecting about it and planning for it now, you just integrated with NG911 systems or all other members of the critical infrastruc- might get it three years from now and it will infrastructure, Shi said. “In the very ture.” He recommended they become active take two years to implement, so fi ve years beginning of NG911, the cyber- members of the local chapter of InfraGard, a from now we may be able to do something.” k threats were not well understood,” partnership between the FBI and the private he added. “More people are starting sector to share information and intelligence to [email protected] to see this is an important issue.”

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“The issue is you can’t just design a one- size-fi ts-all message for everyone,” she said. “It Quelling ISIS on Twitter has to be tailored to the diff erent concerns of the diff erent populations that could potentially Researchers are looking at ways to thwart be at risk for radicalization, and furthermore, the Islamic State’s social media recruiting. it needs to be coming from credible Muslim voices, possibly even regional Muslim voices.” By Eyragon Eidam | Staff Writer As for the removal of active extremist accounts, the research team said the eff ort to date seems to have had an eff ect on the ew insights are now available into “We had anecdotal evidence that people overall social media campaign. “We really the Twitter networks of the Islamic who were opposed to the Islamic State would want to see the account suspension campaign State and those who oppose them, use the term ‘Daesh,’ and people who were pro continue because that denies them their thanks to a study by the RAND Corp. would use the term ‘Islamic State,’” Bodine- platform of being able to just spread their Eff orts to thwart the group on the Baron said. “By separating out whether you are propaganda without hindrance,” Bodine-Baron social media site have made headlines in using primarily the term ‘Daesh’ or primarily said. “It forces them into less public spaces.” recent months, but researchers are also ‘Islamic State,’ we were actually able to quickly In examining the data set, Bodine-Baron interested in fi lling the vacuum created identify an account as pro-ISIS or anti-ISIS.” said supporters were initially outnumbered 6 to by suspended pro-ISIS accounts by The moniker “Daesh” is unfavorable to 1, which would grow to nearly 30 to 1 by the end using targeted messaging that focuses on the group because of its similarity to the of the research period. She said the shrinking avoiding radicalization in the fi rst place. Arabic word for “to crush or trample,” but support for the group on Twitter was likely Since the San Francisco-based it can also mean “bigot,” according to an due to the aggressive deletion of associated company fi rst began banning accounts NBC News report. “By comparing these two accounts, but she qualifi ed that more research of ISIS supporters in 2015, more than buckets, the people using ‘Daesh’ and the would be needed to confi rm that hypothesis. 360,000 accounts have been removed people using ‘Islamic State,’ we could defi - In the larger network’s analytics envi- from the microblogging site. nitely say that, in aggregate, if you are using ronment, this research is signifi cant In the study, U.S. Social Media Strategy Can one term predominantly, you are going to in that it could extend into other areas Weaken ISIS Infl uence on Twitter, researchers be opposed or pro,” Bodine-Baron said. outside of examining polarizing organi- used advanced network and lexical analysis What began as the identifi cation of zations. It proves that big data sets can to look at more than 23 million Arabic some 20,000 diff erent communities was be analyzed quickly and eff ectively. language tweets to determine their support honed down, through advanced networking “One of the coolest things about what or opposition for ISIS, who they are and algorithms, to what researchers identify as we’ve done is essentially do this proof of what they are saying, and how they are four main metacommunities: Shia, Syrian concept of where can these automated connected across the larger network. mujahideen, ISIS supporters and Sunni. techniques for analyzing a big data set really RAND Corp. engineer Elizabeth Bodine- The team was then able to deter- help?” Bodine-Baron said. “By using these Baron explained that the process was mine how the individuals involved in tools and specifi cally combining the network more than simply categorizing those who the conversation were connected by analysis and lexical analysis, we get these supported or opposed the radical militant examining not only the position various powerful results where we can say, ‘OK, group. The study also required a deep dive account holders took on ISIS, but also the here is this group of users and here is what into the respective communities of the “edges” that connect the networks and they care about,’ and being able to more or people on either end of the conversation. the key issues participants care about. less automatically … fi gure out that these By looking at the diff erences in how This piece of the research is important, are the key themes we should be focusing account holders referred to the West Bodine-Baron said, because it could ulti- our counter-messaging eff ort on.” k or ISIS, analysts were able to separate mately allow for the development of more them into pro- and anti-ISIS catego- targeted counter-ISIS messaging that could

SHUTTERSTOCK.COM ries with considerable accuracy. help to quell the recruitment of supporters. [email protected]

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Malcolm Nance is an intelligence specialist who speaks ﬁ ve languages, including Arabic. He has been deployed on counterterrorism operations for the U.S. Government’s Special Operations, Homeland Security and Intelligence agencies in the Balkans, the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa. He is a former master instructor and chief of training at the U.S. Navy’s Survival, Evasion Resistance and Escape school. Nance is the author of several books, including: Terrorism Recognition Handbook: A Practitioner’s Manual for Predicting and Identifying Terrorist Activities. He spoke to Emergency Management the day after Mohamed Lahouaiej- Bouhlel ran a truck through a crowd on At War With Terror a famous waterfront in Nice, France, on July 14, killing 84 people. Malcolm Nance has a deep understanding of terrorism and the people who commit these acts. By Jim McKay | Editor

