DOCSLIB.ORG

AMERICAN ACADEMY of PEDIATRICS Age Terminology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
AMERICAN ACADEMY of PEDIATRICS Age Terminology AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS POLICY STATEMENT Organizational Principles to Guide and Define the Child Health Care System and/or Improve the Health of All Children Committee on Fetus and Newborn Age Terminology During the Perinatal Period ABSTRACT. Consistent definitions to describe the who have menstrual cycles that are irregular or vari- length of gestation and age in neonates are needed to able in duration or if breakthrough bleeding occurs compare neurodevelopmental, medical, and growth out- around the time of conception. Gestational age is comes. The purposes of this policy statement are to re- conventionally expressed as completed weeks. view conventional definitions of age during the perinatal Therefore, a 25-week, 5-day fetus is considered a period and to recommend use of standard terminology 25-week fetus. To round the gestational age of such a including gestational age, postmenstrual age, chronolog- ical age, corrected age, adjusted age, and estimated date fetus to 26 weeks is inconsistent with national and 2 of delivery. Pediatrics 2004;114:1362–1364; gestational international norms. The term “gestational age” age, postmenstrual age, chronological age, menstrual age, should be used instead of “menstrual age” to de- conceptional age, postconceptual age, corrected age, ad- scribe the age of the fetus or newborn infant. justed age, estimated date of delivery, estimated date of “Chronological age” (or “postnatal” age) is the confinement. time elapsed after birth (Fig 1). It is usually described in days, weeks, months, and/or years. This is differ- INTRODUCTION ent from the term “postmenstrual age.” Postmen- onsistent definitions to describe the length of strual age is the time elapsed between the first day of gestation and age in neonates are needed to the last menstrual period and birth (gestational age) Ccompare neurodevelopmental, medical, and plus the time elapsed after birth (chronological age). growth outcomes. The terms “gestational age,” Postmenstrual age is usually described in number of “postmenstrual age,” “corrected age,” and “postcon- weeks and is most frequently applied during the ceptional age” have frequently been defined uncon- perinatal period beginning after the day of birth. ventionally,1,2 misapplied,3–5 or left undefined.6,7 In- Therefore, a preterm infant born at a gestational age consistent use of terminology limits the accurate of 33 weeks who is currently 10 weeks old (chrono- interpretation of data on health outcomes for new- logical age) would have a postmenstrual age of 43 born infants, especially for those born preterm or weeks. When postmenstrual age is quantitated in conceived using assisted reproductive technology. weeks and days for postnatal management reasons, a The purposes of this statement are to review conven- 33-week, 1-day gestational age infant who is 10 tional definitions of age during the perinatal period weeks, 5 days chronological age would have a post- and to recommend standard terminology. menstrual age of 43 weeks, 6 days. “Gestational age” (or “menstrual age”) is the time “Corrected age” (or “adjusted age”) is a term most elapsed between the first day of the last normal appropriately used to describe children up to 3 years menstrual period and the day of delivery (Fig 1).8–10 of age who were born preterm (Fig 1). This term is The first day of the last menstrual period occurs preferred to “corrected gestational age” or “gesta- approximately 2 weeks before ovulation and approx- tional age” and represents the age of the child from imately 3 weeks before implantation of the blasto- the expected date of delivery.13,14 Corrected age is cyst. Because most women know when their last calculated by subtracting the number of weeks born period began but not when ovulation occurred, this before 40 weeks of gestation from the chronological definition traditionally has been used when estimat- age. Therefore, a 24-month-old, former 28-week ges- ing the expected date of delivery. As long as men- tational age infant has a corrected age of 21 months strual dates are remembered accurately, this method according to the following equation: of estimating the date of delivery is reliable.11 Minor inaccuracy (4–6 days) in the expected date of deliv- 24 months Ϫ ͓͑40 weeks Ϫ 28 weeks͒ ery determined from menstrual dates is attributable to inherent biological variability in the relative tim- ϫ 1 month͞4 weeks͔ ing of onset of the last menstrual period, fertilization Corrected age and chronological age are not synon- of the egg, and implantation of the blastocyst.12 Ad- ymous in preterm infants. Additionally, the term ditional