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The Book Only TEXT FLY WITHIN THE BOOK ONLY V) > U3 ? S< OU_1 60235 >m OSMANTA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Call No. *>>g _ & ^ Z_/%^ T> Accession No, ft // tfl Author Tit, This book should be returned on or before the date last marked below. TRADE IN THE EASTERN SEAS LONDON Cambridge University Press FETTER LANE NEW YORK TORONTO BOMBAY ' CALCUTTA * MADRAS Macmillan TOKYO Maruzen Company Ltd All rights reserved TRADE IN THE EASTERN SEAS 1793-1813 by C. NORTHCOTE EA&KJNSON M.A.; PH.D.; F.R.HisT.8. Ftllaw o/Emmanurl Co/ligt, Caatnagi Julian Cor&ett Prizeman CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1937 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN MY FATHER S MEMORY CONTENTS PREFACE page xi CHAPTER I. THE INDIA HOUSE i II. BRITISH INDIA 29 III. TRADE TO THE EAST 69 IV. THE EASTERN SEAS 98 V. EAST INDIAMEN 121 VI. THE SHIPPING INTEREST 164 VII. THE MARITIME SERVICE 191 VIII. THE VOYAGE 226 IX. PASSENGERS 264 X. NAVAL PROTECTION 304 XI. THE COUNTRY TRADE 317 XII. THE END OF MONOPOLY 357 NOTES 367 BIBLIOGRAPHY 393 INDEX 4*5 ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES I. The East India House facing p. 2 From the engraving by J. C. Stadler after T. H. Shepherd. Re- produced, by permission, from a print in the British Museum II. The Windham and Wexford. East Indiamen unloading in the homeward bound East India Dock facing p. 94 Drawn and engraved by C. Turner, published in 1807 and dedicated to Robert Wigram, Esq., M.P., F.R.S. Reproduced, by permission, from a print in the British Museum III. Chart showing the courses usually steered on the voyages to India and China facing p. 102 Engraved for Charles Hardy, Jerusalem Coffee House, 1803, and published as an illustration to Hardy's Register of Shipping. Re- produced, by permission, from the copy in the India Office IV. An East Indiaman off Dover facing p. 204 Reproduced from the watercolour by Atkins in the National Mari- time Museum, by permission of the Trustees V. A view of the East India Docks facing p. 262 Drawn, engraved and published i October 1808, by William Daniell. Reproduced, by permission, from a print in the British Museum VI. Plan of London River and the East India Docks at the time D their completion, showing the connection by road between Leadenhall Street, Poplar, and Blackwall facing p. 276 Reproduced, by permission, from a plan in the Map Department of :he British Museum ILLUSTRATIONS VII. An interesting scene on board an East Indiaman, showing the effects of a heavy lurch, after dinner facing p. 290 Etching by G. Cruickshank, published by G. Humphrey in 1818. Reproduced, by permission, from a print in the British Museum VIIL An East Indiaman anchoring off Spithead facing p. 306 Reproduced from the lithograph by R. Dodd, dated 1797, in the National Maritime Museum, by permission of the Trustees MAPS AT END I. General Map II. Chart of Winds PREFACE HISTORY has never yet taken its rightful place as a subject for investigation. We have, on the MARITIMEone hand, the economic historian, who tells us much about imports and exports but very little about shipping. We have, on the other hand, the student of nautical archaeology, who tells us much about ships but very little about trade. Somewhere between these two types of scholarship, and largely unheeded by both types of scholar, lies the true history of the sea. Maritime history I have called it, and this would seem to be its only possible name. In the text-book of economic history we learn of goods being sent overseas to this country and to that. We have the facts given us, together with such columns of figures as may serve to enliven the tale, and with that we must be content. Is not this, however, a little remote from human activities as we can picture them? Abstract statements about imports and exports do very well for the counting house, but there is that in most of us which demands more concrete information. We wish to visualise the quayside, the ships and the bales of goods. In books again of a different kind we may read of the speed and beauty of but here are often our clipper ships ; we disappointed by failure to learn what the ships carried or even why they were in a hurry. It is the task of the maritime historian to bridge the gulf between these two types of work, avoiding equally the abstract and the anecdotal. It is my contention that there is much in English history which cannot be understood without its maritime context. It is also my belief that naval history, as now studied, is far too apt to lack its economic background. Were naval history treated as an aspect of maritime history it would itself become PREFACE more