What Is a Dollar?
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How Exchange Rates Affect Agricultural Markets
How Exchange Rates Affect Agricultural Markets Introduction The exchange rate between two currencies specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other. The Canadian exchange rate impacts the competitiveness of the agriculture sector by affecting prices of agriculture products and inputs and, therefore, farms’ profits. This module provides an overview of what is an exchange rate, what factors determine the exchange rate, the effects of changes in exchange rates on agricultural markets, and how to manage the risk of currency exchange fluctuation. Although the major market for currency in the world is FOREX, other markets like CME (Chicago Mercantile Exchange) or CBOE (Chicago Board Options Exchange) offer currency exchange rate products. The currency abbreviation or currency symbol for the Canadian dollar is CAD and for the US dollar is USD. In this article, C$ and US$ represent the Canadian and the US dollar respectively, with the dollar sign. What is the Exchange Rate? The exchange rate is the rate in which one currency of one country is valued relative to the currency of another country. There are two ways to express exchange rates: • The number of units of foreign currency necessary to purchase one unit of domestic currency. For example, an exchange rate of 0.9312 means US$ 0.9312 would be needed to purchase one Canadian dollar. or • The number of units of domestic currency necessary to purchase one unit of foreign currency. For example, the 0.9312 rate could also be expressed as requiring C$1.0739 to buy one US dollar. In other words, $0.9312 is really 1/1.0739 and 1.0739 is really 1/0.9312. -
Newdow V. Congress February 2013 Original Complaint Page Iii CLAIM 6
Michael Newdow Pro hac vice (pending) USDC-SDNY Bar PO Box 233345 Sacramento, CA 95823 (916) 273-3798 [email protected] Edwin M. Reiskind, Jr. Friend & Reiskind PLLC 100 William Street, #1220 New York, NY 10038 (212) 587-1960 (212) 587-1957 (Fax) [email protected] IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK Civil Action No. ORIGINAL COMPLAINT ROSALYN NEWDOW; KENNETH BRONSTEIN; BENJAMIN DREIDEL; NEIL GRAHAM; JULIE WOODWARD; JAN AND PAT DOE; DOE-CHILD1 AND DOE-CHILD2; ALEX AND DREW ROE; ROE-CHILD1, ROE-CHILD2, AND ROE-CHILD3; VAL AND JADE COE; COE-CHILD1 AND COE-CHILD2; NEW YORK CITY ATHEISTS; FREEDOM FROM RELIGION FOUNDATION; Plaintiffs, v. THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; TIMOTHY F. GEITHNER, SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY; RICHARD A. PETERSON, DEPUTY DIRECTOR, UNITED STATES MINT; LARRY R. FELIX, DIRECTOR, BUREAU OF ENGRAVING AND PRINTING; Defendants. IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK Newdow v. The Congress of the United States Original Complaint TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ........................................................................................................ v JURISDICTION AND VENUE ................................................................................................... 1 PARTIES ........................................................................................................................................ 2 A. PLAINTIFFS ........................................................................................................................ -
Davis S Dissertation 2010.Pdf
The Trend Towards The Debasement Of American Currency A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University By Steven Davis Master of Science Stanford University, 2003 Master of Science University of Durham, 2002 Bachelor of Science University of Pennsylvania, 2001 Director: Dr. Richard Wagner, Professor Department of Economics Fall Semester 2010 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright: 2010 by Steven Davis All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Professors Richard Wagner, Robin Hanson, and John Crockett for their insight, feedback, and flexibility in their positions on my dissertation committee. Additional thanks to Professor Wagner for his guidance in helping me customize my academic program here at George Mason. I would also like to thank Mary Jackson for her amazing responsiveness to all of my questions and her constant supply of Krackel candy bars. Thanks to Professor “Doc” Bennett for being a great “RA-employer” and helping me optimize my Scantron-grading technique. Thanks to the Economics Department for greatly assisting my studies by awarding me the Dunn Fellowship, as well as providing a great environment for economic study. Thanks to my Mom and Dad for both their support and their implicit contribution to the Allen Davis game. Finally, thanks to the unknown chef of the great brownies available in the small Enterprise Hall cafeteria. Hopefully, they will one day become a topping at Mr. Yogato or at its successor, Little Yohai. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ vi ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. viii Chapter 1: Introduction .................................................................................................. -
Republic-Magazine # 4.Pdf
