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Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the German Anti-Nazi

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Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the German Anti-Nazi FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT AND THE GERMAN ANTI-NAZI RESISTANCE n July 20,1944, a bomb exploded in Adolf among them the problem of the generally OHitler's Führerhauptquartier near Ras- non-productive relationship betwen members tenburg, East Prussia. Under the leadership of of the Resistance and representatives of the Count Claus Schenck von Stauffenberg a con- Roosevelt Administration and the White spiracy to overthrow the Nazi government House itself. The major source for investigat- had come close to fruition. The conspirators ing this problem are the documents which are wanted to create a decent Germany which collectively referred to as the "Breaker would fulfill its proper role among the nations Reports," which are deposited in the National of the world. Yet the plot failed. Many of the Archives in Washington D.C. This article is conspirators were tried and executed through largely based on those documents. the Nazi People's Court. The activities of the Contacts between members of the anti- anti-Nazi Resistance reach back to the early Hitler Resistance and members of the Roose- years of the Hitler regime. As early as the velt Administration existed from the early Sudetenland crisis of 1938, highly placed years of the Hitler regime until after the July members of the Army began to play a signifi- 20, 1944, assassination attempt on the dicta- cant role in the Resistance. Their goal of over- tor's life. During the late summer and early throwing the Nazi regime became increas- fall of 1937, Dr. Carl Gordeler, the former ingly urgent as they realized that Hitler Lord Mayor of Leipzig and the later "motor of spelled disaster for Germany. the Resistance," visited with the endorsement In the immediate post-World War II years of the Hitler government Canada and the little was publicized about the story of the United States. The official purpose of Gordel- German Resistance. The Cold War and the er's journey was to gather facts about these birth of the Federal Republic of Germany in countries and to report his findings to Berlin. 1949 witnessed a growing flow of publications In the States Gordeler met Secretary of State dealing with this topic. Today there is an Cordell Hull, Secretary of War Henry L. Stim- abundance of Resistance literature. Hans son, Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgen- Rothfels German Opposition to Hitler (1948) and thau, George Messersmith of the Department Gerhard Ritter's Carl Goerdeler and the German of State and former President Hoover. Goer- Resistance (1956) belong to the early major deler had two goals, he wanted to strengthen works. Today Peter Hoffman's The History of the "Peace Party" in Hitler's circle by emphas- the German Resistance (1969) and Der Widerstand izing the strength of the Western democra- gegen den National Sozialismus (1985), edited by cies. He also wanted to establish a personal Jürgen Schmäedecke and Peter Steinbach, relationship with influential personalities of must be considered the leading reference the Administration so that a basis of opera- works in the field. They include all aspects of tion and perhaps mutual trust could be Resistance history. Karl Dietrich Bracher's created for the establishment of good rela- essay "Zur Widerstands-Problematik in tions between a new German government 'Rechtsdiktaturen' die deutsche Erfahrung" and the American government should the in Deutschland zwischen Krieg und Frieden: Hitler government be replaced. Festschrift für Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (1991) is likely In October, 1939, a few weeks after Ger- the most recent contribution by the noted many's invasion of Poland, Adam von Trott zu Bonn scholar to the field of Resistance Solz, Rhodes Scholar and employee of the history. It presents a concise summary of German Foreign Office, arrived in America to Bracher's comprehensive knowledge of the participate in a convention of the Institute of history and the problems of Resistance, which Pacific Relations. Trott travelled with the addresses many of the questions pertaining to approval of Foreign Minister von Ribbentrop. the story of the Resistance. Yet some issues In his request for approval of the journey he continue to demand the historian's attention, stated that through the convention he would -59- obtain valuable insights into power-politics in and that it declare its war-aims openly. The the Pacific area as well as the political and war, von Trott insisted, should be ended economic involvement of Great Britain and quickly. An organization for European coop- the U.S.A. He emphasized how much Great eration should be created. In England, von Britain relied on American support. Trott Trott maintained, there was an influential wrote that he would be able to use his many group which should not be trusted. This contacts, among them Secretary of War Henry group might be willing to conclude a peace L. Stimson, Colonel William Donovan and with Germany under non-acceptable terms.2 President Roosevelt's friend Harry Hopkins Trott's ideas expressed in the memorandum "in the service of Germany." State Secretary came to the attention of Secretary of State Weizsäcker supported Trott's request to keep Cordell Hull, Under-Secretary Sumner Welles, the United States from entering the war. Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau,Justice During his approximately three-month stay Frankfurter and President Roosevelt. Trott's in the States, Adam von Trott zu Solz met and immediate contact person in the Roosevelt interacted with private and public personali- Administration was Under-Secretary of State ties, among them Hamilton Fisk Strong, edi- George Messersmith. Trott sought in vain to tor of the journal Foreign Affairs, Robert Bald- confer with the President himself. win of the American Civil Liberties Union, Historian Margaret Boveri holds Felix Felix Morley, editor of the Washington Post, Frankfurter responsible for preventing Trott's and Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter, meeting the President, an allegation that a personal friend of President Roosevelt. Frankfurter denied.3 Moreover, Boveri asserts President Roosevelt and F.B.I. Chief Edgar that "Roosevelt's temporary attention changed Hoover must have considered von Trott an to mistrust and rejection. From this time on he important enough person to have him sha- was convinced that Germany must be pun- dowed by agents of the Bureau throughout ished and rendered innocuous."4 his stay in the United States. According to The State Department file on Trott's activi- F.B.I, reports, Trott was "soliciting the assist- ties carries the heading "Espionage Activi- ance of prominent individuals in the U.S.A. to ties."5 In a later memorandum to Alexander support a movement involving the overthrow 1 Kirk, U.S. Charge d'Affaires in Berlin, Mes- of the present regime in Germany." Hoover sersmith advised caution in future dealings also pointed out that von Trott believed that with Trott because of the latter's contacts with the socialist circles in Germany and the Soviet persons who were working for the Hitler Union would have to cooperate, that the government, although, so he says "this maybe future Germany would have to consist of a the price that Trott has to pay to enjoy his socialist life-style in a peaceful Europe, and freedom of movement."6 that ultimately the world would be socialist. According to Hans Rothfels' pioneering German victory, Trott said, was not obvious. chapter on Friedensfühler (peace probings) with The allied powers would have to give a new the Allied powers, Trott's message was relayed Germany "a chance" if the resistance effort to F.D.R. directly through the former German were able to set aside Hitler, "but if these Chancellor Heinrich Burning, who supposedly powers deny us this chance (then) we will not visited the White House in December, 1939. continue to seek their aid but we must con- Initially, President Roosevelt seems to have sider them our enemies." In a memorandum been interested in supporting the German for the Department of State, Trott suggests Resistance, but "soon thereafter and because that the Allies afford the German anti-Hitler of the influence of persons in F.D.R.'s closer Resistance freedom of action and asks that environment, he declared further contacts to they not take advantage of the moment of be uncalled for."7 military weakness which would necessarily In March 1940, Under-Secretary Sumner follow from Hitler's overthrow. He further Welles visited Berlin on a peace mission. Dur- asks that the American government not sub- ing his stay he met Adolf Hitler and the scribe to the war-guilt thesis of World War I -60- former Reichminister Hjalmar Schacht. Sch- cions the American entrepreneur succeeded acht informed Sumner Welles that there were in meeting representatives of the anti-Hitler generals in Germany who were willing to group, including high-ranking military lead- overthrow the Hitler regime, if they received ers and Ulrich von Hassell. To them Stallforth Allied guarantees that Germany would obtain suggested the creation of a constitutional a fitting position among the nations of the monarchy and the overthrow of the Hitler- world and that it would not be treated as it had Göring regime. This would please the British been in 1918. Essentially Schacht made the and it would make peace with Great Britian same request in Berlin that Trott had made in possible.11 the States. In October, 1941, Stallforth had reported to German military victories did not deter Roosevelt about his contact with the Resist- representatives of the Resistance from ance and its plans. F.D.R. was elated over searching for opportunities to remain in con- these revelations.12 But a few weeks later Stal- tact with the Roosevelt Administration or at lforth was declared persona non grata at the least with U.S.
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