Handbook of Liquid Crystals, 8 Volume Set, 2Nd Edition John W

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Handbook of Liquid Crystals, 8 Volume Set, 2Nd Edition John W To purchase this product, please visit https://www.wiley.com/en-ad/9783527327737 Handbook of Liquid Crystals, 8 Volume Set, 2nd Edition John W. Goodby (Editor), Peter J. Collings (Editor), Takashi Kato (Editor), Carsten Tschierske (Editor), Helen Gleeson (Editor), Peter Raynes (Editor), Volkmar Vill (Editor) Hardcover 978-3-527-32773-7 February 2014 €1,825.00 DESCRIPTION Much more than a slight revision, this second edition of the successful "Handbook of Liquid Crystals" is completely restructured and streamlined, with updated as well as completely new topics, 100% more content and a new team of editors and authors. As such, it fills the gap for a definitive, single source reference for all those working in the field of organized fluids and will set the standard for the next decade. The Handbook's new structure facilitates navigation and combines the presentation of the content by topic and by liquid-crystal type: A fundamentals volume sets the stage for an understanding of the liquid crystal state of matter, while individual volumes cover the main types and forms, with a final volume bringing together the diverse liquid crystal phases through their applications. This unrivaled, all-embracing coverage represents the undiluted knowledge on liquid crystals, making the Handbook a must-have wherever liquid crystals are investigated, produced or used, and in institutions where their science and technology is taught. Also available electronically on Wiley Online Library, www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ref/holc Volume 1: Fundamentals of Liquid Crystals Volume 2: Physical Properties and Phase Behavior of Liquid Crystals Volume 3: Nematic and Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals Volume 4: Smectic and Columnar Liquid Crystals Volume 5: Non-Conventional Liquid Crystals Volume 6: Nanostructured and Amphiphilic Liquid Crystals Volume 7: Supermolecular and Polymeric Liquid Crystals Volume 8: Applications of Liquid Crystals ABOUT THE AUTHOR John W. Goodby is currently Chair of Materials Chemistry at the University of York, UK. He has published over 450 papers, given 170 plenary or invited lectures and holds 55 patents. John Goodby belongs to the top 5%-cited chemists in the world. His research in liquid crystals has been recognized by the George W. Gray Medal, the Tilden Lectureship of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), an Honorary Doctorate from Trinity College, Dublin, and the Interdisciplinary Award of the RSC. Peter Collings is Professor at the Department of Physics & Astronomy of Swarthmore College, USA. He has had research positions at the Kent State University, the universities of Paderborn and Berlin (Germany), the University of Pennsylvania and at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington. His research and teaching experience was recognized by several awards, including a Hewlett Packard foundation grant and the 'Professor of the Year' award by the Council for the Advancement and Support of Education. Helen Gleeson is Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Manchester, UK, and Research Dean in the Faculty of Science and Engineering. She has published more than 90 articles and five patents. After her PhD she took up post as Senior Development Scientist in the Wolfson Liquid Crystal Unit at the University of Manchester. Helen Gleeson has held visiting professor positions at the Universities of Sydney, Case Western Reserve University and Griffith University in Brisbane. Takashi Kato is presently Full Professor at the University of Tokyo, Japan. He has published about 300 papers including original papers, reviews and book chapters. His research focuses on supramolecular liquid crystals, stimuli-responsive materials, liquid- crystalline gels and organic/inorganic composites inspired by biomineralization. Takashi Kato received numerous prestigious honors, including the Young Chemists Award of the Chemical Society of Japan, the Wiley Polymer Science Award in Chemistry and the Award of Japanese Liquid Crystal Society. Carsten Tschierske is Professor at the Department of Organic Chemistry of the University of Halle-Wittenberg, Germany. Research in his group is centered around self-organization in liquid crystalline systems. Current efforts include bent-core mesogens, amphiphilic and amphotropic systems, multi-level segregating systems with complex superstructures as well as polar order and supramolecular chirality in soft matter. Carsten Tschierske has held visiting professor positions at the universities of Marburg, Würzburg and Fukuoka. Peter Raynes FRS is Honorary Visiting Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of York and Emeritus Professor of Optoelectronic Engineering at the University of Oxford. Previously he had been Deputy Chief Scientific Officer at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment at Malvern, and Director of Research at the Sharp Laboratories of Europe. He has published more than 130 research papers and authored more than 60 patents in the field of liquid crystals. His research has resulted in two Queen's Awards for Technological Achievement and he has received numerous other awards. These include the Rank Prize for Opto-electronics, the Paterson Medal of the Institute of Physics, the Jan Rajchman Prize of the Society for Information Display, and the G W Gray Medal of the British Liquid Crystal Society. Volkmar Vill is Professor of Organic Chemistry at the University of Hamburg, Germany, and head of the IT service of the chemistry department. He is author of over 160 papers including original papers, books and software products. His research is focused on liquid crystals, organic materials, chemical information technology and the management of hazardous substances. Volkmar Vill developed numerous databases and information systems such as the liquid crystal database LiqCryst and the SciDex system to store and organize scientific data, information and knowledge. To purchase this product, please visit https://www.wiley.com/en-ad/9783527327737.