inaccuracy (weeks) may occur in women “corrected age” should be used instead of “adjusted age.” doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1915 “Conceptional age” is the time elapsed between PEDIATRICS (ISSN 0031 4005). Copyright © 2004 by the American Acad- the day of conception and the day of delivery. (The emy of Pediatrics. term “conceptual age” is incorrect and should not be 1362 PEDIATRICS Vol.Downloaded 114 No. 5 from November www.aappublications.org/news 2004 by guest on September 24, 2021 Fig 1. Age terminology during the perinatal period. used.) Because assisted reproductive technologies ac- great as 2 weeks) in methods of gestational age esti- curately define the date of fertilization or implanta- mation.8,10,14–19 Postnatal physical examination of the tion, a precise conceptional age can be determined in infant is sometimes used as a method to determine pregnancies resulting from such technologies. Much gestational age if the best obstetric estimate seems of the variability inherent in other methods of gesta- inaccurate. Therefore, methods of determining ges- tional age determination,11–13 except for that attrib- tational age should be clearly stated so that the vari- uted to timing of implantation, is eliminated when ability inherent in these estimations can be consid- the date of conception is determined during assisted ered when outcomes are interpreted.8,10,14–19 reproductive procedures. The convention for calcu- lating gestational age when the date of conception is RECOMMENDATIONS known is to add 2 weeks to the conceptional age.10 Therefore, gestational age is 2 weeks longer than 1. Standardized terminology should be used when conceptional age; they are not synonymous terms. defining ages and comparing outcomes of fetuses When describing the age of a fetus or neonate, “ges- and newborns. The recommended terms (Table 1) tational age” is the term conventionally applied. This are: is particularly important for interpreting outcome studies of preterm infants. As an example, a preterm • Gestational age (completed weeks): time infant conceived using assisted reproductive tech- elapsed between the first day of the last men- nology who has a conceptional age of 25 weeks has a strual period and the day of delivery. If preg- gestational age of 27 weeks. Outcomes for this infant nancy was achieved using assisted reproduc- should be compared with those of 27-week gesta- tive technology, gestational age is calculated by tional age infants, not 25-week gestational age in- adding 2 weeks to the conceptional age. fants. To avoid confusion, the term “gestational age” • Chronological age (days, weeks, months, or should be used. The terms “conceptional age” and years): time elapsed from birth. “postconceptional age,” reflecting the time elapsed • Postmenstrual age (weeks): gestational age plus after conception, should not be used. chronological age. Gestational age is often determined by the “best • Corrected age (weeks or months): chronological obstetric estimate,” which is based on a combination age reduced by the number of weeks born be- of the first day of last menstrual period, physical fore 40 weeks of gestation; the term should be examination of the mother, prenatal ultrasonogra- used only for children up to 3 years of age who phy, and history of assisted reproduction. The best were born preterm. obstetric estimate is necessary because of gaps in 2. During the perinatal period neonatal hospital obstetric information and the inherent variability (as stay, “postmenstrual age” is preferred to describe TABLE 1. Age Terminology During the Perinatal Period Term Definition Units of Time Gestational age Time elapsed between the first day of the last Completed weeks menstrual period and the day of delivery Chronological age Time elapsed since birth Days, weeks, months, years Postmenstrual age Gestational age ϩ chronological age Weeks Corrected age Chronological age reduced by the number of Weeks, months weeks born before 40 weeks of gestation Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news byAMERICAN guest on September ACADEMY 24, 2021 OF PEDIATRICS 1363 the age of preterm infants. After the perinatal 5. Moriette G, Paris-Llado S, Walti H, et al. Prospective randomized mul- period, “corrected age” is the preferred term. ticenter comparison of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation and con- ventional ventilation in preterm infants of less than 30 weeks with 3. “Conceptional age,” “postconceptional age,” respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatrics. 