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Index

References are to document numbers

Aaron, David, 104 Anderson, Robert: Abramowitz, Morton, 1, 16 Basket III, 233 Abzug, Bella, 355 Confidence-building measures, 293 Ackland, Anthony, 269 CSCE, 232, 234, 265, 283, 304 Adams, Brock, 355 Andreani, Jacques, 246 Agnew, Spiro T., 19 Andreotti, Giulio, 138 Agreements, international: Andrews, Nicholas G., 244, 255, 326 “Basic Principles of Relations Andronikoff, Constantin, 83, 154, 251, Between the United States of 362 America and the Union of Soviet Andropov, Yuri, 304 Socialist Republics,” 97 Androsch, Hannes, 260 Basic Treaty between the two Annenberg, Walter H., 19, 234 Germanies, 1972, 145 Apollo-Soyuz docking mission, 329 Joint Statement on Principles of Arab-Israeli War, 1973, 206 United States-Polish relations, Arabs, 168 Oct. 1974, 264 Arends, Leslie, 50 Locarno Treaty, 1925, 20 Armitage, John A., 292 Moscow Treaty, 1970, 76, 78, 87, 94, Arms control. See Mutual and Balanced 95, 147, 338 Force Reductions (MBFR); Strategic Paris Agreements, 1954, 338 Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). Potsdam Conference Agreement, Arms Control and Disarmament 1945, 11, 20, 60, 95, 124, 214, Agency (ACDA): 335 MBFR, 38, 47, 365 Principles of Cooperation Between Guidelines for, 29, 48, 58, 347 the USSR and France, 1971, 76 SALT–CES linkage, 76 Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin, Asian Security Conference, proposed, 1971, 233 338 Rapallo Treaty, 1922, 19 Assad, Hafez al-, 319 Shanghai Communiqué, 1972, 338 Astavin, Sergei T., 203 U.S.–U.S.S.R. Trade Agreement, 1972, Atherton, Alfred L., Jr., 177 329 Basket III, 187, 259 Versailles Treaty, 1919, 20 CSCE, 265, 271, 283, 304, 311 Warsaw Treaty, 1970, 76, 78, 87, 94, Maltese amendments, 314, 316 95 Soviet-U.S. talks, 194, 195, 196 West Berlin Protocol, 94, 95, 96 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 344 Yalta Agreement, 1945, 338 Auschwitz, 319, 332 Akalovsky, Alexander, 261, 329 Austria, 95 Albania, 95, 142, 256 Aldrich, George H., 177, 262, 345 Baader Meinhof gang, 332 Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrei M., 91, Bachar, Mike, 322 95, 162, 194, 195, 196, 226, 228, 257, Bahr, Egon: 258, 329, 368 CES possibility, 68, 78 Algeria, 168, 173 CSCE, 125, 131, 145, 152, 190 America (magazine), 196 Multilateral preliminary Anders, Gisela, 331 conference, 132, 146, 148 Anderson, David, 293, 306 Kissinger on, 191 Anderson, John, 50 MBFR, 59, 62, 68, 69, 152 1095 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1096 320-672/B428-S/40001

1096 Index

Bahr, Egon—Continued Basket III—Continued Preparations for MBFR talks, 115, 125 Laws and customs issue: U.S. withdrawal from Europe, 136 Finnish presentation of U.S.-Soviet Baker, Vincent, 365 proposal: Balkan Entente, 142 EEC-Nine rejection of, 208 Baraz, Robert, 364 European suspicion of U.S.- Barnes, Harry G., 180, 299, 335, 336 Soviet collusion in, 219, 231 Barnum, James, 349 Finnish revision of, 218 Baroody, Bill, 322 German Federal Republic-U.S. Bartholomew, Reginald, 32, 364 talks, 212 Barzel, Rainer, 28 Swiss position, 208 Basket I (see also Inviolability of U.S. position, 210, 217, 220, 224, frontiers): 226 Background of, 323 U.S.-Soviet discussion of, 184, EEC-Nine list of key issues for, 237 190, 191, 203, 206, 216 Europe clause, 312, 318 NATO discussion of, 179 French draft declaration of principles Neutral nations package proposal for, 176 on, 221, 223 French position, 280 Proposed replacement by “respect German Federal Republic-U.S. for legal systems,” 186 discussion of, 233 Soviet-U.S. discussions, 184, 190, Romanian position, 280 191, 216 Soviet criticism of German Federal U.S. actions on, 209, 210 Republic position, 190 U.S. position, 185 U.S. position, 312 Preamble for: Basket II (see also Confidence-building Bulgarian draft, 179, 186 measures): Canadian position, 179 Background of, 323 European allies position, 178, 179 EEC-Nine list of key issues for, 237 French position, 178, 179, 185 Most-favored nation status and Helsinki formula as basis for, 189, reciprocity, 318 200 Trade barrier reduction reciprocity, 312 Neutral nations package proposal Basket III (see also Cultural and on, 221, 223 informational exchange; Human Soviet position, 182, 188, 191, 198, contacts; Marriage and family 202 reunification): Soviet-U.S. talks, 185, 186, 200 Allied draft of principles, U.S. U.S. concessions on, 187 proposal for: U.S. position, 188, 190, 198 British position, 246 Soviet-U.S. talks, 228 Canadian position, 246 Laws and customs issue, 184, 190, German Federal Republic-U.S. 191, 203, 206, 216 talks, 233, 236, 237, 238 Preamble, 185, 186, 200 Austrian-U.S. talks, 260 U.S. talking points for, 204, 227 Background of, 323 Substance of, 227 British position, 179 Summit-level gathering as tradeoff British-U.S. talks, 294 for, 233, 235 Danish position, 179 Texts: Dutch position, 179, 257, 260 Early registration of, 216, 217, 218, Dutch-U.S. talks, 241 221, 233 French drafts, 178, 185, 246 Provision registration of, 312 German Federal Republic-U.S. talks, Turkish position, 256, 257 230, 233, 249, 262, 263, 305, 306 U.S. passivity on, Soviet charges of, Key issues for, 204 257, 258, 261, 270, 284 EEC-Nine list of, 236, 237, 241 Basket IV, 280, 312, 323 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1097 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1097

Bastin, George, 144 Brandt, Willy—Continued Beam, Jacob D.: CES possibility, 20, 80, 86, 87, 111 CES possibility, 17 CSCE, 132, 147, 152, 317 CSCE, 105, 106 Summit-level gathering, 199, 224, MBFR, 106, 119 259 Gromyko conversations on, 50, 51, German Democratic Republic- 52, 54, 66, 69 German Federal Republic Behuncik, Edward, 322 relations, 19 Belgium (see also Belgian and Benelux As German Federal Republic subheadings under other subjects), 80, chancellor, 10 349 German reunification, 145 Benelux. See Belgium; Luxembourg; Invitation for Washington visit, 13, 14 Netherlands. Key Biscayne Summit with Nixon, 85 Bennet, Jack, 262 Kissinger talks with, 111 Bergold, Harry E., Jr., 319, 348 Kissinger view of, 91, 245 Berlin, 2 Letter to Nixon, 68 Agreement on as prerequisite for MBFR, 21, 87, 111, 114, 193 Conference on European Military force level reductions, 37, 64, Security: 355 British position, 57, 77 Nixon’s view of, 135 European position, 44, 78 Ostpolitik, 136 French position, 57, 77, 84 Resignation of, 203 German Federal Republic position, Visits: 48, 57, 77 Soviet Union, Sept. 1971, 68, 69, 70 NATO position, 41 United States, Apr. 1970, 21 Soviet position, 42, 43, 46, 57 United States, June 1971, 56, 59, 61 Allied access rights, 233, 240 United States, Dec. 1971, 85 Bilateral U.S.-Soviet talks, 17 United States, May 1973, 145, CSCE on interests of, 293 147 CSCE results as applicable to, 334 Bratteli, Trygve, 334 Europe clause, 312, 318 Brazil, 336 German Federal Republic position on Bremer, L. Paul, III, 202, 262, 283, 304, status of, 20 311, 330 NATO meeting planning for, 5 Brezhnev, Leonid (see also Moscow NATO support for initiatives on, 14, Summit, May 1972): 24, 41, 42 Basket III, 220, 257, 258 Progress in talks over treaty on, 71, Brandt talks with, 68, 69, 133, 152 76, 80, 81, 91 CES possibility, 91, 111 Romanian position, 335 CSCE: Signing of protocol on, 94, 95, 96 Giscard talks, 258, 265, 266 Bessarabia, 311, 336 Kissinger discussions on, 190, 191, Biological weapons, 336 194, 195, 196, 197 Blackwill, Robert, 191, 264 Multilateral preliminary Blech, Klaus, 264 conference, 105, 112, 134 Bobelis, Kazys, 322 Scheduling for, 152 Bogdan, Corneliu, 142, 244, 255, 299 Stage II’s pace, 190, 194, 195, 196, Boidevaix, Serge, 101, 231 197, 247, 270 Bonn Group, 212, 214, 293 Summit-level gathering, 184, 276, Bosch, Albert, 322 277, 278, 286 Boster, Davis, 177 Détente, 326 Bowden, Lewis W., 16 Ford, oral messages to, 303, 308 Bradsher, Henry, 332 Ford meetings with: Brandt, Willy: Helsinki Summit, 293, 315, 327, Brezhnev talks with, 68, 69, 133, 152 329, 330 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1098 320-672/B428-S/40001

1098 Index

Brezhnev, Leonid—Continued Brossolette, Claude-Pierre, 231 Ford meetings with—Continued Brown, Gen. George S., 348, 349, 351, Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 355, 357 243, 258, 259, 261, 264, 268, Browne, Malcolm W., 332 310, 326 Bruce, David K.E., 274, 310, 365 Health of, 288, 289, 331 Brunner, Eduard, 130, 141, 146, 246 Helsinki Summit, 293, 315, 323, 327, Brunner, Guido, 170 329, 330, 331, 362 Buchanan, Thompson R., 11 Kissinger’s view of, 151 Budapest Appeal on European Security, Letters: 1, 2, 3, 10, 31, 39 Ford exchange with, 261, 268, 276, Buell, William A., Jr., 269 277, 278, 308 Buffum, William B., 262, 265, 283, 311 Nixon exchange with, 86, 105, 121, Bulgaria (see also Bulgarian subheadings 152, 182, 190, 196, 211 under other subjects), 125, 168, MBFR, 91, 111, 192, 260, 341 336 Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 368, 369, Bundeswehr, 72, 193, 345 370 Bunker, Ellsworth, 203, 271 Moscow Summit, June 1974, 198, 226, Burden-sharing. See Defense burden- 228 sharing. Nixon talks with, 94, 95 Burton, Philip, 355 Summit, June 1974, 196, 215, 224, Busch, Rolf T., 166, 310 225, 226, 228 Buttigieg, Anton, 334 Pompidou visits, 123, 194, 195 Butz, Earl, 326 Preparations for MBFR talks, 113, 160 Buwalda, Peter, 166 SALT, 192, 339 Speeches: Callaghan, James: On CSCE, Sofia, Sept. 1973, 173 Basket III, 294 Helsinki Summit, July 1975, 331 Communism’s future, 339 On MBFR, Tbilisi, May 1971, 48, Confidence-building measures, 203, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 60, 69 248, 293, 298 Successor to, 336 CSCE, 234, 269, 270, 365 Visits: Maltese amendments, 316, 317 Bonn, May 1973, 149, 152 Summit-level gathering, 206, 294 United States, June 1973, 142, 159, Helsinki Summit, 328, 331 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 247 Inviolability of frontiers, 214 United States, Oct. 1975, proposed, MBFR, 362 287, 327, 329 Campbell, Alan, 362 Brezhnev Doctrine: Campbell, Richard, 147, 324 European position, 85 Canada. See Canada and Canadian Romanian position, 35, 80, 280 subheadings under other subjects. U.S. position, 13, 70, 100 Caroline, Princess of Monaco, 206 Yugoslavian position, 80 Caroline Islands, 270 Brimelow, Thomas, 131, 140, 202, 203, Carrington, Lord Peter, 37, 51, 77, 80, 234 341 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Carter, Stanley, 332 204, 227 Casaroli, Agostino, 334 Brosio, Manlio: Catalano di Melilli, Felice, 166, 310 CES possibility, 9, 20, 23, 80 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 83, 142, 180, 255 Letter from Nixon, 77 CSCE, 259, 299, 305 MBFR, 34, 51, 72 Ford visit, 335, 336 As brake to U.S. unilateral Helsinki Summit, 334, 336 reductions, 80 Celac, Sergiu, 180, 335, 336 NATO’s exploring of Soviet views Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 39, on, 70, 80, 81, 85, 86, 87 104, 114, 340, 344 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1099 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1099

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), Conference on European Security 203 (CES), possibility of—Continued Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 13 Canadian position, 51 Chemical weapons, 336 Consultative organ for, 96 China, People’s Republic of (see also Cultural, technical and economic Sino-Soviet dispute), 142, 147, 338 proposals, 15 Chnoupek, Bohuslav, 332 Czech position, 83 Chou En-lai, 260 Declaration of principles, 110 Christensen, Hans J., 166 Détente as goal of, 76 Christian Science Monitor, 355 Disarmament as topic in, 36, 78 Chrobog, Juergen, 306 Dutch position, 85 Civil aviation, 325 East-West cooperation, 76 Clarke, Bruce C., Jr.: East-West difference in concept of, 76 MBFR, 70, 348, 349 Finnish support of, 11, 38, 42 Developing strategies for talks, 32, French position, 24, 76, 80 39, 58, 99, 104 French-U.S. talks, 101, 258, 267 Clift, A. Denis: Pompidou-Nixon conversations, Basket III, 257 83, 84 CSCE, 255, 310, 320, 322 German/Berlin problems as issue in, MBFR, 190, 191, 192, 310 11, 20 Polish-U.S. talks, 326 German Democratic Republic Vladivostok Summit, Nov., 1974, 261, representation at, 95 264 German Democratic Republic role in, Cohen, Edward, 104 10 Colby, William, 351, 355 Soviet position, 49 Cold War, 362 German Federal Republic position, Committee on Challenges of Modern 20, 24, 38, 76, 80 Society, 41 German Federal Republic-Soviet Common Market (EEC), 19 talks, 68 Conable, Barber, 50 German Federal Republic-U.S. talks, Conference on Cooperation in Europe, 4, 8, 85, 111 possibility of, 76 Greek position, 24 Conference on European Security Gromyko-Nixon talks, 71, 72, 80 (CES), possibility of: Heath-Nixon Summit in Bermuda, Alliance management as goal of, 110 84 Allied consensus, development of, 76 Helsinki as site of, 95 Allied differences over, 92 Hungarian position, 83 Belgian position, 20, 23, 30, 85 Interagency Group study on, 74 Berlin settlement as prerequisite for: Issues for negotiation, 10, 12 British position, 57, 77 Italian position, 24, 80 European position, 44, 78 MBFR: French position, 57, 77, 84 Inclusion as agenda item: German Federal Republic position, British position, 38 48, 57, 77 European position, 46 NATO position, 41 Soviet position, 54 Soviet position, 42, 43, 46, 57 U.S. position, 38 Bloc-to-bloc talks, 96 Warsaw Pact position, 38 British position, 19, 23, 24, 30, 38, 73 On parallel track to, 95 British-U.S. talks, 103 Separation as agenda item from, Canadian participation in: 51, 52 German Federal Republic position, Moscow Summit Communiqué on, 68 92, 96, 97, 98 Soviet position, 1, 17, 30, 36 Moscow Summit discussions on, 92, U.S. position, 5, 7, 13 93, 95, 96 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1100 320-672/B428-S/40001

