Cost-Effectiveness of Nutrient Pollution Reduction in Taal Lake, Philippines

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Cost-Effectiveness of Nutrient Pollution Reduction in Taal Lake, Philippines .v 3.5 .. ,5- \ .| at. Q. x. mm. .Ju “vamé $.er {.1 - :3.-#51153 . 3 2.... fiWW $.31. f E A u. {Ian 2, . #53"garitbhak. in .. .31 5. 6951M??? LIBRARY M'Ch'gan State This is to certify that the Umversuty thesis entitled COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF NUTRIENT POLLUTION REDUCTION IN TAAL LAKE, PHILIPPINES presented by ARVIN BUENO VISTA has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for the MS. degree in Agricultural Economics Major Professor’s Signature Q~J9-03 Date MSU is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 6/01 cJCIRC/DateDuepGS-p. 15 COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF NUTRIENT POLLUTION REDUCTION IN TAAL LAKE, PHILIPPNES By Arvin Bueno Vista A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Agricultural Economics 2003 ABSTRACT COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF NUTRIENT POLLUTION REDUCTION IN TAAL LAKE, PHILIPPINES By Arvin Bueno Vista Stakeholders of the Taal Lake fish cage industry face the challenge of producing fish in a situation of frequent fish kill occurrences, which have been attributed to the deteriorating water quality due to nutrient pollution from fish cages. This study estimates the cost-effectiveness of nutrient pollution reduction options. Fifiy operators were surveyed and the production data elicited were used in the estimation of a Cobb- Douglas production function. Results show that the types of ownership arrangements and institutional set-up in the municipalities of Agoncillo, Laurel, San Nicholas, and Talisay affect the production efficiency and nutrient loadings in the four cage locations. Marginal analysis reveals that operators are over-utilizing stocking density relative to feeding ration. At different percentage reductions in nutrient loadings, the cost- effectiveness of nutrient pollution reduction options differs among municipalities. With the current fish production technology and institutional set-up, nutrient pollution and decreasing biodiversity are inevitable. Developments in the institutional structures may lead to future technological changes in the fish production system and improvement of water quality in cage areas. Corp/right by ARVIN B. VISTA 2003 To a dear fi'iend and sister in Christ. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to all who provided assistance to make this research possible and successful. Thanks are due to Dr. Patricia Norris, Dr. Richard Bemsten, and Dr. Frank Lupi, for valuable comments and suggestions on improving the thesis. Your guidance, advice, careful instructions, and time exerted toward the completion of my program are greatly appreciated. The Department of Agricultural Economics and the Graduate School for providing the Research Enhancement Award. The J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board and the Department of Agriculture through the Philippine-American Educational Foundation for providing the financial grant for my masters program. Ms. Leah Villanueva, Ms. Maurita Rosana, Ms. Nenita Salisi, Ms. Jocelyn dela Vega, Regie, Max, and the rest of BF AR-IFRS Region IV staff; Ms. Maris Mutia and NFBC staff, for providing data, assistance, and hospitality during the field survey. Field assistants, Cesar, Sheryl, and Michael; and barangay/municipal officials of Agoncillo, Laurel, San Nicholas, and Talisay, for providing help and guidance during the survey interview. Dr. Scott Swinton and Ms. Lan Xue for providing advice in the production func- tion analysis and statistical interpretation. Dr. Renate Snider, NSC 840 writing group members, Cathy, Chris, Meeta, Kofi, Osamu, Maan, and Lesiba for your comments and suggestions on the draft chapters of the thesis. Gem, Tito, Marita, Eugene, Utami, Ralph, Danny, Analie, Paul, Lakas Angkan Family, Dennis, Althea, Sean, Sungjoon, Chi-Ching, Keiko, Shufen, Ayumu, Sun Young, J ong and URC friends for the encouragement and prayer to press on. Equally encouraging was the Joshua Family (Willy, Vida, Egay, Adrian, Fred, Shouny, Liza, Jerry, et al.) for providing constant prayer. Your continuous devotion and encouragement lifts up my enthusiasm during lonely moments. The Fulbright-DA fellow grantees, MSU Filipino Club, and colleagues at Cook Hall, for the support, fellowship, and laughter. Rico, Diomy, Kent, Kat, and Khalil for your advice and warm welcome in your place. One week of escape from the winter frost of December was very relaxing and helpful for me to focus on life priorities. Tatay, Nanay, Pong, and Bunso for the understanding and support. Most of all, to our Lord Almighty, who daily provide strength and wonderful grace. Your words are constant source of inspiration to make things possible and worth fulfilling. