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Front cover photograph: Dugong swimming in the waters of Abu Dhabi Emirate © A. Preen Page 10: The Emirates Heritage Club Buildings on Al Sammaliyyah Island, Abu Dhabi Emirate © Emirates Heritage Club Pages 12-13: Lagoon with mangroves near Abu Dhabi © Emirates Heritage Club

ISBN 1-904566-40-5

MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

FIGURE PAGE 158. Illtroduc tioll An impressive and menacing porcupine fish, one of the species The Emirate of Abu Dhabi has a long and variable coastline. Fisheries in this region are largely small scale and occurring in the Gulf waters. concentrate on fishing for demersal finfish species in shallow waters less than 30m deep. In order to understand the

formation and characterisation of this resource~ 9.ne must first consider from where the fish originate, what previous research has been carried out in the region, what information is available for Abu Dhabi, and what traditional/modern fishing methods are utilised in the region. The development of aquaculture and protected marine areas will be briefly discussed. Finally, there is a brief summary and checklist of some of the major species occurring in Abu Dhabi's waters.

Origi n5 of the Fish Fa una of the C ulf The Gulf is a comparatively young sea which originated about 16,000 years BP (Sheppard et ai. 1992). Sea level in the Gulf is generally believed to have not reached its present level until around 6000 years BP during the Holocene. This means that pre-Pleistocene historical factors do not account for the formation of the species of fish now living in the Gulf (Greenwood et al. 1966). The present day fish fauna was thus established by the penetration of species from the Indian Ocean through the Gulf of Oman and Straits of Hormuz. Although high levels of endemism have been supposedly reported for Gulf fish, in fact a very low number of species exist solely within the Gulf. Kuronuma and Abe (1986) reported that only seven (1 .5%) out of a total of 465 species which they recorded as being present within the region are endemic species. This is because most of the species present (89%) are derived from both the Indian and Pacific Oceans, a smaller number (11 %) being restricted to the Indian Ocean.

FIGURE 8-1 . 20 Number of fishing boats and fishermen in the United Arab 18 Emirates (1976-1998). 16

Number of fishing boats D 14 .- D Number of fishermen 0 0 12 0 x L.. 10 --Q.I ..0 E ::J 8 Z

6

4

2

0 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1995 . 1996 1997 1998 Year

160 THE FISH FAUNA OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE

FIGURE 8 · 2 . Estimated total fish catch in the United Arab Emirates (1976-1998). so o

~ III C B u .~ L

1976 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Year

F ish t~ r 1e 5 Res e a n ~ h Table 8-1 presents a summary of major research which has been carried out concerning fisheries in the Gulf and the Gulf of Oman. One of the major problems faced in reading through the literature is the plethora of names and synonyms which exist for Arabian Gulf fish taxa. This is further complicated by the fact that a great number of misidentifications are present within the existing literature. The recent publication of Randall's "Coastal Fishes of Oman" (Randall 1995) along with the FAO Field Identification Guide by Carpenter et ai. (1997) have fortunately summarised many of these and represent the most recent attempts to update the taxonomy and description of fishes in the region. These are the two key bibliographic resources referred to in the present study. Various opinions exist concerning the precise number of fish species present within the Arabian Gulf and it is clear that many earlier records are questionable (Randall 1995). A further problem is that many published accOlmts do not provide detailed distribution data and it is not always possible to deterrrtine if a particular species occurs in the Gulf or in the Gulf of Oman or in both (e.g., Relyea 1981, White and Barwani 1971). What is clear, however, is that there appears to be some variation in species richness throughout the Gulf. The deeper waters of the northern part of the Gulf and along the Iranian coastline are noted as being richer in species than the southern region. Studies have shown that habitat area (MacArthur and Wilson 1967) and its differentiation into zones can affect species richness (Goldman and Talbot 1976, Roberts 1986). It has also been demonstrated that trends in butterflyfish species richness and abundance in the Red Sea correlate closely with reef development patterns (Roberts et al. 1988). The harshness of the environmental conditions in the Gulf (e.g., extreme temperatures and high salinity) certainly appear to inhibit reef growth (Downing 1985, Sheppard 1988), and it is likely that this has reduced species richness within the region. Despite the fact that marine ecological research in the region dates back as far as the Danish expedition in 1775, which involved ForsskaI, comparatively little is still known about the Arabian Gulf marine fauna. Although there have been a number of publications specifically concerning Gulf fishes (e.g., Al-Bahama 1986, Al-Sedfy 1982, Kuronuma and Abe 1972, 1986, Relyea 1981, Sivasubramaniam and Ibrahim 1982, White and Barwani 1971) these have been criticised in recent years for including many records based on old literature rather than on actual