2001;107:363–372 “conceptual age,” and “postconceptual age” 6. Ramanathan R, Corwin MJ, Hunt CE, et al. Cardiorespiratory events should not be used in clinical pediatrics. recorded on home monitors: comparison of healthy infants with those at 4. Publications reporting fetal and neonatal out- increased risk for SIDS. JAMA. 2001;285:2199–2207 7. Pierrat V, Duquennoy C, van Haastert IC, Ernst M, Guilley N, deVries comes should clearly describe methods used to LS. Ultrasound diagnosis and neurodevelopmental outcome of local- determine gestational age. ized and extensive cystic periventricular leucomalacia. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2001;84:F151–F156 Committee on Fetus and Newborn, 2003–2004 8. American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians Lillian R. Blackmon, MD, Chairperson and Gynecologists. Guidelines for Perinatal Care. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Daniel G. Batton, MD American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2002:378–379 Edward F. Bell, MD 9. Cunningham FG, Gant NF, Gilstrap LC III, Hauth JC, Wenstrom KD, Susan E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Risk Factors Associated with Maternal Age and Other Parameters in Assisted Reproductive Technologies - a Brief Review
    Available online at www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 2017, 8(2):15-19 ISSN : 0976-8610 CODEN (USA): AASRFC Risk Factors Associated with Maternal Age and Other Parameters in Assisted Reproductive Technologies - A Brief Review Shanza Ghafoor* and Nadia Zeeshan Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan ABSTRACT Assisted reproductive technology is advancing at fast pace. Increased use of ART (Assisted reproductive technology) is due to changing living standards which involve increased educational and career demand, higher rate of infertility due to poor lifestyle and child conceivement after second marriage. This study gives an overview that how advancing age affects maternal and neonatal outcomes in ART (Assisted reproductive technology). Also it illustrates how other factor like obesity and twin pregnancies complicates the scenario. The studies find an increased rate of preterm birth .gestational hypertension, cesarean delivery chances, high density plasma, Preeclampsia and fetal death at advanced age. The study also shows the combinatorial effects of mother age with number of embryos along with number of good quality embryos which are transferred in ART (Assisted reproductive technology). In advanced age women high clinical and multiple pregnancy rate is achieved by increasing the number along with quality of embryos. Keywords: Reproductive techniques, Fertility, Lifestyle, Preterm delivery, Obesity, Infertility INTRODUCTION Assisted reproductive technology actually involves group of treatments which are used to achieve pregnancy when patients are suffering from issues like infertility or subfertility. The treatments can involve invitro fertilization [IVF], intracytoplasmic sperm injection [ICSI], embryo transfer, egg donation, sperm donation, cryopreservation, etc., [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Extended Abstract
    Extended abstract Effect of intrauterine development and nutritional status on perinatal, intrauterine and neonatal mortality 1 Péter Berkő, 2 Kálmán Joubert, 3 Éva Gárdos, 4 Gyula Gyenis 1Faculty of Healthcare, Miskolc University, BAZ County and University Teaching Hospital Miskolc, Hungary, - 2Demographic Research Institute, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, - 3Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, - 4Department of Biological Anthropology, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary At least 50-60% of 3 million of intrauterine and near 4 million deaths that occur worldwide every year are associated with low birth weight, caused by intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery, and genetic abnormalities. Fetal growth restriction is the second leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The authors study to what extent bodily development and nutritional status influence the viability, or perinatal mortality of foetuses and neonates. In the present study the authors describe their novel method, the MDN system (MDN: Maturity, Development, Nutritional status) and its application: 1./ to determine the nutritional status of a neonate on the basis of its gestational age, length and weight development considered simultaneously; - 2./ to differentiate the most viable and the most endangered neonates on the basis of their development and nutritional status; - 3./ to demonstrate the influence of a neonate’s nutritional status by the gestational age on its perinatal mortality. Method – the MDN system The authors have developed a new method, the MDN system (MDN: Maturity, Development, Nutritional status) to determine the weight and length standard positions of neonates in relation to reference standards on the basis of their gestational ages, birth weights and lengths.
