Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.019217 ISSN 2179-8087 (online)

Original Article

Conservation of Nature

The Impact of Traditional Silvopastoral System on the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest Remnants

Lígia Carolina Alcântara Pinotti1, Ana Lúcia Hanisch2, Raquel Rejane Bonato Negrelle1

1Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR, Curitiba/PR, Brasil 2Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural – EPAGRI, Canoinhas/SC, Brasil

ABSTRACT The results of an evaluation of the impact of traditional silvopastoral system on floristic and phytosociology of the Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) remnants, named caívas, in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina, South of are shown here to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of human activities on natural environments,. There was significant heterogeneity in floristic and structural aspects among the remnants. They exhibited high floristic integrity, with the presence of species typically registered in MOF. On the other hand, the incidence of exotic species was inexpressive. The predominance of smaller individuals than expected for adults of the species, combined with the predominance of secondary and pioneer species indicate the occurrence of repeated disturbances over the years. It is urgent to identify technological alternatives to enable appropriate foraging and increase in livestock production, ensuring economic and social sustainability with less environmental impact. Keywords: Araucaria Forest, biodiversity, environmental conservation.

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1. INTRODUCTION However, the environmental impact of the anthropogenic use of these remnants in this model A phytoecological unit of the Atlantic Forest is still poorly understood. Given that this process biome called Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF), or historically continues to exist without the elimination of Araucaria Forest has this name due to the occurrence of the remaining forest, a certain advantage and strategy for Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze as symbol‑species success of the biodiversity maintenance and conservation of its composition (Vibrans et al., 2011). In addition of that ecosystem are assumed (Hanisch et al., 2010). to this type of tree, MOF is characterized by species of Additionally, Souza et al. (2012) found that disturbances tropical and temperate flora, with four sub-formations and impacts caused by logging and multiple uses in identified by their features and floristic composition, areas of MOF had a certain resilience in angiosperm tree which vary according to the environment altitudes: species. Nonetheless, the areas presented reduction in Alluvial, Submontana (≤ 400 meters above sea level), species richness, lack of tree regeneration and reduction Montana (> 400 and ≤ 1.000 meters above sea level), in the density of the tree fragments analyzed that had and Altomontana (≥ 1.000 meters above sea level) chronically been disturbed. (Klauberg et al., 2010). Understanding the processes that shape communities Before the 19th century Brazilian colonization and under the anthropic disturbance, how they occur as territorial occupation, MOF growth within its original a result of the forest successional stage, and the use 200.000 km of mountains and plateaus intercalated with of the forest remnants will provide more accurate native fields have been uninterrupted Lacerda,( 2016). information for better targeting conservationist practices Currently, MOF is highly fragmented with less than 1% (Zamorano-Elgueta et al., 2014). of its original area, with few representative remnants In order to contribute to a better understanding of that preserve biodiversity, as result of the history of the impact of human activities on natural environments, anthropogenic processes, such as intense exploitation this study shows the results of the impact evaluation of timber with high economic value (Marques et al., of traditional silvopastoral system, regionally named 2012; Vibrans et al., 2013; Lacerda, 2016). caíva, on the floristic composition and phytosociological In the North Plateau of Santa Catarina, MOF structure in the remnants of MOF, in the North Plateau is composed of cultivation areas and grazing areas, of Santa Catarina, South of Brazil. Based on the merged with forest fragments. These areas have existed results, there is a a discussion on the implications of for more than 50 years as a traditional silvopastoral the silvopastoral management within the remnants of system named caíva (Hanisch et al., 2010; Mello MOF outside conservation units, a proper maintenance & Peroni, 2015). They are heterogeneous and have of these environments is recommended. variations in the densities of the arboreal, shrub and herbal strata. There are areas with predominance of 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil.) and tree component classified in the advanced succession stage The study was conducted in seven remnant areas (Reis et al., 2013). The synergism in these environments of MOF undergoing traditional silvopastoral system, is among the components of the system as common regionally called caívas, located in rural properties in denominator, allowing several productive arrangements the North Plateau of Santa Catarina, South of Brazil. (Bonn et al., 2011). Remnant areas of at least 1 ha, with no history of Thus, caívas represent areas that have important clear-cutting, but with history of more than 50 years properties. They are a space for raising and feeding of selective cutting of tree species for domestic use of dairy cattle, and they are also used for the production wood were selected. of native yerba mate and pinion collection (Mello & These properties had crops and dairy cattle, with Peroni, 2015). Therefore, they have great socioeconomic the caívas used as setting for raising and grazing the importance, as well as relevance for biodiversity animals, and for extracting native yerba mate. In three conservation of the remnants of MOF in that region of the properties, the caívas have undergone traditional (Marques et al., 2012). management, with spontaneous native pasture without Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 The Impact of Traditional Silvopastoral System… 3/13