161 MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

specimens (Randall 1995). The few systematic fisheries surveys carried out in the Gulf using scuba-equipped observers have largely concentrated on reef fish assemblages. These appear to be far less diverse than elsewhere in the Indian Ocean, or even in the Red Sea at a similar latitude. Downing (1987) counted only 85 species on Kuwaiti reefs. Basson et al. (1977), McCain et al. (1984) and Coles and Tar!". (1990) counted only 90, 106 and 101 species respectively along the east TABLE 8 · 1. coast of Saudi Arabia and Smith et al. (1987) only 71 species in reefs off the coast of Bahrain. Roberts (quoted in Summary of major research concerning fisheries in the Gulf Sheppard et al. 1992) observed only 35 species during a 10-hour observation of inshore reefs in Qatar. Unfortunately and the Gulf of Oman. comparatively little is known about the fish fauna of the UAE Gulf coastline. The few popular publications which exist

REFERENCE LOCATION NO. SPECIES NOTES

Trucial States (UAE), SE Gull and White and Barwani 1971 199 northern Gull of Oman Book on fishes of UAE and Gulf of Oman Kuronuma and Abe 1972 Kuwait 130 Book on fishes of Kuwait Discusses larval fish and differences between northern and southern Nellen 1973 Northern and southern Gull Gull by family, but not by genus or species

Kuronuma 1974 Kuwait, Qatar-Trucial Coast 152 Fishery-Oceanography survey by Umitaku-Maru vessel Tokyo University Fisheries in collaboration with KISR Basson et af. 1977 Western Gull 90 N.B.: made within limited range of habitats . Randall Allen and Smith-Vaniz 1978 Gull and Gulf of Oman 166 D"N Development Programme and FAO publication

Ali and Thomas 1979 Khor Fakkan, UAE. Survey of fisheries landing data at Khor F akkan, UAE, November 1976- Gulf of Oman October 1977

Ali, Thomas and Marji 1980 Khor Fakkan and Kalba, UAE, Survey of fisheries landing data atKhor F akkan and Kalba, UAE, May Gulf of Oman 1978-April 1979 19 species of harks recorded (N.B.: 6 records are doubtful according Gubanov and Schlieb 1980 Gull 19 (sharks) to Randall 1995)

At least 4 species require confirmation as being actually present in the Relyea 1981 Gulf 238 Arabian Gulf, according to Randall et aL (199'1) AI-Sedfy 1982 Qatar Book on.fishes of Qatar Sivasubramaniam and Ibrahim 1982 Qatar 136 Book on fishes of Qatar Ali and Cherian 1983 Ra's al-Khaimah, UAE Survey of fisheries landing data at Ra's al-Khaimah, UAE Ali, Thomas and Marji 1984 United Arab Emirates Report on the biology of some common AE fishes

Report on the mariculture environment of Umm al Quwain lagoon and Department of Fisheries 1984 Umm al-Qaiwain, UAE the experimental rearing of shrimp, rabbitfish and mullet. It includes a species list for the lagoon there

Fischer and Bianchi 198'1 Western Indian Ocean Fish identification sheets for commercially important fishes Manifa-Ras Tanajib area, McCain et al. 1984 106 Article on survey of coral reefs and reef fishes Saudi Arabia. Gulf coast Morgan 1985 Gull Review of status of shrimp and fish resources in the Gull AI-Bahama 1986 Bahrain 238 Book on fishes of Bahrain "Fishes of the Arabian Gulf" book. Only 244 are actual specimens, remainder of species identifications are from literature (many are Kuronuma and Abe 1986 Gulf 465 questionable acc. Randall et aL 1994). Kuronuma and Abe (1986: 3) state that there are over 400 fish species in the Arabian Gull Randall 1986 Arabian Peninsula '13 (sharks) '13 shark species in Arabian waters Williams 1986 Kuwait Ageing Manual for Kuwaiti Fish-Otolith research Downing 1987 Kuwait 85 Fish census carried out over 2--year period on Kuwaiti reef