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______Designer ______Creative Dir. 100 Blue Ravine Road Folsom, CA 95630 916-932-1300 ______Editorial ______Prepress www.erepublic.com CMY grey T1 T2 T3 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 Page # ______Other ______OK to go BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN other than one charge. No history of radicalization, although there were some indicators Very early in the investigation into Mohamed that he was along the radicalization pathway. Lahouaiej-Bouhlel after he rammed a truck through a crowd in Nice, France, there was k Usually they fi nd some trace of these no obvious history of radicalization. people on social media. Is it relatively uncommon for them to be really unknown? It depends on the individual. Some people watch the videos and adore them and they become entranced by these operations. On the other hand, you have knuckleheads who see one and they’re going to do that. The Navy Seals have a phrase: We have wannabes and gonnabes. There are guys who really get radicalized [over time], and then there’s those who wake up one morning and say, “I’m going to be a jihadi.” Here’s my ideological path to radicalization: The fi rst step is admiration. That’s when they watch videos and such, that’s internal. No. 2 is inspiration, where the images and religious rhetoric overwhelm you and make you feel like you should be a part or could be a part APIMAGES.COM of that. Then comes step three, radicalization, when you affi liate with the terrorist philos- k At this early stage of the investiga- weapons smuggling charges or charges ophy. We call this the “fan boy stage.” You’re tion, what do you make of the man who relating to illicit weapons. If you’re in making tweets and things like that. Next is drove a truck though the crowd in France? Europe, everyone has illicit weapons. They isolation. It’s a cult technique. ISIS is a cult. Was he what you’d call a “lone wolf?” are highly envious of the American access Isolation is where these guys perform hijra, First off I don’t like the term “lone wolf.” ISIS to weapons. For them these are status where you go and emigrate overseas. That isola- themselves actually use the phrase “lone symbols — having access to weapons — and tion could put you in Syria or Iraq fi ghting with jihadi.” They like that. We also categorize these they are also very good sources of money. them, and you cut yourself off from the land of guys as lone wolves and known wolves. Known So that must have been attractive to him. the unbelievers. But they also have this thing wolves are those that have actually come He was a recent Tunisian immigrant to called mental hijra, where if you can’t make it to under the counterterrorism umbrella, have a France. Not everybody [there] can get a job — us, cut yourself off from the land of disbelievers record related to radicalization and things like it’s about the size of New York state. For these around you, like the San Bernardino [Calif.] that. People we should have had our eye on guys, they’re concentrated in these places killers cut themselves off from their mother like Omar Mateen down in Orlando. People where there aren’t a lot of jobs, there’s a very and child. They stopped going to mosque. Stop- who have been interviewed by the FBI. young immigrant community there, and a ping mosque is a key indicator, especially if they Then you have the unknown wolves: lot of them don’t assimilate into society like were religious before that. That means they people who self-radicalize, operationalize American Muslims. And they aren’t French, want no part in people that they think are dirty. whatever plan that is in their heads and either in culture or mindset, so they play along Step fi ve is identifi cation, where you then execute that plan without any commu- the fringes to make money however they can. adopt the trappings, hold up pictures of nication with anybody. Or their commu- The diff erence between him and the Paris you holding guns, etc. Step six is dedication nications are so covert and successful attackers and the Brussels attackers is that where you swear your loyalty oath, and that’s that they didn’t become known wolves. when those guys became radicalized they close to when you die. Seven is execution. In taking a look at this guy in Nice, the did their hijra, their migration to Iraq and These could be months, years or chief prosecutor says we have no indications Syria, and became combat commanders, minutes apart. of his radicalization or communications with they became soldiers and fi ghters. Then they known entities. That tells you it happened in reinfi ltrated France as clandestine agents, k You described ISIS and the West as his head or the communication structure they carried out an operation as a cell, and did two heavyweight boxers exchanging set up was so covert, they’ve yet to be detected. these operations both in Paris and Brussels. blows. Every time we drop a bomb, That leans us away from the known- This guy is an unknown wolf. In intel- they counter. Can you elaborate? wolf picture because he had no record. The ligence parlance he’s sort of a clean-skin We’ve killed more than 23,000 ISIS fi ghters only thing he had been picked up on was operative — no contact with law enforcement in the last two years. We believe that their