oversowing. In other three properties, the caívas had and in the Laboratory OIKOS of the Federal University annual grass and winter legume oversowing (among of Paraná (UFPR), in Curitiba-PR. these: Lolium multiflorum L. - ryegrass, Avena strigosa A central area of 0.5 hectares was selected in the Schreb. - black oat, Vicia sativa L. - common vetch, and remnants In each sample unit and subdivided into Trifolium repens L. - white clover) for about 3 years. 50 contiguous plots of 10 × 10 meters. Within each In only one caíva, a sort of summer perennial grass of these plots, all arboreal individuals (DBH ≥ 5.0 cm, (Axonopus catharinensis Valls - giant missionary grass) height > 1.30 m) and palm trees were identified, had been planted by division of clumps. All areas were measured and mapped using the coordinate system. subjected to periodic mowing, mainly to facilitate the These records were used to quantify the following collection of yerba mate, which occurred every two structural descriptors: frequency, density, dominance, years (Table 1). importance value and basal area (sensu Mueller-Dombois According to the classification of Köppen-Geiger, & Ellenberg, 1974). the climate is Cfb, with average temperatures below The usual categories presented in the IBGE (2012) 18°C in the coldest month, with frequent frost, and were used for the evaluation of the vertical stratification, average temperatures below 22°C in the warmest defined by height classes: macro-phanerophyte (≥ 30 m), month, with cool summers. It features indefinite dry meso-phanerophyte (≥ 20 < 30 m), micro-phanerophyte season, with well-distributed rain along the months (≥ 5 < 20 m) and nano-phanerophyte (> 0.25 < 5 m). (Gasper et al., 2013). The area is characterized by gently For this purpose, the maximum expected height for rolling relief and encompasses predominantly the soil the species when adult was considered, obtained from type Dystrophic Red Latosol (Typic Haplorthox), with a literature review (potential height). the original vegetation categorized as MOF Montana Data on the phytogeographical domains of the (Hanisch et al., 2010). species were obtained in Flora do Brasil (2016). Samples of fertile and vegetative plant material were The information relating to the successional status of systematically collected in the chosen areas and in their these species was obtained from Meyer et al. (2013). herborized surroundings, as stated Fidalgo & Bononi The evaluation of the floristic similarity in the areas

(1989). Then, the botanical material was placed in the was performed using the binary Sørensen Index (ISØ). Herbarium “Escola de Florestas de Curitiba” – EFC, in The diversity was estimated by Shannon Index (H’) the reference collection at EPAGRI in Canoinhas-SC and the distribution of the abundance by the Pielou

Table 1. Summary of the managements performed in the caívas, where the floristic and structural aspects of the arboreal component were collected (Santa Catarina, 2015). Animal Density Latitude / Pasture Caíva Municipality Altitude Mowing Capacity Yerba Mate* Longitude (herbaceous cover) (UA.ha-1) (ind.ha-1) 26°13’25” S C1 Canoinhas 805 m Annual Oversowing 2.0 High 50°22’07” W 26°13’24” S Perennial grass C2 Canoinhas 808 m Annual 2.0 Mean 50°22’12” W planted 26°09’36” S C3 Canoinhas 810 m Annual Spontaneous native 0.35 Low 50°27’42” W 26°18’26” S C4 Irineópolis 773 m Quarterly Spontaneous native 0.35 High 50°51’22” W 26°18’34” S C5 Irineópolis 788 m Quarterly Oversowing 2.0 Mean 50°51’26” W 26°18’28” S C6 Irineópolis 775 m Annual Spontaneous native 0.35 High 50°51’54” W 26°09’52” S C7 Três Barras 814 m Annual Oversowing 2.0 Low 50°19’24” W *density categories established from the maximum and minimum numbers of yerba mate registered in the floristic survey conducted in the caívas studied, namely: high ≥ 280 plants.ha-1; mean = 161 to 280 plants.ha-1; low ≤ 161 plants.ha-1. 4/13 Pinotti LCA, Hanisch AL, Negrelle R Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192