1100 Index

Conference on European Security Conference on European Security (CES), possibility of—Continued (CES), possibility of—Continued Multilateral preliminary conference U.S.-European differences on holding proposal, 96 of, 10, 78 NATO discussions on: U.S. position, 53 Belgian position, 30 Yugoslavian position, 76, 80, 313 British position, 30 Conference on Security and Communiqué, May 1970, 23, 25, Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) (see 30 also Helsinki Summit; Linkage Communiqué, Dec. 1970, 42, 43 between CSCE and MBFR; Danish position, 30 Permanent machinery for Dutch position, 30 CSCE): Norwegian position, 30 Albanian position, 256 U.S. position, 13, 14 Arab role in, 168 NSC analytical summary, 76 Asia as affected by, 338 NSC planning for, 20 Benelux proposals as viewed by Permanent machinery for, 76, 78, 80, Soviets, 195, 196 110 Berlin’s interests in, 293 Polish position, 76, 83 Bilateral arrangements with Soviets Portuguese position, 24 on, 265 Presidential guidance on, 81 Binding nature of undertakings at, Proposed areas of substance for, 168 110 British position, 113, 130, 153, 156, Romanian position, 35, 76, 80, 83, 84, 234, 316, 317, 320 85 Canadian position, 113, 147, 313, 314, SALT linkage to, 48, 76 316 Scandinavian position, 43, 80, 85 Characterization of, 312 Senior Review Group strategies for, Consensus vs. Consensus-minus-one 48 decisionmaking at, 313, 314, Soviet-French communiqué on, 10 315 Soviet initiatives for, 2, 11, 31, 38, 44, Cypriot role in, 280 48, 80 Danish position, 284 Soviets on U.S. participation in, 1 Declaration of principles: Soviet-U.S. talks, 35, 36, 71, 84, 110 Dutch proposal, 194 Initial contacts, 1, 11, 16, 17 Equal validity of principles, 147, Moscow Summit, 92, 93, 94, 95 192, 233, 248, 249, 258, 261, Rogers-Gromyko discussions, 96 262, 264 Soviet view of U.S. as obstacle to, 42, Belgrade declaration, 270 43 Soviet position, 165 As State Department interest, 108 U.S. position, 165 Symbolic nature of, 110 Dutch position, 113, 203, 313, 314 Territorial integrity, 96 Dutch-Soviet talks, 201, 203 Timetable for: EEC-Nine position, 205, 212 British-U.S. talks, 84 European mistrust of Soviet-U.S. German Federal Republic position, arrangements for, 130, 133, 164, 90 242, 247 Soviet acknowledgement of Final document: extension for, 178 Dutch proposal, 280 Soviet position, 91, 95 Irreversibility of détente, 318 U.S. position, 90, 92, 94, 95 Obligations as not legally binding, Turkish position, 24 318, 320 U.S. agenda for, development of, 12 Soviet disclaimer in, 312 U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 3, 6, 7, U.S. position, 320, 339 9, 10, 34, 35 Finnish position, 314 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1101 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1101

Conference on Security and Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)—Continued (CSCE)—Continued French position, 153, 232, 316, 317 Multilateral preliminary conference— French-Soviet talks, 261, 265 Continued German Federal Republic position, U.S. position, 110, 121, 132, 160 113, 153, 199, 264, 316, 317, 320 U.S.-Soviet agreement on German Federal Republic-Romanian scheduling for, 112, 113, 117 dispute over state sovereignty, NATO caucus papers on, 237, 238 311, 312, 313 NATO discussion on, 246 German Federal Republic-Soviet Neutral nations package proposal, talks, 311 221, 223 Global approach to, 296 Norwegian position, 147, 246, 262 Greek position, 280 Objectives for: Highlights of, 318 Allied study of minimum desired Importance for Europe of, 170 results, 192, 233, 234, 236, 237, Intra-bloc application of principles, 238 120 Listing of, 231, 232 Italian position, 212, 313, 314, 316 Quadripartite Rights and Italian-U.S. talks, 138 Responsibilities (QRRs), 293, 304, Japanese-U.S. talks, 338 305, 312, 313 Jewish views on human rights in, 279 Romanian position, 122, 132, 313, 314, Maltese amendments, 294, 313, 314, 317 315, 316, 317 Romanian-U.S. talks, 244, 255, 259 Mediterranean declarations, 147, 212, Scheduling for, 133, 134, 147, 149 213, 294, 295, 318 Soviet-German Federal Republic Middle East as subject of, 147 talks, 152 Ministerial meeting, July, 1973, 165, Soviet-U.S. agreement, 163 167, 169 U.S. position, 156, 157 Multilateral preliminary conference: Siting for, 152 Allied agreement on dates for, 116 Soviet acceptance of U.S. role in, 145 Conclusion of, 157 Soviet negotiating style, 285 Confidence-building measures and, Soviet pressure tactics for, 280 123 Soviet-U.S. discussions: Final communiqué, 132, 153, 160, Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 190, 191, 165 194, 195, 196, 197, 257, 258, 259 French-Soviet talks, 123 Brezhnev-Nixon talks, 159, 160, French-U.S. talks, 115, 151, 157 196, 215, 224, 225, 226, 228 German Federal Republic-U.S. Dobrynin-Kissinger talks, 123 talks, 125, 145 Gromyko-Ford talks, 247 Human contacts, 124, 133, 139 Gromyko-Nixon talks, 84 Inviolability of frontiers-human Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 315, contacts linkage at, 141, 146 316 Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129 Mandates for working committees, NATO discussion on, 84, 120 123 Opening of, 122 Vladivostok, 258, 259, 261, 264, 268, Romanian-U.S. discussions, 142 310, 326 Round II results, 127, 133 Soviet-U.S. joint communiqué on, 229 Soviet draft declaration, 124, 125, Soviet view of Allied role at, 270 132, 147, 148, 153 Stage II: Soviet position, 105, 122, 134 Adjournment of, 205, 231 Soviet-U.S. exchange of papers on French-Soviet talks, 265 agenda-setting, 124, 125 Gromyko-Rogers discussions of, U.S. draft declaration, 147 168 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1102 320-672/B428-S/40001

1102 Index

Conference on Security and Confidence building measures: Cooperation in Europe Belgian position, 123, 195, 196 (CSCE)—Continued British position, 196, 199, 203 Stage II—Continued As conference goal, 110 Level of representation at, 168 Cypriot position, 311, 318 Noninterference with domestic Dutch position, 123, 195, 196, 280, legislation, 177 312, 318 Pace of: German Federal Republic working Belgian position, 231 paper on, 183 Danish position, 246, 262 Luxembourg position, 195 European position, 172 Military movements and maneuvers: Key issues for movement in, 282, Area included for required 283, 284 notification: Norwegian position, 246, 262 Allied position, 173, 295, 300 Soviet position, 168, 183, 184, British-U.S. talks, 234, 269 194, 195, 196, 197, 201, 211, German Federal Republic-U.S. 247, 264, 270, 272, 295 talks, 233, 306, 307 U.S. position, 181, 182, 190, 194, Soviet position, 280, 297 198, 201, 224, 225, 238, 261, Soviet-U.S. talks, 258, 264, 284, 264, 271, 295 307 Procedural issues, 173 U.S. position, 308 Relative importance of issues at, British proposal, 194, 201, 202, 205, 168 284 Scheduling for, 165 British-U.S. talks, 226, 269 U.S. slowdown in response to German Federal Republic position, Mideast crisis, 177 205, 248, 293 Summit-level gathering: Soviet position, 133, 141, 173, 196, Basket III tradeoff for, 233, 235 197, 202, 226, 291, 292 British-U.S. talks, 190 Soviet proposal on, 258, 306 Canadian proposal, 313, 314, 316 Time required for notification, 284, European requirements for, 203, 224 287 Finnish invitation to, 222 U.S. position, 141, 144, 194, 196, Finnish lead-time for preparations 224, 282 for, 262, 311 NATO discussion of, 20, 237 French position, 232 Neutral nations position, 300, 302 German Federal Republic position, Romanian position, 123, 133, 280, 293, 199 299, 312, 318 Length of: Soviet position, 125, 318 Soviet position, 284, 286 Soviet-U.S. informal agreements on, U.S. position, 283, 284, 286, 313 143 Preamble as tradeoff in negotiation, Turkish position, 311, 312, 313, 316, 192 318 Soviet position, 159, 184, 190, 224 U.S. position, 123, 236, 272, 312 Soviet proposal for, 145 Yugoslavian position, 123, 133, 144, Timing for, 198, 241, 245, 302 293 Soviet position, 269, 270, 289 Conflict resolution, 20 U.S. position, 161, 164, 165, 190, Congress, U.S. (see also Senate, U.S.): 230 Foreign Assistance Act, 1975, 339 Turkish position, 147, 280, 316, 318 Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 329 U.S. limited goals for, 166 MBFR as weapon against troop cuts U.S. status report on, Apr. 1975, 280 by, 110, 166, 324, 349 Venue for, 113, 116, 117 Neo-isolationism in, 166 Western allies Summit proposal, 170 Nunn Amendment, 348, 353 Yugoslavian position, 313 Troop reduction debate, 159 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1103 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1103

Connally, John B., 63 Dam, Kenneth, 70 Cooper, Charles, 324 Dannenbring, Fredo, 212, 233, 264 Cooper, John Sherman, 57 Danzig, 154 Corning Glass, 326 Dargis, Paul P., 322 Corr, Edwin G., 72 Datchu, Ion, 255 Costa Gomes, Francisco de, 334, 336 David, Edward, 37, 70, 104, 114 Cotter, Donald R., 348 Davidson, John S., 292 Cotton, Norris, 50 Davies, Richard T., 61, 256, 325, 326 Courcel, Geoffroy de, 232, 265 Davignon, Etienne, 175 Court, John C., 32, 48, 58, 70 Davis, Jeanne W., 32, 39, 48, 114 Covey, James, 306, 325 Davis, Nathaniel M., 311 Crittenberger, Maj. Gen. Willis D., 70, Davis, Peter Dixon, 48 87, 102, 349 Day, Arthur R., 369 Cromer, Lord, 103, 128, 131, 140, 156, Dean, Jonathan, 61, 114, 343, 348, 349, 166 353 Cronkite, Walter, 240 Debre, Michel, 64, 101, 115 Cultural and informational exchange Declaration on European Security, 13 (see also Basket III; Human Defense, U.S. Department of: contacts): CES planning, 78 Czechoslovakian position, 141 European security, 55 Dutch position, 204 MBFR, 47, 52, 53, 70, 118, 190, 344 Early registration of texts for, 216, Defense burden-sharing: 217, 218 European position, 37 French position, 204, 234 Italian position, 138 German Federal Republic position, NATO position, 34 230, 240 U.S. position, 80 Italian position, 141, 204 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 39, Multilateral preliminary conference 104 approach to, 141, 147 De Gaulle, Charles, 19, 170 Polish position, 141 Delay, Raoul, 231 Soviet position, 147 Demirel, Suleyman, 339 Swiss position, 204 Demler, Maj. Gen. Marvin C., 58 Turkish position, 256 Democratic Party, U.S., 337 Cushman, Lt. Gen. Robert E., 32, 72, 78 Denktash, Rauf, 294 Cyprus: Denmark (see also Danish subheadings Confidence-building measures on, under other entries), 119, 355 311, 318 Denney, George C., Jr., 345 CSCE representation dispute, 294, Dent, Harry, 50 334 Den Uyl, Joop, 334 CSCE role of, 280 De Rose, Francois de Tricornot, 166, French-U.S. differences over, 266 236, 310, 363 Mediterranean Declaration, 147 Derwinski, Edward J., 321 Turkish notification of maneuvers Détente: near, 316 As CES goal, 76 Czechoslovakia (see also Czechoslovakia EEC-Nine position, 212 and Czechoslovakian subheadings French position, 78 under other subjects): German Federal Republic position, MBFR role of, 60, 65, 119 170 Rapacki proposal for nuclear-free Irreversibility of, 318 zone in, 60 Polish position, 325 Soviet forces in, 49, 56, 63, 322, 340 Romanian position, 142 Soviet invasion of, 2, 5, 19, 39 Soviet position, 42, 84, 196, 205, 284, Soviet war plans role for, 355 362 United States, relations with, 332, 336 U.S. position, 314, 326, 327, 329, 334 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1104 320-672/B428-S/40001