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................... xii KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................... .xiii CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Problem Statement .......................................................................................................... 2 Research Questions ......................................................................................................... 4 Research Objectives ........................................................................................................ 4 Organization of the Thesis .............................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................... 7 TAAL LAKE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................... 7 A Glimpse of Taal Lake and the Fish Cage Industry ...................................................... 7 Batangas Province and Taal Lake: Historical Background .......................................... 17 The Taal Lake Watershed ............................................................................................. 21 Bio-Physical Characteristics ..................................................................................... 21 Water Quality and Chemical Characteristics ............................................................ 26 Fish Cage History and Development in Taal Lake ....................................................... 34 Fishery Management, Regulation, and Legislation ...................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3 ..................................................................................................................... 42 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................... 42 The Bio-Economic Approach to Efficient Allocation of Fishery Resources ............... 42 Institutional Perspectives for Understanding the Nutrient Pollution Dynamics in Taal Lake ............................................................................................................................... 47 Nutrient Pollution Reduction Options in the Taal Lake Fish Cage Industry ................ 51 Why Cost-Effectiveness Analysis? ............................................................................... 53 Evaluating the Pollution Reduction Options ................................................................. 54 CHAPTER 4 ..................................................................................................................... 56 RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................................. 56 Implementation Model .................................................................................................. 56 Cost—Effectiveness of Nutrient Pollution Reduction ..................................................... 61 Fish Cage Operator Survey ........................................................................................... 63 The Survey Process ................................................................................................... 63 The Survey Questionnaire ......................................................................................... 64 The Survey Sample Size ........................................................................................... 66 Secondary Sources of Information ............................................................................ 67 vii CHAPTER 5 ..................................................................................................................... 69 RESULTS OF SURVEY OF THE TAAL LAKE FISH CAGE OPERATORS .............. 69 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the Fish Cage Operators ....................................... 69 Fish Cage Production and Management ....................................................................... 71 Fish Cage Construction ............................................................................................. 72 Fingerlings and Stocking .......................................................................................... 75 Feed and Feeding Management ...............................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Status of Taal Lake Fishery Resources with Emphasis on the Endemic Freshwater Sardine, Sardinella Tawilis (Herre, 1927)