evenness Index (J’) (Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg, density, relative frequency and relative dominance 1974). The difference regarding the diversities obtained (C1, C2, C4, C5, C6 and C7). Along with this species, in the evaluated caívas was verified by the Hutcheson others were also registered with elevated importance t-test, p < 0.05 (Magurran, 1988). values: Araucaria angustifolia (4 caívas), porosa The results of the seven caívas survey were contrasted (4 caívas); Cupania vernalis (3 caívas), Casearia obliqua with those relating to the MOF under the same conditions (2 caívas) and Curitiba prismatica (2 caívas). of altitude reported in the Floristic and Forest Inventory All caívas had similar vertical stratification of Santa Catarina (Vibrans et al., 2013), as well as with patterns, while the occurrence of distinct layers was surveying data on areas of caívas reported in Hanisch et al. detected, with emerging individuals (height ≥ 20m, (2010) and surveying data on MOF preservation units max = 30m), individuals composing the canopy reported in Klauberg et al. (2010). For this analysis, (height ≥ 10 and < 20m) and the sub-canopy (height < 10m). the results were extrapolated to make the sample area There were 19 species identified as emergent, of which compatible, and/or to adjust the inclusion criterion to Araucaria angustifolia and Ocotea porosa were the most DBH ≥ 10 centimeters, when necessary. The difference between the averages presented by the papers was Table 2. Floristic characteristics evidenced in the caívas tested by the Student’s t-test (p < 0.05). (Santa Catarina, 2015). Local AD S H’ var (H’) J’ 3. RESULTS C1 580.00 23 1.59 0.0087 0.51 C2 478.72 30 1.79 0.0086 0.53 C3 519.15 35 2.65 0.0069 0.75 In floristic terms, a total of 59 arboreal species belonging C4 665.31 25 1.14 0.0082 0.36 to 44 genera and 30 families were identified. From this C5 470.00 25 1.87 0.0107 0.58 total of species, 72.4% are of wider distribution in the C6 541.30 20 1.09 0.0102 0.36 Brazilian biome, 33% of all occurrences are registered C7 293.33 18 2.13 0.0074 0.74 within the Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domain and AD = absolute density (ni.ha-1); S = specific richness (number only one is naturalized exotic species (Citrus reticulata). of species); H’ = Shannon’s diversity index; var = variance; J’ = Pielou’s evenness index. Only three species of recorded occurrence in the Atlantic Forest were regarded as reportedly occurring only in Table 3. Matrix of results of the Hutcheson t-test for the the MOF: Curitiba prismatica, scabrella and diversity H’ among caívas (Santa Catarina, 2015). Picramnia excelsa (Appendix A). Caíva C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 In average, a value of H’=1.75 ± 0.55 for the Shannon’s C1 -- diversity index was registered, and most of the diversity C2 -1.53 -- indices of the sample units are significantly different C3 -8.53 -6.95 -- from each other. The observed mean richness was of C4 3.43* 4.98* 12.27* -- C5 -1.99 -0.55 5.95* -5.25 -- 25.14 ± 5.81 arboreal species and 15.57 ± 3.05 families C6 3.64* 5.12* 11.98* 0.41 5.38* -- per hectare, with a predominance of a high floristic C7 -4.28 -2.71 4.36* -7.89 -1.98 -7.86 -- dissimilarity among the evaluated areas (Tables 2 to 4). *Indicates significant difference among caívas; degrees of

A relatively similar abundance distribution freedom = ∞; significance level = 0.05; tabt value = 1.96. pattern was observed in the existing species of the Table 4. Similarity measure of IS among caívas (Santa evaluated caívas, registering low to moderate evenness Ø Catarina, 2015). (J’mean= 0.55 ± 0.16, J’min= 0.36; J’max= 0.75). Regarding the Caíva C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 structural parameters, density averages of 243 ± 60.34 of C1 1.00 arboreal individuals per hectare, mean basal area of C2 0.64 1.00 11.57 ± 1.15 m2.ha-1 and canopy height of 21.47 ± 4.58 m C3 0.48 0.65 1.00 were registered. C4 0.38 0.51 0.50 1.00 Ilex paraguariensis was pointed out as the C5 0.50 0.58 0.50 0.64 1.00 species with highest importance value on six of the C6 0.42 0.52 0.44 0.58 0.67 1.00 seven assessed areas due to its high rates of relative C7 0.49 0.46 0.53 0.47 0.47 0.32 1.00 Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 The Impact of Traditional Silvopastoral System… 5/13