1104 Index

Detinov, Nikolai N., 368 Dobrynin, Anatoliy F.—Continued Dettre, Maj. Gen. R.H., 104 MBFR—Continued Deutsche Welle, 204, 227 Leaking of U.S. position on, 341 Disarmament, 36, 76, 78, 192, 345 NATO discussions on, 366 Dobbins, James F., 292 NATO’s exploring of Soviet views Dobriansky, Lev, 322 on, 86 Dobrynin, Anatoliy F., 152 Size and nature of, 191, 193, 341, Basket III: 347, 361, 368, 369 Finnish presentation of U.S.-Soviet Soviet-U.S. discussions on: proposal for, 208, 210 Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June 1973, Preamble to, 200 162 Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on, Gromyko-Nixon discussions, 174 257, 258 With Kissinger, 84, 125, 343 Summit tradeoff for, 235 With Richardson, 26, 27, 28, 29 U.S. position, 203 With Rogers, 61, 63, 64, 66 Brezhnev-Nixon letters, 211 Troop movements, 155 CES possibility: Moscow Summit, 95 Gromyko-Nixon talks, 71 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, Initial U.S.-Soviet contacts on, 1, 11, 226, 228 16, 17 Preparations for MBFR talks, 107, Kissinger meetings, 15, 31 108, 117, 140 Rogers talks, 80 SALT, 287 Soviet initiatives for, 2, 44 Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 261 Soviet-U.S. bilateral talks, 36 Dole, Robert, 50 U.S. liaisons with Soviets, question Dominick, Peter, 50 of, 86 Donaldson, William H., 345 U.S. position, 42, 43 Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 57, 84, 140, 196 Confidence-building measures: Dubcek, Alexander, 279 Military movements and Dubs, Adolph, 1, 11 maneuvers, 144, 205, 248, 298, Dubynin, Yuri, 8, 136, 210, 216, 218, 269 300, 301, 302 Ducci, Roberto, 170 Soviet-U.S. informal agreements Duckett, Carl, 58 on, 143, 307 Dulles, John Foster, 332, 339 CSCE: Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316 Eagleburger, Lawrence S., 102 Multilateral preliminary CSCE, 172, 175, 177, 265, 283, 304, 311 conference, 112, 117, 124, 125, MBFR, 70, 72, 158, 190, 192, 324, 340 134, 139 MBFR-Security Conference linkage, 87 Oral message from Brezhnev, 303, Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104, 308 114 Pace of Stage II, 201, 271, 284, 295 Romanian-U.S. relations, 142 Scheduling for, 147, 159 East-West Code of Good Conduct Soviet-U.S. discussions on: proposal, 10 Allied proposals, 183, 184 East-West trade, 20 Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 194, Economic cooperation, 110, 133, 165 195, 196 Educational tax, 133 Ford-Gromyko talks, 247 Egypt, 173 Gromyko-Nixon talks, 174, 199 Ehrlichman, John, 50 With Kissinger, 123, 309 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 114 Human contacts, 171 Elections: Kissinger visit to Moscow, Apr., 1972, Canada, 1972, 95 91 German Federal Republic, 1969, 10 MBFR: United States, 1972, 89, 95, 96, 101, 115 Lack of compromise on, 215 United States, 1976, 253, 325 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1105 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1105

Eliot, Theodore L., Jr., 39, 113, 116, 117, Ford, Gerald R.—Continued 146 Brezhnev’s oral messages to, 303, Ellsworth, Robert F.: 308 CES, 6, 7, 23, 25 CSCE: Declaration on European Security, 13 Final document, 320 Helsinki Summit, 319 Japanese-U.S. talks, 338 MBFR, 18, 26, 34, 37, 348, 349, 366 Maltese amendments, 315 NATO meeting preparations, 5, 22, 70 Pace of Stage II, 262 Security issues in Europe, 9 Romanian-U.S. talks, 244, 299 Elslande, Renaat van, 175, 232 Soviet negotiating style at, 285 Emigration tax, 133 Soviet-U.S. discussions with Enckell, Ralph, 38 Gromyko on, 247 Enders, Thomas, 262, 265, 311 Status report, Apr. 1975, 280 Energy cooperation, 260 Summit-level gathering: Enthoven, Alain C., 349 British-U.S. talks, 294 Environmental cooperation, 20, 165 Target date for, 245, 276, 277, 278, Eralp, Orhan, 166, 310 281, 286 Estonian-Americans, 321 U.S.-East European meeting over, European Defense Improvement 321, 322 Program (EDIP), 63, 77 French meeting in Martinique with, European Economic Community (EEC) 265, 266, 267 (see also EEC-Nine subheadings Gromyko meetings with, 247, 360 under other subjects): Helsinki Summit, 319, 323, 331 British referendum on, 270 Brezhnev meetings at, 293, 315, CES as legitimizer of, 110 327, 329, 330 CES role of, 87 Speech at, 333, 334 German Federal Republic role in, 196 Inviolability of frontiers, 253, 273 MBFR approach of, 363 Martinique meeting with French, 265, U.S. Summit with, 85 266, 267 Exit taxes, 177 MBFR: Export-Import Bank, 326 Austrian-U.S. talks, 260 Instructions for negotiations on, Fall, B.J.P., 130 351 Farley, Philip J.: Lack of progress in talks on, 360 CES possibility, 48, 78, 87 NATO discussion on, 366 MBFR, 37, 39, 63, 70, 80, 87, 135 Nuclear option, 353, 354 Ferjencik, Mikulas, 322 Option III, 324, 369, 370 Firyubin, Nikolai, 118 Pre-second stage briefing, 355 Fischback, Marcel, 310 Resor report on talks on, 350 Fishing, 325 Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 369 Fiss, Col. Robert E., 39 U.S. position, 243, 357 Flanigan, Peter M., 95 U.S. willingness to negotiate, 192, Flood, Daniel J., 322 193 Floyd, Arva C., 173, 236 Polish-U.S. relations, 264, 326 Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 284 Quadripartite Rights and Fokin, Yuri E., 313, 314, 361 Responsibilities, 304 Ford, Gerald R.: SALT, 287, 326, 337 Accession to Presidency, 242 Visits: Basket III, 260, 294 Auschwitz, 319, 332 Confidence-building measures, 291, Bonn, July 1975, 289, 324 298 Bucharest, Aug. 1975, 335, 336 Congressional meeting with Nixon, 50 Gdansk, proposed, 319 Brezhnev letter exchange with, 261, Warsaw, July 1975, 325, 326 268, 276, 277, 278, 308 Yugoslavia, Aug. 1975, 337 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1106 320-672/B428-S/40001

1106 Index

Ford, Gerald R.—Continued Genscher, Hans-Dietrich—Continued Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 243, CSCE—Continued 258, 259, 261, 264, 268, 310, 326 Maltese amendments, 316, 317 Forward base systems (FBS), 37, 152, Mediterranean Declaration, 213 345, 349, 353, 355 Soviet view of German Federal Fourcade, Jean-Pierre, 267 Republic role at, 270 France (see also France and French U.S.-German Federal Republic subheadings under other subjects): talks, 259, 263 Bilateral talks with Rogers, Dec. 1969, Helsinki Summit, 331 13, 14 Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 240, Communist Party, 336 251, 254, 275 Diplomatic style of, 233 Marriage and family reunification, 236 As NSC meeting topic, 14 MBFR, 359, 362 United States, relations with, 266 Quadripartite Rights and U.S. nuclear deterrent, 37 Responsibilities, 304, 305, 306, Frank, Paul, 80, 111, 131, 193, 304 312 Freed, Kenneth, 332 Repatriation of ethnic Germans from Freeman, John, 19 Poland, 325 Freer movement: George, Scott, 214, 233, 249, 264 Belgian proposal, 204 German Democratic Republic (see also As CSCE goal, 110, 323 German Democratic Republic Danish position, 204 subheadings under other entries): Internal travel controls, 204, 296 CES as strengthening position of, 34 Multilateral preliminary conference German Federal Republic recognition approach to, 133 of, 2, 245 Unresolved issues on, Apr., 1975, 280 German Federal Republic relations U.S. position, 204 with, 350 Freitas Cruz, João de, 310 MBFR role of, 54, 60, 119 Frelek, Ryszard, 256, 325, 326 Rapacki proposal for nuclear-free Friedersdorf, Max L., 322 zone in, 60 Frowick, Robert H., 312 Revolution, 1953, 50 Fry, Samuel E., 210 Soviet forces’ effect on, 63 Fugit, Edward F., 369 Soviet troop numbers in, 340 Fulbright, J. William, 50 United States, relations with, 15, 76, 240 Gaja, Roberto, 170 U.N. membership for, 91, 95, 97 Garrison, Mark, 313, 314 U.S. intelligence capabilities in, 39 Garthoff, Raymond L., 58, 99, 102, 114 German reunification: Gates, Robert, 282 CSCE discussion on, 169 Gehlhoff, Walter, 230 As German Federal Republic goal, General Agreement on Tariffs and 145, 146 Trade (GATT), 20 Herter Plan, 20 General Motors, 325, 326 Romanian position, 335 Genscher, Hans-Dietrich: Soviet position, 261 Basket III, 230, 233 Germany, Federal Republic of (see also Communism’s future, 339 German Federal Republic subentries Confidence-building measures, 248, under other headings): 293, 298, 306 Bilateral talks with Rogers, Dec. 1969, CSCE: 13, 14 Allied study of minimum desired As CES agenda item, 11 results, 238 Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Bilateral arrangements with Soviets 13, 355 on, 269 German Democratic Republic EEC-Nine declarations for, 212 recognition by, 2, 245 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1107 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1107

Germany, Federal Republic of— Green Belt theory, 37 Continued Griffin, Robert, 50 German Democratic Republic Grinevskiy, Oleg, 369 relations with, 350 Grobel, Olaf, 87 MBFR role of, 60, 119, 355 Gromyko, Andrei A.: NATO support for initiatives on, 14 Basket III, 227 Neutralization of, 193 Finnish presentation of U.S.-Soviet As NSC meeting topic, 14 proposal, 203 Polish relations with, 325 German Federal Republic-U.S. Quadripartite Rights and discussions on, 249 Responsibilities, 76, 212, 214, 275, Journalists’ working conditions, 280, 284, 293, 304, 305, 306, 312, 284, 287, 288 313 Laws and customs issue, 185, 190 Rapacki proposal for nuclear-free Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on, zone in, 60 257, 258, 261, 270, 284 Ratification of Moscow/Warsaw Summit tradeoff for, 233, 235 treaties, 87 U.S.-Soviet talks, 191, 227 Repatriation of ethnic Germans from Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June, 1973, Poland, 325 162 Social Democratic Party (SPD), 13, CES possibility: 355 Beam conversations on, 17 Soviet bloc talks with, 15 Helsinki as site of, 95 Soviet polemic attacks on, 2 Nixon talks, 35, 36, 42, 71, 72, 80 Troop reduction in the Bundeswahr, Territorial integrity, 96 72, 193 Confidence-building measures, 272, Unilateral disarmament by, 345 307 U.N. membership for, 91, 95, 97 Military movements and U.S. nuclear deterrent, 37 maneuvers, 144, 205, 248, 291, U.S. troop replacement in, 264 300 Gierek, Edward, 256, 264, 322, 328 CSCE: Giscard d’Estaing, Valery: Allied role at CSCE, 270 CSCE, 258, 261, 265, 266, 267 Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 194, 195, Summit-level gathering, 206, 278, 196 313 Kissinger conversations on, 147, Helsinki Summit, 331 181, 198, 211, 247, 269, 270, 287 Goering, Hermann, 349 Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 315, Golan Heights, 206 316 Goldwin, Robert, 310 Multilateral preliminary Goodby, James, 18, 364, 365 conference, 112, 141, 147 Goodpaster, Gen. Andrew J., 37, 65, Nixon talks, 174, 199 341, 355 Scheduling for, 147, 156 Gordon, Nicholas, 234 Soviet negotiating style at, 285 Grace, Princess of Monaco, 147, 191, Stage II: 201 Key issues in movement on, 282, Grava, Uldis I., 322 283, 284 Grechko, Marshal Andrei A., 258, 289 Noninterference with domestic Greece (see also Greek subheadings under legislation, 177 other subjects): Pace of, 201, 264, 271 Arab role in CSCE, 168 Rogers discussions on, 168 Constitutional government, 41 Summit-level gathering, 269, 281, CSCE role of, 147 286, 289 As NSC meeting topic, 14 U.S.-Soviet discussion of Allied Romanian position on MBFR role of, proposals for, 183, 184 142 Détente, 362 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1108 320-672/B428-S/40001

1108 Index

Gromyko, Andrei A.—Continued Hansen, Niels, 306 Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki Harmel, Pierre, 51, 87 Summit, 329 Hartling, Poul, 199 Ford meetings with, 247, 360 Hartman, Arthur A., 188, 220 Helsinki Summit, 329, 330 Basket III, 187, 190, 246, 288, 292 Human contacts, 147, 171 Finnish presentation of U.S.-Soviet Inviolability of frontiers, 147, 250, proposal, 203, 220 272, 275 German Federal Republic-U.S. Soviet “peaceful changes” talks, 233, 249, 259, 262 formulation, 249, 252, 254 U.S. talking points for Soviet-U.S. Kissinger on, 304 talks, 204, 227 MBFR: Confidence-building measures, 272, Beam conversations on, 50, 51, 52, 293, 295 54, 66, 69 Military movements and Brezhnev statements on, 50, 51 maneuvers, 205, 248, 298, 300, Kissinger talks, 181, 272 302 Lack of progress in talks on, 360 CSCE, 213, 222, 232, 234, 236, 269, 304 Scheel talks, 85 German Federal Republic- Size and nature of, 361, 368, 369, Romanian dispute over state 371 sovereignty, 311, 313 MBFR-Security Conference linkage, Key issues in movement on Stage 96, 106 II, 283, 284 On Mintoff, 168 Laws and customs issue, 185 Moscow Summit, 95, 96, 97 Maltese amendments, 317 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, Pace of Stage II, 201, 295 226, 228 Polish-U.S. talks, 256 Preparations for MBFR talks, 125, Soviet-U.S. talks, 183, 194, 196 128, 152 Summit-level gathering, 296, 310, SALT, 293, 315 311 U.S. foreign policy continuity, 242 Ford-Giscard talks, Martinique, Dec. Visits: 1974, 267 Benelux, July 1972, 106 Helsinki Summit, 333 Bonn, Sept. 1974, 249 Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 239, Rome, Nov. 1970, 38 252, 273 Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, MBFR, 191, 264, 365 261 Size and nature of, 190, 192, 193, Group of Ten, 20 361, 368, 369 Growald, Richard, 332 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, 198, 226 Habib, Philip, 283, 304, 311 Polish-U.S. talks, 325, 326 Hackett, James, 70, 99, 104 Quadripartite Rights and Hahn, Otto, 136 Responsibilities, 306 Haig, Alexander M., Jr., 17, 61, 74 Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 264 CES possibility, 3, 12, 85, 108 Hartogh, A. Karel F., 310 CSCE, 105, 112, 120 Hattersley, Roy, 363 MBFR, 120, 207, 358, 363, 366 Heath, Edward, 84, 126, 135 MBFR-Security Conference linkage, CES possibility, 84, 86 75 MBFR, 80, 84, 85 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974, Hébert, F. Edward, 355 226, 228 Heffner, Hubert, 58 U.S. troop withdrawals from Europe, Heisbourg, Georges, 333 192 Helman, Gerald, 264, 365 Haldeman, H. Robert, 51 Helminger, Paul, 333 Hanrahan, James P., 78, 87 Helms, Jesse, 319 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1109 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1109