162 THE FISH FAUNA OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE

suggest, however, that the number of species present is also low in number (Dipper and Woodward 1989). A number of fish landing surveys were carried out some twenty years ago by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in the UAE (Ali and Thomas 1979, Ali et al. 1980, Ali and Cherian 1983). These consist of landing data from Khor Fakkan and Kalha on the Gulf of Oman coast of the Emirates. A problem with the interpretation of such data is that many non-economic fish species may not be included, and there is also the problem of discarded by-catch. Furthermore, such landings data do not FIGURE PAGES 164-165. provide adequate samples from all coastal habitats and of all species for statistical analysis. Randall's detailed study of A school of striped eel catfishes fishes in Oman identified 930 fish species within the entire region, with at least 95 families and 361 species being recorded (Plotosidae).

REFERENCE LOCATION NO. SPECIES NOTES

Smith et al. 1987 Bahrain 71 Article on Bahrain coral reeHish fauna

Manifa - Tarot, Saudi Arabia, Article on reef fish assemblages in western Arabian Gulf. Discussion Coles and Tarr 1990 101 Gulf Coast of extreme enviromnent

Debelius 1993 Arabian Sea 116 Tropical fish guide to Indian Ocean species Hare 1990 @ulfofOman 312 Report on trawling in Oman "Marine Ecology of the Arabian region" book. Reports that about Sheppard et aL 1992 Arabia region 200 200 species are recorded in the @ulf, of which 125 are found on reefs

Article on some aspects of the biology of SiganU$ canaliculatU$ in the Al-Ghais 1993 southern Arabian Gulf

Al-Ghais 1993 UAE First record of Mola ramsayi in UAE

Article on helminth parasites larvae common in Arabian Gulf Fish - AI-Ghais and Kardousha 1994 UAE comparison between west and east coast

Randall et al. 1994 Gulf (+51) 51 new species recorded within the Arabian Gulf Article on heavy metal concentrations in the tissue of Rhabdosargus Al-Ghais 1995a, b UAE sarba, and on the biology of Pomadasys stridens from the UAE

Article about xenobotic metabolism by Glutathione S-transferase AI-Ghais and Ali 1995 Gulf in Gills of fish from the Arabian Gulf

Thabit bin Zaman Al Abdessalaam "Marine species of the Sultanate of Oman" book, published by the Oman 1995 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Sultanate of Oman

"Coastal Fishes of Oman" book. N.B.: at least 95+ families and 361+ Randall 1995 Gulf of Oman, Gulf 930 species specifically recorded as present within Arabian Gulf

FAO Identification Fjeld Guide, which includes 17 families + 46 species Carpenter et aL 1997 Gulf 539 (Chondrichthyes), and 101 families + 493 species (bony fishes)

Jennings 1997 (a-g) Arabian peninsula 1,137 N.B.: = total number of marine and freshwater species in all Arabia Beech 1999a UAE +1 New record for UAE of the triggerfish, Canthiderm~ maculatus Iddison 1998 AI Ain, UAE Brief survey of fish sold in Al Ain fish suq Siddeek et aL 1999 Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Gulf 350+ Review concerning demersal fisheries. Lefiouth-frequency data study of five species (lEpinephelus coioides Thabit bin Zaman AI Abdessalaam Carangoides bajad, LethrinU$ nebulosU$. Argyrops spinifer and Abu Dhabi, UAE in press Acanthopagrus bifasciatlU), collected from Abu Dhabi Free Port Fish Landing site during June 2000-June 2001 Commission of Enviromnental Research Abu Dhabi, UAE Publication of Marine Atlas for Abu Dhabi (CER) Abu Dhabi Ongoing research projects include: Abu Dhabi landing site survey Enviromnental Research and Wildlife Abu Dhabi, UAE Fisheries stock assessment, mapping and baseline study, Fish length­ Development Agency (ERWDA) frequency study, ~gfish DNA project, Sailfish tagging

163

MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

FIGURE 8 -3 . o Sir Bu Nu'ayr Map showing location of Dalma " " 0 and Abu Dhabi. "