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combat strength of foreign fi ghters is down capacity of your organization and its inherent bombings and the Orlando shootings that from 35,000 to 40,000 to about 12,500, so skills and training. That could have been a information wasn’t shared with locals. we’ve degraded that organization. [We have a] runaway truck. A runaway truck goes over a I’m here in New York state and just in the kinetic ground war, where we have surrounded cliff , falls into a baseball stadium and crushes last eight months I’ve done six conferences. them with four diff erent armies, our special everybody in the stands. You don’t know. I saw every joint terrorism task force in the forces and our day/night bombing of just You deal with the situation at hand. All of state, including the SWAT, dog handling about everything that looks bigger than a this requires you to have good intelligence, teams and all the maritime teams here, pile of rocks. But ISIS can inspire a mentally and that means intelligence that’s detached and they have pushed the joint terrorism deranged person in the United States or a from the political noise that is out there. task force link down to the precinct liaison guy who’s having a psycho-sexual crisis like level. There is a terrorism liaison offi cer the guy in Orlando, to act out and kill people k Do Americans misunderstand this fi ght? in every law enforcement and emergency in the United States and then equate that act First off the terms that people are using — management jurisdiction in the state. of terrorism in the United States as a failure “radical Islam,” “Sharia Law” — we are not When I did the liaison offi cer’s program of the tens of thousands of 2,000-pound fi ghting Islam. If that’s the case, why did we a few months ago, it was all fi re and emer- laser-guided bombs where we are literally go to Afghanistan and put in an America- gency managers and they got the exact same vaporizing that group. They’re terrorists. friendly government and get rid of the brutal information the SWAT guys got except how Their job is to terrorize in any capacity. And Taliban? Why did we lose 2,600 soldiers there? to kick that door down. They got the same we terrorize ourselves. Emergency managers We lost 4,493 American soldiers in Iraq. intelligence, and that’s what we need to do are the one class of people that have to ground If you believe that we’re at war with Islam, nationally. Every state should be creating an themselves in hard facts about who the then you believe that those wars were worth- intelligence liaison organization where infor- enemy is. They have to get rid of the political less and that we should leave there and leave mation gets pushed down to the street level. k jargon of radical Islam and things like that. the Muslim worlds to ISIS and al-Qaida. There should be a recognition of threat Let’s discuss information sharing. There capacity, then response based on the best has been criticism of the FBI after the Boston [email protected]

36 FALL_2016

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Takoma Park, Md. “It would describe exactly which attacks we don’t have preparations for.” The way the stockpile’s contents are chosen illustrates the complexity of the decisions offi cials face when preparing for public health emergencies. Irwin Redlener, director of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia University, said choosing items for the stockpile is one of the key challenges. The other is what happens at the end of the process: the management of the so-called last mile, where supplies are distributed to those who need them.

The Big Picture The Strategic National Stockpile is just one part of the overall plan for getting supplemental emergency assistance to areas that need it. The process begins with the Public Health Emergency Medical Coun- termeasures Enterprise (PHEMCE), the government organization that makes decisions about what should be in the stockpile. “What conditions will it respond to? What supplies and medical countermea- Secret Resource sures need to be in the stockpiles?” Redlener said. PHEMCE makes this determination. The federal government stockpiles emergency medicines Although the original goal of the Stra- and supplies in several locations throughout the U.S. tegic National Stockpile was to respond to chemical, biological, radiological and By Margaret Steen | Contributing Writer nuclear threats, Burel said, “we have expanded our mission to an all-hazards perspective, so we do hold some products ow would emergency management that would be useful in an infl uenza event.” that are useful, for example, in response and public health offi cials handle a The exact number of warehouses, the to hurricanes and earthquakes.” catastrophe that taxed local supplies contents and the locations are not made The list of what goes into the Strategic of vaccines or medical equipment? Since public, though the CDC’s website describes National Stockpile is based on material threat 1999, the federal government has had a way the contents as “antibiotics, chemical anti- assessments from the Department of Home- to help: the Strategic National Stockpile. dotes, antitoxins, life-support medications, land Security, as well as medical information. The stockpile consists of warehouses IV administration, airway maintenance “The content changes over time based on that contain medicines — both those supplies and medical/surgical items.” scientifi c understanding of what is needed to that prevent the onset of an illness and “There are multiple locations across the combat the material threats,” Burel said. The those that can treat illnesses — and country,” Burel said. The sites are selected after threats themselves don’t change dramati- medical supplies and equipment. It is not considering factors such as population density, cally very often, he said, but “if some new meant to be the fi rst line of defense, but the availability of major transportation hubs threat appeared and became the highest rather to supplement resources when and risk factors like natural disasters. “We priority, we could have to make rapid state and local supplies run short. try to balance products in a way across these changes in our holdings to address that.” “The underlying premise of the Strategic warehouses to get the most rapid distribution The Strategic National Stockpile is National Stockpile is to respond to primarily anywhere in the country we need to get to.” responsible for the middle part of the process: chemical, biological, radiological and There’s a reason for the secrecy. maintaining the inventory and making sure it nuclear events,” said Greg Burel, director of “If you know what’s in it, you know can get where it’s needed. But the stockpile’s the Division of Strategic National Stock- what’s not in it, which could suggest some responsibility for the materials ends once pile at the Centers for Disease Control and vulnerabilities,” said Rocco Casagrande, it is delivered to the local authorities, who

SHUTTERSTOCK.COM Prevention (CDC). “We also hold material managing director of Gryphon Scientiﬁ c in distribute them to the people who need them.