Politics withanedge Politics rages US $3.95 / Can $5.95 REPUBLICMAGAZINE PO Box 10577 Newport Beach, CA 92658 tel: 714.436.1234 or 866.437.6570 Contents fax: 714.455.2091 www.republicmagazine.com PUBLISHER From the Editor 4 George Shepherd GARY S. FRANCHI JR. MANAGING EDITOR Gary Franchi Columns COPY EDITOR Constitutional Discipline Joan Walling 6 MICHAEL BADNARIK CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Jack Blood 60-Second Activism 15 Michael Badnarik 16 GARY S. FRANCHI JR. Lee Rogers Samuel Anthony Ettaro Edwin Vieira, Jr. Off the Grid 16 Jason Starck Life Without Banks Gary Franchi SAMUEL ANTHONY ETTARO Aaron Bolinger DESIGN & PRODUTION Activist Profile 20 Ed Rother Something Happened in Early November ––––––––––––––––––––– TREVOR LYMON Advertising Earle Belle 8 Toll Free: 866.437.6570 Features email: [email protected] The Pending Financial Subscriptions/Bulk Activist Orders 8 www.republicmagazine.com Collapse of America or call: 866.437.6570 LEE ROGERS Mail-In Orders PO Box 10577 Porque el Amero, Amigos 22 Newport Beach, CA 92658 EDWIN VIEIRA, JR. Cover Design By Ed Rother A Year in Review 24 Republic Magazine is Published Monthly JACK BLOOD ––––––––––––––––––––– 22 Republic VS. Democracy? Publisher’s Disclaimer: The Republic Magazine 26 staff and CDI Publications, Inc. have made JASON STARCK every effort to ensure the accuracy of the in- formation presented within these pages. Al- The REAL ID Battle in 28 though, from time to time an error may occur. the Keystone State We suggest, like true patriots, you thoroughly AARON BOLINGER research and/or seek legal or professional ad- vice on any topic exposed in Republic Maga- zine before taking action. -
I Or Do Ars: Effects of Menu-Price Formats on Restaurant Checks
The Center for HospitalityResearch Hospitality Leadership Through Learning I or Do ars: Effects of Menu-priceFormats on Restaurant Checks Cornell Hospitality Report Vol. 9, No. 8, May 2009 by SybilS. Yang, Sheryl E. Kimes, Ph.D., and Mauro M. Sessarego UN( oi R [IIIIIII ~r' • :11: • • • • • • • Advisory Board Scott Berman, U.S. Advisory Leader, Hospitality and Leisure Consulting Group of PricewaterhouseCoopers Raymond Bickson, Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer, Taj Group of Hotels, Resorts, and Palaces Stephen C. Brandman, Co-Owner, Thompson Hotels, Inc. Raj Chandnani, Vice President, Director of Strategy, WATG Benjamin J. "Patrick" Denihan, CEO, Denihan Hospitality Group Michael S. Egan, Chairman and Founder,job.travel Joel M. Eisemann, Executive Vice President, Owner and Franchise Services,Marriott International, Inc. Kurt Ekert, Chief Operating Officer,GTA by Travelport Brian Ferguson, Vice President, Supply Strategy and Analysis, Expedia North America I r Kevin Fitzpatrick, President, AIG Global Real Estate Investment Corp. Gregg Gilrna, Partner, Co-Chair, Employment Practices, Davis R Gilbert LLP The Robert A. and JanM. Beck Center at Cornell University Backcover photo by permission of The Cornellian and Jeff Wang. Susan Helstab, EVP Corporate Marketing, Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts Jeffrey A. Horwitz, Partner, Corporate Department, Co-Head, Lodgiing and Gaming, Proskauer Rose LLP Kenneth Kahn, President/Owner, LRP Publications Paul Kanavos, Founding Partner, Chairman, and CEO,FX Real Estate and Entertainment Kirk Kinsell, President of Europe, Middle East, and Africa, Cornell Hospitality Report, InterContinental Hotels Group Volume 9, No. 8 (May 2009) Nancy Knipp, President and Managing Director, Single copy price US$50 American Airlines Admirals Club © 2009 Cornell University Gerald Lawless, Executive Chairman, Jumeirah Group Mark V. -
1St to 4Th Congress
First – Fourth Congresses Mar. 4, 1789 – Mar. 3, 1791; Oct. 24, 1791 – Mar. 2, 1793 Dec. 2, 1793 – Mar. 3, 1795; Dec. 7, 1795 – Mar. 3, 1797 Administrations of George Washington Historical Background ............................................................................................................. 1 War or Peace? ............................................................................................................................. 3 Economic Trends and Conditions ....................................................................................... 4 Constitutional Amendments ................................................................................................. 4 Major Treaties............................................................................................................................. 5 Landmark U.S. Supreme Court Cases ................................................................................ 6 1789 Events ................................................................................................................................. 6 President 1790 Events ................................................................................................................................. 6 George Washington 1791 Events ................................................................................................................................. 7 1792 Events ................................................................................................................................ -