intelligible, while at the same time fitting more easily into the general story of mankind. The object of this work, as originally written, was to describe a naval campaign in what I hold to be its proper historical and geographical setting. Treated thus, the subject became too vast for a single volume, and I decided to deal with it in two separate books, the one maritime and the other strictly naval. The present work is the first of these. The second I hope to write in the near future. The twofold undertaking, from a part of which this book has developed, was entitled "Trade and War in the Eastern Seas, 1803-1810 ". It was a thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, and consisted of two distinct parts, the one dealing with trade and the other with war. Only a portion of the first half is here reproduced; and of this the greater part has been re-written. It has also been expanded and lengthened so as to cover the longer period 1793-1813. The epoch chosen is that of the French Wars, omitting the years 1813-1815 on account of the partial abolition in that period of the East India Company's monopoly. Although, however, certain limits are set in point of time, it is necessary to warn the reader that there is here no attempt to chronicle the maritime occurrences of the period so defined. This book is a description of conditions, not a narrative of events. It will be found that I have used no footnotes ; and this, to some readers, will prove the unsoundness of any views I may have advanced. To them, my plea must be that footnotes serve but two useful purposes, and that each of these purposes may be achieved in another way. There is the footnote which conveys some additional information; and there is the foot- note which refers the reader to some authority. Here the notes of the first type are collected at the end of the book, while those of the second type are concealed in the text itself. However laconic, these references are mostly to be under- stood when taken in conjunction with the bibliography, [ xii ] PREFACE which, for that purpose, is arranged by chapters. Many reader authorities are quoted in full, so that the most exacting the has little occasion to verify the context. I have never seen in the merit of paraphrasing what might just as well be given original words. of Although alone responsible for the many shortcomings this book, I should like to thank all who have helped me to Professor produce it. First I must express my gratitude to A. P. Newton, of London University, under whose experienced indebted to direction my original thesis was written. I am him for much valuable help, and not least for his suggesting as to the title. No pupil of his could be in any doubt how At the much I must necessarily owe to his scholarly guidance. same time, I have a debt of older standing to Mr E. Welbourne, of Emmanuel College. Such knowledge as I have I owe mainly not to him. It is my hope that Mr Welbourne himself will refuse to acknowledge this book as the offspring, however unworthy, of his own most stimulating thought. I also wish to express my gratitude to Sir Herbert Richmond, criticism to Master of Downing College, for much valuable ; and Mr J. C. Lockhart for his advice; and to Mr Carrington Mr Kendon, of the University Press, for their unfailing tact I and patience. To the Council of the Navy Records Society am indebted for permission to reproduce certain passages from their publications. I cannot thank individually all those, Office and the British particularly among the staffs of the India Museum, who have been of assistance to me; but I cannot refrain from thanking Mr M. S. Robinson of the National Maritime Museum for kindly helping me with the illustra- I tions. Like a great many students of naval history, am already deeply in his debt. C. N. P. Emmanuel College Cambridge 1937 Chapter I THE INDIA HOUSE new India House, which was opened in April 1800, was an austere building, severely classical, stone built THEand plain; but it was not entirely unadorned. The was relieved and crowned a fa9ade by pilasters by pediment ; and the pediment contained figures in high relief, much admired at the time, which were supposed to indicate the nature of the business transacted within. Even had this masterpiece survived, which it has not, it is doubtful whether the casual observer would have grasped the point of the allegory. A point, however, there was, as the following quotation will show: DESCRIPTION OF THE PEDIMENT Commerce, represented by Mercury, attended by Navigation, and followed by Tritons on Sea Horses, is introducing Asia to Britannia, at whose P'eet She pours out her Treasures.
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