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______Designer ______Creative Dir. 100 Blue Ravine Road Folsom, CA 95630 916-932-1300 ______Editorial ______Prepress www.erepublic.com CMY grey T1 T2 T3 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 5 25 50 75 95 100 Page # ______Other ______OK to go BLACK YELLOW MAGENTA CYAN “The [Strategic National Stockpile] stock to replace anything that has expired, for medical supplies designed to provide rapid portion is important, but it depends on what example, and performing quarterly quality delivery of a broad spectrum of assets for happens before and after,” Redlener said. assurance checks. In addition, changes an ill-defi ned threat in the early hours of are made due to new drugs that have been an event.” They can be loaded onto trucks Critical Inventory developed to combat certain diseases. or cargo planes to be delivered within The current valuation of the stockpile’s 12 hours of the decision to use them. inventory, which includes enough medicine A Complex Process The CDC also uses vendor-managed for the populations of several large cities, is The materials in the stockpile will only inventory, which can get to an aff ected about $7.5 billion, and the average annual be eff ective in an emergency if they actually location within 24 to 36 hours. appropriation for it is about $500 million. get to the people who need them in time. The stockpile staff also provides assis- Experts deciding what should go into Casagrande said the key is the “three tance to public health and emergency the stockpile have to consider many factors, D’s”: delivery, or getting the material management departments to handle including current threats, the availability from the stockpile to the local area; distri- emerging threats. “We’ve been able to work of products, how easily the products can bution, which means getting it to the through our capability to manage medical be distributed and the medical vulner- specifi c place where it will be used; and supply chain logistics and try to help make ability of the population, according to the dispensing, or administering it to the sure that interventions are conducted CDC. They also look at how useful specifi c patient. “All three are important,” he said. in the most rational way,” Burel said. items will be in a range of situations. This process starts once local and state For example, some antibiotics may be resources are exhausted. The governor Looking to the Future useful to combat a broad range of threats of the aff ected state requests material As the Strategic National Stockpile — though not always with a big impact — from the stockpile from the CDC or the moves into the future, there are ques- whereas an antitoxin may be more eff ective U.S. Department of Health and Human tions about what might change. but useful in just one type of emergency. Services, starting a rapid decision-making “We don’t really have an agency that In addition, “there might be certain agents process to determine what type of help has the job of overseeing, end to end, the that act so fast that it doesn’t make sense to can be provided. At the end of the chain, determination of threats, selection of stockpile countermeasures for them because local communities receive the materials countermeasures, the stockpile and the you can’t get them there,” said Casagrande. from the state and provide them to those last mile. I do believe there could be an Some of the products may also serve who need them in the community. agency with end-to-end responsibility,” multiple purposes: Oral antibiotics, for “We work with state and local offi - said Redlener. The management structure example, may be put in the stockpile in cials to determine where to deliver it of the entire process is “one of the open preparation for a particular type of biological and how to do that,” Burel said. For most questions for a new administration.” weapon attack. “It may be that they would be situations, plans are already in place “We’re constantly looking for ways to do useful for a large-scale emerging infectious for the local agencies to distribute the better, to make things move faster,” Burel disease or some man-made event that we products once they receive them. said. For example, they are starting to do didn’t plan for,” Burel said. “We are constantly The level of preparation among states exercises with external partner groups such looking for ways to make sure we can get and local governments varies. “We have as the Health Industry Distributors Associa- the most use out of everything we own.” some states and localities where the tion. “Whether it’s a natural or man-made The program works with commercial coordination is very advanced,” Burel disaster, a weather event or an earthquake vendors to provide some of the material, said. “There are some that probably or a disease — what is the best way we sometimes in response to emerging threats. need a little more work in that area.” can all work together make decisions?” For example, during the Ebola Once the material arrives at the aff ected For now and in the future, commu- outbreak, the Strategic National Stock- area, state and local offi cials take control of it. nication among agencies is key. pile used the commercial supply chain However, the stockpile does provide technical “It’s very important for the public health to provide protective gear to health-care advisers who can assist the local jurisdictions community and the emergency manage- workers, according to a report prepared in getting the material to where it’s needed. ment community to talk in advance about for a PHEMCE workshop in January. “Once we hand off the material, we how they can support each other,” Burel “With Ebola, we did acquire on the fl y don’t just walk away,” Burel said. “But it said. “Even these natural disasters all have a small stock of personal protective equip- becomes the responsibility of state and signifi cant public health implications. If ment,” said Burel. After offi cials determined local offi cials to put material into distribu- you’re in emergency management, you which hospitals would play which role in tion plans they already have in place.” can’t think of emergency management in treating Ebola patients, “we worked with The stockpile has several ways of a vacuum. You have to think about how hospitals directly to determine what their getting material to those who need it. For it’s going to impact public health.” k status was to be able to support patients.” immediate response, it has 12-hour Push One key aspect of the stockpile program Packages, which the CDC describes as is quality assurance. This means rotating the “caches of pharmaceuticals, antidotes and [email protected]

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these four basic concepts as the rudiments of preparedness. Each tab gives concise instructions in the essentials of the craft: Exercise your emergency communications plan; report unattended vehicles or suspicious visitors; and develop evacuation and shelter-in-place plans. This basic guidance is surrounded by links to more detailed information. Visitors can drill down for direction on active shooter preparedness, chemical security, cybersecurity and several other topics. Early users within the emergency management community say they see a place for the new DHS asset in their toolkits.