Helms, Richard M., 73 Hillenbrand, Martin J.—Continued CES possibility, 12, 48, 74, 81 MBFR-Security Conference linkage, 87 MBFR, 39, 60, 65, 70, 80, 81 Moscow Summit, 95, 97 NSC discussion on, 21, 37, 63 Ostpolitik, 20 MBFR-Security Conference linkage, Quadripartite Rights and 87 Responsibilities, 304 NATO ministerial meetings, 45 Repatriation of ethnic Germans from NATO-Warsaw Pact military strength Poland, 325 comparisons, 37 Hirschfeld, Thomas J., 32, 70, 114 Preparations for MBFR talks, 114 Hodgson, James D., 338 Security issues in Europe, 19 Holmes, H. Allan, 310 Helsinki Summit (see also Summit-level Honecker, Erich, 331 gathering under Conference on Howe, Cmdr. Jonathan T., 72, 112 Security and Cooperation in Human contacts (see also Basket III; Europe (CSCE)): Cultural and informational Allied meeting at, 331 exchange; Marriage and family Brezhnev-Ford meetings at, 315, 327, reunification): 329 British paper on, 234 Briefing papers for Ford at, 323, 327 Inviolability of frontiers, linkage to, Closing of, 334 141, 146, 147, 148 Dutch speech, 334 Multilateral preliminary conference East European Americans’ concern approach to, 14, 124, 133, 139, about Ford trip to, 322, 326 141, 165 Ford meeting with Solzhenitsyn, Newly-created institutions for, 170 proposed, 319 Soviet-U.S. discussions, 171 Ford’s preparations for, 319 Human Kindness Day, 284 Kekkonen’s dinner, 331 Human rights: Kissinger press conference, 332 As CSCE multilateral preliminary Maltese apology, 334 conference issue, 141 Monégasque speech, 334 Jewish view of CSCE handling of Norwegian speech, 334 human rights issue, 279 Opening of, 330 Kissinger on, 175 Results of, 362 Hummel, Arthur W., Jr., 177, 262, 265 Romanian position, 334, 335, 336 Humphrey, Hubert H., 50, 256 Signing ceremony, 323 Humphreys, Colin, 310 Small countries speeches, 334 Hungary (see also Hungary and Thorn meeting with Kissinger, 333 Hungarian subheadings under other U.S. Defense Department role at, 319 subjects): Wilson-Ford meeting, 328, 330 CES possibility, 1 Hermes, Peter, 193 Ford visit to, proposed, 245 Herter, Christian, 20 MBFR role of, 70, 72, 73, 116, 166 Herter Plan, 1959, 20 Agreement on, 147 Higgins, Michael, 349, 363, 364 British position, 131 Hill, Robert C., 345 Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129 Hillenbrand, Martin J.: NATO position, 128 Basket III, 152, 233 Non-circumvention clause, 136, CES possibility, 3, 5, 42, 78 140, 149, 159, 164 CSCE, EEC-Nine declarations for, Romanian position, 142, 180 212, 213 Soviet position, 124 Inviolability of frontiers, 240 Soviet-U.S. discussions on, 125 MBFR, 26, 62, 63, 80, 193, 363 Yugoslavian position, 180 Developing strategies for talks, 32, Soviet forces’ effect on, 63 58 Hunt, John, 294 NATO discussions on, 28, 70 Husak, Gustav, 332 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1110 320-672/B428-S/40001

1110 Index

Hyland, William G., 77, 102 Inviolability of frontiers—Continued Basket III, 187, 190, 257, 258, 262 German Federal Republic proposal CES possibility, 48, 78 on, 212, 226, 234 CSCE, 170, 265, 304, 311 German Federal Republic-Soviet Maltese amendments, 313, 314 discussion on, 249, 252, 264 Multilateral preliminary German Federal Republic-U.S. conference, 112, 127, 132 discussion of, 240 Scheduling for, 147, 156 Human contacts, linkage to, 141, 146, Soviet-U.S. talks, 194, 196 147, 148 Stage II, 201, 283, 284 Location of reference to, 178, 179, Ford-Brezhnev meeting at Helsinki 196 Summit, 329 As multilateral preliminary Helsinki Summit, 329, 330 conference subject, 133, 141, 194 MBFR: Peaceful changes formulation: Developing strategies for talks, 32, Agreement on, 275 58 Allied position, 169, 212, 214 Option III, 364 Baltic states as affected by, 279, 281, Seen as deleterious to NATO 287 interests, 80 French position, 275 Size and nature of, 190, 192, 361, German Federal Republic proposal, 368, 369, 371 226, 234, 275 Soviet position, 70, 202, 368, 369 German Federal Republic-Soviet U.S. proposals, 191, 192 agreement on, 198, 269 MBFR-Security conference linkage, 87 German Federal Republic-U.S. NATO ambassadors meeting, 166 talks, 230, 240, 273 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, Media treatment of, 279 226 Sino-Soviet split and, 191 Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104, Soviet position, 178, 249, 252, 253, 114, 140 254, 256 Romanian-U.S. relations, 142 Soviet-U.S. talks, 182, 194, 196, 248, 271, 273 Ikle, Fred C.: U.S. position, 192, 312 MBFR, 355, 357, 358, 363 Quadripartite talks, 214 Instructions for negotiations on, Soviet position, 182, 226 190, 191, 347, 351 Soviet-U.S. talks, 250, 258, 261, 272 Nuclear option, 345, 346, 349, 353 U.S. position, 247 Option III, 355, 356 U.S. proposals on, 239 Iloniemi, Jaakko, 203 Iran, 316, 318 India, 336 Iraq, 316, 318 Ingersoll, Robert S., 256, 262, 283, 311, Irwin, John N., II: 355 CSCE, 151, 232 Interagency Group for Europe, 48, 52, MBFR, 37, 63, 70, 102, 151 74 Developing strategies for talks on, Interagency Task Force on the 39, 58, 72 Conference on Security and MBFR-Security Conference linkage, Cooperation in Europe Second 69 Interim Report, 92 Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, International Harvester, 326 114 International Parliamentary Union Ishida, Hirohide, 338 (IPU), 270 Isolationism, 166 Inviolability of frontiers, 97 Israel, 173, 212, 325 French-U.S. talks, 251, 253 Italy (see also Italian subheading under German Federal Republic position, other subjects): 239, 258, 261, 262 Communist Party, 336 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1111 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1111

Italy—Continued Killick, John, 214, 234, 317 MBFR role of, 72, 119, 125, 128 Kinast, Jan, 325, 326 British position, 131 Kingswell, Attard, 313, 314, 316, 317 Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129 Kirchschlaeger, Rudolf, 323 Yugoslavian position, 180 Kissinger, Henry A., 188, 308 As NSC meeting topic, 14 Allied mistrust of, 129, 130 Izvestiya, 194 Basket III: British-U.S. talks, 294 Jablonski, Henryk, 326 German Federal Republic-U.S. Jackson, Henry M., 184, 195, 244, 260, talks, 230, 233, 259 281, 329 Journalists’ working conditions, Jagielski, Mieczyslaw, 256 284, 287, 288, 290 James, Alan, 234 Laws and customs issue, 185, 191, Janiurek, Wlodzimierz, 326 203, 208, 209, 210, 212 Japan, 37, 338 Preamble for, 190, 198, 200, 202 Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 326 Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on, Javits, Jacob, 50, 329 257, 258, 261, 270, 284 Jobert, Michel, 151, 157, 196, 265 Soviet-U.S. talks, 204, 227 Johnson, Lyndon B., 17, 27, 97 Summit tradeoff for, 233, 235 Johnson, U. Alexis: Bermuda Summit, Dec. 1971, 84 CES possibility, 48 Brezhnev-Nixon letters, 211 MBFR, 32, 40, 50, 73 Brezhnev-Nixon meetings, 159, 160, Preparations for MBFR talks, 104 161, 162 SALT, 191 CES possibility: Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 52, 99, 104, Berlin agreement as prerequisite 192, 365 for, 42, 43, 48 Joint U.S.-Polish Trade Commission, British-U.S. talks, 103 326 Development of U.S. agenda for, Jonge, Maxime de, 241 12, 15 Jordan, Amos A., 348 Dobrynin meetings with, 15, 31 Journalists’ working conditions: Gromyko-Nixon talks, 71 German Federal Republic position, NATO discussions on, 23, 25 204 Presidential guidance on, 81, 88 Soviet position, 284, 287, 288, 290, Senior Review group strategies for, 296 48 Swiss position, 204, 290 Soviet initiatives for, 2, 3 U.S. position, 237, 282 Soviet-U.S. initial contacts on, 11 Jurich, Anthony, 32 Soviet-U.S. bilateral talks, 36 U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 6, 7, Kadar, Janos, 328, 333 10 Kaifu, Toshiki, 338 U.S.-European differences in, 78 Kamorowski, Capt. R.A., 48 U.S.-German Federal Republic Kaplan, Philip S., 365 talks, 4, 8 Karamanlis, Constantine, 339 U.S. liaisons with Soviets, question Kastl, Jorg, 274 of, 86 Kekkonen, Urho, 38, 329, 331, 334 On Communism, 339 Kemp, Jack F., 322 Confidence-building measures, 144, Kennedy, David M., 13, 37, 73, 109, 113 205, 248 Kennedy, John F., 97, 135 Neutral nations position, 300, 302 Kennedy, Col. Richard T., 32, 37, 39, 48, Soviet proposals on, 292, 297, 298 58, 70, 324 Soviet-U.S. talks, 143, 307 Khaddam, Abd al-Halim, 206 U.S. position, 272 Khama, Seretse, 317 CSCE: Khrushchev, Nikita S., 17, 226, 327 Belgian-U.S. discussions, 175 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1112 320-672/B428-S/40001

1112 Index

Kissinger, Henry A.—Continued Kissinger, Henry A.—Continued CSCE—Continued CSCE—Continued Bilateral arrangements with Soviets Stage II, 173, 177 on, 265, 269 Key issues in movement on, 282, British-U.S. talks, 234 283, 284 Dobrynin talks over, 123, 309 Pace of, 172, 194, 195, 201, 262, East European-Americans meeting 271, 295 with Ford, 321, 322 Status report, Apr., 1975, 280 EEC-Nine declarations for, 212 Studies on, 165, 238, 254 European mistrust of Soviet-U.S. Summit-level gathering, 245, 281, arrangements for, 164, 247 286, 294, 296, 311 Final document, 320 On European allies, 247 Finnish invitation to Stage III, 222 Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki French-U.S. talks, 232 Summit, 329 German Federal Republic- Ford-Giscard talks, Martinique, Dec. Romanian dispute over state 1974, 265, 266, 267 sovereignty, 311 Ford-Solzhenitsyn meeting proposal, German Federal Republic-U.S. 319 talks, 125, 145, 170, 262 Heath-Nixon Camp David talks, Feb. Gromyko conversations on, 147, 1973, 126 181, 198, 211, 247, 269, 270, Helsinki Summit, 319, 328, 329, 331, 287 332, 333 Gromyko-Nixon discussions, 174, Briefing papers for Ford at, 323, 327 199 Human contacts, 139, 146, 147, 148 Inviolability of frontiers, 146, 147, Human rights, 175 148, 198 Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 239, Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316, 250, 252, 275 317 Agreement on peaceful changes, Mediterranean Declaration, 213 275, 312 Ministerial meeting on, 69, 165, 167 French-U.S. talks, 251, 253 Multilateral preliminary German Federal Republic-U.S. conference: talks, 240, 249 Inviolability of frontiers-human Keeping the Soviets happy, 190 contacts linkage at, 146, 147, Key Biscayne Brandt-Nixon Summit, 148 85 Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129 MBFR: Romanian-U.S. discussions, 142 Allied quadripartite talks on, 362 Round II results, 133 Bahr conversation on, 62 Soviet draft declaration for, 125, Basic framework for, 32, 60, 63 132, 148, 153 Brezhnev statement on, 49, 50 Soviet position, 105, 134, 148 British-U.S. talks, 341, 342 Soviet-U.S. exchange of papers Brosio talks, 34 on, 124, 125 Data uncertainty in U.S. position, U.S. position, 110, 123 340 NATO discussions, 164, 310 Developing strategies for talks, 32, Polish-U.S. talks, 256 38, 39, 58, 72 Romanian-U.S. talks, 244, 255, Dobrynin discussions on, 84, 125 299 Dobrynin-Richardson talks, 27 Scheduling for, 147, 149, 156 European mistrust of Soviet-U.S. Soviet negotiating style at, 285 arrangements for, 158, 166 Soviet toughening of negotiation German Federal Republic force strategy, 304 reductions, 346 Soviet-U.S. talks, 183, 190, 191, 194, Gromyko-Beam conversation on, 195, 196, 197 52, 54 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1113 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1113