Recommended publications
  • U DLCR Records of the Liquid Crystals and Advanced 1929-2015 Materials Research Group, University of Hull
    Hull History Centre: Liquid Crystals & Advanced Materials Research Group, University of Hull U DLCR Records of the Liquid Crystals and Advanced 1929-2015 Materials Research Group, University of Hull Accession number: 2014/04(1-4); 2014/05 Historical Background: The Liquid Crystals Research Group at the University of Hull Chemistry Department The Beginnings - The 1930s-1940s The beginnings of the Liquid Crystals Research Group at the University of Hull are to be found in the 1930s with the research of Brynmor Jones (later Sir Brynmor Jones, Chancellor of the University of Hull) into liquid crystal materials. Having joined the University of Hull from Sheffield University's chemistry department, Jones began to establish a strong basis for research into this emerging area. George William Gray - The 1950s-1960s The mantle of liquid crystal research passed to George William Gray after he joined the Department of Chemistry in 1946 and completed his PhD thesis in 1953. Gray's first papers were published in collaboration with Jones but during the 1950s and 1960s it was his own interest and personal drive that kept research alive at a time when liquid crystals were less than fashionable and could attract little funding. In these decades the focus of Gray's research was the extension of earlier studies of the relationships between molecular structure and liquid crystal properties. This research centred on studies of alkoxy-aromatic carboxylic acids derived from benzene, biphenyl, naphthalene, fluorene, fluorenone and anthracene, and also studies
    [Show full text]
  • LIQUID CRYSTAL NEWSLIQUID NEWS $(%(&' "!!#$(%(&'"!!# GW Gray Medal for 2006 Professor Heino Finkelmann
    LIQUID CRYSTAL NEWSLIQUID NEWS $(%(&' "!!#$(%(&'"!!# GW Gray Medal for 2006 Professor Heino Finkelmann as originally intended in Krakow. Since these days, we have met very frequently, for example, when I was privileged to lecture in Professor Finkelmann’s Institute and at many other scientific meetings not least of which was the Twelfth International Liquid Crystal Conference held in 1988 in Freiburg itself and chaired and organised by Professor Finkelmann. My wife and I well remember enjoying a glass of wine with Heino and his wife and two boys at their home after the closing ceremonies were complete and people like conference chairmen are at last allowed to relax. I have put the material in the above paragraph early in this article about Heino Finkelmann, because I wanted to stress that his very great contributions to the subject of liquid crystals have been not only in the area of scientific research, but also, by his readiness to travel far and wide to Heino Finkelmann was born in Gronau in Lower give lectures, by spreading the word on the subject, by Saxony in 1945. After school, his studies at the Scientific serving on the editorial boards of relevant journals, by Technical Academy at Isny were in the field of chemical organising meetings and conferences such as the 12th engineering and on the way to qualifying in 1969, he spent ILCC, by serving as he has twice done on the Board of time with Unilever Research and with British Petroleum in Directors of the International Liquid Crystal Society and by Hamburg. He then studied Chemistry at the Technical acting as Chairman of the German Liquid Crystal Society University of Berlin, and it was here that he first began as he did for many years.