‘It’s Quick’ Kevin Cleary is more or less up to his neck in mass-crowd events. As director of preparedness in the Baltimore Mayor’s Offi ce of Emergency Management, he stood watch as a record 135,256 people gathered for the Preakness Stakes in May to see Exaggerator cut short Nyquist’s undefeated record. In July more than 350,000 braved sweltering heat to take part in the annual Artscape cultural celebration. Thousands gathered for a series of

SHUTTERSTOCK.COM some two dozen gay pride happenings at the end of July. And this fall the city is slated to host a weeklong series of events leading up to the christening of the USS Zumwalt, a new Navy Prepare Your Business warship. Cleary calls it “a robust special events season,” which seems an understatement. DHS launches site to get the emergency preparedness To ride the swell, he has all the usual tools message to businesses. of emergency management at his disposal, including online resources from FEMA and the By Adam Stone | Contributing Writer city’s own Corporate Emergency Access System. He said he welcomes the new DHS tool. “It is good because it’s quick. The busi- t the U.S. Department of Home- The new DHS website Hometown ness folks don’t want to be overwhelmed land Security (DHS), Assistant Security (www.dhs.gov/hometown-security) with stuff they don’t need,” said Cleary. It’s Secretary for the Offi ce of Infra- aims to deliver just that. “Keeping it simple helpful too that he can send the public to a structure Protection Caitlin Durkovich is sometimes the most important thing site that he and they are ready to trust. “It’s recognizes how hard it can be for emer- you can do in this business, and that’s what good to have something we can point people gency managers to distill the message of this is: just a very simple framework, a to that isn’t just ‘Oh, I asked my neighbor preparedness for citizens and businesses. very simple message,” Durkovich said. across the street who is a retired police With the rise of global terror, the threat Launched this spring, Hometown Security offi cer.’ You can Google something and get landscape has become exponentially more gathers a range of existing DHS incident- 20 diff erent links, but this is a much more complex, making it harder for fi rst responders preparedness tools along with a new fact defi nitive source. This is an authority fi gure.” and others to communicate even basic sheet to help direct small and mid-sized busi- Members of the fi rst responder community security information. “But this is the new nesses to free tools and resources. DHS says likewise are giving the site a warm reception. normal, this is the world that we are living the intended audience includes restaurants, “I think people will fi nd this empowering. in now, where we are going to see attacks clubs, grocery stores, places of worship and To get on this site and fi nd this information, on soft targets with frequency,” she said. other venues where people may congregate. and be ready to take that back and act on it: To convey the signifi cance of that reality, Easy-access tabs encourage businesses The value of that can be just incredible,” said emergency managers need a concise message. to Connect, Plan, Train and Report, defi ning Col. Melissa Hyatt, formerly chief of patrol

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EMERGENCYMGMT.COM 41

PUBLISHER’S STATEMENT Statement of Ownership, Management, and Circulation (Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)

Title of publication: Emergency Management. Publication No.: 5710. Date of ﬁ ling October 1, 2016. Frequency of issue: Quarterly. No. of issues published annually: 4. Complete mailing address of known offi ce of publication: 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom, CA 95630. Complete mailing address of general business cesoffi of publisher: 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom, CA 95630. Full names and complete mailing addresses of publisher, editor and managing editor; Publisher: Alan Cox, 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom, CA 95630. Editor: Jim McKay, 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom CA 95630. Managing Editor: Elaine Pittman: 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom, CA 95630. Owner: e.Republic, Inc. dba Government Technology: Dennis McKenna and Robert Graves, 100 Blue Ravine Road, Folsom, CA 95630. Known bondholders, mortgages and other security holders owning 1 percent or more of the total amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities, none.

Extent and Nature of Circulation Average No. Copies No. Copies of Single Each Issue During Issue Published Preceding 12 Months Nearest to Filing Date

A. Total No. of copies (Net Press Run) 29,751 29,847 B. Legitimate Paid and/or Requested Copies 1. Outside County Paid/Requested Mail Subscriptions Stated on PS Form 3541 21,949 21,979 2. In-County Paid/Requested Mail Subscriptions stated on Form PS 3541 0 0 3. Sales Through Dealers and Carriers, Street Vendors, Counter Sales, and Other Paid or Requested Distribution Outside USPS 0 0 4. Requested Copies Distributed by Other Mail Classes Through the USPS 0 0 C. Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation 21,949 21,979 D. Nonrequested Distribution 1. Outside County Nonrequested Copies Stated on PS Form 3541 6,449 6,938 2. In-County Nonrequested Copies Stated on PS Form 3541 0 0 3. Nonrequested Copies Distributed Through the USPS by Other Classes of Mail 0 0 4. Nonrequested Copies Distributed Outside the Mail 175 0 E. Total Nonrequested Distribution 6,624 6,938 F. Total Distribution 28,573 28,917 G. Copies not Distributed 1,178 930

H. Total 29,751 29,847 I. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation 76.82% 76.01%

a. Requested and Paid Electronic Copies 12,752 8,020 b. Total Requested and Paid Print Copies + Requested/Paid Electronic Copies 34,701 29,999 c. Total Requested Copy Distribution + Requested/Paid Electronic Copies 41,325 36,937 d. Percent Paid and/or Requested Circulation (Both Print & Electronic Copies) 83.97% 81.22%