Kissinger, Henry A.—Continued Kissinger, Henry A.—Continued MBFR—Continued Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, Gromyko conversations on, 181, 215, 224, 226, 228 272 Nixon visit to Moscow, June 1974, Gromyko-Nixon discussions, 174 198 Lack of progress in talks on, 360 Polish-U.S. talks, 325, 326 Military vs. political approach to, Pompidou-Nixon Summit, 154 47 Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 128, NATO discussions on, planning 137, 142, 145, 164 for, 51 British-U.S. talks, 103, 131 NATO interests and, 80, 118 Force reduction numbers, 140, 160 NATO’s exploring of Soviet view French-U.S. talks, 101, 115 on, 70, 72 Hungarian non-circumvention NATO-U.S. talks, 274, 366 clause, 136, 140, 149 NSC discussion on, 37, 63, 135 Scheduling for negotiations, 116, NSDMs on, 52, 53 159 Nuclear option, 345, 346, 349, 353, Soviet-U.S. exchange of papers on, 354, 356, 366 119, 124 Option III, 259, 324, 358, 359 Soviet-U.S. talks, 107, 108, 112, 113 Pompidou-Nixon conversation, 83 SRG/Verification Panel joint Presidential guidance on, 81, 88 meetings on, 104, 114 Problems in development of U.S. Quadripartite Rights and position on, 52 Responsibilities, 304, 305, 306 Resor report to Ford on, 350 Repatriation of ethnic Germans from Romanian-U.S. discussions on, 180 Poland, 325 Second thoughts on, 333 Rogers’s visit to Europe, Dec. 1969 Size and nature of: 13, 14 Defense Department position, SALT, 287, 315, 337 190 Security issues in Europe, 5, 9, 52, 55 Estimates of current forces in U.S. foreign policy continuity, 242 reductions area, 371 U.S.-Soviet diplomacy on European Ground vs. air forces, numbers security, 17 for, 371 Visits: Scheel talks, 187, 193 Bonn, Sept. 1972, 109, 111 Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 368, Bonn, Mar. 1974, 187, 193 369, 370 European allies, July 1974, 231, 233, Soviet-U.S. talks, 361 234 U.S. position, 207, 347 Geneva, Dec. 1973, 181 U.S proposals, 192 Moscow, Apr. 1972, 90, 91 Soviet troop numbers in reductions Moscow, Sept. 1972, 109, 111, 112, area, 340 113 Soviet-U.S. talks, 358 Moscow, May 1973, 140, 147, 148, Stalemate in negotiations for, 365 150 Studies and briefings on, 254, 351, Moscow, Mar. 1974, 190, 191, 193 355 Moscow, Oct. 1974, 257 Troop movements, 155 Moscow, Jan. 1976, 368, 369 U.S. guidelines for talks on, 347 Nicosia, Damascus, May 1974, 203, U.S. policy guidance for, 73 206 U.S. proposals, 59, 191, 243 Paris, May 1973, 151 MBFR-Security conference linkage, Paris, June 1973, 157 46, 69, 72, 75, 87, 89, 92, 111 Romania, Nov. 1974, 259 Moscow Summit, 90, 95, 97, 100 Vienna, May 1975, 287, 359 NATO meetings, 57, 59, 164, 166 Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 258, Preparations for, 5, 20, 22, 46 259, 261 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1114 320-672/B428-S/40001

1114 Index

Klossen, Boris H., 66 Laird, Melvin R.—Continued Knowles, Lt. Gen. Richard, 39, 87 MBFR—Continued Kohl, Wilfrid L., 48, 58 NATO interests and, 80, 118 Komplektov, V.G., 368, 369 NSC discussions on, 21, 37, 63 Koppers Company, 325, 326 U.S. policy, 65, 73 Kornienko, Georgiy M., 66, 97, 106 MBFR-Security conference linkage, Basket III, 198, 203, 227 75, 88 Preamble for, 186, 188, 191, 200 NATO ministerial meetings, 13, 45 Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on, Security issues in Europe, 19, 55 257, 258 U.S. troop reductions, 131, 192 Confidence-building measures, 205, Visit to Europe, Oct, 1971, 77 248 Lake, W. Anthony, 4 CSCE, 112, 147, 183, 284, 286 Latvian-Americans, 321 Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 194, 195, Leber, Georg, 152 196 German Federal Republic force Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316 reductions, 345, 355 Pace of Stage II, 201, 271 MBFR, 136, 170, 341, 363, 366 Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki LeBieu, Ken, 50 Summit, 329 Lee, Vice Adm. John M., 32 MBFR, 360, 361, 368, 369, 371 Leesmont, Heikki A., 322 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, Lehman, John, 358, 363, 364 226, 228 Leigh, Monroe, 283, 304, 311 Kosciusko-Morizet, Jacques, 101, 115, Leonard, James F., 16, 99 151, 251, 253, 265 Leonard, John, 87 Kosygin, Aleksei N., 17, 69, 95 Leone, Giovanni, 154 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, Lesawyer, Joseph, 322 226, 228 Less-Developed Countries (LDCs), Visit to Canada, Oct. 1971, 51 325 Kovalev, Sergei, 13, 173 Levitsky, Melvyn, 11 Basket III, 178, 203, 216, 218, 221, 227, Lewis, Samuel W., 265 270 Libya, 194, 284 Confidence-building measures, 292, Liechtenstein, 142, 147, 328, 334 298 Limited sovereignty, 110 CSCE, 282, 313, 314, 316, 318 Lincoln, Gen. George A., 19, 37, 63, 80 Inviolability of frontiers, 264, 273, 275 Linebaugh, David, 102 Kozlov, Maj. Gen. Mikhail, 368 MBFR, 39, 58, 349 Krapf, Franz, 166, 232, 310 Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104, Kreisky, Bruno, 260, 286, 289 114 Krimer, William D., 36, 71 Linkage between CSCE and MBFR: Kruczkowski, Marian, 256 Allied support for, 133 Kubisch, Jack B., 177 British position, 69 Kuznetsov, Vasiliy V., 106, 115, 368 French position, 127 German Federal Republic position, Laboulaye, Francois de, 362 68, 69, 77, 87 Lahusen, Carl, 264 Italian position, 138 Laird, Melvin R.: JCS position, 87 CES possibility, 46, 74, 81 NATO position, 120, 248 Maintenance of troop levels in Nixon decision on, 87 Europe, 34 Romanian position, 165 MBFR, 18, 50, 51, 59, 72, 81 SALT included in, 349 Defense Department paper on, 52, Soviet position, 85, 106, 248 53 Soviet-U.S. talks, 96, 106, 107 Dobrynin-Richardson discussions U.S. position, 46, 69, 72, 75, 76, 85, 88, on, 26, 29 89, 92, 111, 127, 165, 291 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1115 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1115

Lipatti, Valentin, 311 Malta—Continued Lithuanian-Americans, 321 CSCE proposals, 313, 314, 315, 316, Lobdell, Brig. Gen. Harrison, 48, 78 317, 318 Lodal, Jan M., 190, 191 Manescu, Corneliu, 83 CSCE, 194, 196, 284, 313, 314 Manescu, Manea, 335, 336 German Federal Republic force Mansfield, Michael: reductions, 346 Bahr conversations with, 62 Helsinki Summit, 330 Mansfield Amendment, 1971, 48, 49, MBFR, 192, 264, 351, 355, 357, 358, 54, 57, 59, 70 363 Reintroduction of, 191, 192 Nuclear option, 349, 353, 356 MBFR, 101, 129 Option III, 359 U.S. policy as affected by, 52, 63, Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, 77, 90, 131, 332, 355 198, 226, 228 Military budget cuts as desired by, Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 264 135 Lord, Winston: Unilateral force cuts as desired by, 6, Basket III, 257, 262 72 CSCE, 112, 177, 283, 304, 311 Margerie, Emanuel de, 214 Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316 Marianas Islands, 270 Kissinger’s Moscow visit, Apr. 1972, Marriage and family reunification (see 91 also Basket III; Human contacts): MBFR, 345, 368 Canadian position, 141, 204, 227, 262 Moscow Summit, 95, 97 Danish position, 141 Loridan, Walter, 175 Early registration of texts for, 216, 217 Lowenstein, James G., 213, 236, 366 German Federal Republic position, Lucet, Charles, 67 141, 204, 234 Luers, William H., 204, 213 Multilateral preliminary conference Luns, Joseph: approach to, 141 CES possibility, 86 NATO caucus text on, 236 CSCE, 310 Norwegian draft, 236, 237 MBFR, 77, 117, 129 U.S. position, 237 European mistrust of U.S.-Soviet Mars, 95 arrangements for, 158, 166 Marseca, John J., 333 Ford talks, 274, 310 Marsh, Jack, 319 Non-circumvention clause, 136, 140 Marshall Islands, 270 Ostpolitik, 136 Massion, Georg, 264 Luxembourg (see also Luxembourg and Mateescu, Nicolae, 255 Benelux subheadings under other Matejko, Jan, 326 subjects), 92, 95 Mathias Amendment, 50 Helsinki Summit, 328, 334 Matlock, Jack F., Jr., 61, 117 MBFR role of, 65, 119, 355 Maw, Carlyle E.: CSCE, 262, 265, 283, 304, 311 MacGregor, Clark, 50, 57 Soviet-U.S. talks, 194, 195, 196 Macovescu, George, 180, 259, 299, 317, MBFR, 345 335, 336 Mazewski, Aloysius, 322 Maitland, Donald, 234, 269 McCaffrey, T.D., 269 Makarios III, Archbishop, 280, 294, McClellan, John L., 348, 349 331 McCloskey, Robert J.: Makarov, Vasiliy G., 183, 203, 361 Basket III, 203 CSCE, 271, 284, 313, 314, 316 CSCE, 177, 201, 265, 283, 304 Makins, Christopher, 358 MBFR, 192 Malraux, André, 115 McGinnis, John J., 78, 99 Malta, 87, 168, 280, 294 McGovern, George, 101, 115 Apology by, 334 McGuire, Joseph, 87 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1116 320-672/B428-S/40001

1116 Index

McGuire, Ralph J., 11, 70, 78, 92, 104 Moscow Summit, May 1972—Continued McMannaway, Clayton E., 70, 102, 104, Communiqué from—Continued 114 British position, 100 McNally, Thomas, 234, 269 Content of, 98 Meany, George, 319, 329 Dutch position, 100 Media, 279, 286 U.S. position, 92, 96, 102 Mendelevich, Lev, 133, 141, 144, 183, U.S.-Soviet discussion on, 96, 97 205 German Democratic Republic Basket III, 178, 216, 218 position, 90 Menzies, Arthur R., 166, 310 Heath-Nixon discussions on, 84 Merritt, Col. Jack, 87, 99 Soviet-U.S. exchange on discussion Michael, Col. Louis G., 348, 349, 358, topics for, 86 363 Talking points for, 93 Middle East, 14, 262 Moscow Summit, June 1974, 198, 226, Middleton, Drew, 366 228 Miki, Takeo, 315, 338 Mugar, Stephen P., 322 Mikoyan, Anastas, 297 Mulcahy, Edward W., 265, 283, 304 Miller, Dudley W., 204 Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Miller, Robert M., 146 (MBFR) (see also Linkage between Mintoff, Dominic, 87, 168, 284, 294, 334 CSCE and MBFR; North Atlantic Maltese amendments in CSCE, 313, Treaty Organization (NATO); 314, 315, 316, 317 Possibilities for opening Mutual Mitchell, John N., 73, 81 and Balanced Force Reductions MBFR, 65, 70, 80, 81 (MBFR) negotiations; Preparations Developing strategies for talks, 32, for Mutual and Balanced Force 58 Reductions (MBFR) negotiations): NSC discussions on, 37, 63 AD–70 study, 77, 80, 81 Miyazawa, Kichi, 338 Allied and Soviet military capabilities Mladenov, Petr, 336 in Europe, 355 Molander, Roger, 368 Austrian-U.S. talks, 260 Moldavia, 311 Balance within Western forces, 62 Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 336 Basic framework of, 32, 60, 63 Monaco, 147, 201 Belgian role in, 60, 65, 119, 355 Moorer, Adm. Thomas H., 53, 73 As brake to U.S. unilateral CES possibility, 74, 78 reductions, 80 MBFR, 65, 70, 80 British papers on, 341 Developing strategies for talks, 32, Bulgarian role in, 125 58 Canadian role in, 119, 355 NSC discussions on, 37, 61, 135 Common ceiling, 363 NATO ministerial meetings, 45 As Conference on European Security Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104, agenda item, 38, 46, 51, 52, 54 114 Current asymmetry in forces, 102 Security issues in Europe, 19 Danish position, 342 Morgan, Thomas E., 322 EEC approach to, 363 Moro, Aldo, 57, 318 European concern over U.S. support Morocco, 173 for, 363 Moroz, Valentyn, 322 European mistrust of U.S.-Soviet Morse, John H., 32, 39, 87 arrangements for, 130, 158, 166 Moscow Summit, May 1972: French opposition to, 67, 77, 78, 80, Areas to avoid at, 92 83 Brezhnev-Nixon talks, 94, 95 Gaming the options for, 70, 80, 99 CES discussions during, 92, 93 Geographical areas considered for, 20 Communiqué from: Belgian position, 70, 72 Belgian position, 100 British position, 72 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1117 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1117

Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR)—Continued (MBFR)—Continued Geographical areas considered for— Nuclear option, 345, 346, 348, 349, Continued 350, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, Canadian position, 72 366 Danish position, 60 Objectives for, 102 Dutch position, 72 Option III: Flank regions, 60, 113, 114, 116 Allied talks on, 355, 362, 365 German Federal Republic position, British position, 358, 362, 364, 365 62 Cutting of nuclear option from, 349 Greek position, 60 European denuclearization Hungary, 70, 72, 73, 116, 124, 166 through, 363, 366 Initial guidelines for, 60 French position, 363 Italian position, 60, 72 German Federal Republic position, Italy, 72, 119, 125, 128, 131 358, 365 Luxembourg position, 72 German Federal Republic-U.S. NATO Guidelines Area, 60, 70, 72, talks, 259, 289 73, 116 Introduction into talks of, 353, 367 Norwegian position, 60 NATO consultations on, 359 Portuguese position, 60, 72 Soviet rejection of, 368, 369, 370 Rapacki Plan Area, 60, 70, 72, 73 U.S. position, 356, 357 Soviet Western Military Districts, Post-CSCE timing for, 327 58, 70, 72 In post-Helsinki Summit period, 362 Turkish position, 60 As primary U.S. European security U.S. position, 65, 70, 73, 193 focus, 20 German Federal Republic opposition Reciprocity, 363, 364, 365 to, 363 Report to Ford on talks for, 350 German Federal Republic phased Results from talks on, 260 approach to, 73 Romanian-U.S. discussions on, 180, German Federal Republic-U.S. talks, 336 264, 289, 324 SALT linkages with, 4, 26, 32, 344, Indigenous vs. foreign forces, 41, 60 349 French position, 63, 154 Second stage of talks: German Federal Republic Instructions for U.S. delegation, reductions, 346 346, 347, 351 Italian position, 170 Nuclear reductions in, 345 Soviet position, 228, 346 Verification Panel paper’s U.S. position, 73, 154 alternatives for, 349 Japanese-U.S. talks on, 338 Size and nature of: Lack of progress in talks on, 215, Air manpower reductions: 360 German Federal Republic NATO as affected by, 80, 118, 135 position, 264 NATO statements on, 293 U.S. position, 349, 353 NATO-U.S. talks, 274 Asymmetrical reductions: Non-circumvention clause: In ground forces, 349 On Allied and Soviet Bloc U.S. position, 37, 39, 72 equipment, 363 British proposal, 264 As applied to Hungary, 136, 140, British reductions, 349 149, 159, 164 Canadian reductions, 349 And German Federal Republic Commitments for reductions in force reductions, 350 Phase II, 365 Norwegian position, 342 Estimates of current forces in NSC discussions on, 21, 37, 63, 135 reductions area, 371 Nuclear issues, 63, 70, 93 Fighter aircraft, 345 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1118 320-672/B428-S/40001