    [Show full text]
  • NEWSLETTER Issue No 14 – 2017
    NEWSLETTER Issue No 14 – 2017 ue In this Iss p. 2 Focus „Soft Matter & Health“: Of Switchable Contact Lenses, Protein Interactions, and Cell-to-cell Communication p. 8 Research Highlights 2016 p. 10 Events p. 14 Personalia/News FROM NOVEL SOFT Editorial MATERIALS TO SWITCHABLE Europe can look back at over 2000 years of glo- rious, but often tumultuous history. In particular, CONTACT LENSES the last century should have shown us very clearly that working together is much more fruitful and beneficial to all Europeans than working against each other. Unfortunately, in the last few years, this development seems to have come to a halt, with nationalism on the rise again in many countries. Science and scientific knowledge are under siege by “alternative facts”. We, as European scientists, are in a unique position to fight back. Science has long been an international endeavour, with scientists from various countries and continents working together in friendly competition for new insights and novel technological developments. Let us continue to do so, and to further strengthen the links which have been formed over decades. SoftComp is an ideal platform to foster this collaboration! Switchable liquid crystal contact lens Angela Wenzik & Gerhard Gompper with graphene electrodes fabricated by the Leeds team. Demonstration of 2.5 Dioptre change in optical focus from the contact lens. by Cliff Jones, Leeds University, UK, [email protected]; also in the picture: his colleagues Mamatha Nagaraj (left), and Helen Gleeson. Together they make up the new Leeds Liquid Crystals group. 3 axis parallel to the field onto it, and methods for automatically trig- direction so that the material ap- gering operation by detecting gaze direc- The use pears to be isotropic in both ON and OFF tion or other eye changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Unusual Particle Motions in the Liquid Crystal Phases
    Unusual Particle Motions in the Liquid Crystal Phases A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree for PhD in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2014 JIYOUNG OH School of Physics and Astronomy/Condensed Matter, Atomic and Biological Physics Abstract The motions of particles dispersed in liquid crystals can be influenced by the application of an electric field, the effect depending on the field frequency and field amplitude. Sandwich cells under the application of electric field are widely used as the tool in order to investigate the fundamental research relating to electro-optic display technology. Therefore, the aim of this experimental work is to find and investigate novel motion of the particles dispersed in the liquid crystal phases, held within a sandwich cell. For the liquid crystal–particle systems in the sandwich cells in this thesis, the particle shapes, temperature and cell geometry are all shown to have an influence on the regime of the particle’s motions, with different phenomena observed using three different phases of liquid crystals. The experiments are designed to find and investigate the novel motion of the micron sized silica particles in the liquid crystal phases. In the chiral nematic phase, spherical particles are shown to exhibit linear motion, which is related to the electrophoretic mobility. Such spherical particles are also observed to show circular motion which is found to have a field dependency that can be related to Quincke rotation. A maximum frequency for motion occurs which is found to possibly be related to the effect of the ion diffusion in the liquid crystal- particle composite system.
    [Show full text]
  • Liquid Crystals
    crystals Editorial Liquid Crystals Charles Rosenblatt Ohio Eminent Scholar and Professor of Physics, Department of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-7079, USA; [email protected] Received: 15 January 2020; Accepted: 17 January 2020; Published: 18 January 2020 Liquid crystals were discovered by Friedrich Reinitzer in 1888 when he observed colors in cholesterol derivatives that are characteristic of highly birefringent materials [1]. Materials that today are classified as “liquid crystals” are typically composed of organic molecules and have phase structures that are between liquid and crystalline [2]. In particular, the simplest liquid crystal phase, the “nematic”, is composed of highly prolate or oblate organic molecules (or other anisometric structures) that possess long-range orientational order, but no long-range positional order. At lower temperatures, one often finds various “smectic” phases in which the molecules arrange themselves in layers and exhibit a quasi-long-range translational order in one dimension, but are positionally liquid-like within the layer. For much of the next eight decades there was little activity beyond the characterization of their viscoelastic properties. However, the field took off in the 1960s, particularly after the first successful thermal model for the isotropic-nematic phase transition [3,4], followed by the invention of the “twisted nematic” optical display in the early 1970s [5,6]. Much of the work during the subsequent two decades involved understanding the transitions
    [Show full text]
  • Martinsson2020 Redacted.Pdf (11.07Mb)
    This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Accelerated Sampling Schemes for High Dimensional Systems Anton Martinsson Doctor of Philosophy University of Edinburgh February 2020 Till Marie, Niklas och Marianna. 4 Lay Summary We construct and analyse accelerated sampling schemes for high dimensional systems. The development of these methods is fundamental for effective computational study of a large class of problems in statistics, statistical physics, chemistry and engineering. Models in these different areas associate a probabilistic likelihood to the values of the variables of the system. For example, a protein molecule may fold into one of several natural shapes which has a lower energy than others. The aim of accelerated schemes is to enhance the exploration of the most likely states that will be found under certain conditions. We focus on the design of methods based on the discretization of stochastic differential equations which result in sequential iterative procedures that generate state sequences when implemented on a computer.
