Public List Price Optimisation for Sustainable Profits How Product and Pricing Managers Can Boost Profits in Omni-Channel and Wh

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Public List Price Optimisation for Sustainable Profits How Product and Pricing Managers Can Boost Profits in Omni-Channel and Wh Public List Price Optimisation for Sustainable Profits How Product and Pricing Managers can boost profits in omni-channel and why the CEO should be aware Olivier Dallemagne Cindy Coulier Brochure / report title goes here | Section title goes here Contents 2 Introduction 4 Challenges from global markets 5 The way forward on PLPO 7 Optimising product list prices 9 Optimising service list prices 11 International price adjustments 12 Channel price adjustments 13 2 Public List Price Optimisation for Sustainable Profits An optimised public price list can boost profits by up to five percent. This potential increase in profit remains available to those who align their price setting with changes in market demand. There is currently disconnect between trends in demand and the charged items. While demand for services and special product features increases, low inflation rates are putting high pressure on traditional product prices. However, companies continue to increase product prices. This continued focus on product price is accelerating the demand for lower prices from resellers on grey markets and making the task of e-retailers easier. This white paper explores key pricing challenges and details a new systematic approach to tackle those challenges and continue to raise sales and profits. 3 Public List Price Optimisation for Sustainable Profits Introduction Public price lists are the bedrock of price setting. They inform customers about prices; good lists describe the most valued products and services attributes. An optimal price list can boost profits by up to five percent. Yet managers have never had as many doubts regarding the setting of their next public price list. The additional profit potential from this exercise will continue to be available for capture if new ambiguities on optimal price setting are resolved. How do you combine the increased price New market dynamics are shaping the However, companies can adapt their transparency of the digital channel and playing field. Failing to anticipate these methodology and continue to benefit from the public price guidance for traditional market changes can lead to companies Public List Price Optimisation (PLPO) if they “brick and mortar” activities? How do you competing with themselves across borders, are able to align their price setting with handle the visible price gaps in the markets competing with resellers or e-retailers changes in market demand, clearly stating generated by new players like parallel who sell at dumping prices, and ultimately their product value and service attributes traders and internet discounters? How do an increase in customer price sensitivity, and harmonising their public list prices you charge for services that used to be lower customer value perception and in this new international and increasingly implicitly included in the brand premium? severe pressure on pricing. In addition, this transparent environment. Let’s talk about pitfalls, tips and tricks, and creates the risk of being perceived as unfair how analytics can help you to manage the or inconsistent in pricing, with a negative Fortunately, it is possible to resolve the new increased price transparency and prepare impact on sales volumes, which can further market ambiguities through advanced price your next public price list. impact overall profits. analytics, allowing companies to continue optimising product pricing and capture the Despite these disruptions shaping the associated untapped profit potential. market, companies’ list prices are still set according to traditional methodologies. This white paper will explore the key Companies in manufacturing traditionally challenges and a new systematic approach apply a markup on product costs, typically that can be implemented by companies on a country level for “brick & mortar” in order to capture this untapped profit distributors, which in turn pass the list to potential. their own customers or re-shuffle them with their own grid of markups. 4 Public List Price Optimisation for Sustainable Profits Challenges from global markets Implication for Public List Prices PublicList listprices prices are should too be distant a reliable from yardstick net forprices sales and customers. need to becomeHowever, this yardstick is no longer reliable as recent market developments are creating disconnect plausible yardsticks for sales to guide the customer in making between the public list price and the observed net price. choices Year 1 Year 2 +3% increase Year 3 +4% increase Year 4 +2,5% increase List Price Discount NET List Price Discount NET List Price Discount NET List Price Discount NET List Price Price Price Price Price List Price List Price . List Price . Price real Price real Price real Products Products Products Products