1118 Index

Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR)—Continued (MBFR)—Continued Size and nature of—Continued As U.S-Soviet bilateral talks: French forces as excluded, 371 German Federal Republic position, German Federal Republic force 90 reductions, 191, 350, 355 U.S. position, 103 German Federal Republic position, U.S. willingness to negotiate, 192 187 Verification of, 32, 60, 72, 114 Gromyko-Kissinger discussions on, Nairne, Patrick, 140 181 National Intelligence Estimates: Ground vs. air forces, numbers for, NIE 11/12–73, 344 371 NIE 11/20–73, 344 Missiles, 348 National Security Agency (NSA), 344 NATO’s position as affected by, 60 National Security Council (NSC): Non-U.S. equipment limitations, 365 Meetings: Nuclear weapons-tanks tradeoffs, Jan. 28, 1970, 14, 19 190, 364 May 1970, 20, 22 Options in, 60, 164 Nov. 19, 1970, 37, 39 Soviet and U.S. positions June 17, 1971, 60, 62, 63 compared, 348 Dec. 1, 1971, 80, 81 Soviet proposals on, 191, 193, 196, Apr. 12, 1973, 135 347 Jan. 23, 1975, 355, 356 Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 368, 369, National Security Decision Memoranda 370 (NSDM): Soviet-U.S. talks, 358, 361 No. 95, 40, 45 Tanks, 190, 196 No. 116, 61, 65 U.S. position, 206 No. 133, 81 U.S. proposals, 190, 191, 196, 272, No. 142, 81, 89 343, 357 No. 211, 137, 351 Soviet position, 199 No. 241, 346, 351 Soviet and East European attitudes No. 269, 351, 357 toward, 344 No. 284, 356, 357 Soviet freeze proposal, 264 Proposed, 52, 53 As Soviet tool to split Allies, 136, 174 National Security Study Memoranda Soviet-U.S. joint communiqué on, (NSSM): 229 No. 60, 19 Stages of, 248 No. 65, 19 Stalemate in negotiations for, 365 No. 79, 19 Tabling of proposals for, 345 No. 83, 12, 18, 19, 20, 33 Trilateral discussions on, 192, 346, No. 84, 19, 32, 33, 39 349, 358 No. 92, 21, 22, 32, 33, 38, 52 Troop movements: No. 108, 52, 53, 55 German Federal Republic proposal, No. 121, 45, 46 183 No. 134, 72, 73, 75 Notification for, 155, 226 No. 138, 76 Soviet position, 141, 147, 155 Nedzi, Lucien N., 322 U.S. position, 147, 155 Negroponte, John, 91, 112 Unilateral cuts vs., 6, 72, 192, 345 Neo-isolationism, 166 U.S. alternates for, 137, 348 Netherlands (see also Dutch and U.S. force level reductions: Benelux subheadings under other French position, 64 subjects): German Federal Republic, effect As MBFR delegate, 119, 355 on, 37 As part of MBFR area, 60, 65 U.S. objectives, 348 Unilateral force reductions by, 349 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1119 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1119

Newson, David D., 177 Nixon, Richard M.—Continued Newsweek, 322 MBFR—Continued New York Times, 101, 109, 131, 195, 286, NATO discussions on, planning 291, 322, 327, 355, 366 for, 40, 51 Nixon, Richard M. (see also Moscow NATO interests and, 80 Summit, May 1972): NSC discussions on, 21, 37, 63, 135 On captive peoples, 226 NSDMs on, 53 CES possibility: Pompidou talks, 83, 84 Berlin agreement as prerequisite Presidential guidance on, 81 for, 42, 43 Rogers-Dobrynin talks, 61 British-U.S. talks, 103 Romanian-U.S. discussions on, 180 Development of agenda for, 12, 15 Size and nature of, 207 Distaste for, 108 Soviet proposals on, 341 German Federal Republic position, As Soviet tool to split Allies, 136 68 State-DOD differences on, 18 Interagency study for NATO U.S. policy on, 65 meeting of Dec. 1971, 74 U.S. proposals, 59, 343 Presidential guidance on, 81 MBFR-Security conference linkage, Soviet initiatives for, 2, 3 75, 86, 88, 92 Soviet-U.S. talks, 36, 42, 71, 72, 80, Meetings: 84 Andreotti, 138 U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 3, 6, Brandt: 9, 10, 34, 35 Apr. 1970, 13, 14, 21 CSCE: June 1971, 56, 59, 63 Ministerial meeting on, 165, 167, Key Biscayne Summit, Dec. 1971, 169 85 Multilateral preliminary May 1973, 145 conference, 105, 120, 121, 122, Brezhnev: 127, 134 May 1972, 94, 95 Scheduling for, 147 June 1973, 142, 159, 160, 161, 162, Soviet-U.S. talks, 174, 184, 199 163, 247 Summit-level gathering, 184, 194 Gromyko, 71, 72, 80, 84, 174, 199 Human contacts, 147 Heath: Inviolability of frontiers, 147, 240 Bermuda Summit, Dec. 1971, 84 Kissinger visit to Moscow, Apr., 1972, Camp David, Feb. 1973, 126 instructions for, 90 Pompidou, 83, 84, 154, 160 Letters: Moscow Summit, June 1974, 198, 226, From Brandt, 68 228 From Brezhnev, 86, 105, 152, 182, NATO meetings, 22, 41, 55, 57, 166, 211 224 To Brezhnev, 86, 121, 190, l96 Nuclear war, 37 To Brosio, 77 Oral messages: Maintenance of current troop levels From Ceausescu, 142 in Europe, 34, 41 From Soviets, 31 MBFR: Polish military forces, 63 Basic framework for, 60, 63 Preparations for MBFR talks, 108, 159 Bilateral Soviet-U.S. talks, 103 As preserver of NATO, 131 Brezhnev statement on, 49, 50 Reelection of, 115 Brosio talks, 34 Resignation of, 242 Defense Department paper on, 53 Rogers’s visit to Europe, Dec. 1969, German Federal Republic position, 13, 14 68 SALT, 51 Gromyko-Beam conversation on, Security issues in Europe, 19, 55 52, 54 Sino-Soviet split, 126 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1120 320-672/B428-S/40001

1120 Index

Nixon, Richard M.—Continued North Atlantic Treaty Organization U.S.-Chinese People’s Republic (NATO)—Continued relations, 338 CSCE, 237, 317 U.S.-Soviet trade issues, 95 Evolving framework for, 131 Visits: French role in, 25 Austria, May 1972, 93 Heads of governments meetings, Azores, Dec. 1971, 83 Brussels, June 1974, 224 Bermuda, Dec. 1971, 84 Joint Declaration on European Europe, Feb.–Mar. 1969, 19 Security, proposal, 10 Ireland, Oct. 1971, 80 Kissinger briefing on MBFR/CSCE, Naples, Italy, Sept. 1971, 80 July 1974, 232 Soviet Union, June 1974, 196, 215, MBFR: 224, 225, 226, 228 Analysis for Lisbon meeting, 52, 55 Yugoslavia, Sept.–Oct. 1970, 35 Decisionmaking for Dec. 1970 Warsaw Pact response to NATO NATO meeting, 39, 40 communiqué, 30 Development of NATO common Nogueira, Albano, 166 approach to, 102 Non-interference in domestic affairs, Discussions on, 23, 24, 25, 28 177, 183, 196 Exploratory talks in Europe, 38, Norbury, Brian, 103 125 North Africa, 147 Force improvements as linked to, North Atlantic Treaty Organization 135 (NATO): NATO communiqué, Dec. 1970, 39 CES as substitute for, 85 NATO’s exploring of Soviet views Committee meetings: on, 70, 72 Defense Planning Committee, May Planning for meetings on, 5, 16, 51, 1970, 51, 52 70 Nuclear Planning Group: Portuguese included in discussion May 1971, 51 of, 359 Nov. 1971, 75 Proposals for, 22, 38 Council meetings: Scheduling for, 150 Brussels, Nov–Dec. 1969, 5, 10, 13, Soviet troop numbers in reductions 14, 16 area, 340 Brussels, Dec. 1970, 24, 34, 39, 40, U.S. proposals before NATO 41, 63 meetings, 59 Brussels, Dec. 1971, 73, 79, 82 Military stockpiling, 101 Brussels, Dec. 1972, 120 Moscow Summit briefing to, 109 Brussels, May 1975, with heads of Presidential decisions for NATO, 87 state, 290, 293 Soviet battle planning against, 355 Copenhagen, June 1973, 157 Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, Deputies meeting, Oct. 1971, 58, 70 effect on, 19 Deputies meeting, Oct. 1972, Soviet-NATO meeting, June 1974, cancellation of, 114 227 Lisbon, June 1971, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, U.S.-European relations, 166 55, 57, 76 Warsaw Pact military strength Ottawa, June 1974, 208, 212, 214, comparisons, 37 216 Warsaw Pact response to Permanent representatives communiqués of, 30, 41 meeting, June 1975, 310 Norway, 80, 119 Reykjavik, June 1968, 5, 6, 41 Noterdaeme, Paul, 175 Rome, May 1970, 16, 20, 23, 24, 38, Nuclear-free zones, 60 41, 55, 120 Nuclear proliferation, 336 Washington, Apr. 1969, 1, 2, 5, Nuclear test bans, 192 10 Nuclear war, 37, 83, 131, 147 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1121 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1121

Nuclear weapons, 345, 355 Permanent machinery for CSCE— MBFR tradeoff with Soviet tanks, 190, Continued 364 French position, 151, 232 Tactical, 37, 99, 140, 152, 327 German Federal Republic position, Numata, Sadaaki, 338 131, 170 Nunn, Samuel, 348, 349, 366 NATO position, 123 Nutter, G. Warren: Preliminary conference discussion on, MBFR, 18, 26, 29, 70 133 Developing strategies for talks, 39, Romanian position, 244, 264, 291, 299, 58, 72 305 MBFR-Security Conference linkage, Soviet position, 80, 123, 147, 149, 255, 87 291, 304 Preparations for MBFR talks, 99 Treasury Department position, 78 U.S. position, 76, 110, 165, 304 Obst, Harry, 331 Yugoslavian position, 264, 291, 318 O’Connor, Lt. Col. Edward, 48 Peterson, Pete, 50 Odeen, Philip A.: Pickering, Thomas R., 177, 345 MBFR, 39, 58, 80, 324, 340 Plechko, Vladimir Ya., 314 MBFR-Security conference linkage, Podgorniy, Nikolai V., 95, 226, 228 87 Poff, Richard, 50 Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 103, Pogany, Andras, 322 104, 114 Poher, Alain, 199 Oder-Neisse line, 2, 20 Poland (see also Poland and Polish Oil spills, 41 subheadings under other subjects): Okun, Herbert S., 11 Economic situation, 326 Olszowski, Stefan, 256, 325, 326, 328 German Federal Republic relations Olympic Games, Munich, 1972, 85 with, 325 O’Neill, Thomas P., 355 MBFR role of, 16, 60, 65, 119 “Open Skies” proposal (1955), 114 Oder-Neisse line, 20 Organization for Economic Cooperation Rapacki proposal for nuclear-free and Development (OECD), 20 zone in, 60 Ortona, Egidio, 170 Soviet bloc integration, 336 Osajda, Joseph L., 322 Soviet bloc role of, 17 Ostpolitik: Soviet forces’ effect on, 63 British position, 41, 84 Soviet troop numbers in, 340 European position, 39 Soviet war plans role for, 355 French position, 41 United States, relations with, 264, German Federal Republic position, 325, 326 23, 25, 41, 77, 136 Polish National Alliance, 322 MBFR as resulting from, 32 Pompidou, Georges: Multilateralizing of, 145 CES possibility, 38, 80, 86 U.S. position, 20, 33, 42, 80 CSCE, 132, 201, 244, 259 Death of, 199 Packard, David, 32, 37, 39, 63, 70, 80 MBFR, 101, 114, 115 Pastore, John, 366 Nixon, conversations with, 83, 84, Pauls, Rolf, 4, 8, 9, 56 154, 160 Paul VI, Pope, 233, 334 U.S. force level reductions, 64, 154 Peaceful coexistence, 100 U.S.-French relations, 13, 14 Peck, Edward, 140, 246, 310 Visits: Percy, Charles, 256 Soviet Union, Jan. 1973, 123 Permanent machinery for CSCE: Soviet Union, Mar. 1974, 187, 191, Danish proposal, 294 192, 194, 195, 196, 226, 258 Defense Department position, 78 Porter, William J., 177, 345 Follow-up meetings, 284, 312, 318 Portugal, 280, 322, 334, 336 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1122 320-672/B428-S/40001