© 2015 Thomson Reuters. No Claim to Original U.S. Government Works. 1 the Honorable Michael Gulledge, 1984 WL 249887 (1984)
The Honorable Michael Gulledge, 1984 WL 249887 (1984) 1984 WL 249887 (S.C.A.G.) Office of the Attorney General State of South Carolina May 15, 1984 *1 The Honorable Michael Gulledge Member South Carolina House of Representatives State House Columbia, South Carolina 29211 Dear Mike: You have requested the opinion of this Office as to whether South Carolina declares anything to be legal tender in payment of debts, whether the Coinage Act of 1792, 2 Stat. 246 (1792), is still in effect, and whether Art. I, § 10 of the United States Constitution is binding on South Carolina. As to your first inquiry, Art. I, § 10 of the United States Constitution permits States to declare only gold and silver coins as a legal tender. However, the South Carolina General Assembly has not declared either gold or silver as legal tender. Even though South Carolina has apparently not declared gold and silver as legal tender, Art. I, § 10 ‘does not limit Congress' power to declare what shall be legal tender for all debts.’ [citations omitted] U.S. v. Rifen, 577 F.2d 1111, 1113 (2nd Cir. 1978). Congress' authority ‘to declare what shall be legal tender for all debts' stems from U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8. Congress, pursuant to Art. I, § 8, has declared that: United States coins and currency (including Federal reserve notes and circulating notes of federal reserve banks and national banks) are legal tender for all debts, public charges, taxes, and dues. Foreign gold or silver coins are not legal tender for debts. 31 U.S.C.S. -
Region Focus, Q2 2010
SECOND QUARTER 2010 THE FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF RICHMOND VOLUME 14 NUMBER 2 SECOND QUARTER 2010 Our mission is to provide COVER STORY authoritative information 12 and analysis about the Do Deficits Matter? And If So, How? Fifth Federal Reserve District As fiscal imbalances increase, economists debate their effect economy and the Federal Reserve System. The Fifth on the macroeconomy District consists of the The effects of budget deficits are gaining renewed attention District of Columbia, because of current shortfalls and large projected expenditures on Maryland, North Carolina, entitlement programs. Economists seem to agree that deficits are South Carolina, Virginia, not inherently inflationary. But their effects on interest rates and and most of West Virginia. other economic variables are less certain. The material appearing in Region Focus is collected and developed by the Research FEATURES 16 Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Markets for Safety: Product recalls yield mixed effects on firms DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH A number of recent high-profile cases of product recalls suggest that the John A. Weinberg marketplace generally works as economists would predict. Firms that EDITOR produce defective goods usually take a hit to their reputation and their Aaron Steelman bottom line, though there are exceptions. SENIOR EDITOR Stephen Slivinski 19 MANAGING EDITOR Advancing Immunity: What is the role for policy in the Kathy Constant private decision to vaccinate children? S TAFF WRITERS Despite direct benefits, some parents choose not to vaccinate their Renee Courtois children and can effectively free-ride off the immunization of others. Betty Joyce Nash Policymakers must weigh potential limitations on private freedoms EDITORIAL SUPPORT/CIRCULATION Jessie Sackett with public health to achieve the socially optimal level of vaccination. -
The Canadian Style – a Guide to Writing Numbers
The Canadian Style – A Guide to Writing Numbers 5.01 Introduction Numerical information should be conveyed in such a way as to be understood quickly, easily and without ambiguity. For this reason, numerals are preferred to spelled-out forms in technical writing. Except in certain adjectival expressions (see 5.05 Adjectival expressions and juxtaposed numbers) and in technical writing, write out one-digit numbers and use numerals for the rest. Ordinals should be treated in the same way as cardinal numbers, e.g. seven and seventh, 101 and 101st. Many other factors enter into the decision whether to write numbers out or to express them in numerals. This chapter discusses the most important of these and presents some of the conventions governing the use of special signs and symbols with numerals. The rules stated should, in most cases, be regarded as guidelines for general use that may be superseded by the requirements of particular applications. 5.02 Round numbers Write out numbers used figuratively: a thousand and one excuses They may attack me with an army of six hundred syllogisms. —Erasmus And torture one poor word ten thousand ways. —Dryden Numbers in the millions or higher should be written as a combination of words and figures: 23 million 3.1 million There were more than 2.5 million Canadians between the ages of 30 and 40 in 1971. When such compound numbers are used adjectivally, insert hyphens between the components (see 5.05 Adjectival expressions and juxtaposed numbers): a 1.7-million increase in population Whether or not it is used adjectivally, the entire number (numeral and word) should appear on the same line. -