    The Philippine Journal of Fisheries 25Volume (1): 128-135 24 (1-2): _____ January-June 2018 JanuaryDOI 10.31398/tpjf/25.1.2017C0017 - December 2017 Status of Taal Lake Fishery Resources with Emphasis on the Endemic Freshwater Sardine, Sardinella tawilis (Herre, 1927) Maria Theresa M. Mutia1,*, Myla C. Muyot1,, Francisco B. Torres Jr.1, Charice M. Faminialagao1 1National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 101 Corporate Bldg., Mother Ignacia St., South Triangle, Quezon City ABSTRACT Assessment of fisheries in Taal Lake was conducted from 1996-2000 and 2008-2011 to know the status of the commercially important fishes with emphasis on the endemic freshwater sardine,Sardinella tawilis. Results of the fish landed catch survey in 11 coastal towns of the lake showed a decreasing fish harvest in the open fisheries from 1,420 MT to 460 MT in 1996 to 2011. Inventory of fisherfolk, boat, and gear also decreased to 16%, 7%, and 39%, respectively from 1998 to 2011. The most dominant gear is gill net which is about 53% of the total gear used in the lake with a declining catch per unit effort (CPUE) of 11kg/day to 4 kg/day from 1997 to 2011. Active gear such as motorized push net, ring net, and beach seine also operated in the lake with a CPUE ranging from 48 kg/day to 2,504 kg/day. There were 43 fish species identified in which S. tawilis dominated the catch for the last decade. However, its harvest also declined from 744 to 71 mt in 1996 to 2011. The presence of alien species such as jaguar fish, pangasius, and black-chinned tilapia amplified in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Tilapia Cage Farming in Lake Taal, Batangas, Philippines
    95 CASE STUDY 6: TILAPIA CAGE FARMING IN LAKE TAAL, BATANGAS, PHILIPPINES A. Background 1. Scope and Purpose 1. This case study was undertaken as part of an Asian Development Bank (ADB) special evaluation study on small-scale, freshwater, rural aquaculture development. The study used primary and secondary data and published information to document the human, social, natural, physical, and financial capital available to households involved in the production and consumption of freshwater farmed fish and to identify channels through which the poor can benefit.1 The history and biophysical, socioeconomic, and institutional characteristics of Lake Taal, Batangas, Philippines are described, followed by accounts of the technology and management used for tilapia cage farming and nursery operations, with detailed profiles of fish farmers and other beneficiaries. Transforming processes are discussed with respect to markets, labor, institutions, support services, policy, legal instruments, natural resources and their management, and environmental issues. The main conclusions and implications for poverty reduction are then summarized. 2. Methods and Sources 2. A survey was conducted of 100 tilapia cage farmers and 81 nursery pond farmers from the municipalities of Agoncillo, Laurel, San Nicolas, and Talisay, around Lake Taal, Batangas Province, Philippines. These four municipalities account for at least 98% of the total number of cages in the lake and associated nurseries. The survey was conducted in July–August 2003. Rapid appraisal of tilapia cage farming in Lake Taal, site visits, meetings, and interviews with key informants were undertaken prior to this survey. Survey respondents were identified through stratified random sampling based on the latest official records of each municipality.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Fourth National Report
    ASSESSING PROGRESS TOWARDS THE 2010 BIODIVERSITY TARGET: The 4th National Report to the Convention on Biological Diversity Republic of the Philippines 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables 3 List of Figures 3 List of Boxes 4 List of Acronyms 5 Executive Summary 10 Introduction 12 Chapter 1 Overview of Status, Trends and Threats 14 1.1 Forest and Mountain Biodiversity 15 1.2 Agricultural Biodiversity 28 1.3 Inland Waters Biodiversity 34 1.4 Coastal, Marine and Island Biodiversity 45 1.5 Cross-cutting Issues 56 Chapter 2 Status of National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 68 Chapter 3 Sectoral and cross-sectoral integration and mainstreaming of 77 biodiversity considerations Chapter 4 Conclusions: Progress towards the 2010 target and implementation of 92 the Strategic Plan References 97 Philippines Facts and Figures 108 2 LIST OF TABLES 1 List of threatened Philippine fauna and their categories (DAO 2004 -15) 2 Summary of number of threatened Philippine plants per category (DAO 2007 -01) 3 Invasive alien species in the Philippines 4 Jatropha estates 5 Number of forestry programs and forest management holders 6 Approved CADTs/CALTs as of December 2008 7 Number of documented accessions per crop 8 Number of classified water bodies 9 List of conservation and research priority areas for inland waters 10 Priority rivers showing changes in BOD levels 2003-2005 11 Priority river basins in the Philippines 12 Swamps/marshes in the Philippines 13 Trend of hard coral cover, fish abundance and biomass by biogeographic region 14 Quantity
