NEO-LITHICS 1/05 the Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research Contents

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NEO-LITHICS 1/05 the Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research Contents Editorial Field Reports Yartah, Tell ‘Abr 3 Shimelmitz, Rosenberg & Nativ, Giv’at Kipod Contributions Shirai, Diffusion of Agriculture from the Levant to Egypt Rollefson, Stone Tools from ‘Ayn Jammam Rosenberg & Groman-Yaroslavski, A Bifacials Assemblage from Tel Bareqet Çelik, A New Statue from Gaziantep Comment Dennis & Finlayson, Comments on Kinzel Index of Neo-Lithics 1994 - 2004 New Publications and Theses NEO-LITHICS 1/05 The Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research Contents Editorial 2 Field Reports Thaer Yartah Les bâtiments communautaires de Tell ‘Abr 3 (PPNA, Syrie) 3 Ron Shimelmitz, Danny Rosenberg and Assaf Nativ Giv’at Kipod: A Basalt Quarry and a Workshop for the Production of Bifacial Tools 9 in the Manasseh Hills, Israel Contributions Noriyuki Shirai Walking with Herdsmen: In Search of the Material Evidence for the Diffusion of Agriculture from the Levant to Egypt 12 Gary O. Rollefson Stone Tools from ‘Ayn Jammam, near Ras en-Naqb, Southern Jordan 17 Danny Rosenberg and Iris Groman-Yaroslavski A PPNA Bifacials Assemblage from Tel Bareqet, Central Israel 24 Bahattin Çelik A New Statue of the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period from Gaziantep, 28 Southeastern Turkey Comment Samantha Dennis and Bill Finlayson Comments on “Some Notes on the Reconstruction of PPNB Architecture” by Moritz Kinzel (Neo-Lithics 2/04) 30 New Publications and Theses 32 New Websites 32 Index of Neo-Lithics 1994 - 2004 33 Masthead 43 Editorial It has been 11 years since Neo-Lithics first appeared in much on the southern Levant, that only certain Neolithic 1994, and since then 27 (including the current one) issues researchers use our pages for publication, and some have been produced. It seems appropriate that in Neo- research nations are ill-represented. The editors would like Lithics 1/05 we summarize our past by publishing the to take this opportunity to invite once again all colleagues Table of Contents of each issue, as well as provide an to send us manuscripts and to encourage others to sub- appendix that includes author, site, and topic indices. mit contributions that support the goals of Neo-Lithics: The indices give an overview of the broad range of sub- to communicate new trends in Near Eastern Neolithic jects and sites that have been dealt with in our newslet- research in a timely way, to support young researchers ter over more than a decade. Looking back we might be in their projects, to be a forum of exchange of informa- tempted to be satisfied. However, the Appendix provides tion and points of view about all sorts of Neolithic the occasion to reflect not only on the strengths, but also research agendas and gatherings. on the shortcomings or weaknesses of the coverage Neo- Lithics has provided in the field of Near Eastern Neolithic Hans Georg K. Gebel and Gary O. Rollefson research. We note that Neo-Lithics has concentrated too 2 Neo-Lithics 1/05 Field Report Les bâtiments communautaires de Tell ‘Abr 3 (PPNA, Syrie) Thaer Yartah D.G.A.M. Syrie, Université Lyon 2 <[email protected]> Le village de Tell ‘Abr est situé sur la rive gauche de La phase de transition PPNA/PPNB l’Euphrate à environ 15 kilomètres de la frontière turque (fig. 1). Le tell était anciennement connu pour avoir livré L’extrême fin du PPNA est marquée dans cette région une occupation de l’époque d’Obeid (Hammada and du Levant par l’émergence de constructions circulaires Yamazaki, 1995). La montée des eaux de l’Euphrate a, très décorées à caractère communautaire et par l’ap- durant l’hiver 2000, dégagé des vestiges architecturaux parition d'un débitage de lames prédéterminées. datant du Néolithique acéramique. Une prospection et De grandes constructions circulaires pluricellulaires des fouilles menées en 2001, 2003 et 2004 par une équipe évoquant un caractère multifonctionnel (stockage, ré- syrienne ont confirmé la présence d’un village datant du unions, rituels) sont connues pour le PPNA de Jerf el PPNA final, similaire à la fin de l'occupation de Jerf el Ahmar (Stordeur et al. 2001, bâtiments EA-7 et EA-30). Ahmar ou encore de Mureybet (phase III). Tell ‘Abr 3 est Le fait nouveau inauguré par la phase de transition est la nette volonté de disposer d’un espace plus vaste, plus ouvert et propice à la réunion (Stordeur et Abbès 2002) et sans doute à la célébration. Les bâtiments commu- nautaires de cette phase sont ainsi toujours circulaires et enterrés mais de plus grandes dimensions que les bâti- ments strictement PPNA. Ils ne sont pas subdivisés en petites cellules et ne montrent pas de zones dédiées au stockage. L’industrie lithique est également différente des indus- tries strictement PPNA. Aux