    [Show full text]
  • Newsletter Softmatterworld
    SoftMatterWorld Newsletter June 2010, Issue 18 Dear Soft Matter Colleagues, This month’s Noticeboard Bulletin has over 30 positions ranging in location from Am- sterdam to Ohio to Greece! Many of the openings are from groups in our Global Research Network. Research Group of the Month: Nonlinear and Liquid Crystal Physics Group at Manchester University, UK This month we are focusing on some of the ex- citing research at the University of Manchester. The Nonlinear and Liquid Crystals Group is led by 3 primary academic staff members; Prof. Tom Mullin, Prof. Helen Gleeson and Dr. Ingo Dierking. Their research is concentrated on experimental and theoretical studies of the physics of fluid flows and liquid crystals, i.e. the properties of isotropic and anisotropic fluids. The length scales range from the microscopic, where the focus is on self-assembly and order, to macroscopic nonlinear effects such as chaos, turbulence and pattern formation. Experimental work is closely linked with theory through the Manchester Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics, which provides a vibrant research environment. Some of the current topics of research include: • Pattern formation & stress transmission in granular materials Latest Research• Complexity and clustering in particulate flows • Electro-optic effects in liquid crystals • Functional ordering in cell membranes • Structures and order in chiral liquid crystals • Polymer and nanotube liquid crystal composites The Group is also home to the world’s largest constant mass flux pipe facility used for particle image velocimetry. The laboratory includes facilities for fabricating specialist devices in addition to extensive equipment for structural studies of liquid crystal systems. There are currently openings for postgraduate projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Programme Monday 15Th April 2019
    Programme Monday 15th April 2019 DAY 1 Leeds Liquid Crystal Symposium 08:15 Registration 09:00 Welcome: Cliff Jones and Mariam Hussain 09:10 Speaker 1: Gordon Tiddy, University of Manchester Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: Surfactants. 09:50 Speaker 2: Arwen Tyler, University of Leeds Inverse Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Bicontinuous Cubic Phases 10:20 Break & Refreshments 10:40 Speaker 3: John Seddon, Imperial College, London Inverse Micellar Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Ordered Phases of Lipids and Surfactants 11:10 Speaker 4: Mark Wilson, Durham University Self-assembled nanostructures and phases formed from conventional and non-conventional amphiphiles: insights from molecular simulations 11:40 Speaker 5: John Lydon, University of Leeds The sickle Cell – a chiral tactoid with a skin 12:00 Closing Comments Attendees at L3C Symposium are invited to join delegates from the BLCS 2019 conference for lunch, providing an excellent networking opportunity. Programme Monday 15th April 2019 British Liquid Crystal Society Annual Conference 11:30 Registration and Lunch 13:40 Welcome: Mamatha Nagaraj and Cliff Jones Session 1 Colloids I Professor Cliff Jones 13:50 Plenary 1: Ivan Smalyukh, University of Colorado, USA: Nematic colloidal crystals and micro-motors powered by light 14:30 Oral 1: Dwaipayan Chakrabati, University of Birmingham Enlightening Colloidal Crystals for Photonics 14:50 Oral 2: Nikita Solodkov, University of Leeds Self-assembly of fractal liquid crystal colloids 15:10 Oral 3: Huanan Yu, University of Hull Novel Liquid Crystal Behaviour
    [Show full text]
  • For Your Diary 2014
    NEWSLETTER No 18 February 2014 Welcome notes from the WIPG Chair Hello and welcome to the latest edition of the Women in Physics Group newsletter. After several years of working as secretary to the group committee, I was honoured to be voted in as chair at the last AGM. I wish Dr Dawn Leslie, the previous chair, all the best in her future beyond the role – I know she has plenty at Brunel University to keep her busy! I am ably assisted by Miss Karla Herpoldt (Secretary) and Dr Joanne Cole (Treasurer), as well as the many other able and enthusiastic members of the group. A warm welcome is also due to Prof Eithne McCabe (Trinity College Dublin) who recently joined the committee, and warm congratulations to Dr Josephine Coltman who whose attendance at group meetings has been interrupted - somewhat wonderfully - by the arrival of her baby girl. It is great that the group has so much positive news to report, which I hope you will be encouraged in reading. Good news can sometimes be in scarce supply. The recent House of Commons Science and Technology Select Committee report on ‘Women in Scientific Careers’ followed on from the Business, Innovation and Skills Committee’s report on ‘Women in the Workplace’ last year, which highlighted the continuing under-representation of women in careers related to science, technology, engineering and maths. The ‘Women in Scientific Careers’ report reiterated that there is still much to be done in undermining cultural perceptions that science is not ‘for girls’ and supporting women who pursue science at every stage of their careers.