Illustration: List Prices losing relevance as a trusted yardstick for sales When senior managers are asked what the Some of the key market aspects that challenge the traditional process for setting list prices are: main© 2016 challenges Deloitte Belgium they are facing in setting Public List Price Optimization for sustainable profits 1 their next prices, it is often the increasing Increasing globalisation with • Increasing price transparency in challenge of establishing a list price that more free trade and cross border omni-channel markets: Although the provides reliable guidance on their offering movements: With the emergence of internet still doesn’t offer perfect price across all countries and channels. digital trade, boundaries fade. This shift transparency, customers increasingly goes hand in hand with eased regulation use multiple channels (mobile, online, The public price list is in many cases no on cross-border trade. Added to this, telephone, etc.) to research products longer a trusted yardstick for sales and customers more frequently organise their and attributes, compare prices and customers as several aspects of the procurement on a global or regional level make their purchases. This primarily markets are insufficiently reflected in the changes the playing field for multinational impacts the B2C and B2B2C markets, but list price to reflect reality. The traditional corporations increasingly also B2B. The perception process for setting list prices has become exists, often wrongly, that better • Decreasing prices of products versus severely inadequate in recent years. deals can be found online and it is in increasing prices in services: companies’ best interests to take optimal There has been negative inflation on advantage of the opportunities offered the product price index over the past via digital sales. few years versus positive inflation on the service price index, both within B2B and B2C1. 5 Public List Price Optimisation for Sustainable Profits In over 70 recent list price projects, As few as 15% of companies add occasional The observed gap between the traditional we observed similar limitations in the Value Added Services (VAS) to their offers public price list and market reality creates price setting methodologies. This is also and it is rare to see players who use VAS as ambiguities about the value perception of confirmed in a recent review on a sample a true means to differentiate and capture a company’s offerings. Yet the majority of of B2B2C and B2B public list prices. strategic advantages in comparison to companies observed still focus mainly on Companies in manufacturing mainly their competition. The potential on service standard product pricing on a country by continue to apply markups and price pricing is huge and if done correctly, this country level. increases on product prices at national can really help to capture the untapped level with limited coordination between profit potential. Less than 10% truly Companies will need to increase their countries and channels. integrate their product prices across competency level on service pricing, Current usage of Publicchannels List and onlyPrices 15% manage to optimise international harmonisation and channel product prices internationally. management if they want to continue to Product pricing at national level is still thesuccessfully main capture focus, profit opportunities. with few service pricing or international & channel price harmonization • How do you set Public List Prices? Current characteristic of Public List Price characteristic Public List Price that can be optimised Prices expressed in terms of No Yes product’s total cost of ownership Public List Price includes services No Yes Geographical scope of Public List National International Prices Price differentiated per Sales No Yes Channel Possibility to customise products No Yes Price includes an ‘environment No surcharge’ 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% How do companies set their Public List Prices? Insights from an analysis of major B2BC firms (n=15) in materials & chemicals: Illustration:• 64% of Deloitte sampled Analysis companies of prominent express public their list prices PLPs in in B2B2C function of their product’s total cost of ownership • Only a moderate share of firms offer services relating to their products • Price differentiation per Sales Channel remain low. 86% of List Prices are valid across-channel. • Firms still lag behind in terms of customization possibilities, with only a few companies allowing willing-to-pay customers to order tailor-made products © 2016 Deloitte Belgium Source: Deloitte analysis of B2B prominentPublic companies’ List Price public Optimization list prices for sustainable profits 1 6 Public List Price Optimisation for Sustainable Profits The way forward on PLPO
Recommended publications
  • Terminology of Retail Pricing