Discover Alexander Hamilton
soei D g American Democracy et. 07 A Walking Tour of DC for Hamilton Fans Prepared by Susan Sullivan Lagon,Ph.D., Historian, The Jefferson, Washington, DC The Jefferson, Washington, DC • 1200 16th St. NW • Washington DC, 20036 1 The Jefferson, Washington, DC • 1200 16th St. NW • Washington DC, 20036 A Walking Tour of DC for Hamilton Fans Prepared by Susan Sullivan Lagon, Ph.D., Historian, The Jefferson, Washington, DC amilton’s legacy tour begins at the Treasury Department, just a few blocks from the hotel at 1500 Pennsylvania Ave., NW. Alexander Hamilton established Ha viable financial system for the early republic by setting up a national banking system, regulating currency, and securing credit. He was the first Secretary of the Treasury and his statue on the south patio overlooks the oldest departmental building in Washington. Hamilton would approve of the 30-column colonnade of 36-foot high columns carved from a single piece of granite that was added to the building in the 20th century as a fitting symbol of strength and stability. As you head south on 15th St., notice Freedom Plaza to your left. Beneath your feet is a map of Pierre L’Enfant’s original design for the “Federal City” on the site chosen by George Washington. It was Hamilton who agreed to move the nation’s capital south from New York in exchange for southern states’ paying for debts incurred by northern states. The deal was struck between Hamilton and James Madison at a dinner hosted by Thomas Jefferson and became known as the “dinner table bargain.” One block south and one block east will put you on Constitution Ave. -
Early American Money
History 1970 Spring 2020 Early American Money Professor Seth Rockman For the period covered in this course—from the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries in the Atlantic World—money was not an arbitrary marker of value that had organically developed to facilitate trade, but rather was the product of state power, an assertion of sovereignty, and ultimately, a means of ruling. The history of money, then, is fundamentally a political history, one recovered through a focus on elections, policymaking, and the legal system (e.g. the state’s ability to declare some money as suitable for paying taxes or mandating its acceptance as legal tender for settling private contracts). But money’s history is political in a second (and more expansive) sense of the word, relating to the exercise of power in the realm of society and culture. Money—in its tangible form and as an abstract concept— functions to constitute or reflect forms of identity, as well as to construct and contest structural categories of difference like race, gender, and class. Struggles to control money’s availability through law and to control money’s meaning through culture combine to reveal the broader contours of power in the past. If we add in questions about the forms of knowledge and technology (institutionalized and tacit) involved in the making and using of money, then the history of money provides an even greater opportunity to consider the nature of historical change, especially the relationship of the material and the ideological in shaping historical outcomes. Scholars in any number of fields have theorized money, and in some cases have claimed primacy for the insights of their particular discipline. -
Exorbitant Privilege: the Rise and Fall of the Dollar Free
FREE EXORBITANT PRIVILEGE: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE DOLLAR PDF Barry Eichengreen | 222 pages | 01 Jun 2011 | Oxford University Press | 9780199596713 | English | Oxford, United Kingdom EconPapers: Exorbitant Privilege: The Rise and Fall of the Dollar Barry Eichengreen, Exorbitant Privilege. It reads like a novel. The first chapter begins with the story of World War II concentration camp survivor Salomon Sorowitsch sitting on a beach holding a suitcase full of dollars of dubious provenance, which he hopes to launder and enlarge, in the casinos of Monte Carlo, as depicted in the movie The Counterfeiters. The second chapter begins with the story of English religious dissidents landing in Massachusetts inbringing with them insufficient stocks of European monies. This book brilliantly weaves six centuries of stories into a coherent and cogent account of the international monetary system. Prominence, in this context, means that the dollar is the principal unit in which individuals and firms invoice and settle trade, denominate commodity prices, and settle international financial transactions. It is also a principal asset that central banks hold as reserve currency, and the exchange rate with the dollar, is a principal price pegged by central banks. Among these include not having to pay currency conversion fees and having a safe currency that is relatively immune to exchange rate risks. This comes in the form of seigniorage, or the real resources that foreigners must provide to the U. These factors enable U. Eichengreen offers a vivid account:. With cheap foreign financing keeping U. The cheap finance that other countries provided the U. The United States lit the fire, but foreigners were forced by the perverse structure of the system to provide the fuel.