1122 Index

Possibilities for opening Mutual and Possibilities for opening Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR) Balanced Force Reductions (MBFR) negotiations: negotiations—Continued Belgian position, 23, 24, 39, 57 State-DOD differences on, 18, 20, 29 Berlin agreement as prerequisite for, Turkish position, 39 56, 63 U.S. discussion on strategies for, 32, Bilateral vs. multilateral talks, 64, 87 38 Brezhnev statement for, 48, 49, 50, 51, U.S.-European differences on, 7 52, 57, 60 U.S. position: British position, 23, 24, 39, 64, 77, 87 On consultation with Allies, 53 British-U.S. talks, 84 Guidelines given to Dobrynin, 28 Canadian position, 39, 57, 64 Policy guidance for, 73 Canadian proposal to NATO Presidential guidance on, 81 conference, 23 Problems in development of, 52 Conference on European Security as U.S. talks with Brosio on, 34 prerequisite to, 40 As Western disadvantage, 87 Confidence-building measures for, 20 Yugoslavian position, 86 Danish position, 39 Powell, Charles, 140, 156 Developing strategies for, 32, 38, 39, Power, Lt. Michael, 87, 99, 104, 114 58 Pranger, Robert, 58 Dutch position, 39, 64 Pravda, 190 French position, 23, 39, 57, 83 Preparations for Mutual and Balanced French role in, 52, 53 Force Reductions (MBFR) French-U.S. talks: negotiations: Lucet-Kissinger conversations, 67 Agenda for talks, 124, 125 Pompidou-Nixon conversations, Allied invitations to Warsaw Pact 83, 84 states, 119, 120, 125 German Democratic Republic Belgian position, 113 participation, 52 Brezhnev-Nixon talks, 159 German Federal Republic position, British-U.S. talks, 103, 126, 131 23, 38, 39, 56, 77, 83 Defense Department concerns on, German Federal Republic-Soviet 118 talks, 68, 69, 85 Force reduction numbers, 140 German Federal Republic-U.S. talks: French role in, 99, 114, 124 Bahr-Kissinger conversation, 62 French-U.S. talks, 101, 151 Brandt-Nixon meetings, 21, 56, 59, German Federal Republic-U.S. talks, 63, 85 125, 145 Pauls-Kissinger conversation, 56 Issues for discussion at preliminary Greek position, 39 talks, 121 Military vs. political approach to, 47 Italian position, 113 NSC discussions on, 37, 63 Italian-U.S. talks, 138 Portuguese position, 39 Location of conference, 99, 124 Scandinavian position, 23, 24, 57, 86 Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129 Size of team for, 59 NATO discussions on, 120, 124, 136, Soviet position, 40, 61, 85 137, 164, 166 Soviet proposals on, 60 Romanian-U.S. discussions, 142 Soviet-U.S. discussions: Scheduling for negotiations: Dobrynin-Kissinger discussions, 84 Agreement on, 116, 163 Dobrynin-Richardson talks, 26, 27, NATO discussion on, 150 28, 29 Soviet position, 149, 156, 159 Gromyko-Beam conversations, 50, Soviet-U.S. talks, 107, 108, 112, 147, 51, 52, 54, 66, 69 160, 161, 162 Rogers-Dobrynin talks, 61, 63, 64, 66 Allied response to, 113 Spanish position, 86 U.S. position, 149, 157, 159, 161 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1123 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1123

Preparations for Mutual and Balanced Resor, Stanley—Continued Force Reductions (MBFR) MBFR—Continued: negotiations—Continued Pre-second stage briefing, 355 Selection of participants for: Reciprocity, 364 Allied position, 119 Report to Ford on, 350 Belgian position, 128 Schlesinger meeting, 348 Benelux position, 131 Stalemate in negotiations on, 365 British position, 128, 131 U.S. position, 260, 357 Flank rotating delegates, 119 Rhodes, John, 50 German Democratic Republic Ribicoff, Abraham, 329 position, 128 Richardson, Elliot: German Federal Republic position, CES possibility, 1, 2, 6, 7, 9 131 CSCE, 269 Greek position, 99 MBFR, 18, 23, 26, 27, 28, 135 Hungarian position, 128 NATO meetings, 5, 13 Italian position, 99 Security issues in Europe, 9, 19 Polish position, 128 Rivers, L. Mendel, 37 Soviet position, 124 Roberts, Chalmers, 50 Soviet-U.S. talks, 125 Roberts, Brig. Gen. Francis J., 78 U.S. position, 99, 124 Robinson, Charles W., 269, 283, 304, 311 Soviet-U.S. talks, 168 Rockefeller, David, 326 SRG discussions on, 99 Rodman, Peter W.: SRG/Verification Panel joint Basket III, 203, 233, 259 meetings on, 104, 114 British-U.S. talks, 103 Turkish position, 113, 114, 116 Confidence-building measures, 272 U.S. alternative approaches, 137 CSCE, 151, 212, 234, 284, 310 Price, Charles Melvin, 355 Maltese amendments, 313, 314, Principles of relations between states, 316 173 Pace of Stage II, 201, 271 Puaux, Francois, 214, 251 Scheduling for, 147, 156 Public opinion, 84 Soviet-U.S. talks, 194, 195, 196, 270 Pungan, Vasile, 142, 244, 299 Ford-Brezhnev meeting at Helsinki Summit, 329 Quarles van Ufford, Bryan Edward, 130 Helsinki Summit, 329, 330, 332 Kissinger’s Moscow visit, Apr., 1972, Radio Free Europe (RFE), 204, 322 91 Radio jamming, 204, 227, 284 MBFR, 193, 310, 361, 362, 368, 369 Radio Liberty (RL), 204, 322 Moscow Summit, 97 Rainer, Prince of Monaco, 191 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974, Ramsbotham, Peter, 205, 234, 269 226, 228 Rapacki, Adam, 60 Preparations for MBFR talks, 131 RCA, 326 Rogers, William P.: Reading rooms, 246 Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June, 1973, REFORGER, 349 162, 164 Resor, Stanley: CES possibility: CSCE, 247 Allied differences over, 92 MBFR: Berlin agreement as prerequisite Air manpower reductions, 353 for, 42 Estimates of current forces in Development of U.S. agenda for, 12 reductions area, 371 Dobrynin talks, 80 Instructions for negotiations on, Gromyko-Nixon talks, 71 346, 351 Interagency study for NATO Nuclear option, 349 meeting of Dec. 1971, 74 Option III, 356, 359, 367 MBFR as part of, 46 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1124 320-672/B428-S/40001

1124 Index

Rogers, William P.—Continued Romania—Continued CES possibility—Continued Chinese People’s Republic-U.S. Presidential guidance on, 81, 88 relations, 142 Promotion of, 108 CSCE, 120 Soviet initiatives for, 3 MBFR talks role of, 125 Soviet-U.S. bilateral talks, 36, 86 Soviet bloc role of, 17 Territorial integrity, 96 Soviet relations with, 110, 336 Timetable for, 84 Rostenkowski, Dan, 322, 326 U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 10 Roth, Helmut, 64, 149, 170, 264 CSCE, 165, 167, 168 Ruhfus, Juergen, 306 Multilateral preliminary Rumor, Marianno, 2, 224 conference, 117, 120, 122, 127, Rumsfeld, Donald: 146 Confidence-building measures, 236 Key Biscayne Brandt-Nixon Summit, CSCE, 310 85 MBFR, 135, 340, 355 Kissinger visit to Moscow, Sept. 1972, NATO discussion on, 150, 166, 274, 109 310, 366 Maintenance of troop levels in Preparations for MBFR talks, 136, Europe, 34 137 MBFR: Rush, Kenneth, 68 Brandt-Bahr-Rogers conversation, CSCE, 130, 153, 157, 172, 177, 265 62 MBFR, 87, 130, 135, 345, 357 Brezhnev statement on, 50, 57 Instructions for negotiations on, Defense Department paper on, 53 346, 351 Dobrynin conversation on, 61, 63, Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 114, 64, 66 128 Dobrynin-Richardson discussions Russell, Harold, 146 on, 26, 29 Ruth, Fred, 358 Inclusion as CES agenda item, 54 Rutherford, Benjamin, 355 NATO’s exploring of Soviet views Ryan, Kathleen Anne, 136, 140, 149, 341 on, 86 NATO interests and, 80 Safire, William, 332 NSC discussions on, 37, 63, 135 Sahm, Ulrich, 85 Presidential guidance on, 81, 88 Saint-Mleux, André Leon, 334 State-DOD differences on, 18 Salmon, John W., 365 U.S. policy, 65, 73 San Marino, 142, 147, 328, 334 MBFR-Security conference linkage, Saunders, Harold H., 187, 228, 314 75, 89, 96, 126 Sauvagnargues, Jacques: Moscow Summit, 95, 96, 97 Communism’s future, 339 NATO meetings, 20, 41, 45, 57 Confidence-building measures, 293, NSC study for, 21 298 Preparations for MBFR talks, 117, CSCE, 214, 231, 233, 313, 316 120, 137, 140 Ford-Giscard talks, Martinique, Dec. Security issues in Europe, 19, 55 1974, 267 Visits: Helsinki Summit, 331 Europe, Dec. 1969, 13, 14 Inviolability of frontiers, 251, 253 Europe, May 1972, 92 MBFR, 362 Helsinki, Prague, July 1973, 168 Quadripartite Rights and Warsaw Pact response to NATO Responsibilities, 304, 306 communiqué, 30 Scali, John A., 51 Romania (see also Romania and Scheel, Walter: Romanian subheadings under other Appointment as Foreign Minister, 10 subjects): CES possibility, Berlin settlement as CES possibility, 2 prerequisite for, 57 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1125 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1125

Scheel, Walter—Continued Schmidt, Helmut—Continued CSCE, 146, 147, 152, 170, 192, 206 MBFR—Continued Human contacts, 146, 147, 168, 170, German Federal Republic position, 171 22, 59, 77 Inviolability of frontiers, 146, 147, Option III, 324, 359 191 Ostpolitik, 136 Key Biscayne Brandt-Nixon Summit, U.S. force level reductions, 64 85 Schultz, George P., 37, 50 Kissinger talks with, 111 Schumann, Maurice, 10, 25, 48, 64, 115 MBFR, 63, 85, 187, 193 Scientific/technological cooperation, 165 MBFR-Security conference linkage, Scowcroft, Lt. Gen. Brent, 128, 152, 297, 87 370 Quadripartite Rights and Basket III, 187, 202, 260, 294 Responsibilities, 304 Confidence-building measures, 307 U.S. force level reductions, 64 CSCE: Scheib, Henry J., 322 East European-Americans meeting Schlesinger, James R.: with Ford, 322 CSCE, 310 EEC-Nine declarations for, 212 First use of tactical nuclear weapons, Final document, 320 327 Multilateral preliminary Helsinki Summit, 319 conference, 132, 148 Keeping the Soviets happy, 190 NATO talks on, 310 MBFR: Romanian-U.S. talks, 299 Developing strategies for talks, 58 Soviet negotiating style at, 285 European concern over U.S. Summit-level gathering, 245, 276, support for, 363 278 Instructions for negotiations on, U.S.-Allied consultations on, 231 351 U.S. attitude at ministerial meeting, NATO discussions, 310 167 NSC discussion on, 135 Ford-Giscard talks, Martinique, Dec. Nuclear option, 353, 356, 358 1974, 267 Option III, 363 Ford-Solzhenitsyn meeting proposal, Resor meeting, 348 319 Second stage of talks, 346, 355 Helsinki Summit, 319, 329, 330 Size and nature of, 347 Human contacts, 148 Soviet proposals, 345 Inviolability of frontiers, 148, 253 U.S. alternates for, 137 MBFR: U.S. position, 357 Austrian-U.S. talks, 260 Troop replacement, 264 British-U.S. talks, 324 U.S. arms sales to Yugoslavia, 332 NATO discussion on, 284, 310, 366 Schlieffen, Alfred von, 355 NSC discussion on, 135 Schmidt, Helmut: Nuclear option, 349, 353, 354 Basket III, 212, 258, 259 Pre-second stage briefing, 355 Confidence-building measures, 272 Reciprocity, 363 CSCE, 263, 265, 270, 283, 316, 317 Resor report to Ford on, 350 Summit-level gathering, 203, 206, Size and nature of, 190, 192, 207, 251, 259, 278, 286, 313 361, 370 Defense burden-sharing, 37 Soviet position, 202 Ford visit to Gdansk, proposed, 319 Soviet troop numbers in reductions German Federal Republic force area, 340 reductions, 355 Soviet-U.S. talks, 289, 358, 361 Helsinki Summit, 323, 330, 331, 339 U.S. proposals, 191, 243 Inviolability of frontiers, 240 Moscow Summit, June 1974, 198, 226, MBFR, 51, 64, 72, 289 228 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1126 320-672/B428-S/40001

1126 Index

Scowcroft, Lt. Gen. Brent—Continued Sherer, Albert William, Jr.—Continued Polish-U.S. talks, 325, 326 Basket III—Continued Quadripartite Rights and Laws and customs issue, 208, 209, Responsibilities, 304 210 SALT, 287, 337 Confidence-building measures, 205, Secomski, Kazimierz, 326 292, 298, 306 Security issues in Europe (see also CSCE, 213, 222, 282 Conference on European Security Allied study of minimum desired (CES), possibility of; Conference on results, 237, 238 Security and Cooperation in Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316, Europe (CSCE); Mutual and 317 Balanced Force Reductions Summit-level gathering, target date (MBFR)): for, 296, 310 Alternate models on, 19 Inviolability of frontiers, 254, 273 East-West Code of Good Conduct Quadripartite Rights and proposal, 10 Responsibilities, 306 Fora for discussions on, 55 Shevchenko, Leonid M., 97 NATO communiqués on, 23, 25, 30 Shinn, William, 363, 364 NSC planning for, 20 Shirley, Katherine, 241 Standing Committee on East-West Simon, William, 267 Relations (SCEWR) proposal, 20 Sino-Soviet dispute: State Department activism on, 5, 9 Cold War and, 362 State-DOD differences on, 55 MBFR talks as affected by, 56 Warsaw Pact position, 30 PRC claims of superpower Selden, Armistead I., 48, 78, 104, 114 domination, 95 Self-determination, 141, 264 Soviet European policy and, 115 Senate, U.S.: Soviet military force levels, 37 Delegation to Moscow, June–July Soviet troop movements due to, 1975, 329 336 Foreign Relations Committee, 247 U.S. position, 126 Mansfield Amendment, 1971, 48, 49, Sisco, Joseph J., 183 54, 57, 59, 70 Basket III, 187, 203, 262 Reintroduction of Mansfield CSCE, 271, 283, 304, 311, 316 Amendment, possible, 191, MBFR, 349, 361 192 Sloss, Leon, 32, 39 Senior Review Group (SRG): Smith, Gerard C., 53, 73 MBFR analysis, 80 CES possibility, 81 Meetings: MBFR, 21, 58, 63, 65, 81 Aug. 31, 1970, 33 Preparations for MBFR talks, 104, 114 Nov. 23, 1970, 39 Smith, H. Allen, 50 May 13, 1971, 46 Smith, K. Wayne, 60 Nov. 23, 1971, 78 CES possibility, 47 Mar. 29, 1972, 87, 88 MBFR, 47, 52, 65, 69, 70 June 29, 1972, 99 Developing strategies for talks, 32, Senior Review Group/Verification Panel 39, 58 meetings: NSC discussions on, 37, 63 Aug. 31, 1970, 32 Smith, Peter, 78 Oct. 28, 1970, 37 Sober, Sidney, 262 Aug. 3, 1972, 104 Sohm, Earl, 234 Sept. 20, 1972, 114 Sokolov, Oleg M., 186 Shaw, John P., 104, 114 Basket III, 257, 258 Shelepin, Aleksandr, 336 CSCE, 194, 195, 196, 284, 313, 314, Sherer, Albert William, Jr., 192 316 Basket III, 221, 227, 236, 246 MBFR, 369 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1127 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1127

Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr, 195 Sonnenfeldt, Helmut—Continued Ford meeting with, proposed, 319 CSCE—Continued Kissinger on, 286, 332 Polish-U.S. talks, 256 Soviet view of, 327, 329 Romanian-U.S. talks, 244, 255 Somalia, 327 Scheduling for, 147, 149, 156, 159 Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 22, 25, 49, 61, 188, Soviet toughening of negotiation 220, 308 strategy, 304 Basket III, 204, 227, 246, 294 Soviet-U.S. talks, 183, 184, 194, 195, German Federal Republic-U.S. 196, 197 talks, 230, 233, 249, 258, 259, Ford visit to Romania, 336 262 Helsinki Summit, 328, 329, 333 Laws and customs issue, 185, 203, Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 239, 208, 209 251, 252 Preamble for, 187, 190, 200 Kissinger’s Moscow visits, 91, 113, Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on, 194, 195, 196, 197 257, 258 MBFR: Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June 1973, 162 Allied quadripartite talks on, 362 CES possibility, 4, 8, 23, 43, 68, 101 British-U.S. talks, 341 Development of U.S. agenda for, Data uncertainty in U.S. position, 12, 47, 48 340 U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 6, Developing strategies for talks, 32, 10 38, 39, 58, 72 Confidence-building measures, 205, French-U.S. talks, 151 248, 293, 298, 300 German Federal Republic force CSCE: reductions, 346 Allied study of minimum desired German Federal Republic position, results, 236 68, 363 Belgian-U.S. discussions, 175 German Federal Republic-U.S. Bilateral arrangements with Soviets talks, 62, 264 on, 265 Gromyko-Beam conversation on, British-U.S. talks, 234, 269 54 European mistrust of Soviet-U.S. Instructions for negotiations on, arrangements for, 164 351 Finnish invitation to Stage III, 222 Lack of progress in talks on, 360 French-Soviet talks, 265 NATO discussions on, 70, 164 French-U.S. talks, 151, 232 NATO interests and, 80, 118 German Federal Republic-U.S. NSC discussions on, 37, 63 talks, 170 Nuclear option, 349, 353, 356, 366 Key issues in movement on Stage Option III, 355, 356, 359, 364 II, 284 Problems in development of U.S. Kissinger briefing papers on, 254 position on, 52 Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316, Size and nature of, 190, 192, 193, 317 361, 371 Mediterranean Declaration, 213 Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 368, Multilateral preliminary 369 conference, 112, 124, 129, 142, Soviet-U.S. talks, 289, 358, 361 151 Stalemate in negotiations for, 365 German Federal Republic-U.S. State-DOD differences on, 20 talks, 125, 145 U.S. proposals, 191 Round II results, 127, 133 Verification Panel meetings on, 46 Soviet draft declaration, 148, 153 MBFR-Security conference linkage, U.S. position, 110, 121, 123 69, 75, 87 Nixon-Gromyko talks, 199 Moscow Summit, 95, 97, 100 Pace of Stage II, 201, 271 NATO ambassadors meeting, 166 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1128 320-672/B428-S/40001

1128 Index

Sonnenfeldt, Helmut—Continued Spiro, Herbert, 78, 87 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974, Springsteen, George S., 11, 102, 117 198, 215, 226, 228 Basket III, 262 Ostpolitik, 136 CES possibility, 48, 78 Polish-U.S. talks, 325, 326 CSCE, 130, 265, 304, 311 Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 114, Stage II, 173, 177, 283 128, 142 MBFR, 37, 39, 72, 130, 345 Allied agreement on scheduling MBFR-Security conference linkage, for, 116 69 British-U.S. talks, 131 Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104 Force reduction numbers, 140 Stabler, Wells, 156, 208, 210, 213, 251, French-U.S. talks, 115 265 German Federal Republic-U.S. Staden, Berndt von, 205, 240, 267, 304 talks, 145 Basket III, 233, 249 Hungarian non-circumvention CSCE, 149, 153, 170, 213 clause, 136, 140, 149 MBFR, 131, 148, 149 Soviet-U.S. exchange of papers on, Staercke, André de, 100, 136, 166, 310 119, 124 Stafford, Robert, 50 Quadripartite Rights and Steiner, Steven E., 264 Responsibilities, 306 Steinhoff, Gen. Johannes, 166 Romanian-U.S. relations, 142 Stewart, Michael, 19, 24 Security issues in Europe, 5, 9, 17, 19, Stoessel, Walter J., 146 55 Basket III, 185, 191, 198, 200, 257, Vladivostok Summit, Nov., 1974, 264 258 Sorokos, Ioannis, 166 Confidence-building measures, 144, Soviet Union (see also Sino-Soviet 205, 248 dispute; Soviet subheadings under CSCE, 130, 170, 175 other entries): Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316 Campaign against dissidents, 173, Multilateral preliminary 322 conference, 134, 139, 141 As Eastern Europe hegemon, 20 Soviet-U.S. talks, 183, 184, 194, 195, European policy of, 94, 95 196, 247 Jewish emigration, 184, 291, 322, 329 Stage II, 271, 284 MBFR role of, 60, 119 Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki Military capabilities and strategies in Summit, 329 Europe, 355 Helsinki Summit, 319, 329, 330 Romanian relations with, 336 MBFR, 130, 155, 343, 360 United States, relations with: Size and nature of, 361, 368, 369 European views of, 129, 130 NATO ambassadors meeting, 166 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974, 1974, 196, 215, 224, 225, 226, 226, 228 228 Preparations for MBFR talks, 114, 125 Signing of “Basic Principles of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT): Relations,” 98 Bilateral nature of, 39 Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, CES linkage to, 76 243, 258, 259, 261, 264, 268, Chinese People’s Republic position, 310, 326 369 U.S. intelligence capabilities in, 39 Failure of, possible, 337 U.S. long-range strategy toward, 187 Forward-based systems (FBS): Soviet Union (magazine), 196 British position, 345 Spain, 168, 336 Soviet position, 37 Spasowski, Romuald, 256, 325, 326 U.S. position, 349 Spierenburg, Dirk P., 113, 150 German Federal Republic position, Spiers, Ronald L., 48, 70, 87 145 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1129 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1129

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Tanassi, Mario, 77 (SALT)—Continued Tarr, Curtis W., 177, 345 Japanese-U.S. talks on, 338 TASS, 10 MBFR linkages with, 4, 32, 344, 349 Terfloth, Klaus, 306 MIRVs and ABMs, 131 Territorial integrity, 96 NATO concerns with, 126 Thatcher, Margaret, 328 Pressure for fast movement on, 166 Theis, Paul, 321, 323 Security Conference as European Theodoropoulos, Byron, 310 equivalent to, 10 Thomson, John, 234, 269, 355, 363, 364 Signing of Principles, 162 Thorn, Gaston, 113, 129, 130, 172, 333, Soviet position, 19, 192, 287, 293 334 Soviet-U.S. talks, 315 Thurmond, Strom, 319 Soviet-U.S. understanding on year’s- Tickell, Crispin, 100, 130, 269, 330, 341, end deadline for, 51 358 Trends in strategic weapons, 101 Time, 328 U.S. position, 326, 327 Tito, Josip Broz, 329, 332, 337, 339 Strausz-Hupe, Robert, 128, 175 Tomasson, Tomas A., 166, 310 Streator, Edward, 30, 99, 114, 185, 188, Toumayan, Alec, 154 205, 210, 213, 220, 236 Trade barrier reduction reciprocity, 312 Sukhodrev, Viktor M.: Trampczynski, Witold, 256, 326 Basket III, 203, 257, 258 Treasury, U.S. Department of, 78, 344 Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June, 1973, Trend, Burke, 84, 103, 126, 140, 156, 342 162 Trewhitt, Henry, 332 CES possibility, 36, 71 Trudeau, Pierre Eliot, 51, 262, 330 Confidence-building measures, 248 Tsukanov, G.M., 162 CSCE, 112, 199, 247 Tunisia, 168, 173 Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 194, 195, Turkey (see also Turkish subheadings 196 under other subjects), 41, 70, 119, 142 Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316 Stage II, 201, 284 Ukraine, 142 U.S.-Soviet discussion of Allied Ulbricht, Walter, 19 proposals for, 183, 184 Ulrich, Maurice, 232 Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki United Kingdom (UK) (see also British Summit, 329 subheadings under other subjects): Kissinger’s Moscow visit, Apr. 1972, Economic situation in, 135 91 As MBFR delegate, 119, 355 MBFR, 360, 361, 368, 369 Military budget of, 80 Moscow Summit, 94, 95 As NSC meeting topic, 14 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974, U.S. nuclear deterrent, 37 226, 228 U.S.-Soviet relations, 15 Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, United Nations (UN), 95, 325 261 Charter Article 102, 320 Sulimma, Hans Guenter, 264 U.S.-Allied consultations, 53, 89, 91 Sutterlin, James S., 62, 146 USATECH ‘75 exhibition, 322 Svart, Ankar, 310 U.S. News and World Report, 322 Sweden, 70, 260 Switzerland, 168 Van der Stoel, Max, 172, 241 Sykes, Richard A.: Van Lynden, Rijnhard, 240 CSCE, 153, 156, 269 Van Voors, Bruce, 332 MBFR, 131, 140, 341, 342 Van Well, Guenther: Symington, Stuart, 50 Basket III, 233, 249 Syria, 173, 316, 318 CSCE, 212 Sytenko, Mikhail D., 194, 195, 196, 203, Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 240, 271, 314, 316 254, 273 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1130 320-672/B428-S/40001

1130 Index

Van Well, Guenther—Continued Vorontsov, Yuli M.—Continued MBFR, 62, 193, 264, 362, 363 CSCE: Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, Multilateral preliminary 264 conference, 134, 139, 141 Vatican City, 87, 147, 236, 334 Summit-level gathering target date, Vavilov, Andrei: 276, 277, 278 Confidence-building measures, U.S.-Soviet discussion of Allied 272 proposals for, 183 CSCE, 194, 195, 270, 271 Inviolability of frontiers, 252, 275 Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki MBFR, 128, 155, 343, 361, 366 Summit, 329, 330 Vredeling, Henk, 353 Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974, 226, 228 Wade, James P., 319, 364, 368 Verheugen, Guenther, 249, 264 Wagner, Jean, 129, 166 Verification Panel: Waldheim, Kurt, 325 MBFR data uncertainty in U.S. Wallach, John, 332 position, 340 Walters, Lt. Gen. Vernon A., 83, 99, 104, MBFR paper, June, 1971, 53 346, 349 Meetings: Wandler, Mark, 58, 78, 87 Nov. 23, 1970, 47 Warnke, Paul C., 349 Apr 23, 1971, 46, 47 Warsaw Pact (see also Warsaw Pact June 11, 1971, 58 subheadings under other subjects): Sept. 21, 1971, 69, 70 Force levels claimed by, 371 Sept. 30, 1971, 72, 73 Meetings: Nov. 19, 1971, 80 March 1969, 1, 3 Mar. 29, 1973, 135 Oct. 1969, 9, 11, 31 Jan. 7, 1974, 346 Military capabilities of, 366 Mar. 14, 1974, 190, 191, 347 NATO communiqués, response to, 30, Aug. 1, 1974, 349 41 Sept. 7, 1974, 351 NATO military strength comparisons, Senior Review Group joint meetings 37 with, 32, 37, 104, 114 Polish role in, 326 Vest, George S.: Washington Post, 50, 279, 286, 327, 349 CSCE, 130, 144, 172, 173, 283, 311 Waszczuk, Jerzy, 256, 326 MBFR, 130, 345, 349, 365 Watergate, 140 Vietnam War: Watts, William, 19 Ceasefire talks, 157 Weber, Heinz Henry, 170, 233, 240, 304, European reaction to U.S. bombing 362 during, 129 Weinel, Vice Adm. John P., 48, 99, 104, French-U.S. differences on, 14 114 Soviet-U.S. talks, 109 Weir, Michael, 269 U.S. desire for Soviet concessions on, Weiss, Seymour, 39, 72, 99, 104, 345 91 Welander, Rear Adm. Robert O., 70, U.S. position, 131 78 Vine, Richard D., 175, 251 Westmoreland, Gen. William, 72 Vinogradov, Sergei, 271 Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 12 Vinson, Carl, 37 Wickel, James J., 338 Vodrazka, Frank J., 322 Wickham, Col. John, 32, 348, 366 Voice of America (VOA), 204, 227, 322 Wiggin, Charles, 214 Von Der Gablentz, Otto, 249 Wilberforce, John, 358 Vorontsov, Yuli M., 87 Wilgis, Herbert E., 264 Basket III, 185, 188 Wilson, Bob, 50 Confidence-building measures, 144, Wilson, Harold: 300 Basket III, 294 References are to document numbers 1370_INDEX.qxd 12/7/07 8:24 AM Page 1131 320-672/B428-S/40001

Index 1131

Wilson, Harold—Continued Yugoslavia (see also Yugoslavia and CES possibility, 136 Yugoslavian subheadings under other CSCE, 199, 265, 270, 278, 294 subjects): German Federal Republic force Mediterranean representation at reductions, 366 CSCE, 280 Helsinki Summit, 323, 328, 330, 331 Preparations for MBFR talks, 140 MBFR-Security conference linkage, Romania on MBFR role of, 142 69 Soviet invasion of, possible, 129 Security issues in Europe, 19 U.S. arms sales to, 332 Washington visit, Jan. 1970, 13, 14 U.S. troops in Europe, effect on, 336 Wright, Marshall, 32, 345 Zablocki, Clement J., 256, 322 Yasukawa, Takeshi, 338 Zamyatin, Leonid M., 95, 226, 228 Year of Europe, 154 Ziegler, Ronald L., 50, 61, 109, 226, 228 Young, David R., 23 Zorin, Valerin, 133, 141

References are to document numbers