I - ... " " o Legend '90ayyinah " o ------International boundaries " o --- Roads. tracks. highways ---

AI Qaffay This map should not be regarded as an j authority on international boundaries QOalma

o o Ar Ruwais D •

, , , , , , , Sabkhat Matti " Bu Hasa ------~ ~ ------~

I ~~ I "" \J 1\ it e (\ I I I ~. " I ~ " , , , Qutuf An Nashshash ~~~. " Aradah . " ~ '--- Uwa (oasi ------

as present within the Gulf. One of the most comprehensive recent attempts to systematically update the taxonomy and list of fishes occurring in the Gulf is the "FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes for Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates" (Carpenter et ai. 1997). This publication includes 17 families including 46 species of Chondrichthyes, and 101 families with 493 species of bony fishes. A recent review of the demersal fisheries of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Gulf has noted the presence of over 350 commercial fish

species in this entire are~ (Siddeek et ai. 1999). Primary families represented were emperors (Lethrinidae), seabreams (Sparidae), groupers (Serranidae), rabbitfishes (Siganidae), croakers (Sciaenidae), butterfishes/pomfrets (Stromateidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), cutlassfishes (Trichiuridae) and breams (Nemipteridae). Fishing effort in the Arabian Gulf was observed to be above the optimlllllievel, and they suggest that reduced fishing effort, strictly enforced closed seasons and closed areas are urgently required. More recently a major study has been carried out of five of the major economic fish species in Abu Dhabi. This was initiated by the Marine Environmental Research Centre (MERC), part of the Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency (ERWDA) in Abu Dhabi. This study compiled length­ frequency data study for five species (Epinephelus coioides, Carangoides bajad, Lethrinus nebuiosus, Argyrops spinifer and Acanthopagrus bifasciatus), collected from Abu Dhabi Free Port Fish Landing site between June 2000-June 2001 (AI Abdessalaam 2002). Rather worryingly, it demonstrated that a large proportion of the fishery in Abu Dhabi constitute

166 THE FISH FAUNA OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE

immature fish. This is an effect of overfishing of large individuals. In 2002 a comprehensive year-long investigation of the fisheries in Abu Dhabi waters, in particular, and in UAE waters in general, was begun by Bruce Shallard Ltd., commissioned by MERCIERWDA, in conjunction with the UAE Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. A research vessel from Australia has been traversing the coastal waters undertaking habitat mapping and sampling. The results of this recent initiative are awaited with great interest. They will undoubtedly go a long way towards enhancing our knowledge of the Abu Dhabi fisheries. Unfortunately there is little existing already published detailed data concerning fisheries in Abu Dhabi. Although there are various 'grey literature' reports issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, these simply refer to the general combined total weight of all fishes caught for the UAE as a whole. The numbers of fishermen and fishing boats operating in the UAE has steadily increased during the past two decades (Figures 8-1 and 8-2), and this has undoubtedly increased the pressure on marine resources in the region. The main fishing port in the westernmost part of Abu Dhabi is Dalma Island (Figure 8-3). The Dalma Co-operative Society retains records of the combined monthly total weight of catch at the two market landing points on the island. The information provided by Dalma Co-operative for January to December 1998, indicated that groupers (Serranidae) form the greatest percentage of the annual catch landed at Dalma Island (27%), followed by trout thicklips (Plectorhinchus pictus, 23%), emperors (Lethrinidae, 16%), spanish mackerel (ScomberomoTUS spp., 16%), anchovies (Engraulidae, 4%), and frigate tuna (Auxis thazard, 2%). Other fish, like sharks (mosdy requiem sharks, Carcharhinidae), and golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus) , all formed only 1 % each of the annual catch. The best fishing seasons at Dalma are during the months of May-June and November, highest

FIGURE 8-4. Relative percentage of the main Lethrinidae 34% fish families landed at Abu Dhabi fishing port during 2000 Scaridae 1% (total landed was 30,272 tons).