    [Show full text]
  • The Test of Effective Participation in Management Planning
    TAAL 2007 Jaipur, India The Test Of Effective Participation In Management Planning (Under Conference Topic: Lake Basin Management Initiative, Legal/regulatory Framework or under Community Participation) M.P.G. Luna ([email protected]), Presenter 16D1 Legaspi Towers 300, Roxas Blvd, Malate, Manila tel no. 63 523 5621 mobile 63 917 504 8265 and V. Gonzales ([email protected]) 111 Orchids Street, Calatina Village, Lipa City, Batangas tel no. 63 43 757 3192 Abstract In developing countries, most management planning for protected lakes happen only when there is a foreign-funded project that covers the planning expenses. The result is often management plans that are highly technical and short in consultations and negotiations with the stakeholders who have to live, work and exercise political power in the area. In the Philippines, there has been much discussion on community participation, co- management and stakeholder involvement, but genuine ownership by the residents has been a challenge. Humans can never hope to completely manage ecosystems, only ensure that their impact on it are within permissible limits. What is permissible is often based on what makes sense to a society. All too often, bureaucrats think that there should be a thick, technical plan as well as a ten page Executive Summary or popularized version. However, stakeholdership is generated not by post-plan communications but by negotiations on the very elements in the plan. The technical data would merely be inputs to the stakeholders and should make sense to them. One means to ensure that there is ownership and not merely participation in management planning is to fund the entire process from investments by the stakeholders themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • News Monitoring 01 16 2020
    DATE ; 01-16-20 DAY rscln tINT irsus-vv s Strategic Commiunicafion and Initiative Service so, 6 STRATEGIC [1:1 LI] Li PAGE I BANNER EDITORIAL CARTOOt COMMUNICATION STORY STORY sin" INITIATIVES IMslaw111/1".111. SERVICE 01-16-20 PAGE If DATE Kalidad ng hangin sa MM, bumubud na - DENR Ni ANGIE DELA CRUZ Gumaganda na ang kalidad ng hangin sa Metro Ayon sa DENR, mas maganda ang resulta ng kalidad Manila makaraang maapektuhan ng matinding ashf all ng hangin sa nabanggit na lokalidad kung ikukumpara mula sa pagsabog ng Bulkang Taal sa Batangas. noong Lunes ng gab. Ayon sa Department of Environment and Natural Re- lnihalimbawa rito ng DENR na noong Lunes ng gabi, sources (DENR) batay sa latest data, ang level of Particulate ang Malabon City ay nagtala ng PM 10 record na 53 Matter 10 (PM 10) o kilala sa tawag na alikabok ay pawang ng Malabon City. good ang resulta sa mga lokalidad sa Kalakhang Maynila. Batay sa air quality index na gamit ng DENR ang Sa air quality monitoring ng DENR sa ibang lugar sa pagkakaroon ng "good" record ng kalidad ng hangin ay Metro Manila, lumabas sa data na sa San Juan ay 46: nangangahulugan na ang polusyon sa hangin ay may good, Makati City 35:good, Mandaluyong City-34: good, maliit hanggang sa walang ganoong epelcto, ang "mode- Pateros-22: good, Malabon City 22:good, Las Pinas rate o fair" rating naman ay may katamtamang health risk 14:good, Paranaque City - 6:gOod at Pasig City-6: good. para sa maliit na grupo ng mga tao na dati ng sensitive Lumabas naman ang level of Particulate Matter 10 sa hangin na may polusyon.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Life Stages of Fishes in Lake Taal, Philippines: Assessment and Implications for Biodiversity Management and Conservation
    Philippine Journal of Science 150 (3): 619-630, June 2021 ISSN 0031 - 7683 Date Received: 05 Oct 2020 Early Life Stages of Fishes in Lake Taal, Philippines: Assessment and Implications for Biodiversity Management and Conservation Ma. Lourdes D. Merilles, Charmane B. Nochete, Benjie D. Tordecilla, and Maria Theresa M. Mutia* Freshwater Fisheries Research and Development Center National Fisheries Research and Development Institute Butong, Taal, Batangas, Philippines Lake Taal is the third largest lake in the Philippines and its fisheries provide livelihood to thousands of locals in its coastal areas. This study was conducted to recommend possible strategies and measures to conserve and protect the population of fishes, especially of the early life stages (ELS). The composition, abundance, and