    Terminology of Retail Pricing Retail pricing terminology defined for “Calculating Markup: A Merchandising Tool”. Billed cost of goods: gross wholesale cost of goods after deduction for trade and quantity discounts but before cash discounts are calculated; invoiced cost of goods Competition: firms, organizations or retail formats with which the retailer must compete for business and the same target consumers in the marketplace Industry: group of firms which offer products that are identical, similar, or close substitutes of each other Market: products/services which seek to satisfy the same consumer need or serve the same customer group Cost: wholesale, billed cost, invoiced cost charged by vendor for merchandise purchased by retailer Discounts: at retail, price reduction in the current retail price of goods (i.e., customer allowance and returns, employee discounts) Customer Allowances and Returns: reduction, usually after the completion of sale, in the retail price due to soiled, damaged, or incorrect style, color, size of merchandise Employee Discounts: reduction in price on employee purchases; an employee benefit and incentive for employee to become familiar with stock Discounts: at manufacturing level, a reduction in cost allowed by the vendor Cash Discount: predetermined discount percentage deductible from invoiced cost or billed cost of goods on invoice if invoice is paid on or before the designated payment date Quantity Discount: discount given to retailer based on quantity of purchase bought of specific product classification or
    [Show full text]
  • Brief for the United States in Opposition: U.S. V. Apple, Inc., Et
    No. 15-565 In the Supreme Court of the United States APPLE, INC., PETITIONER v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ET AL. ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES IN OPPOSITION DONALD B. VERRILLI, JR. Solicitor General Counsel of Record WILLIAM J. BAER Assistant Attorney General SONIA PFAFFENROTH Deputy Assistant Attorney General KRISTEN C. LIMARZI ROBERT B. NICHOLSON DAVID SEIDMAN SHANA WALLACE Attorneys Department of Justice Washington, D.C. 20530-0001 [email protected] (202) 514-2217 QUESTION PRESENTED Whether the court of appeals correctly held that petitioner had violated Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. 1, by orchestrating and participating in a per se unlawful horizontal price-fixing conspiracy. (I) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Opinions below .............................................................................. 1 Jurisdiction .................................................................................... 1 Statute involved ............................................................................ 2 Statement ...................................................................................... 2 Argument ..................................................................................... 14 Conclusion ................................................................................... 33 TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases: American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League, 560 U.S. 183 (2010).............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Guaranteeing High Prices by Guaranteeing the Lowest Price
    Guaranteeing High Prices by Guaranteeing the Lowest Price MATTHEW C. CORCORAN* Many businesses in a wide variety of fields have instituted low price guarantees as a competitive tactic. A low price guarantee is a promise by a business to match the prices of its competitors. This Note explores the competitive effect of low price guarantees and determines that their effect is ambiguous. The author then argues that even if the low price guarantees are anti-competitive, the antitrust laws do not prohibit their use. Finally, it discusses possible legislative solutions to the potential problems caused by low price guarantees. I. INTRODUCTION Most Americans are familiar with low price guarantees.1 Contrary to conventional wisdom,2 however, low price guarantees actually may result in * B.A., University of Michigan, 2000; J.D., The Ohio State University Michael E. Moritz College of Law, 2004 (expected). 1 Circuit City, an electronics retailer, makes the following guarantee: “If you’ve seen a lower advertised price from a local store with the same item in stock, we want to know about it. Bring it to our attention, and we’ll gladly beat their price by 10% of the difference.” Price Match Guarantee, at http://www.circuitcity.com/cs_contentdisplay.jsp?c=1&b=g&incat= 52608#match (last visited Sept. 16, 2003). Circuit City further guarantees “[e]ven after your Circuit City purchase, if you see a lower advertised price (including our own sale prices) within 30 days, we’ll refund 110 % of the difference.” Id.; see also Low Price Guarantee, at http://www.thegoodguys.com/price_pop.asp (last visited Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • The Law and Economics of List Price Collusion