    [Show full text]
  • Bivariate Analysis of Birth Weight and Gestational Age Depending on Environmental Exposures: Bayesian Distributional Regression with Copulas
    Bivariate Analysis of Birth Weight and Gestational Age Depending on Environmental Exposures: Bayesian Distributional Regression with Copulas Jonathan Rathjens1, Arthur Kolbe2, Jürgen Hölzer2, Katja Ickstadt1, and Nadja Klein3 1Technische Universität Dortmund, 2Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 3Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin April 30, 2021 Abstract In this article, we analyze perinatal data with birth weight (BW) as primarily interesting response variable. Gestational age (GA) is usually an important covariate and included in polynomial form. However, in opposition to this univariate regression, bivariate modeling of BW and GA is recommended to distinguish effects on each, on both, and between them. Rather than a parametric bivariate distribution, we apply conditional copula regression, where marginal distributions of BW and GA (not necessarily of the same form) can be estimated independently, and where the dependence structure is modeled conditional on the covariates separately from these marginals. In the resulting distributional regression models, all parame- ters of the two marginals and the copula parameter are observation-specific. Besides biometric and obstetric information, data on drinking water contamination and maternal smoking are in- cluded as environmental covariates. While the Gaussian distribution is suitable for BW, the skewed GA data are better modeled by the three-parametric Dagum distribution. The Clay- ton copula performs better than the Gumbel and the symmetric Gaussian copula, indicating lower tail dependence (stronger dependence when both variables are low), although this non- linear dependence between BW and GA is surprisingly weak and only influenced by Cesarean arXiv:2104.14243v1 [stat.ME] 29 Apr 2021 section. A non-linear trend of BW on GA is detected by a classical univariate model that is polynomial with respect to the effect of GA.
    [Show full text]
  • An EPIC Predictor of Gestational Age and Its Application to Newborns Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technologies Kristine L
    Haftorn et al. Clin Epigenet (2021) 13:82 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-021-01055-z RESEARCH Open Access An EPIC predictor of gestational age and its application to newborns conceived by assisted reproductive technologies Kristine L. Haftorn1,2,3* , Yunsung Lee1,2, William R. P. Denault1,2,4, Christian M. Page2,5, Haakon E. Nustad2,6, Robert Lyle2,7, Håkon K. Gjessing2,4, Anni Malmberg8, Maria C. Magnus2,9,10, Øyvind Næss3,11, Darina Czamara12, Katri Räikkönen8, Jari Lahti8, Per Magnus2, Siri E. Håberg2, Astanand Jugessur1,2,4† and Jon Bohlin2,13† Abstract Background: Gestational age is a useful proxy for assessing developmental maturity, but correct estimation of gestational age is difcult using clinical measures. DNA methylation at birth has proven to be an accurate predictor of gestational age. Previous predictors of epigenetic gestational age were based on DNA methylation data from the Illumina HumanMethylation 27 K or 450 K array, which have subsequently been replaced by the Illumina Methylatio- nEPIC 850 K array (EPIC). Our aims here were to build an epigenetic gestational age clock specifc for the EPIC array and to evaluate its precision and accuracy using the embryo transfer date of newborns from the largest EPIC-derived dataset to date on assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Methods: We built an epigenetic gestational age clock using Lasso regression trained on 755 randomly selected non-ART newborns from the Norwegian Study of Assisted Reproductive Technologies (START)—a substudy of the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). For the ART-conceived newborns, the START dataset had detailed information on the embryo transfer date and the specifc ART procedure used for conception.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Experience of Prenatal Ultrasound Examination
    Journal of Perinatology (2006) 26, 403–408 r 2006 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved. 0743-8346/06 $30 www.nature.com/jp ORIGINAL ARTICLE Seeing baby: women’s experience of prenatal ultrasound examination and unexpected fetal diagnosis JE Van der Zalm and PJ Byrne John Dossetor Health Ethics Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada multiple gestation, congenital fetal abnormalities, fetal growth Objective: Although prenatal ultrasound (US) is a common clinical problems and amniotic fluid or placental abnormalities. Study of undertaking today, little information is available about women’s experience US as a perinatal diagnostic tool has focused on whether US of the procedure from the perspective of women themselves. The objective of improves perinatal