distribution of ELS and the environmental factors affecting these were investigated through monthly ichthyoplankton surveys and monitoring of water parameters, phytoplankton, and zooplankton abundances in 12 equidistant stations from January 2015 to December 2018. A total of 26,345 fish eggs and 9,140 fish larvae were collected, of which 88.9% of the fish larvae were morphologically identified into eight families, while the rest were unidentified. Families Terapontidae (44.5%) and Gobiidae (37.0%) numerically dominated the identified larvae catch. Distribution of the egg, yolk sac, and pre-flexion stages (ELS) significantly varied across stations. Three stations on the northern basin of the lake showed the highest fish egg abundance (731.82, 246.47, and 381.28 ind 100­­­­ m–3) while stations on the west, northwest, and eastern bay of the lake showed the highest abundance of fish larvae (153.76, 121.28, and 94.64 ind 100 m–3).
    [Show full text]
  • Dietary Habits and Distribution of Some Fish Species in the Pansipit River-Lake Taal Connection, Luzon Island, JESAM Philippines ABSTRACT
    1 Journal of Environmental Science and Management 18(2): 1- 9 (December 2015) ISSN 0119-1144 Dietary Habits and Distribution of Some Fish Species in the Pansipit River-Lake Taal Connection, Luzon Island, JESAM Philippines ABSTRACT The interface between lakes and their outlet rivers is an interesting research site for fish Milette U. Mendoza1,2, community dynamics because it is immediately exposed to disturbances in lake ecosystems. Kenoses L. Legaspi1,2, In this paper, observations on the species composition, dietary habits and distribution of Marion G. Acojido1, fish in the upstream area of Pansipit River - sole outlet of Lake Taal, were presented. Fish Arvin C. Cabais1, samples comprised of juvenile fish from 12 species, including four that were introduced. Jose Luis E. de Guzman1, These non-native species were more abundant than native fish caught. Dietary analyses 1 suggest that non-native fish have a wider dietary breadth compared to native fish and may Abelardo M. Favila , 1 be one reason why introduced fish populations have exceeded native fish populations in Stephanie M. Lazo , the area. Fish activity varied depending on time of day in certain sub-sites and these fishes Jed B. Rivera1, aggregated in intermittent deep pools when water depth is uniformly low in the river during Jonathan Carlo A. Briones2* and the dry season. These suggest that fish abundance in the area is associated with river water Rey Donne S. Papa1,2,3 depth and other environmental factors. Overall, the study stresses the need for more in- depth research in Pansipit River given its importance as a migratory path and its potential 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of as a refugia for the riverine fish community.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthquake Deformation Mapping Caused by the Taal Volcano Eruption Using Insar
    Earthquake Deformation Mapping caused by the Taal Volcano Eruption using InSAR GeoMundus 2020 Vince Kenneth M. del Mundo1 1 MS Geomatics Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Metro Manila, Philippines Tel.: + 63 916 287 2654 [email protected] Abstract Synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) satellites utilize microwaves that are less affected by the atmosphere. The long wavelengths of microwaves allow us to measure changes on the Earth’s surface such as ground surface deformations and displacement. The study utilized Sentinel-1B Single Look Complex (SLC) of the Taal Volcano area and its vicinity to determine the deformation caused by the January 12, 2020 volcanic eruption. The calculation of interferogram, coherence, and phase unwrapping using SNAPHU plugin to obtain the displacement of the area of interest, were conducted by utilizing multiple satellite imaging passes such as the prior (January 11, 2020) and after (January 23, 2020) volcanic eruption images. Results show that there is a displacement ranging from -0.305 meters to 0.523 meters gradient. Negative displacement represents the collapse or subsidence of the surface that is created after an eruption while positive displacement represents the increased height or uplift of the ground surface. Accordingly, higher (positive) values (west of Taal lake) indicate that the area was moved closer to the satellite for there was an uplift. It was found out that the general location of fissures was along the Pansipit river valley which is the major source of drainage of Taal Lake. This coincides with the generated earthquake deformation map in which deformation occurs along the Pansipit river and on the municipality of Lemery, Batangas.