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Boshoff, Willem; Paha, Johannes Working Paper The law and economics of list price collusion MAGKS Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics, No. 40-2017 Provided in Cooperation with: Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, University of Marburg Suggested Citation: Boshoff, Willem; Paha, Johannes (2017) : The law and economics of list price collusion, MAGKS Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics, No. 40-2017, Philipps- University Marburg, School of Business and Economics, Marburg This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/174336 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics by the Universities of Aachen ∙ Gießen ∙ Göttingen Kassel ∙ Marburg ∙ Siegen ISSN 1867-3678 No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Tourism Industry and Poverty Reduction – General Overview 2
    821257035 789221 9 ISBN 978-92-2-125703-5 ISBN Toolkit on Poverty Reduction through Tourism in Rural Areas Toolkit on Poverty Reduction through Tourism in Rural Areas Copyright © International Labour Organization 2011 First published 2011 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with reproduction rights organizations may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. ILO Toolkit on Poverty Reduction through Tourism ISBN 978-92-2-125707-3 (print) - ISBN 978-92-2-125708-0 (web pdf) Geneva, 2011 Also available in French: ISBN 978-92-2-225707-2 (print) - ISBN 978-92-2-225708-9 (web pdf) Geneva, 2011 Also available in Spanish: ISBN 978-92-2-325703-3 (print) - ISBN 978-92-2-325704-0 (web pdf) Geneva, 2011 Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
    [Show full text]
  • Legal Tools That Support Value Pricing
    Legal Tools that Support Value Pricing by Eugene F. Zelek, Jr., Partner, Marketing Law Group A FREEBORN & PETERS CONTEMPORARY LEGAL ISSUES WHITE PAPER ABOUT THIS WHITE PAPER: onsistent with an unparalleled amount of pricing freedom under current law in the United States, there are four powerful and lawful “Price is what you pay. Value is tools that can help achieve and maintain prices based on value. what you get.” - Warren Buffett The first is economic discrimination, which is useful in recognizing Crelative value, while the other three assist in facilitating segmentation or Value pricing can be a preserving value—non-price vertical restrictions, resale price setting and price successful means to maximize signaling.1 The last two often scare the daylights out of businesspeople and profit by pricing products and their lawyers who are not familiar with this area. services based on their value to end users. Using this approach Value Pricing necessarily means that customers are segmented, with For purposes of this paper, value pricing will be defined as pricing services some receiving better prices or products based on their value to end users. By looking at things from than others. However, many the end user’s perspective, pricing opportunities can be readily identified, companies mistakenly believe and a marketplace reality check is built into the process, as end users are that U.S. law requires that all willing to pay only so much. Of course, this focus does not mean that other customers receive the same factors should not be taken into account in determining prices, such as (1) price or a “fair and equitable” the supplier’s financial and other goals, (2) the competitive landscape, (3) price, an unrealistically high regulatory parameters, (4) trade relations and end user relations issues and standard that is a self-imposed (5) the sales path.
    [Show full text]
  • Correct Way to List Discount on Receipt
    Correct Way To List Discount On Receipt melodicallyNondescript when Roscoe Averell dates, is heterothallic.his aryls blaming Facete carjacks Stuart single-mindedly. usually spice some Unfiltered kaftans Husein or methylates propelling dryly. howsoever or guillotine Invoice vs Receipt exit's the Difference Sana Commerce. What discounts to one way to write daily or discounted my manual discount amount and accelerate secure, lists allow the correct template. My Account Orders Purchases Payment Methods Account Profile Saved Items Lists Communication Installations Military Discount. Of the cash discount is spring a percentage of the decisive amount subtract the invoice. E-Receipts FAQ Publix Super Markets. Bureaucratic processes that receipt to one price variance amounts on ways to. Want to receipts list only see on receipt with any discounts depends on a discounted my usage covered by leaving the. They all receipts list of discount? And designated as mfr on similar face encounter the coupon and soil on original receipt. Receipt rent free gifts gift cards or e-cards can be displayed on the product. Ibotta is by far away best way to earn cash straight from your spending. Excessive name calling, lists allow multiple discount as the way to decline returns, processing the policies benefit for. Learn something to discount invoices and sales receipts Want they give your favorite customer a discount You can easily register a percentage of an invoice or sales r. You can taste how direct Fuel Points you have earned on special receipt. Or item can chart our mailing list if met would like us to reject you offers.