representative in quantity of individuals. The canopy values of richness, density, and basal area, despite the had the highest diversity, comprising 45 species, of dissimilarity in the species of higher IV. The values for which Ocotea porosa and Ocotea puberula are the most diversity H’ and evenness J’ were significantly different representative in quantity of individuals. The sub-canopy and lower than those values observed in Hanisch et al. had intermediary diversity figures with 39 species, of (2010) (Table 5). which the Ilex paraguariensis, Curitiba prismatica, When comparing the data surveyed in MOF and Annona rugulosa species presented the highest conservation units reported in Klauberg et al. (2010), quantity of individuals in this stratum. lower values for specific richness, basal area, diversity A consistent representation pattern of the categories H’ and evenness J’ were observed, as well as a significant of the arboreal habit among the evaluated caívas difference in the mean absolute density, which was was also detected, with most of the sampled species lower in caívas against UC. In this comparison, (82.42%) comprising micro-phanerophytes, and with dissimilarities among the species of highest IV also low representation of meso-phanerophyte (11.64%) became evident (Table 5). and macro-phanerophyte (5.88%). The occurrence of a nano-phanerophyte species (0.06%) was recorded in 4. DISCUSSION only one of the caívas (Appendix A). Ilex paraguariensis was the micro-phanerophyte species with the Despite the display of inherent heterogeneity to highest density in all of the evaluated caívas, often the remaining MOF, as extensively reported in the accompanied by Casearia obliqua and Annona rugulosa. literature (Amaral et al., 2013; Meyer et al., 2013), it Representatives of the stood out among was possible to verify that the studied caívas presented the meso-phanerophyte, especially the Ocotea porosa. high flora integrity. Thus, in the species recorded, there The group of the macro‑phanerophyte was essentially were those normally registered for MOF, practically represented by the Araucaria angustifolia at low densities, without the presence of exotic species that are often along with the Cedrela fissilis in two of the caívas. part of the landscape in the area of occurrence of MOF In most of the evaluated areas there was a (Vibrans et al., 2013). In the composition of MOF predominance of secondary species, with relative lower communities, in addition to Araucaria, Lauraceae representation of pioneer species and low occurrence species are expected to appear (e.g. Ocotea porosa, of climatic species (Appendix A). In terms of absolute Ocotea pulchella, Ocotea puberula, Nectandra lanceolata, density, 73.6% of the total of the individuals were Nectandra megapotamica), as well as many species of included in the pioneer category, 21.1% were secondary Myrtaceae, and Aquifoliaceae, varying according to and 0.88% were climatic individuals, as well as 4.5% geographical location (Coradin et al., 2011; Meyer et al., with undefined successional status. 2013). This composition was observed in the analyzed Compared to the results presented for the MOF, caívas. under the same conditions of altitude and inclusion However, these areas had lower density, diversity, criteria reported in the Floristic and Forest Inventory and basal area, comparatively to other remnants of Santa Catarina (Meyer et al., 2013), similar rates of protected by Conservation Units. Since there is no mean absolute density per hectare were observed, with historical record of clear-cutting in these areas, the no statistical difference. However, the studied caívas selective cutting of recurrence of tree species, mowing had significantly different and lower mean values for and cattle grazing in the understory and intensification specific richness, diversity (H’) and evenness (J’), as or favoring of the permanence of Ilex paraguariensis in well as reduced mean basal area. The comparative this scenario were determinants (Amaral et al., 2013; analysis also revealed floristic dissimilarity between the Fiorentin et al., 2015). species with the highest importance values registered There was a predominance of individuals that were in the caívas and those reported for the MOF in smaller than expected adult representatives of the Meyer et al. (2013) (Table 5). different species in the evaluation of stratification and Regarding the surveyed data in areas of caívas basal area. That is, the species were mostly represented reported in Hanisch et al. (2010), there were similar by young individuals. This result can be considered an 6/13 Pinotti LCA, Hanisch AL, Negrelle R Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 ISø -- -- 0.30 0.40 0.10

Species (higher VI) Ilex paraguariensis, Araucaria angustifolia, angustifolia, Araucaria paraguariensis, Ilex Curitiba puberula, Ocotea porosa, Ocotea Campomanesia obliqua, Casearia prismatica, rugulosa, Annona xanthocarpa, Cinnamodendron dinisii, Cedrela fissilis. angustifolia, Araucaria paraguariensis, Ilex Curitiba puberula, Ocotea porosa, Ocotea Campomanesia obliqua, Casearia prismatica, Annona vernalis, Cupania xanthocarpa, rugulosa, Cinnamodendron dinisii. sellowiana, Dicksonia angustifolia, Araucaria puberula, Ocotea eleagnoides, Matayba Ocotea scabra, Clethra brasiliensis, Lithrea Nectandra myrtifolia, Prunus porosa, pulchella. Ocotea megapotamica, angustifolia, Araucaria sp., Myrcia dinisii, Cinnamodendron porosa, Ocotea vernalis, Cupania paraguariensis, Ilex brevicuspis, Ilex klotzschiana, Gymnanthes scabra. Clethra brasiliensis, Drimys sellowiana, Dicksonia decandra, Casearia vernalis, Cupania salicifolius, Blepharocalyx Matayba scabra, Clethra edulis, Allophylus elaeagnoides, Campomanesia xanthocarpa, glandulosum. Sapium splendens, Myrcia a b B J’ A n. i. = 0.81; = 0.82; = 0.82; = 0.56; = 0.54; x x x x x σ = n. i.) ( ( ( ( ( σ = ± 0 .6) σ = ± 0.15) σ = ± 0.07) σ = ± 0.06) 0.36 to 0.74 0.36 to 0.76 0.38 to 0.95 0.53 to 0.88 0.73 to a b B A H’ n. i. = 3.05; = 1.77; = 1.75; = 2.96; = 2.76; x x x x x σ = n. i.) ( ( ( ( ( σ = ±0.55) σ = ± 0.53) σ = ± 0.41) σ = ± 0.42) 1.09 to 2.65 1.09 to 2.65 1.13 to 3.51 1.87 to 3.31 2.13 to ) -1