    [Show full text]
  • <I>Sardinella Tawilis</I>
    Bull Mar Sci. 90(1):455–470. 2014 research paper http://dx.doi.org/10.5343/bms.2013.1010 Evolution of the freshwater sardinella, Sardinella tawilis (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae), in Taal Lake, Philippines and identification of its marine sister-species, Sardinella hualiensis 1 Department of Ecology and Demian A Willette 1 ,* Evolutionary Biology, 2141 Kent E Carpenter 2 Terasaki Life Science Building, 3 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Mudjekeewis D Santos University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095. ABSTRACT.—We identify the sister species of the world’s 2 Department of Biological only freshwater sardinella, Sardinella tawilis (Herre, 1927) of Sciences, 110 Mills Godwin Building, Old Dominion Taal Lake, Philippines as the morphologically-similar marine University, Norfolk, Virginia Taiwanese sardinella Sardinella hualiensis (Chu and Tsai, 23529-0266. 1958). Evidence of incomplete lineage sorting and a species tree derived from three mitochondrial genes and one nuclear 3 National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 101 gene indicate that S. tawilis diverged from S. hualiensis in Mother Ignacia Street, Quezon the late Pleistocene. Neutrality tests, mismatch distribution City, Philippines 1103. analysis, sequence diversity indices, and species tree analysis * Corresponding author: Email: indicate populations of both species have long been stable <[email protected]>. and that the divergence between these two lineages occurred prior to the putative 18th century formation of Taal Lake. Date Submitted: 22 January, 2013. Date Accepted: 13 June, 2013. Available Online: October 28, 2013, The freshwater sardinella Sardinella tawilis (Herre, 1927) is endemic to Taal Lake, Philippines, a crater lake formed by the highly active Taal Volcano (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Taal Volcano Eruption 2020 Philippines — Calabarzon Region
    TAAL VOLCANO ERUPTION 2020 PHILIPPINES — CALABARZON REGION AS OF 21 JANUARY 2020 SITUATION REPORT NO. 2 DISPLACEMENT OVERVIEW INITIAL RAPID ASSESSMENT Data from DSWD DROMIC, 21 Jan 2020 During 18th and 19th January 2020, IOM surge team conducted initial rapid assessments in Batangas and Cavite provinces. Primary focus of the DISPLACED assessment was around the management of evacuation centres (collective 235,655 individuals sites) and the overall displacement scenario. The team visited the Emergency 61,123 households Operations Centre (EOC) and 7 Evacuation Centres (ECs), including the largest sites per DSWD/DROMIC data, as well as randomly selected smaller sites and Municipalities. The type of evacuation centres visited include those utilising school buildings, sports complex as well as dedicated municipality Hosting evacuation centres. 497 148,514 Evacuation Centres Individuals SITUATION OVERVIEW On January 12, 2020 around 1:00pm local time, Taal Volcano located in the province of Batangas, Calabarzon Region began showing signs of unrest after 43 years of inactivity. According to the Philippine Institute of Vulcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), increasing steam activity was observed in at least five areas inside the main crater with frequent phreatic explosions that generated a steam laden tephra column reaching 10-15km high. As of January 20, 2020, activity in the volcano has been characterised by steady steam emission and infrequent weak explosions that generated ash plumes 500 to 1000 meters tall and dispersed ash Name and location of Evacuation Centres visited during rapid assessment between 18 and 19 southwest of the Main Crater. For the past January 2020 24 hours, the Taal Volcano Network The assessment also included piloting of the DTM form with Kobo Collect to recorded 673 volcanic earthquakes prepare for a full DTM data collection roll out with partners in the coming week including 12 low-frequency earthquakes.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunken Ruins in Lake Taal: an Investigation of a Legend
