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Genetic Diversity and Classification of Wild Arum (Araceae) Species Using Morphological Characters in Iran

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Genetic Diversity and Classification of Wild Arum (Araceae) Species Using Morphological Characters in Iran Electronic Journal of Biology, 2016, Vol.12(3): 302-308 Genetic Diversity and Classification of WildArum (Araceae) Species Using Morphological Characters in Iran Leila Joudi1, Iraj Mehregan1,*, Mostafa Assadi2, Davoud Farajzadeh3 1 Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; 2 Research Institute of Forest and Ranglands, National Botanical Garden of Iran, Tehran, Iran; 3 Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran. *Corresponding author. Tel: +98 21 44865327; E-mail: [email protected] Citation: Joudi L, Mehregan I, Assadi M, et al. Genetic diversity and classification of wild Arum (Araceae) Species Using Morphological Characters in Iran. Electronic J Biol, 12:4 Received: May 24, 2016; Accepted: June 24, 2016; Published: July 01, 2016 Research Article a modified leaf called a spathe. The plants have Abstract adapted in response to climatic, ecological and biotic conditions (i.e., selective pressures) according to the Assessment of genetic diversity is primarily useful various habitats occupied in the different regions of to classification of plant species. In this study, a Europe and the Middle East [3]. The genus Arum multivariate statistical analysis was performed on with 28 species have distributed in Europe, North morphological characters of Arum L. species in Iran. Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia [4,5]. In Totally, 29 qualitative and quantitative morphological Iran, Arum species grow naturally in mountains, red characters of species were evaluated. Cluster and alluvial soils, near water canal, rocky places analyses by ward method classified the genotypes and forests. Amorphophallus Decne. is especially based on morphological traits in three groups. noteworthy because of the enormous tubers Cluster 1 had 1 genotype. Cluster 2 had 2 genotypes and cluster 3 had 2 groups. Dendrogram of Genetic produced by certain species (Arum giganteum). Relationships among Arum species which was The largest species: Amorphophallus titanum Becc. constructed by the UPGMA method demonstrated can produce tubers weighing approximately 70 kg. that 4 main groups existed in the collection at the Genetic variability is more likely to be found between highest level of hierarchy (0.34). Using the results from species from completely different environmental morphological studies, differential characteristics conditions [6]. Evidence from morphology, as an were obtained in the principal component analysis. important feature in the diagnosis and taxonomy of The result of principal component analyses introduced plants and as a basic language used to describe two principal components with eigenvalue more than and identify, classify and study the relationship one which contributed 99.075% of the total variability. between evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships Classification of the cluster analysis was confirmed of plants, through morphological characteristics by principal component analysis and good variety has always been popular [7]. The aim of this study of different traits to species based on similarities was to evaluate several quantitative and qualitative and differences have separated. In conclusion, characteristics of the species, with emphasis on the morphological traits can identify and classify species traits of spath and spadix which could be used as of this genus as a systematic application. important characteristics to distinguish the species of this genus for taxonomic identification. Keywords: Arum; Cluster analysis; Principal component analysis. Materials and Method Introduction Plant material and morphological evaluation The family Araceae with 3790 species in 117 genera, In order to conduct morphometric researches, all have a worldwide distribution and are found in a species of Arum were collected from different locations wide range of environments [1,2]. Most of the aroids of Iran reported in the flora of Iran that Arum species are tropical and contain members from terrestrial, were introduced before [8]. The number of collected aquatic, and epiphytic habitats although there are plants in each location was 5 plants. The collected many aroids indigenous to temperate climates. plants had an uneven distribution in different parts of The family Araceae is most easily diagnosed by Iran: A. maculatum from 11 locations. (North, North the inflorescence which a spadix unbranched spike West), A. kotschyi from 12 locations (North, North is bearing small bractless flowers subtended by West, North East, Tehran), A. korolkowii from 11 ISSN 1860-3122 - 302 - Electronic Journal of Biology, 2016, Vol.12(3): 302-308 locations (North, North West, North East, Tehran), A. quantitative morphological variable