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Phenotypic Diversity Amongst Vibrio Isolates from Marine Aquaculture Systems

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Phenotypic Diversity Amongst Vibrio Isolates from Marine Aquaculture Systems Aquaculture 219 (2003) 9–20 www.elsevier.com/locate/aqua-online Phenotypic diversity amongst Vibrio isolates from marine aquaculture systems Johan Vandenberghea,1, Fabiano L. Thompsona,1, Bruno Gomez-Gilb,*, Jean Swingsa,c,1 a Laboratory for Microbiology, University of Ghent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium b CIAD, A.C. Mazatla´n Unit for Aquaculture and Environmental Management, AP 711, Mazatla´n, Sin. 82000, Mexico c BCCMk/LMG Culture Collection, University of Ghent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium Received 23 February 2002; received in revised form 28 June 2002; accepted 3 July 2002 Abstract A total number of 1473 Vibrio isolates were collected from different aquaculture systems in many countries. Isolates were obtained from bivalves (mussels, scallops, oysters), shrimp and fish, sea urchins, live feed (algae, Artemia, rotifers), seaweed, aquaculture market products and from the aquaculture environment (tank water, seawater, sediments). Eggs, healthy and diseased or dead larvae, and adult organisms were sampled from cold-water species and moderate- to warm-water species. All isolates were phenotypically characterized using the Biolog GN technique. Eighty-nine different clusters were obtained, of these clusters, only 33 were identified comprehending 992 isolates. The remaining 56 groups did not cluster with any of the included type strains and remained unidentified. Seventy-eight isolates did not cluster with any other strain. It was shown that the Vibrio genus is a phenotypically diverse group making the identification with the Biolog system difficult and unreliable. D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Vibrio taxonomy; Phenotypic diversity; Biolog * Corresponding author. Present address: Laboratory for Microbiology, University of Ghent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Ghent 9000, Belgium. Tel.: +52-669-988-0157. E-mail address: [email protected] (B. Gomez-Gil). 1 Tel.: +32-9-264-5238. 0044-8486/03/$ - see front matter D 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII: S0044-8486(02)00312-5 10 J. Vandenberghe et al. / Aquaculture 219 (2003) 9–20 1. Introduction Vibrio is one of the most important bacterial genera in aquaculture, mostly because of their capacity to infect a wide range of aquatic organisms such as penaeid shrimp (Lightner, 1993), several fish species (Austin and Austin, 1999), and molluscs (Rheinheimer, 1992). Numerous Vibrio species, such as Vibrio alginolyticus, have been characterized as probionts (Gomez-Gil et al., 2000) as well as pathogens (Lee et al., 1996). Many attempts have been made to characterize and identify vibrios from aquacultural environments based on phenotypic characters. Most attempts focus on some cultured species or aquaculture system, and almost none deal with strains isolated from many sources. Recent studies have employed the Biolog System as a means to test a large number of phenotypic characters, but have been restricted to certain species such as Penaeus chinensis (Vandenberghe et al., 1998), striped bass (Nedoluha and Westhoff, 1997) and scallop (Nicolas et al., 1996). Also, Biolog GN has been employed to characterize isolates from a broader source, such as penaeid shrimp culture systems (Vandenberghe et al., 1999) and rotifer production systems (Verdonck et al., 1997). Phenotypic characterization and identification of the genus Vibrio has presented several difficulties due to its high biochemical diversity, and description of several new species has led to a constantly changing taxonomy of the Vibrionaceae (Alsina and Blanch, 1994). Due to intensive genomic characterization and the optimisation of the screening for phenotypical characteristics, 43 Vibrio species are now described (Euze´by, 1997). It has been shown that a polyphasic approach, based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic data, improves bacterial taxonomy and classification (Vandamme et al., 1996). Applying the principles of polyphasic taxonomy to the genus Vibrio will most probably increase the number of species in the future, as the genus has many new species still undescribed (Pedersen et al., 1998; Urakawa et al., 1999; Thompson et al., 2001). The present work aims to further unravel the taxonomic structure of the genus Vibrio, especially those species found in aquacultural systems, based on their phenotypic diversity and with the aid of the Biolog GN system. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Strain acquisition From 1991 until 2001, 1473 Vibrio isolates from the marine aquacultural environment were collected from all continents. Strains were isolated from various species of healthy, diseased, and dead bivalves (mussels, scallops, oysters), cultured and wild shrimp and fish, and sea urchins. Isolates were also collected from live (microalgae, Artemia, and rotifers) and artificial feeds, from seaweeds, and from aquaculture systems (tank water, sediments, and incoming water). Isolates also originated from eggs, larval stages, and adult organisms from cold-water and moderate- to warm-water species. A full strain list, containing all strain information can be obtained by request from the corresponding author. J. Vandenberghe et al. / Aquaculture 219 (2003) 9–20 11 2.2. Storage of isolates Suspensions of pure cultures were stored at À 80 jC or in liquid nitrogen at À 140 jC after addition of marine broth or trypticase soy broth (Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, MD) supplemented with 2.0% (w/v) NaCl and 15% (v/v) glycerol. All strains were stored at the BCCMk/LMG Culture Collection (University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium). 2.3. Isolate characterization Gram stains were carried out on all isolates (Murray et al., 1994), and further phenotypic characterization was performed using the BiologR GN technique (Biolog, Hayward, CA) as described by Austin et al. (1995). Isolates were grown on brain heart infusion (BHI; Difco, Detroit, MI) supplemented with 1.5% (w/v) bacteriological agar no. 1 (Oxoid, Basingstoke, England, UK) and with 1.5% (w/v) NaCl or on marine agar (MA; Difco) for 24 h at 25 jC. Inocula were prepared in 1.5% (w/v) NaCl solution and cell densities were photometrically standardized between 0.261 and 0.300 OD at 590 nm. The wells of the BiologR GN microtiter plates were inoculated with the cell suspension and the microtiter plates were incubated for 24 h at 25 jC. Changes in colour were measured using a Multiscan Multisoft filter photometer (Labsystems, Helsinki, Finland) at 550 nm. For identification, the metabolic fingerprints of the isolates grown on BHI agar were compared to the metabolic fingerprints of 33 Vibrio type strains, Listonella anguillarum, Listonella pelagia, Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae and Salinivibrio costicola. The type strains included in this analysis (denoted by aT at the end) and reference strains were Vibrio aestuarianus LMG 7909T, V. cholerae LMG 4406 (formerly Vibrio albensis type strain), V. alginolyticus LMG 4408T, V. campbellii LMG 11216T, V. cincinnatiensis LMG 7981T, V. diazotrophicus LMG 7893T, V. fischeri LMG 4414T, V. fluvialis LMG 7894T, V. furnissii LMG 7910T, V. gazogenes LMG 19540T, V. halioticoli LMG 18542T, V. harveyi LMG 4044T, V. harveyi LMG 7890 (formerly V. carchariae type strain), V. hollisae LMG 177719T, V. ichthyoenteri LMG 20109, V. logei LMG 14011, V. mediterranei LMG 11258T, V. metschnikovii LMG 11664T, V. mimicus LMG 7896T, V. mytili LMG 20107, V. nereis LMG 3895T, V. nigripulchritudo LMG 3896T, V. ordalii LMG 10951, V. orientalis LMG 7897T, V. parahaemolyticus LMG 2850T, V. pectenicida LMG 19642, V. penaeicida LMG 20110, V. proteolyticus LMG 3772T, V. salmonicida LMG 20108, V. scophthalmi LMG 14010T, V. splendidus LMG 4042T, V. tubiashii LMG 10936T, V. vulnificus LMG 13545T, L. anguillarum LMG 4437T, L. pelagia LMG 10941, P. damselae LMG 7892T, and S. costicola LMG 6460T. Comparison of the isolates was performed by numerical analysis using the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) and hierarchical clustering with unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA; Sneath and Sokal, 1973; Russek-Cohen and Colwell, 1996). The clustering results were validated using cophenetic correlation (Russek-Cohen and Colwell, 1996). Clusters were delineated at 80% and isolates clustering together at this level with type strains and reference strains were considered to belong to the same species (Priest and Austin, 1993). Clusters that harbour no type or reference strains were named according to one central strain in the cluster and thus remained unidentified. 12 J. Vandenberghe et al. / Aquaculture 219 (2003) 9–20 3. Results and discussion Eighty-nine different clusters (>80% similarity) were obtained from a total of 1473 isolates analysed; from these clusters, only 33 (a total of 992 isolates) could be assigned to a species (Fig. 1). Fifty-six remaining groups (481 isolates) did not cluster with any of the included type and reference strains and thus remained unidentified. Seventy-eight isolates formed single-member clusters. Ten Vibrio species were not included in this analysis because they were not available at the time; these were V. aerogenes, V. cyclotrophicus, V. diabolicus, V. lentus, V. natriegens, V. navarrensis, V. rumoiensis, V. tapetis, V. trachuri and V. wodanis. The results showed that the majority of the included type and reference strains clustered in unique groups although some exceptions were observed. During previous studies on different subsets of strains included in this study, many correlations between the origin of isolates and their identity have been suggested
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