Ariidae 1%

Lutjanidae 2%

Sparidae 3% Serranidae 21 % Crustacean 3%

Siganidae 4%

Gerreidae 4%

Other fish 9% Haemulidae 9% Scombridae 9%

167 MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

catches being made in the latter month. Catches made in May-June were largely comprised of groupers, trout thicklips and emperors. In contrast, most of the November catch was formed by catches of Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus spp.). By 2000 there were 578 licensed fishing boats working in Abu Dhabi's waters. These boats were owned by 486

UAE citizens and were operated by 4397 fishe~~n. Around 30,273 tons of fish was landed during 2000. The relative percentages of the main fish families landed at Abu Dhabi fishing port in 2000 are depicted in Figure 8-4. Emperors (Lethrinidae) were the most commonly exploited fish (34%), followed by groupers (Serranidae, 21 %) , grunts (Haemulidae, 9%) and tuna/mackerel (Scombridae, 9%).

TABLE 8·2. Tradi tio na I Fi sh ing Fishing methods utilised in the '- United Arab Emirates (based on Various types of fishing gear were used in the past. These are more or less the same as those used 50 years or so ago data provided in: Department of during the pre-oil era, only the designs and type of materials used to manufacture them have often changed. Basket traps, Fisheries 1984, Carpenter et 01. 1997, and the author's personal known locally as gargoor, were traditionally often cylindrical in shape with a cone-like entrance, the whole trap being observations). made from interwoven palm fronds. One of the other traditional fishing methods used in shallow waters were tidal barrier

ARABIC NAME METHOD MAIN TYPES OF FISH CAUGHT

Grouper (Epinepheills spp.) BIackbanded trevally (Seriolina nigrofasciata) Emperor (Lethrinw; spp.) al-Gargour Basket traps (al-Doubaya) Rahbitfish (Siganlls spp.) Other fish sometimes caught include: Cephalopholis hemistiktos. Lutjanus fuloiflamma. Pinjalo pinjalo, Plectorhinchus pictus. Plectorhinchlls schotaJ. Pomada.f)rs argenteus, Acanthop%OTUS latlls. Abudefdllfoaigiensis. Scarns ghobban

BIackspot snapper (Lutjanus fuLoijlamma~ al-Hadhra Circular, pentagonal or square shaped enclosure traditionally made of palm fronds (ofteu used Other fish sometimes caught include: Chirocentros dorab. Arius spp., Belonidae in the swmner) Gerres spp .. AcantllOpagro.~ spp., Rhabdosargus spp .. Liza macrolepis. fiCda1ll1lgii seileli. Siganus spp .. Sphyraena spp.

l"lojarra (Gerres spp.) al-Sakkar Fathom wide fence of nets linked by wooden poles Goldlined seahream (Rhabdosargus pp.) Silvery black porgy (AcantllOpagrus spp.) al-Oafaf Second fence fitted behind

Cobia. (Rachycentron canadum) Barracuda (Spiz.1Taena ;pp.) Tuna (Euthynnus affinislTlmnnus spp.) Other fish sometimes caught include: Carcharhinus spp .. Rhinobatidae, 'Vematalosa nasus. Chirocentros dorab. Chanos chanos. Ablennes hians, Rachycentron canadllm. al-Liekh Gillnet Echeneis naucrates. Atule mate. Carangoides bajad. DecapLeros msselli. Gnathanodon speciosus. Alegalaspis cordxla. Scomberoides commersonianlls. Scomberoides tol. Liltjanlis rnsselli. Pinjalo pinjalo.Lethrinus spp .. AcantllOpagrlls spp .. Rhabdosarglls spp. Liza macrolepis, Mugil cephalu.~, Scarns ghobball. Rastrelliger kan%uurla, Scomberomoros commersoll. Siganus spp., Triacallthus biaculeatus. Abalistes stellaris. Lagocephalus lunaris

Giant trevally (Caranx igllobilis) al-Lafall Troll lines Barracuda (Sph)Taena spp.). harred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomoros commerson ) Tuna (EuthJ'7lnllS affinislTlzunnlls spp.) Sailfish (Istiophoms pla9'Pteros)

al-Salieva Casting net Indian oil sardinella (SardinelLa longiceps), flathead mullet (Mugil cephalus)