outillages « classiques » réalisés sur lames bipolaires et unipolaires s’ajoutent des outils réalisés sur des lames prédéterminées. Ces lames définiront quelques siècles plus tard l’ensemble du PPNB (Abbès 2003). Ces éléments tant architecturaux que lithiques sont issus d’une évolution locale dont les grandes étapes sont connues (notamment à Mureybet ; Ibañez et Cauvin, Fig. 1 Carte des sites néolithiques précéramiques cités sous presse). L’association de ces éléments a servi à la dans l’étude. définition d’une phase de transition PPNA/PPNB au Levant Nord (Stordeur et Abbès 2002), rejoignant finale- ment ainsi l’hypothèse d’une formation « nordique » du actuellement le site PPNA syrien le plus proche de la PPNB (Cauvin, 1997). Turquie. Cette position en fait un jalon important entre les sites du Moyen Euphrate (Mureybet, Jerf el Ahmar Tell ‘Abr 3 et la phase de transition et Cheikh Hassan) et ceux du sud-est de la Turquie (Çayönü et Göbekli). Le site de Tell ‘Abr 3 a fourni trois bâtiments pouvant répondre à cette notion de bâtiment communautaire en La stratigraphie raison de leurs dimensions, de leurs hautes qualités archi- tecturales, de leur richesse ornementale, enfin des outils Neuf niveaux ont pu être reconnus dans l’ensemble des et des objets décorés retrouvés à l’intérieur. En outre, le zones de fouilles : cinq niveaux dans le secteur sud et caractère communautaire de ces constructions, la nature au bord de l’Euphrate et quatre dans le secteur nord. Des des ornementations, les objets retrouvés sous forme de maisons individuelles circulaires, semi-enterrées, et des dépôts ou abandonnés suggèrent fortement la pratique bâtiments communautaires enterrés ont été repérés dans de rituels. l’ensemble de ces niveaux. Neo-Lithics 1/05 3 L’occupation de Tell ‘Abr 3 grand espace central. Des dalles de calcaire taillé, poli et décoré par des motifs animaliers, représentant des ani- Deux types de villages, désignés comme le village « nord maux sauvages (gazelle, panthère, aurochs) accompa- » et le village « sud », sont apparus lors de la fouille. gnés quelquefois de motifs géométriques, ornaient le Le village nord est le plus récent et est caractérisé par pourtour de la banquette (Yartah 2005). Des poteaux de des constructions rondes de plain-pied, bâties en « pier- 25-30 cm de diamètre ont été repérés à intervalles res en cigare » (comme à Jerf el Ahmar et à Mureybet, réguliers entre les dalles et en avant de celles-ci. Ce dis- phases IIIA et IIIB). positif destiné à soutenir un plafond enduit de terre à Le village sud, le plus proche de l’Euphrate, est car- bâtir a donné une forme alvéolaire à la banquette. actérisé par de grandes constructions rondes enterrées Nous avons découvert sur les dalles sculptées des ou semi-enterrées. Deux types de bâtiments commu- représentations de panthère (fig. 2 : 1, 2 et 5) sous diver- nautaires de ce village appartiennent à la phase de tran- ses formes. On retrouve l’animal seul, parfois dans un sition PPNA/PPNB. Nous allons les décrire à présent. style quasi abstrait, comme sur une dalle entourée de décors en relief. Dans d’autres cas, on le relève dans des Le bâtiment communautaire spécialisé B2 représentations plus figuratives, ciselées sur des dalles. Ainsi, sur la « dalle aux deux panthères » (fig. 2 : 1), Un bâtiment communautaire incendié et en partie con- l’animal est plus aisément identifiable grâce aux oreilles servé a été mis à jour (fig. 2), son plan est circulaire. Il marquées au sommet de la tête par deux traits et sa sil- est enterré sur environ 1,55 m dans le sol vierge du tell houette générale. Sur la « dalle aux trois panthères » et présente un diamètre de 10 à 12 m. En surface, un (fig. 2 : 2), la distinction est claire grâce aux oreilles et muret entourant la fosse était destiné à recevoir le toit. aux griffes. Dans tous les cas, le pelage des panthères Les parois de la fosse ont été directement enduites de était figuré. Cette figuration est exécutée soit par des terre et décorées d’empreintes de mains (fig. 2 : 3). traits courts incisés, soit par des points ronds gravés. À l’intérieur, une banquette de 55 cm de haut et 1,48 Une gazelle était représentée de façon verticale par m de profondeur, ceinturait la fosse et laissait libre un rapport au sol du bâtiment, avec des lignes géométriques Fig. 2 Position des dalles dans le bâtiment communautaire B2. 1, 2 et 5 : « Dalles aux panthères » ; 4 : « Dalle à la gazelle » (une partie est enfouie dans le sol du bâtiment) ; 3 : Enduit décoré sur la paroi du bâti- ment. 4 Neo-Lithics 1/05 en zigzag sur les côtés (fig. 2 : 4). Nous relevons aussi à fait comparables. L’hypothèse d’un lieu de réunion et la tête d’un taureau sculpté en haut-relief sur l’une des d’une fonction sociale et peut-être rituelle a été évoquée dalles dont nous n’avons pas déterminé l’emplacement pour ce bâtiment (Stordeur et al.
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