outcomes,3–6 the psychological effect on this study was to explore women’s experience of undergoing a routine women and men of such an examination,7–9 perception and prenatal US examination associated with an unexpected fetal diagnosis. receipt of information,10–14 and the experiences of staff who 15,16 Study Design: Qualitative methods were used to explore the prenatal US perform US examinations. A 1998 Cochrane review of routine 17 18 experience of 13 women. Five women were given unexpected news of US focused only on physical outcomes, as did a later work. multiple pregnancy and eight women were given unexpected news of Reviewers of the work suggested a lack of research on women’s 19 congenital fetal abnormality. One in-depth audio-taped interview was experience of this type of procedure. conducted with each woman. Content analysis of interview data identified Other researchers have focused on specific aspects of breaking themes common to women’s experience of US.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Various Dermatoses in Pregnancy at a Tertiary Care Centre in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India: an Observational Study
    International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology Uniyal S et al. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Feb;8(2):425-432 www.ijrcog.org pISSN 2320-1770 | eISSN 2320-1789 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20190263 Original Research Article Prevalence of various dermatoses in pregnancy at a tertiary care centre in Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India: an observational study Shruti Uniyal1, Ritika Agarwal1*, Nupur Nandi1, Pulkit Jain2 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2Department of Orthopedics, Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College and Research Center, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India Received: 14 November 2018 Accepted: 29 December 2018 *Correspondence: Dr. Ritika Agarwal, E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Background: This was a prospective study which was done to observe various skin lesions in pregnancy and to determine the most likely causes and their incidence in antenatal patients, it was noticed that many women in our institute were having pregnancy related cutaneous complaints thus this observational study was carried out so that better preventive measures and treatment options could be provided to these patients. Methods: Study was conducted in out-patient department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, TMU, Moradabad. All ANC cases between October 2017 to September 2018 having any type of dermatoses were included in the study irrespective of gestational age. 6348 patients appeared in OPD in the given time period out of which 1256 were included.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Study of Pregnancy Associated Cutaneous Changes
    International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2019; 3(4): 71-75 ISSN (P): 2522-6614 Original Study ISSN (E): 2522-6622 © Gynaecology Journal www.gynaecologyjournal.com 2019; 3(4): 71-75 Clinical study of pregnancy associated cutaneous Received: 04-05-2019 Accepted: 08-06-2019 changes Aditi Sharma Medical Officer, Department of Aditi Sharma, Himang Jharaik, Rajni Sharma, Shailja Chauhan and Dermatology, Civil Hospital Dhaarna Wadhwa Theog, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India DOI: https://doi.org/10.33545/gynae.2019.v3.i4b.292 Himang Jharaik Medical Officer, Department of Abstract Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Civil Background: Pregnant women undergoes myriad of changes largely modulated by hormonal, Hospital Theog, District Shimla, immunologic, vascular and metabolic factors thus making them susceptible to various physiological and Himachal Pradesh, India pathological changes. Aim: Due to lack of detailed literature, especially from our region, this study was conducted to examine Rajni Sharma both physiological changes and specific dermatoses of pregnancy. Senior Resident, Department of Material and Methods: 100 consecutive pregnant females attending the out-patient department between Dermatology, Indira Gandhi August 2018 to April 2019 for routine obstetric checkup irrespective of gestational age and parity were Medical College Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India enrolled. General physical examination, cutaneous examination including mucosa, hair and nails was done. Cutaneous changes during pregnancy were divided into three categories, namely, physiological changes, Shailja Chauhan Pregnancy Specific Dermatoses (PSD), and skin diseases affected by pregnancy. Medical Officer, Department of Results: In this study, the mean age was 25 years (range: 18-33 years), of which primigravida were 32% Dermatology, Civil Hospital and multigravida constituted 68% of the sample, maximum patients (48%) were in 3rd trimester.