    [Show full text]
  • Designing Pricing Strategies and Programs
    DESIGNING PRICING STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS 10 Pricing is one of the most complex and sensitive areas for the marketing executive. It is very difficult to set price, particularly when the product is launched in the market for the first time. The complexities of pricing can be seen in the way consumers perceive the price of the product. Consumers may view a price as high or low, denoting superior or inferior quality, or reflecting prestige or low status. As a result, a variety of factors go into developing a finite price. The price set today by a company is not, however, static. It may have to change the price with the elapse of time to meet varying circumstances and opportunities. No price, how carefully established-will be appropriate throughout the product’s life. Competitors may engage in price war with the company. Company should, therefore, respond to the price changes of the competitors and this move should be a well-thought one. School of Business Blank Page Unit - 10 Page - 310 Bangladesh Open University Lesson-1: Setting the Price Objectives of this lesson After reading this lesson, you will be able to: Understand the meaning and role of price Identify different pricing objectives Assess target market’s evaluation of price and its ability to purchase Determine demand Analyze and estimate costs Evaluate competitors’ costs, prices, and offers Select a pricing method Determine a specific price. Introduction Price is the sacrifice made by the consumers to get an item. They are very sensitive to what they sacrifice for a product. In price setting, marketers should consider consumers' ability to pay, demand of the product that exists, cost involved in producing the item, as well as the costs, prices, and offers of their competitors.
    [Show full text]
  • Asymmetric Information and List Price Reductions in the Housing Market
    Asymmetric Information and List Price Reductions in the Housing Market Erik R. de Wit∗ Bas van der Klaauw† April 2010 Abstract In housing markets with asymmetric information list prices may signal unobserved properties of the house or the seller. Asymmetric infor- mation is the starting point of many models for the housing market. In this paper, we estimate the causal effect of list-price reductions to test for the presence of asymmetric information. We use very rich and extensive administrative data from the Netherlands. Our empirical results show that list-price reductions significantly increase the prob- ability of selling a house, but also the rate of withdrawal from the market increases. Keywords: Market microstructure, asymmetric information, dura- tion models ∗Finance Group - University of Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute. [email protected] †Department of Economics - VU University Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, and CEPR. [email protected] 1 1 Introduction Heterogeneity in the housing market is often considered to be quite substan- tial. Houses, for example, differ in size, location and quality. Many of such house characteristics are revealed to potential buyers when a house is put up for sale on the market. In fact, real estate brokers often add an extensive list of house characteristics including pictures to their advertisements of houses for sale. However, there may remain characteristics, which are known to the seller, but unobserved by potential buyers. This may not only be characteris- tics of the house, but may also relate to the seller. Sellers may, for example, differ in risk preference, financial constraints and patience. An important question is to which extent such information asymmetries are important in the housing market.
    [Show full text]
  • Facilitating Value Pricing in the Food and Foodservice Industries
    Contemporary Legal Issues White Paper Facilitating Value Pricing in the Food and Foodservice Industries Eugene F. Zelek, Jr. “Price is what you pay. Value is what you get.” – Warren Buffett Value pricing can be a successful means for manufacturers and resellers in the food and foodservice industries to maximize profit by pricing products and services based on their value to end users. Using this approach necessarily means that customers are segmented, with some receiving better prices than others. However, many companies mistakenly believe that U.S. law requires that all customers receive the same price or a “fair and equitable” price, an unrealistically high standard that is a self-imposed roadblock to value-based differentiation. Not only is the law supportive of segmentation and the economic discrimination that goes with it, but, where resellers are involved, the law also permits value pricing to be facilitated and preserved through the use of non-price vertical restrictions and resale price setting. In addition, price signaling can be a lawful way to avoid sending the wrong messages to the marketplace that jeopardize value pricing strategies. Consistent with an unparalleled amount of pricing freedom under current law in the United States, there are four powerful and lawful tools available to manufacturers and resellers in the food and foodservice industries that can help achieve and maintain prices based on value.1 The first is economic discrimination, which is useful in recognizing relative value, while the other three assist in facilitating segmentation or preserving value—non-price vertical restrictions, resale price setting and price signaling. The last two often scare the daylights out of businesspeople and their lawyers who are not familiar with this area.