.ha A A 2 n. i. n. i. BA0 = 21.2; = 34.2; = 11.41; = 11.57; = 14.48; x x σ = n. i.) σ = n. i.) x x x ( ( (m ( ( σ = ± 1.15) σ = ± 1.18) σ = ± 5.37) ( 9.92 to 13.20 9.92 to 19.88 8.27 to 10.12 to 13.31 10.12 to ) 1

a B B A A AD = 1150; = 507.3; = 441.6; = 506.8; = 603.2; 1587.5 843.7 to 843.7 to x x x x x σ = ± 85) ( σ = ± 316) 217 to 978 217 to (ind.ha- ( ( ( ( 82.5 to 920 82.5 to σ = ± 115.1) σ = ± 188.8) σ = ± 303.6) 288.9 to 549 288.9 to 293.3 to 665.3 293.3 to = average; σ = standard deviation; n.i. = not informed. = not n.i. deviation; σ = standard = average; x ); Ø b S B A A 46 = 11.5; = 23.9; = 37.9; = 25.1; = 29.8; x x σ = n. i. x x x 18 to 35 18 to 33 18 to 56 13 to 42 18 to ( ( ( ( ( σ = ± 5.8) σ = ± 5.8) σ = ± 8.9) σ = ± 10.2) 0.5 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.16 (ha) Area (n = 7) (n = 7) (n = 5) (n = 4) (n = 91)

Criteria Inclusion Inclusion DBH ≥ 5 cm DBH ≥ 5 cm DBH ≥ 5 cm DBH Heights up to to up Heights DBH ≥ 10 cm DBH DBH ≥ 10 cm; DBH 1,000 m s. n. m. Data from studies with the MOF, listed in chronological order of publication, with the respective sampling methods and data of the total area studied: diameter at breast breast at diameter studied: area the total of data methods and sampling the respective with publication, of order in chronological listed the MOF, with studies from Data

Author Lowercase letters indicate significant difference between values (p <0.05). between values difference significant indicate letters Lowercase This study This Meyer et al. (2013) SC) (FOM/ Hanisch et al. (2010) (Caívas) Klauberg et al. (2010) (Conservation Units) Table 5. Table (J’); greater index species evenness of Pielou’s (H’); index diversity Shannon’s (BA), basal(AD), area density species absolute (S), of number (ha), hectares in area (DBH), height (IS index similarity (IV); Sørensen value importance Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 The Impact of Traditional Silvopastoral System… 7/13