I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete. Elaine Pittman, Managing Editor

EM10_40.indd 41 10/10/16 12:46 PM

BY JIM MCKAY / EDITOR SHUTTERSTOCK.COM

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EMERGENCYMGMT.COM 43

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fter Tamerlan Tsarnaev and his brother, Dzhokhar, detonated bombs that killed three people at Attacks like the bombing at the 2013 Boston Marathon have A the 2013 Boston Marathon, details raised questions about the defi nition of the term “lone wolf.” about the FBI’s previous monitoring of the two prompted criticism of the agency. When Omar Mateen took out his rage on 49 souls at an Orlando, Fla., nightclub earlier this year, there were again questions about why he was fl ying under the radar after having been investigated by the FBI. Then there were Rizwan Farook and Tash- feen Malik, who shot 14 in San Bernardino, Calif., and Micah Johnson, who gunned down fi ve Dallas police offi cers. These instances

demonstrate not only the distance our / SHUTTERSTOCK.COM JAMINNBENJI intelligence apparatus has to cover to gain necessary ground, but also the diffi culty in members in the dark about Tsarnaev rarely, if ever, intrinsic to the individual. stopping attacks from these so-called lone and any possible threats. The former The Internet also eliminates that need for wolves and determining who will turn from Boston Police commissioner was highly face -to-face contact with others, changing angry and disenfranchised to radicalized killer. critical of the FBI, saying there should be the game and making it diffi cult to track The lone wolf by deﬁ nition is one who some sort of mandate requiring federal without Internet-based surveillance. acts without any co-conspirators — one authorities to share with local law enforce- who either becomes self-radicalized and ment to protect the community. A SIGN OF WEAKNESS acts alone or, increasingly, follows the The same appears to have happened The term “lone wolf” is nothing new, but online preaching of groups like ISIS. with Mateen, who was investigated by is being treated as if it were, said Michael In many cases, they leave a trail of clues the FBI after telling co-workers about German, a former FBI agent specializing that could indicate radicalization or a shift ties to terror groups. But again, the FBI in domestic terrorism and now a fellow in that direction. But it’s diffi cult to know appears not to have been very aggressive with the Brennan Center for Justice’s what clues portend danger, as was the case about keeping local agencies updated. Liberty and National Security Program. with the Boston bombers and Mateen. Then there are the unknown wolves, those German joined far-right groups as an who self-radicalize, “operationalize whatever undercover agent in the 1990s, and those KNOWN OR UNKNOWN? plan is in their head and execute it without ever groups had a lone-wolf manual. When authori- “First of all, I don’t like the term ‘lone communicating with anybody,” Nance said. ties tamped down on these groups they were wolf,’” said Malcolm Nance, an intelligence Both are hard to stop, but the known powerless, forced into a situation where specialist and former master instructor wolves, as Nance refers to them, at least they had to rely on encouraging outsiders to and chief of training at the U.S. Navy’s provide a trail. That’s because they don’t commit violent acts and credit their cause. Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape usually have the wherewithal to act out before “Part of the problem is every time a new school. “ISIS themselves actually use dropping hints along the way, said Scott terrorist group emerges, policymakers and the term ‘lone jihadi.’ They like that.” Decker, Arizona State University’s director analysts tend to suggest this is a brand-new Nance said he categorizes them as “known of the Center for Public Criminology. “It phenomenon,” he said. “And it’s done some- wolves” and “unknown wolves.” “Known wolves requires a lot more discipline than most of what to avoid having to look at how these are those who have come under the counterter- these young men are capable of,” said Decker. instances have played out in the past.” rorism umbrella.” They have a record related “The idea that they are true lone wolves is Treating it as a growing problem tends to to radicalization, such as Mateen. “People diffi cult for me to get my arms around. Most suggest that more aggressive policies will be who we should have had our eyes on. People of these guys are not good at keeping secrets, eff ective, which was shown not to be the case in who have been interviewed by the FBI.” and they’re not very well disciplined.” the past. “The indiscriminate use of violence by The Boston Police Department had four They often leave behind blogs and terrorist groups is an indication of weakness,” members within the local Joint Terrorism messages on social media indicating their German said. And when we attribute acts of Task Force, which, led by the FBI, investi- extremist views, but it’s diffi cult to know when violence to these groups we give them recogni- gated Tsarnaev. The task force acted on a tip a viewpoint will cross over into violence. tion, he said, which is counterproductive. from the Russian government that the elder Decker said most of the time the German cited as an example the Colo- brother was engaging in radical behavior. motivation for an attack comes from an rado movie theater shooter who claimed But after the FBI concluded the inves- external focus, whether it’s the Internet he was Batman’s nemesis, the Joker , yet no tigation, it left the four Boston Police or interaction with other people, and is meaning was attributed to that, whereas