    [Show full text]
  • Information for Parents of Preterm Babies at 31 to 34 Weeks Gestation
    12 Information for parents of preterm babies at 31 to 34 weeks gestation Notes and questions Information for parents of preterm babies at 31 to 34 weeks gestation Reading this booklet can answer some of the questions you may have after the birth of your preterm baby. Your baby's health care team can help by giving you the information and support you need to understand your baby's condition The staff of the Neonatal Nurseries thanks Heidi Scarfone and take part in his or her care. for the drawings in this booklet. We have a lot of information available to parents and families. In this book, If you would like more information about this artist where you see a word in bold letters, this means another handout is available. visit http://heidiscarfone.com Our materials are also available online in our Patient Education Library at www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca Please feel free to ask questions and talk with your Obstetrician or your baby's health care team members. All your questions are welcome. © Hamilton Health Sciences, 2003 PD 4887 - 03/2013 WPC\PtEd\CH\InforParentsGest31-34Weeks-lw.doc dt/March 14, 2013 ____________________________________________________________________________ 2 11 Information for parents of preterm babies at 31 to 34 weeks gestation Information for parents of preterm babies at 31 to 34 weeks gestation What does “preterm” mean? Muscle tone and movement “Term” refers to the length of a pregnancy. “Full-term” is the length of a Preterm babies' muscles are not fully developed so they are weak. complete pregnancy - 37 to 41 weeks. “Pre-term” means “ before term”, that is At 31 weeks gestation, babies may lie quietly stretched out with some a pregnancy less than 37 weeks.
    [Show full text]
  • Alcohol Drinking and Risk of Small for Gestational Age Birth
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 1062–1066 & 2006 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0954-3007/06 $30.00 www.nature.com/ejcn ORIGINAL ARTICLE Alcohol drinking and risk of small for gestational age birth F Chiaffarino1, F Parazzini1,2, L Chatenoud1, E Ricci2, F Sandretti2, S Cipriani1, D Caserta3 and L Fedele2 1Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ‘Mario Negri’, Milano, Italy; 2II Clinica Ostetrico Ginecologica, Universita` di Milano, Milano, Italy and 3Dipartimento di Scienze Ginecologiche, Universita` La Sapienza, Rome, Italy Objective: To assess if alcohol drinking is a risk factor for small for gestational age (SGA) birth. Methods: Case–control study. Cases were 555 women (mean age 31 years, range 16–43) who delivered SGA babies at the Clinica Luigi Mangiagalli and the Obstetric and Gynecology Clinic of the University of Verona. The controls were 1966 women (mean age 31 years, range 14–43) who gave birth at term (X37 weeks of gestation) to healthy infants of normal weight at the hospitals where cases had been identified. Results: No increase in the risk of SGA birth was observed in women drinking one or two drinks/day in pregnancy, but three or more per day increased the risk: odds ratios (OR) were 3.2 (1.7–6.2) for X3 drinks during the first trimester, 2.7 (1.4–5.3) during the second and 2.9 (1.5–5.7) during the third. Conclusions: The study shows an increased risk of SGA births in mothers who drink X3 units/day of alcohol in pregnancy. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 1062–1066.