were petiole length virescens from 9 locations (North, North West, East), A. (cm), leaf blade length and wide (cm), peduncle (cm), conophalloides from 8 locations (East), A. giganteum spathe length and wide (cm), spathe tube length (cm), from 3 locations (East and Center). Table 1 represents pistillate zone, staminode zone and staminate zone only the samples which already have a herbarium (mm). Some of morphological characters were not code. The selected plants were growing under ambient measurable quantitatively and qualitative characters environmental conditions like e.g. light, temperature, were used for analysis. Qualitative characters used in the soil condition, etc. The minimum and maximum of each experiment were as follows: Tuber shape, arrangement parameter were recorded. Due to the small differences of leaves and inflorescence, leaf blade shape, leaf blade in between species, the values would overlap if the apex and inner and outer section of spath. In order to average has taken into account. The samples were conduct cluster analysis, the minimum and maximum sent to the Forests and Rangelands Institute (TARI) yield was used, while qualitative characteristics were and were identified based on Flora of Iran and the world coded as attributes of two or more cases. scientific resources [8]. Lab analyses were carried out Statistical analysis at the Herbarium of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (TARI) in 2014 and 2015. The following Collected data in 2014 and 2015 years were Table 1. Species characteristic and species herbarium code. Species Origin, voucher Arum maculatum Iran, Prov. N. Gorgan, Ramsar 200-500 m, (69216 TARI). A. kotschyi Iran, Prov. N. Mazandaran, Siahbishe 2200 m, (27355 TARI). A. korolkowii Iran, Prov. N. Mazandaran, veisar 1600 m, (50656TARI). A. virescens Iran, Prov. N. Mazandaran, Polsefid 670 m, (36826TARI). A. conophalloides Iran, Prov. W. Hamedan, Nahavand 2600 m, (22222TARI). A. giganteum Iran, Prov. W. Khorramabad, Rimele 1800 m, (2558TARI). Table 2. Mean and standard deviation of each variable. Variables N Mean Std. Deviation Petiole length (min) 6 17.8333 9.82683 Petiole length (max) 6 40.6667 8.43010 Leaf Blade Length ( min) 6 11.8333 8.93122 Leaf Blade Length (max) 6 20.0000 5.32917 Leaf Blade Wide (min) 6.0000 4.64758 Leaf Blade Wide (max) 6 11.6667 2.50333 Peduncle Length (min) 6 20.5000 12.40564 Peduncle Length (max) 6 44.6667 15.97081 Spathe Length (min) 6 17.1667 12.96791 Spathe Length (max) 6 32.0000 20.27807 Spathe Wide (min) 6 3.6667 2.42212 Spathe Wide (max) 6 6.7500 4. 60163 Spathe Tube Length (min) 6 15.0000 12.74363 Spathe Tube Length (max) 6 25.8333 20.49797 Spathe Tube Limb (min) 6 11.1667 12.09408 Spathe Tube Limb (max) 6 20.9167 20.50467 Pistillode Zone (min) 6 13.5000 8.64292 Pistillode Zone (max) 6 21.6667 11.25463 Staminate Zone (min) 6 6.3333 4.45720 Staminate Zone (max) 6 8.5000 4.23084 Staminode Zone (min) 6 6.1667 4.91596 Staminode Zone (max) 6 9.5000 4.84768 Tuber Shape 6 1.1667 0.40825 Leaf O Flower 6 1.8333 0.40825 Leaf Blade Shape 6 1.5000 0.83666 Leaf Blade Apex 6 1.1667 0.40825 Spathe Tube Color 6 1.5000 0.83666 Inner Section of Spathe 6 2.1667 0.75277 Outer Section of Spathe 6 1.8333 0.40825 Valid N (list wise) 6 ISSN 1860-3122 - 303 - Electronic Journal of Biology, 2016, Vol.12(3): 302-308 combined and analyzed. Statistical analysis and distance coefficients were used in the assessment draw dendrograms were done by SAS 9.1. The of the similarity of morphological characters in the mean and standard deviation was prepared and cluster analysis [11]. shown in Table 2. The correlation analyses were performed following the methods of and Snedecor Results and [9,10]. In order to describe the classification Correlation of studied species cluster analysis using the ward and principal component analysis (Factor Analysis) The correlations among all pairs of variables are and also ordination attributes (Principal Component shown in Table 4. Petiole length (min) was significantly Analysis) were performed on traits. The Euclidean correlated with leaf blade length (r=0.891*), leaf Table 3. Morphological quantitative variable in species characteristic. Leaf Leaf Spathe Petiole Peduncle Spathe Spathe Spathe Blade Blade Tube Pistillode Staminate Staminode Species length Length Length Wide Tube Limb Length Wide Length Zone (mm) Zone (mm) Zone (mm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) Arum maculatum 10-74 7-22 2-10 4-18 11-19 4.5-7.5 6-9 3-6.5 6-10 2-3 3-4 Arum kotschyi 9 -37 8-17 3-13 13-51 7.5-17 1.5-3 6-13 4-10 7-15 3-5 3-7 Arum korolkowi 12-35 8-16 5-13 16-64 14-20 1.5-2 11-17 5-6 12-15 6-8 5-7 Arum virescens 21-55 9-17 5-8 35-55 13-27 3.5-6 12-21 8.5-18 13-20 5-10 5-8 Arum conophalloides 20-35 9-18 6-11 20-40 15-39 3-7 15-30 11.5-25 13-40 6-10 5-15 Arum giganteum 15-35 10-30 10-15 35-40 43-70 8-15 40-65 35-60 20-30 10-15 6-16 Table 4: Correlation coefficients between studied traits expressed as averages combining two years.
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