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when Mateen cited ISIS, it received a lot of and also conduct investigations for the information and sent it to the terrorism attention. Attaching some meaning to their purpose of obtaining prosecution? task force, but “it doesn’t appear that there actions gives those who may be “misguided, “I believe so, because if they don’t, it puts was much of a partnership going on.” angry, contemplating suicide,” a chance to go us in a position where we are housing that What should have happened in that case out like a soldier for a cause, said German. function in two separate places, which makes and others, Mayer said, is that the information “The recognition is an incentive to commit me nervous about the information getting to is shared with multiple partners across the violence, and we want to remove that.” the right places within the FBI,” Mayer said. spectrum of local, state and federal agencies He said the solution is to focus on Mayer said that both procedural and to get the best results. “It’s not just an FBI violence and not ideology. In its informa- substantive improvement needs to happen case, not just an FBI activity. You have to tion analysis role, the FBI had investigated and that a cultural change is still necessary. fi gure out who has the best resources in that Tamerlan Tsarnaev and ultimately found “They just have to get better at what they do.” situation and who has the most contacts and him not to fi t the profi le of someone who It’s been said the old guard of the FBI penetration points and use them accordingly.” might commit a terrorist act. But the won’t change, but as new, younger agents Decker also thinks the fusion centers have elder Tsarnaev had prior acts of violence, emerge, eff orts to change the agency’s missed the mark, failing to really partner including domestic violence, and was culture will improve and so will intelli- with local law enforcement, and thus unde- implicated in a triple homicide. Tamerlan gence analysis and information sharing. rutilizing a valuable resource. “It’s really Tsarnaev was cooperative with the FBI and But the message from the top, including unfortunate because there’s so much that even off ered to help in the investigation. the president, has to be consistent, and that local law enforcement knows and can do and “The FBI has transitioned into a domestic hasn’t been the case. Mayer said it started yet they’re still left on the sideline in this.” intelligence agency,” German said. “If you with the development of U.S. Depart- He said the “trifurcated” federal, state look at that investigation, it wasn’t designed to ment of Homeland Security-funded fusion and local justice systems have been bad determine whether his violation of criminal law was true or not. Instead they were trying to assess whether he was a threat based on his ideology and response to the FBI inquiry.” “PART OF THE PROBLEM IS EVERY TIME A NEW If investigators would focus on violent crime, German said, they would be more TERRORIST GROUP EMERGES, POLICYMAKERS likely to stumble onto someone like Tsar- naev rather than looking at huge numbers AND ANALYSTS TEND TO SUGGEST THIS IS A based on ideology. “What we have to do fi rst is recognize that mass shooters or bombers who don’t have links to a wider conspiracy BRAND-NEW PHENOMENON. AND IT’S DONE are, in methodology, no diff erent from other mass shooters or bombers,” he said. SOMEWHAT TO AVOID HAVING TO LOOK AT HOW “If we look at the data, these mass killings are only a small fraction of the violence THESE INSTANCES HAVE PLAYED OUT IN THE PAST.” that is perpetrated in American society on a daily basis, and we have to recognize that we have to address the violence.” centers. “It seemed to cause a competi- at sharing information and, especially, JUST GET BETTER tion between homeland security and using one of the most valuable resources Matt Mayer, visiting fellow at the Amer- the FBI over who would ‘own’ state and of all: the cop on the beat who sees and ican Enterprise Institute, said there should be local information and intelligence.” interacts with locals and knows what a debate in Washington about how to reform That sent a message, according to Mayer, “normal in the neighborhood looks like.” intelligence operations and how to better that the FBI shouldn’t share because it was Decker added that some of these attacks deal with the small-cell or lone-wolf threat. competing and not coordinating. Mayer are preventable, but that it would take levels Part of that discussion involves the advocates eliminating the fusion centers of surveillance and security that Americans FBI, which after 9/11 took on the task and consolidating those with the FBI’s joint may not be ready for. “If you travel and go of information analysis, whereas it had terrorism task forces, which he said are where through TSA, people mumble and complain always been in the business of compiling the bulk of the activity happens anyway. about being stopped and going through a evidence for prosecution. It is with mixed “It just doesn’t make sense to have metal detector, whereas in European coun- reviews that the agency continues on in this two diff erent pipelines where informa- tries and certainly Israel, you get in line and role, where improvement is necessary. tion could be lost, held [or] not shared.” you wait and you come to expect that.” k Should the FBI continue doing both He said in the case of the Orlando analysis as a domestic intelligence agency shooter, Mateen, local law enforcement had [email protected]