168 THE FISH FAUNA OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE

traps, known locally as haddrah (qr al-hadhra). Such traps were made traditionally by driving a row of palm fronds and wooden stakes into the mud-sand bottom supported by stones at their base. A frond fence was then placed between these stakes out towards the outer circular/pentagonal enclosure, which in turn surrounded an inner chamber. With the receding of the tide, fish were thus channelled by the wings of the trap into first an outer, then an inner chamber. The modem versions of the haddrah are usually made with steel or iron poles and wire mesh or nylon netting. An example of one of these can be seen in Figure 8-7. In the UAE these traps are traditionally used especially during the summer months to catch the blackspot snapper (Lutjanus fulviflamma). Other typical kinds of fish caught using haddrah include needlefish (Belonidae), jacks (Carangidae), seabream (Sparidae), mullets (Mugilidae), barracuda (Sphyraenidae) and rabbitfish (Siganidae). Other bottom species may also be occasionally caught in these traps. Other variants of tidal barrier traps also exist in the UAE. One is a wide fence of nets linked by wooden posts called sakkar. This may be stretched across narrow estuaries or gaps in lagoons. This is particularly used in the capture of mojarras (Gerreidae) and goldstriped seabream (Rhabdosargus sarba). Sometimes a second fence called dafafis added behind the sakkar, and this may catch fish like seabream (Acanthopagrus spp.) and flathead mullets (Mugil cephalus).

ARABIC NAME METHOD MAIN TYPES OF FISH CAUGHT

Large wooden spear called 'AI Katra' with sharp metal unit 'Flma (Euth)'71nllS aJfmislThunnus spp.) al-Oumla 'AI.Talala' inserted into another metal unit called 'AI Kaber'. Barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomoros commmerson) The Kaber has a float attached to it Other fish sometimes caught include large Carangidae.

Grouper «Epinephelus spp.) Emperor (Lethrinus spp.) Other fish sometimes caught include: Carcharhinus spp., Sph)'Tna spp., Dasyatidae, Chanos chanos, Arius spp. Platycephalus indicus. Terapon jarbua, Echeneis naucrates, Handline al-Hadaq Atule mate, Carangoides bajad, Selar cmmenophthalmus Lutjanus spp., Gerres oyena, Plectorhinchlls pictus, PomadUS)'s argenteus PomadUS)·'S commersonii, Nemiptems peron ii, Scolopsis ghanam, Scolopsis taeniatus, Acanthopagru.~ spp., Rhabdosargus spp., Abudefdufvaigiensis , Pomacantllll$ maculosus, Lagocephallis llinaris

Shark ( Carclzarhinu.~ spp.) al-Manshalla Long line with 10-20 maller lines + books Grouper (Epinephelus spp.) 13lacl-tip trevally (Caranx Izeberi) Nylon line with 4-8 shorter lines + hooks with lures al-Shab Golden trevally (Gnathanodon specio.~us ) (f~athers/small pieces of coloured cloth) Qneenfish (Scomberoides spp.)

Mojarra (Gerres spp.) Flathead mullet (Mugil ceplzalus) Rabbitfish (Siganus spp.) Other fish sometimes caught include: RhJ71clzobatus spp., Dasyatidae, Sardinella longiceps, Nematalosa naslls, StoltgJlzoms spp., Chirocentrus dorab, Arius spp., Aphanms dispar , Platycephalus indicus. Terapon spp., Rachycentron canadum, &heneis nallcrates. Atule mate, Carangoides bajad, Decaptems rosselli, Gnathanodon al-Yaroof -lOrn long beach seine net specioslls, Megalaspis cordyla, Scomberoides commersonianlls, Scomberoides tol, Selar cmmenophthalmus, Leiognathll.~ spp., Lutjanus folviflamma, Lutjanus msselli, Plectorhinchus pictus, PomadUS)'s argenteus Scolop.~is ghanam, Scolopsis taeniatus, Lethrinus pp., Acantlwp%OTllS spp., Rhabdosargus spp., Liza macrolepis,Valamugil seheli, Pampeneus spp., Upeneus tragula, Heniochus acuminatus, Pomacanthlls maculosllS, Scaros ghobban, Sph)'raena spp., Scomberomoros commerson, Plata.-r teira, Triacanthus biaculeatus, Abalistes stellaris, Lagocephalus lunaris

Special Dets used in early winter one is movable, one is al-Hayal Barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomoms commel'Son ) fIXed with weights