additional indicator of the selective cutting of mature context for conservation, as explained in Ausden (2007), individuals (of a larger size). Also, the predominance that is the inside of properties, reducing the areas of of secondary and pioneer species can be considered mowing, promoting the enrichment planting of native as indicative of the action of repeated disturbances species and the control of invasive species entrance. over the years. However, considering that they are cultural However, the influence of fragmentation and environments, it is essential to integrate these isolation on the studied areas was not evaluated. Habitat conservation actions into the current use of these spaces fragmentation is a generic term that describes the as providers of socioeconomic benefits. According to complete process of disaggregating a large landscape unit Hanisch et al. (2016), the traditional handling of caívas into smaller area units, isolated from one another by an has been constantly threatened due to the low revenue array of different habitats. Isolation reduces connectivity generation compared to other more environmentally between populations, reducing their likelihood of aggressive alternatives. In this perspective, to identify persistence. Additionally, the effects of disruption technological alternatives to improve the pasture may restrict the distribution of many organisms to the in caívas to allow the suitable animal foraging and interior of forest fragments due to changing conditions increase in livestock production, ensuring economic imposed by the new fragment‑environment interface and social sustainability without causing significant (Murcia, 1995) and the effective conserved area can be impact to the tree component is the biggest challenge. consequently smaller than this reserve area (Sampaio Also, long-term maintenance of these remnants & Scariot, 2011). must be linked to a conservation effort landscape However, geographical isolation is not something level. Therefore, the competent institutions must act absolutely quantifiable, which can only be interpreted in a coordinated way to reduce the fragmentation and regarding the permeability of the matrix of the dispersion disconnection of the various remnants of the region. characteristics of the species concerned and the time The participative establishment of ecological corridors, scale on which these effects may become apparent reforesting interconnection tracks between fragments (Didham, 2010). in private areas and established conservation areas Future detailed studies of the regeneration shall promote increased diversity in the biome of the component as well as the distinct diasporas dispersal flora and fauna in which caívas are inserted (Quiroga vectors activity may provide more consistent data to & Soria, 2014). better identify the conditioning factors of the floristic and structural composition of these caívas. 5. CONCLUSIONS Also, with the progressive and continuous deforestation in forested areas, given its floristic reliability, the caívas The caívas have heterogeneous landscapes as represent important areas of conservation. According expected for remnants of MOF. This type of regional to data from Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica (2015), the environment presents high floristic integrity, only with State of Santa Catarina accounts for 283.168 deforested density and diversity of species in their composition hectares since 1985 of which 692 hectares were registered reduced to unmanaged remnants (Conservation Units). in the last technical report, regarding the period between The recurrence of selective cutting of tree species, 2013 and 2014. In 2013, a total decrease of 69 ha in mowing and grazing of cattle in the understory and forest cover was registered for the municipalities of cultivation of yerba mate are shown as determining Canoinhas, Três Barras, Irineópolis and Porto União factors in this scenario. (Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica, 2014). However, future detailed studies of the regeneration In this scenario, the deployment of deforestation component as well as the distinct diaspores dispersal containment measures and recovery of caívas are vectors activity may provide more consistent data for necessary, as conservation and sustainable use of space. a more complete assessment of ecological dynamics Also, dynamic natural environments, the management environment to better identify the factors that determine of caívas should be performed in habitat management the floristic composition and structure of these caívas. 8/13 Pinotti LCA, Hanisch AL, Negrelle R Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Coradin L, Siminski A, Reis A. Espécies nativas da flora brasileira de valor econômico atual ou potencial: plantas para o futuro – Região Sul. Brasília: MMA; 2011. The authors would like to thank the following Didham RK. Ecological consequences of habitat institutions: Agricultural Research and Rural Extension fragmentation. In: eLS, editors. Encyclopedia of Life Company of Santa Catarina (EPAGRI), Experimental Sciences. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 2010. https:// Station of Canoinhas-SC, Brazilian Agricultural Research doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0021904. Corporation - Embrapa Forestry Colombo‑PR Research Fidalgo O, Bononi VLR. Técnicas de coleta, preservação Unit, and Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity e herborização de material botânico. São Paulo: Instituto de Botânica; 1989. Conservation (ICMBio) - Três Barras National Forest (FLONA Três Barras-SC), for all the logistical and Fiorentin LD, Téo SJ, Schneider CR, Costa RH, Batista S. Análise florística e padrão espacial da regeneração natural operational support provided during the field activities em área de FOM na Região de Caçador, SC. Floresta e phases; Academic Publishing Advisory Center (CAPA) Ambiente 2015; 22(1): 60-70. of the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR) for the Flora do Brasil. 2020 em construção [online]. Rio de Janeiro: assistance and work with English language translation. Jardim Botânico; 2016 [cited 2016 Apr 26]. Available from: http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ SUBMISSION STATUS Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica. Atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica e ecossistemas associados no período de 2012–2013. São Paulo: INPE; 2014. Received: 29 jul., 2017 Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica. Fundação e INPE divulgam Accepted: 20 ago., 2017 dados do atlas dos remanescentes florestais da Mata Atlântica no período de 2014 a 2015 [online]. São Paulo: Fundação CORRESPONDENCE TO SOS Mata Atlântica; 2015 [cited 2016 May 25]. Available from: https://www.sosma.org.br/projeto/atlas-da-mata- atlantica/dados-mais-recentes/ Lígia Carolina Alcântara Pinotti Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Universidade Gasper AL, Sevegnani L, Vibrans AC, Sobral M, Uhlmann A, Lingner DV et al. Inventário florístico florestal de Santa Federal do Paraná – UFPR, Rua dos Catarina: espécies da FOM. Rodriguésia 2013; 64(2): 2013. Funcionários, 1540, Cabral, CEP 80035-050, Hanisch AL, Radomski MI, Bona LC, Marques AC. Curitiba, PR, Brasil Melhoria da produção animal em áreas de caíva e sua email: [email protected] contribuição para a viabilização de corredores ecológicos. DRd - Desenvolvimento Regional em Debate 2016; 6(2): FINANCIAL SUPPORT 170-188. Hanisch AL, Vogt GA, Marques ADC, Bona LC, Bosse D. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal Estrutura e composição florística de cinco áreas de caíva no Planalto Norte de Santa Catarina. Pesquisa Florestal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Pró-Reitoria de Brasileira 2010; 30(64): 303-310. Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação (PRPPG-UFPR). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Manual técnico da vegetação brasileira. 2. ed. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2012. REFERENCES Klauberg C, Paludo GF, Bortoluzzi RLC, Mantovani A. Florística e estrutura de um fragmento de FOM no Planalto Amaral LP, Ferreira RA, Lisboa GS, Longhi SJ, Watzlawick Catarinense. Biotemas 2010; 23(1): 35-47. LF. Variabilidade espacial do Índice de Diversidade de Lacerda AEB. Conservation strategies for Araucaria Forests Shannon-Wiener em FOM. Scientia Forestalis 2013; in Southern Brazil: assessing current and alternative 41(97): 83-93. approaches. Biotropica 2016; 48(4): 537-544. Ausden M. Habitat management for conservation - a Magurran AE. Ecological diversity and its measurement. handbook of techniques. Oxford: Oxford University New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 1988. Press; 2007. Marques AC, Mattos AG, Bona LC, Reis MS. Florestas Bonn LC, Hanisch AL, Marques AC. Melhoramento Nacionais e desenvolvimento de pesquisas: o manejo da de caívas no Planalto Norte de Santa Catarina. Revista erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis A.St.-Hil.) na Flona de Agriculturas 2011; 8: 6-11. Três Barras/SC. Biodiversidade Brasileira 2012; 2(2): 4-17. Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 The Impact of Traditional Silvopastoral System… 9/13