    [Show full text]
  • Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences School of Physics and Astronomy
    Faculty of Mathematics and Physical Sciences School of Physics and Astronomy University Academic Fellow Self Assembling Photonic Materials With a vision and drive to develop a prestigious internationally competitive research portfolio as well as a passion for undertaking research-led teaching you will make a significant impact on the performance, stature and profile of research and student education at The University of Leeds. This University Academic Fellowship (UAF) is a tenure track equivalent post for future academic leaders which provides an excellent opportunity to establish an academic career at a research intensive University and play a key role in our ambitious plans for the future. You will embark on a structured five year development programme, successful completion of which will lead to your appointment as a grade 9 Associate Professor. Photonic materials play a vital role in today’s technology and many of the key applications, such as displays and lasers, are based on fundamental physics carried out in the latter half of the last century. Photonic materials that are self-assembled are a fascinating class of systems in which the optical properties result from the self- organisation in the system and which can include properties of relevance to applications in energy, displays, biophotonics, and optical devices. You will carry out a programme of research based on advanced materials in which the bulk photonic properties are a consequence of the order and structure of the soft matter system, controlled through self-assembly. This will complement the work on liquid crystals, polymers and colloids in the Soft Matter Group in the School of Physics and Astronomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Konstantin Novoselov
    GRAPHENE: MATERIALS IN THE FLATLAND Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2010 by KONSTANTIN S. NOVOSELOV School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. “I call our world Flatland…” Edwin Abbott Abbott, Flatland. A Romance of Many Dimensions Much like the world described in Abbott’s Flatland, graphene is a two-dimensional object. And, as ‘Flatland’ is “a romance of many dimensions”, graphene is much more than just a flat crystal. It possesses a number of unusual properties which are often unique or superior to those in other materials. In this brief lecture I would like to explain the reason for my (and many other people’s) fascination with this material, and invite the reader to share some of the excitement I have experienced while researching it. GRAPHENE AND ITS UNUSUAL PROPERTIES Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) atomic crystal which consists of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice (Fig. 1). Although sporadic attempts to study it can be traced back to 1859 [1], active and focused investigation of this material started only a few years ago, after a simple and effective way to produce relatively large isolated graphene samples was found [2–3]. The original ‘Scotch tape method’ [2–3] appeared to be so simple and effective that this area of science grew extremely quickly, and now hundreds of labo- ratories around the world deal with different aspects of graphene research. Also known as the micromechanical cleavage technique, the Scotch tape method has a low barrier to entry in that it does not require large investments or complicated equipment, which has helped considerably to broaden the geography of graphene science.
    [Show full text]
  • Revised Version (With Embedded Figs)Final
    Field-induced refractive index variation in the dark conglomerate phase for polarization-independent switchable liquid crystal lenses H. E. Milton1,2, M. Nagaraj1, S. Kaur1,2, J. C. Jones1, P. B. Morgan2 and H. F. Gleeson1* 1School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom 2Eurolens Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received Month X, XXXX; revised Month X, XXXX; accepted Month X, XXXX; posted Month X, XXXX (Doc. ID XXXXX); published Month X, XXXX Liquid crystal lenses are an emerging technology that can provide variable focal power in response to an applied voltage. Many designs for liquid crystal based lenses are polarization dependent, so that 50% of light is not focused as required, making polarization-independent technologies very attractive. Recently, the dark conglomerate phase, which is an optically isotropic liquid crystalline state, has been shown to exhibit a large change in refractive index in response to an applied electric field (Δn = 0.04). This paper describes computational modelling of the electrostatic solutions for two different types of 100 µm diameter liquid crystal lenses that include the dark conglomerate phase, demonstrating that it shows great potential for efficient isotropic optical switching in lenses. A feature of the field dependence of the refractive index change in the dark conglomerate phase is that it is approximately linear in a certain range, leading to the prediction of excellent optical quality for driving fields in this regime. Interestingly, a simulated microlens is shown to exhibit two modes of operation, a positive lens based upon a uniform bulk change in refractive index at high voltages, and a negative lens resulting from the induction of a gradient index effect at intermediate voltages.
    [Show full text]