169 MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

Gillnets, known locally as liekh, are often set on the bottom. These catch a variety of fish, including grunts (Haemulidae), seabream (Sparidae), emperors (Lethrinidae), goatfish (Mullidae), rabbitfish (Siganidae), pomfrets (Stromateidae), and others. A further type of gillnet is known as hayal. These are special drifting gill nets, normally used during the winter, to capture, in particular, the narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), abundant at that time. Two nets are used, one being movable whilst the other is fixed with weights. Such a method is also used to capture cobias (Rachycentridae), jacks (Carangidae), barracuda (Sphyraenidae) and tuna (Scombridae). Two other types of fishing nets are used. Beach seines, known locally as yaroof, can be up to 40 m or more in length. One end of the seine is moved rapidly from the shore in a wide arc in an effort to surround fishes; both ends of the seine are then pulled to shore. Speedboats with outboard motors and even four-wheel drive vehicles are used at the present day to pull these seine nets to the shore, but traditionally this was done by a large group of men. Fishing using this method is especially good at catching mojarra (Gerreidae), flathead mullets (Mugil cephalus) and rabbitfish (Siganidae). Many other fishes can also be caught including small needlefish (Belonidae) and jacks (Carangidae). The other type of fishing net which is sometimes used is fiGURE 8 · 5 . the casting net, known locally as salieya. This is only used at particular times of year when fish like the Indian oil Basket traps of the type known sardinella (Sardinella longiceps) and flathead mullets (Mugil cephalus) may be abundant in shallow inshore waters. as gargoor were traditionally made The fishermen wade into shallow waters and throw a bell-shaped fine net onto the surface of the water which has small from interwoven palm fronds. At present they are made with weights around its base to make the net sink and surround the fish. A device which resembles a sort of harpoon, known steel wire. locally as oumia, is sometimes used. A large wooden spear referred to as al-katra with a sharp metal unit called al-jalala is inserted into another metal unit called al-kaber. This latter section has a float attached to it. The oumla is particularly fiGURE 8 · 6 . Low cost and simple making used for the spearing of large pelagic fish like tuna, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel and was even occasionally used on account for the large use cetaceans in the past. of gargoor traps: most catch All other traditional fishing methods utilised rely on hook and lines of one sort or another. In its most simple form, depends on them. the hook and line method, known locally as hadaq, is particularly used for the capture of groupers (Serranidae), cobias FIGURE 8 · 7 . (Rachycentridae), jacks/trevallies (Carangidae), grunts (Haemulidae), emperors (Lethrinidae), seabream (Sparidae), and A barrier trap known locally Spanish mackerel (Scombridae: Scomberomorus spp.). Sometimes long lines, known locally as manshalla, are used which as haddrah. a fence made with nets placed along beaches may have between 10 and 20 attached smaller lines and hooks. These are reputed to be good for catching requiem sharks or intertidal area. (Carcharhinidae) and groupers (Epinephelus spp.). Another local variant is shab, which is a nylon line with 4-8 shorter

170 THE FISH FAUNA OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE

lines and hooks which have lures (small feathers or pieces of coloured material) fastened to them. This is apparendy very good at catching blacktip trevally Caranx heberi, golden trevally (Gnathanodon speciosus) and queenfish (Scomberoides spp.). The final method which is used from moving boats is a trolling line, known locally as lafah. This is particularly used for the capture of larger fish like giant trevally Caranx ignobilis, barracuda (Sphyraena spp.), narrow-barred Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commerson, tuna (mosdy Euthynnus affinis and Thunnus spp.), and occasionally sailfish Istiophorus platypterus.