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Zamorano-Elgueta C, Cayuela L, Rey-Benayas JM, Donoso Reis MS, Silva CV, Mattos AG, Zechini AA, Mantovani PJ, Geneletti D, Hobbs RJ. The differential influences A, Peroni N. Caívas and their contribution to the of human-induced disturbances on tree regeneration conservation of Atlantic forest landscapes in Brazil. In: community: a landscape approach. Ecosphere 2014; Boef WS, Subedi A, Peroni N, Thijssen M, O’Keeffe E, 5(7): 1-17. 10/13 Pinotti LCA, Hanisch AL, Negrelle R Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 PD MA MA MA MA MA MA A, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA, Pa Ce, MA, Pa Ca, Ce, MA Ca, Ce, MA A, Ca, Ce, MA LF Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Macrofanerophyte - - - S S S S S S S P P P P P P SS ------9 1 1 1 1 1 17 38 18 C7 ------1 9 C6 192 ------5 4 3 12 C5 132 ------1 2 1 8 1 1 1 C4 246 ------1 6 2 1 2 2 4 3 11 25 C3 Number of Individuals of Number - - - - 6 3 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 C2 135 ------1 2 9 2 3 2 22 C1 182 jerivá name caroba aroeira bugreiro voadeira araucária guaraperê sapopema erva-mate pimenteira ipê-da-serra carne-de-vaca araticum-preto vassourão-preto caúna, congonha caúna, araticum-amarelo Regional common Regional common Schwacke (Spreng.) H.Rob. (Spreng.) Raddi (Cham.) Glassman (Cham.) (Bertol.) Kuntze H.Rainer (Cham.) Mattos (Cham.) Cham. Vell. A.St.-Hil. Marchand K.Schum. Species (Schltdl.) H.Rainer (Schltdl.) Families Reissek Pers. Floristic composition, density, successional status, life form and phytogeographic domain, recorded for the arboreal component in the studied caívas (Santa (Santa caívas in the studied component the arboreal for recorded domain, phytogeographic and form life status, successional density, composition, Floristic Mart. ex Reissek Mart. Anacardiaceae brasiliensis Lithrea Schinus terebinthifolius Annonaceae neosalicifoliaAnnona rugulosaAnnona Aquifoliaceae brevicuspis Ilex Ilex paraguariensis theezans Ilex Araucariaceae Araucaria angustifolia Arecaceae Syagrus romanzoffiana Asteraceae-vernonieae discolor Vernonanthura Bignoniaceae Handroanthus albus puberula Jacaranda Canellaceae Cinnamodendron dinisii Clethraceae Clethra scabra Cunoniaceae Lamanonia ternata Elaeocarpaceae lasiocoma Sloanea Erythroxylaceae Appendix A. Appendix Forest, = Atlantic MA Amazon, A = domain, phytogeographic = PD form, life = LF exotic, = E climatic, = C secondary, = S pioneer, = P status, successional SS = 2015). Catarina, = Pantanal. Pn = Pampas, CeCa Pa = Caatinga, = Cerrado, Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 The Impact of Traditional Silvopastoral System…11/13 PD MA MA MA MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ca, MA A, Ce, MA A, Ce, MA Ce, MA, Pn Ca, Ce, MA A, Ca, Ce, MA A, Ca, Ce, MA A, Ca, Ce, MA LF Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Mesofanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Macrofanerophyte - S S S S S S S S P P P P P P P C C C C SS ------2 1 24 C7 ------1 1 1 1 2 1 1 C6 ------1 2 1 7 2 1 3 3 13 C5 ------3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 30 C4 ------3 1 1 3 1 1 1 5 2 2 6 33 C3 Number of Individuals of Number ------1 4 1 1 1 1 1 11 C2 ------5 1 8 5 C1 timbó name miúda leiteiro imbuia tarumã bracatinga branquilho marmeleiro canela-preta açoita-cavalo canela-guaicá canela-lajeana canela-imbuia canela-amarela canela-sassafrás canela-de-porco canela-fedorenta cedro; cedro-rosa cedro; jacarandá-branco, jacarandá-branco, laranjeira-do-mato farinha-seca-graúda Regional common Regional common sapuva, farinha-seca- sapuva, Hassl. Müll.Arg. (Spreng.) Mez (Spreng.) A.St.-Hil. Vogel (Vogel) M.J. Silva & Silva M.J. (Vogel) (Spreng.) Müll.Arg. (Spreng.) Nees (L.) Morong (Spreng.) Moldenke (Spreng.) (Meisn.) Mez (Meisn.) (Meisn.) Mez (Meisn.) Species Mart. & Zucc. Mart. Benth. Families (Vell.) Rohwer (Vell.) (Rich.) Nees (Rich.) (Nees & Mart.) Mez & Mart.) (Nees Vattimo-Gil (Nees & Mart.) Barroso & Mart.) (Nees Vell. Continued... Erythroxylum deciduum Euphorbiaceae Actinostemon concolor Gymnanthes klotzschiana Sapium glandulosum -Faboideae Dahlstedtia floribunda A.M.G. Azevedo paraguariense Machaerium Machaerium stipitatum Fabaceae- scabrella Mimosa Lamiaceae megapotamica Vitex Lauraceae lanceolata Nectandra megapotamica Nectandra Ocotea corymbosa Ocotea diospyrifolia Ocotea odorifera Ocotea porosa Ocotea puberula Ocotea pulchella Ocotea silvestris Malvaceae divaricata Luehea Meliaceae Cedrela fissilis Appendix A. Appendix 12/13 Pinotti LCA, Hanisch AL, Negrelle R Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 PD MA MA MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA Ce, MA, Pa Ca, Ce, MA A, Ce, MA, Pa A, Ca, Ce, MA A, Ca, Ce, MA A, Ca, Ce, MA, Pn Ce, MA (naturalized) A, Ca, Ce, MA, Pa, Pn A, Ca, Ce, MA, Pa, Pn A, Ca, Ce, MA, Pa, A, Ca, MA, Pn Cerrado, LF Mesofanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte - S S S S S S S S S S S S S P E C SS ------2 1 2 2 C7 ------4 1 2 1 2 9 1 15 C6 ------3 6 1 5 1 1 1 2 23 C5 ------2 7 1 1 1 8 1 C4 ------5 1 5 2 4 2 1 9 9 74 C3 Number of Individuals of Number ------1 2 1 1 1 1 14 14 C2 ------1 1 1 3 1 2 5 6 1 26 C1 name vacum pitanga cerninho guamirim guabiroba capororoca sete-capote guaçatunga pau-amargo carvalho-verde guaçatunga-preta guamirim-chorão pessegueiro-bravo mimosa; mexerica mamica-de-cadela cerejeira-vermelha Regional common Regional common guaçatunga-vermelha