    philippine studies Ateneo de Manila University • Loyola Heights, Quezon City • 1108 Philippines Sunken Ruins in Lake Taal: An Investigation of a Legend Thomas R. Hargrove and Isagani Medina Philippine Studies vol. 36, no. 3 (1988) 330–351 Copyright © Ateneo de Manila University Philippine Studies is published by the Ateneo de Manila University. Contents may not be copied or sent via email or other means to multiple sites and posted to a listserv without the copyright holder’s written permission. Users may download and print articles for individual, noncom- mercial use only. However, unless prior permission has been obtained, you may not download an entire issue of a journal, or download multiple copies of articles. Please contact the publisher for any further use of this work at [email protected]. http://www.philippinestudies.net Fri June 27 13:30:20 2008 Philippine SadL. 36 (1988)3&51 Sunken Ruins in Lake Taal: An Investigation of a Legend THOMAS R. HARGROVE ISAGANI MEDINA Taal Volcano is aptly called a "killer volcano." She is as deadly as she is mysterious and beautiful. Taal, in a deep crater lake about sixty kilome- ters south of Manila, has erupted at least thirty-three times since 1572.' A 1911 eruption killed more than 1,300 lakeside dwellers and a 1968 eruption, several h~ndred.~ The most colorful of many Lake Taal legends is of a sunken Spanish church. I fim heard the story in 1979 over coffee with Urbito T. Ongleo, photography supervisor at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). In the late 1960s, Ongleo was searching for treasure that Japanese forces allegedly hid on Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • 17Working Together for Biodiversity
    28382_couv_no17 19/01/05 19:34 Page 1 Secretariat CBD Technical Series No. of the Convention on Biological Diversity ALSO AVAILABLE Issue 1: Assessment and Management of Alien Species that Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats and Species Issue 2: Review of The Efficiency and Efficacy of Existing Legal Instruments WORKING TOGETHER FOR BIODIVERSITY: Applicable to Invasive Alien Species REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES Issue 3: Assessment, Conservation and Sustainable Use of Forest Biodiversity CONTRIBUTING TO ACHIEVING AND MEASURING Issue 4: The Value of Forest Ecosystems PROGRESS TOWARDS THE 2010 TARGET Abstracts of Poster Presentations at the tenth meeting of the Issue 5: Impacts of Human-Caused Fires on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning, Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice and Their Causes in Tropical, Temperate and Boreal Forest Biomes of the Convention on Biological Diversity Issue 6: Sustainable Management of Non-Timber Forest Resources Issue 7: Review of the Status and Trends of, and Major Threats to, Forest Biological Diversity Issue 8: Status and trends of, and threats to, mountain biodiversity, marine, coastal and inland water ecosystems 17 Issue 9: Facilitating Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Issue 10: Interlinkages between Biological Diversity and Climate Change Issue 11: Status and Trends of Biodiversity of Inland Water Ecosystems Issue 12: Solutions for Sustainable Mariculture Issue 13: Technical Advice on the Establishment and Management of a National System of Marine and Coastal Protected Areas Issue 14: Integrated Marine And Coastal Area Management (Imcam) Approaches For Implementing The Convention On Biological Diversity Issue 15: Biodiversity Issues For Consideration In The Planning, Establishment And Management Of Protected Area Sites And Networks Issue 16: The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Agricultural Biodiversity 28382_Int_no17New 1/20/05 3:56 PM Page 1 CBD Technical Series No.
    [Show full text]