    [Show full text]
  • Embryonic & Fetal Development
    Embryonic Fetal Development Acknowledgments This document was originally written with the assistance of the following groups and organizations: Physician Review Panel American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists SC Department of Health and Environmental Control Nebraska Department of Health Ohio Department of Health Utah Department of Health Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Prior to reprinting, this document was reviewed for accuracy by: Dr. Leon Bullard; Dr. Paul Browne; Sarah Fellows, APRN, MN, Pediatric/Family Nurse Practitioner-Certified; and Michelle Flanagan, RN, BSN 2015 Review: Michelle L. Myer, DNP, RN, APRN, CPNP, Dr. Leon Bullard, and Dr. V. Leigh Beasley, Department of Health and Environmental Control; and Danielle Gentile, Ph.D. Candidate, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina Meeting the Requirements of the SC Women’s Right to Know Act Embryonic & Fetal Development is one of two documents available to you as part of the Women’s Right to Know Act (SC Code of Laws: 44-41-310 et seq.). If you would like a copy of the other document, Directory of Services for Women & Families in South Carolina (ML-017048), you may place an order through the DHEC Materials Library at http://www.scdhec.gov/Agency/EML or by calling the Care Line at 1-855-4-SCDHEC (1-855-472-3432). If you are thinking about terminating a pregnancy, the law says that you must certify to your physician or his/her agent that you have had the opportunity to review the information presented here at least 24 hours before terminating the pregnancy. This certification is available on the DHEC website at www.scdhec.gov/Health/WRTK or from your provider.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Maternal Alcohol Consumption on Fetal Growth and Preterm Birth
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.02058.x Epidemiology www.blackwellpublishing.com/bjog The effect of maternal alcohol consumption on fetal growth and preterm birth CM O’Leary,a N Nassar,a JJ Kurinczuk,b C Bowera a Division of Population Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia b National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK Correspondence: Ms CM O’Leary, Division of Population Sciences, Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, PO Box 855, West Perth, WA 6872, Australia. Email [email protected] Accepted 26 October 2008. Objective To investigate the relationship between prenatal alcohol association between alcohol intake and SGA infants was exposure and fetal growth and preterm birth and to estimate the attenuated after adjustment for maternal smoking. Low levels of effect of dose and timing of alcohol exposure in pregnancy. prenatal alcohol were not associated with preterm birth; however, binge drinking resulted in a nonsignificant increase in odds. Design A population-based cohort study linked to birth Preterm birth was associated with moderate and higher levels of information on the Western Australian Midwives Notification prenatal alcohol consumption for the group of women who System. ceased drinking before the second trimester. This group of Setting Western Australia. women was significantly more likely to deliver a preterm infant than women who abstained from alcohol (adjusted OR 1.73 [95% Population A 10% random sample of births restricted to CI 1.01–3.14]).
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Implausible Gestational Ages in Preterm Babies with Bayesian Mixture Models‡
    HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Stat Med Manuscript Author . Author manuscript; Manuscript Author available in PMC 2019 March 20. Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2013 May 30; 32(12): 2097–2113. doi:10.1002/sim.5657. Identifying implausible gestational ages in preterm babies with Bayesian mixture models‡ Guangyu Zhanga,*,†, Nathaniel Schenkera, Jennifer D. Parkera, and Dan Liaob aNational Center for Health Statistics, 3311 Toledo Road, Hyattsville, MD 20782, U.S.A. bRTI International, Rockville, MD, U.S.A. Abstract Infant birth weight and gestational age are two important variables in obstetric research. The primary measure of gestational age used in US birth data is based on a mother’s recall of her last menstrual period, which has been shown to introduce random or systematic errors. To mitigate some of those errors, Oja et al., Platt et al., and Tentoni et al. estimated the probabilities of gestational ages being misreported under the assumption that the distribution of infant birth weights for a true gestational age is approximately Gaussian. From this assumption, Oja et al. fitted a three-component mixture model, and Tentoni et al. and Platt et al. fitted two-component mixture models. We build on their methods and develop a Bayesian mixture model. We then extend our methods using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo to incorporate the uncertainty in the number of components in the model. We conduct simulation studies and apply our methods to singleton births with reported gestational ages of 23–32 weeks using 2001–2008 US birth data. Results show that a three-component mixture model fits the birth data better for gestational ages reported as 25 weeks or less; and a two-component mixture model fits better for the higher gestational ages.
    [Show full text]