(Cambess.) (Cambess.) (Mart.) (Mart.) Lam. (Cambess.) O.Berg (Cambess.) brasiliensis DC. (D.Legrand) Salywon Salywon (D.Legrand) (Cham. & Schltdl.) & Schltdl.) (Cham. Jacq. Mart. Sw. Species var. var. Kuhlm. ex Pirani Kuhlm. (Sw.) DC. (Sw.) Families Spreng. (A.St.-Hil. et al.) Hieron. Hieron. (A.St.-Hil. et al.) L. Blanco Continued... Myrtaceae Campomanesia guazumifolia O.Berg Campomanesia xanthocarpa O.Berg Curitiba prismatica & Landrum involucrata Eugenia uniflora Eugenia myrcioides Myrceugenia splendens Myrcia Picramniaceae excelsa Picramnia Primulaceae umbellata Myrsine Proteaceae Roupala montana K.S.Edwards (Klotzsch) Rosaceae brasiliensis Prunus D.Dietr. Rutaceae Citrus reticulata Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Salicaceae Casearia decandra Casearia obliqua Casearia sylvestris Sapindaceae Allophylus edulis ex Niederl. Appendix A. Appendix Floresta e Ambiente 2018; 25(4): e20170192 The Impact of Traditional Silvopastoral System…13/13 PD MA MA MA Ce, MA A, Ce, MA Ca, Ce, MA LF Mesofanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Microfanerophyte Nanofanerophophyte - S S S S P SS ------1 9 8 1 10 C7 132 - - - - - 3 1 5 1 3 11 C6 249 - - - - - 2 1 8 1 2 14 C5 235 ------2 2 3 10 10 C4 326 - - - 1 1 3 1 2 14 10 19 C3 244 Number of Individuals of Number - - - - - 1 2 3 3 10 14 C2 225 ------1 9 2 12 C1 290 cataia name cuvantã fumo-brabo pau-de-remo espora-de-galo miguel-pintado Regional common Regional common Scop. Radlk. (Sendtn.) Hunz. Miers Species Families Cambess. Hook. & Arn. Hook. Continued... Cupania vernalis Cupania elaeagnoides Matayba Solanaceae Solanum mauritianum breviflora Vassobia Styracaceae leprosus Styrax Winteraceae brasiliensis Drimys individuals per caíva Total species per caíva pioneer of Total secondary of species per caíva Total species per climax caíva of Total species per exotic caíva of Total SS per caíva species without of Total Appendix A. Appendix