    [Show full text]
  • Free Riding and Resale Price Maintenance: Insights from Marketing Research and Practice
    T HE A NTITRUST B ULLETIN: Vol. 55, No. 2/Summer 2010 : 381 Free riding and resale price maintenance: Insights from marketing research and practice BY GREGORY T. GUNDLACH,* JOSEPH P. C ANNON** AND KENNETH C. MANNING*** Although a topic of considerable interest and debate for nearly 100 years, antitrust understanding of resale price maintenance (RPM) has been informed primarily through theory developed in antitrust eco- nomics with limited empirical evidence. Addressing calls for research on RPM and its related practices, the current article draws upon exist- ing academic and practitioner research in marketing to identify rele- vant insights and findings for understanding the primary justification for RPM—the so-called free rider explanation. Through its examina- tion of research on multi-channel shopping and multi-channel mar- keting, distribution, retailing, and customer management, the article augments antitrust understanding in important and novel ways. * Coggin Distinguished Professor of Marketing, University of North Florida, and Senior Research Fellow, American Antitrust Institute. Professor Gundlach served as an expert for PSKS in Leegin Creative Leather Products, Inc. v. PSKS, Inc., 127 S. Ct. 2705 (2007) and related cases. ** Associate Professor of Marketing, Colorado State University. *** Professor and FirstBank Research Fellow, Colorado State University. AUTHORS’ NOTE: The authors have benefitted from the helpful comments and sug- gestions of Richard Brunell, Paul Dobson, Albert Foer, Warren Grimes, Pauline Ippolito, and Robert Steiner. We are grateful to the American Antitrust Institute for financial support of this research. Please email comments to: [email protected]. © 2010 by Federal Legal Publications, Inc. 382 :THE A NTITRUST B ULLETIN: Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference Pricing of Pharmaceuticals for Medicare: Evidence from Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand
    This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Frontiers in Health Policy Research, Volume 7 Volume Author/Editor: David M. Cutler and Alan M. Garber, editors Volume Publisher: MIT Press Volume ISBN: 0-262-03325-9 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/cutl04-1 Conference Date: June 6, 2003 Publication Date: July 2004 Title: Reference Pricing of Pharmaceuticals for Medicare: Evidence from Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand Author: Patricia M. Danzon, Jonathan D. Ketcham URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c9868 1 Reference Pricing of Pharmaceuticals for Medicare: Evidence from Germany, the Netherlands, and New Zealand Patricia M. Danzon, University of Pennsylvania, and NBER Jonathan D. Ketcham, University of California, Berkeley, and University of California, San Francisco Executive Summary This paper describes three prototypical systems of therapeutic reference pricing (RI') for pharmaceuticalsGermany, the Netherlands, and New Zealandand examines their effects on the availability of new drugs, reim- bursement levels, manufacturer prices, and out-of-pocket surcharges to patients. RP for pharmaceuticals is not simply analogous to a defined contri- bution approach to subsidizing insurance coverage. Although a major purpose of RI' is to stimulate competition, theory suggests that the achievement of this goal is im]ikely, and this is confirmed by the empirical evidence. Other effects of RI' differ across countries in predictable ways, reflecting each country's sys- tem design and other cost-control policies. New Zealand's RP system has reduced reimbursement and limited the availability of new drugs, particularly more expensive drugs. Compared to these three countries,if RP were applied in the United States, it would likely have a more negative effect on prices of on- patent products because of the more competitive U.S.
    [Show full text]