EMERGENCYMGMT.COM 45

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By Eric Holdeman

Living History

have always thought my grandparents lived We took a signifi cant step back in 2001 when in historic times. They went from horses the George W. Bush administration took control and buggies to automobiles to airplanes to of emergency management. We once again had a man landing on the moon. Similarly, we watch political appointee, Joe Allbaugh, assume the role emergency management leadership transi- of FEMA director. Project Impact was canceled as tion from baby boomers to Gen Xers to millen- a FEMA program on the same date that western nials and ponder our own living history. Washington state experienced the Nisqually Modern emergency management was born earthquake, Feb. 28, 2001. FEMA was fi rst given the with the creation of FEMA on April 1, 1979, by expanded mission of “homeland defense” in May President Jimmy Carter. This move came from of that year, preceding the terrorist attacks of 9/11. a need to have a single federal agency coor- The creation of the U.S. Department of dinating the disaster response of others. The Homeland Security (DHS) in 2002 has had the primary focus of FEMA in the early 1980s was most impact on emergency management and not on natural disasters, but civil defense. FEMA of any event since the agency’s creation. FEMA became part of the DHS and quickly took a backseat to other elements within the depart- AS I LOOK INTO MY CRYSTAL BALL I SEE ment. The creation of the Homeland Security Grant CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS CAUSING A Program in 2003, with its terrorism focus, made WHOLE HOST OF HIGH-IMPACT DISASTERS. state and local emergency management agencies take a hard turn toward terrorism response. It took Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the This focus didn’t end until the Berlin Wall fell obvious failure of FEMA, along with Louisiana in November 1989 and we saw the collapse of the and New Orleans, to provide a course correc- Soviet Union. It was at that point that civil defense tion that allowed the pendulum to start to shift at the federal, state and local levels began to take back toward an all-hazard approach. Grant funds a backseat to natural hazards. This era also saw following Katrina were allowed to have a “dual-use” the appointment of James Lee Witt as the fi rst function, with terrorism still being the priority. professional emergency manager leading FEMA as Now as we are about to end the Craig its director (1993) and the establishment of FEMA Fugate era of FEMA, we have a more balanced as a cabinet agency (1996). I began my civilian approach to disaster mitigation, response and career as an emergency manager on Sept. 1, 1991, recovery, although recovery planning still lags so this transition has been etched in my memory. at the state and local levels. Today there is a It was at this time that we fi rst saw a real college or university program with an emer- emphasis on disaster mitigation, with Witt gency management focus in every state. birthing a program called Project Impact in 1996. Emergency management history continues Back then I would say, “Emergency managers to be written every day. As I look into my crystal can’t even spell ‘mitigation.’” While it was part ball I see climate change impacts causing a of our doctrine, there had been little to no whole host of high-impact disasters. The next ERIC HOLDEMAN IS THE emphasis on that aspect of the profession. At decade and beyond will be an era of hyper tech- FORMER DIRECTOR OF THE KING COUNTY, WASH., OFFICE that time the only higher education program nology formation and adoption by emergency OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT. in the nation with an emergency management management agencies. Are you ready? k HIS BLOG IS LOCATED AT WWW.DISASTER-ZONE.COM. focus was at North Central Texas College.

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ne of the most critical responsibilities of • extreme weather events an executive is building corporate resil- • failure of climate-change mitigation and ience through an eff ective crisis manage- adaptation ment process. Corporate resiliency is derived • interstate confl ict from three specifi c processes: awareness, action • natural catastrophes and preparation. Most executives recognize the • failure of national governance impacts of known events such as, fi res, fl oods, • unemployment or under-employment cyberattacks, workplace violence, etc., and have • data fraud or theft developed plans for dealing with such events. • water crisis Crises arise from being faced with an • illicit trade unknown or unimaginable event for which The action process is the infl uencer of there is no mitigation strategy. The inability time. Time has an exponential impact on an to eff ectively deal with an event, known or organization, both tangible and intangible. unknown, subsequently impacts reputation, Staff morale, internal and external trust, employee morale and company value. company value, and goodwill impartment Corporate resiliency, in its simplest terms, are all infl uenced by time. The process of is an organization’s ability to return to a normal determining time then identifi es the surge operational tempo — including throughout capacity required to: return to normal; its entire web of suppliers, manufacturers, identify the resources needed to accelerate distributors, retailers, transportation carriers the return to normal; and inform executives and the other participating partners — after charged with the decision-making process some period of time following an incident. with implementable options that maximize Creating corporate resiliency contains two corporate strategies for recovery as well as unknowns that are imperative to understanding impact value and reputation of the company. and developing an actionable planning Once awareness has been established process: What constitutes normal operational and actions taken, only then can an tempo? What is the period of time? eff ective preparedness process begin. Awareness as it relates to resiliency is the Once appropriate and eff ective strategies process of establishing a clear understanding for mitigation of an incident are identifi ed, of normal operational tempo and identifying emergency action plans should be developed risk. What are the baselines, both qualitative for implementation during an event. Business and quantitative, of the critical inputs or continuity plans should be established after outputs constituting normalcy? These can correctly identifying the business-essential and be environmental conditions, just-in-time critical operations necessary to maintain as near- delivery schedules, production or service normal operations as possible during an event. expectations of clients, or fi nancial solvency. Crisis communications plans must be Awareness can also enable leaders to shaped to take advantage of known actions, identify and handle unexpected, non-normative timelines and pre-identifi ed stakeholder events and their subsequent solutions. In groups, to better inform stakeholders and a recent World Economic Forum survey, remain transparent during and after an event. participants were asked to identify situations Become aware, understand necessary actions or threats they believed had the highest and their infl uence on time, and prepare today KEN BURRIS IS VICE CHAIRMAN AT consequences for their companies. They were: for a crisis of tomorrow. Your organization’s WITT O’BRIEN’S. • large-scale involuntary migration reputation and value depend on it. k

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