~Iodnrn Fishingv The methods used to capture particular fish are listed in Table 8-2. The majority of the catch (over 80%) at the present time is caught using basket traps (gargoor, see Figures 8-5, 8-6). These are made with steel wire, usually imported from Japan or the Far East. The modem fisheries can broadly be divided into modem commercial fisheries, dhow-based fisheries, speed-boat based fisheries and recreational fishing. Commercial or industrial fisheries take place using modem trawlers. These, in particular, target shrimp during the open season and finfish during the closed season. A variety of fish are caught including sharks and rays, seacatfish (Ariidae), lizardfish (Synodontidae), flatheads (Platycephalidae), groupers (Serranidae), jacks (Carangidae), ponyfish (Leiognathidae), snappers (Lutjanidae), threadfin bream (Nemipteridae), emperors (Lethrinidae), seabream (Sparidae), goatfish (Mullidae), turbots (Psettodidae), flounders

(Bothidae and Paralichthyidae) and tonguesoles (Cynoglossidae). Within the Gulf the amount of trawling has been FIGURE 8 · 8 . severely reduced in recent years by limiting the size of fleets and the length of the open season. The combination of over­ A fishing port in Abu Dhabi with fibreglass boats powered by is exploitation resulting from inadequate fisheries management and degradation of the environment a major cause of the outboard motors. These boats overall decline in fish and shrimp catches. This degradation includes the elimination of important nursery areas have been used since the early (especially for shrimp) by land reclamation and dredging in the coastal areas, destruction of feeding and breeding habitats I970s. by bottom trawling, and increased marine pollution by discharge of liquid and solid wastes into the marine environment FIGURE 8 - 9 . (Chiffings 2000). A traditional dhow. Dhow-based fisheries are usually either artisanal or small commercial operations. Traditional wooden dhows usually FIGURE 8·10. about 10-20 m in length are powered by 150-300 horsepower inboard diesel engines (Figure 8-9). Dhows typically A traditional and artisanal method fish with baited basket traps (gargoor), trawls, drift nets, hook and line and trolling lines. The fishing traps are usually of fishing with gill nets.

171 MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

manufactured from galvanised steel wire of 1-1.5mm thickness, which is imported from the Far East and are usually made as dome-shaped traps with a base diameter of between 1-3 m supported by reinforced steel bars and a funnel like entrance. Two types of gargoor (plural: garagir) are operated - smaller traps (180 cm in diameter and 90 cm in height) are used in shallower waters between 4 and 40m depth by fishermen using fibreglass boats; the larger traps (250 to 300 cm in diameter and 150 to 180 cm in height) are used by big dhows in offshore deeper waters at depths ranging from 60 to 200 m. Polystyrene or plastic marker buoys are used to mark their location. These traps are usually set in the afternoon . and the retrieval of fish is carried out the following morning. A variety of baits are used inside the traps including green algae (Enteromorpha sp.), ground dry fish, dead fish, bread and shrimp. Large garagir target species like groupers (Epinephelus spp.), emperors (Lethrinus spp.) and grunts (Haemulidae). Other important varieties of fish caught in such traps include various jacks (Carangidae) including the blackbanded trevally (Seriolina nigrofasciata), snappers (Lutjanidae), seabream (Sparidae), parrotfish (Scaridae) and rabbitfish (Siganidae). Small shore-based fisheries usually use fibreglass speedboats with one or two 30-60 horsepower outboard motors (Figure 8-8). Fibreglass boats and outboard motors have been introduced since the early 1970s. Shore-based fishing is mosdy carried out with traps and hook and line along rocky shores and jetties, or more often along beaches or intertidal areas using beach seines, gillnets and barrier traps (haddrah, see Figure 8-7). One serious problem affecting fisheries in the region is the loss of fishing traps and nets. Their accidental loss leads to 'ghost fishing', i.e. the traps/nets continue to trap fish, killing many in a continuous over-fishing process. According to information provided from the fishermen's co­ operatives, inshore fishermen may lose between 7 to 12 traps per month, whilst big dhows generally operate between 150 to 200 traps with a loss of 20 to 25 traps per month (Tawfik 2000a). The small traps may take anything between five to seven months to corrode and deteriorate at depths of 4 to 40 m, so they may continue trapping fish for some time after they are lost. One method which has been utilised in other parts of the world is to develop fastenings for the doors to fish traps which naturally decompose after a certain period of time, thus allowing any trapped fish to escape. The possible introduction of such techniques should be investigated. One method which has been attempted to rectify the depletion of the fisheries resource is the creation of artificial reefs. A number of these have been created on the eastern coast of the Emirates as part of the management programme for maintaining and improving the marine resources. The first of these was sunk in AI Faqeet, near Dibba, in February 1998 in approximately

8 m of water. Th~. second artificial reef was sunk at the Aqqa Marine Reserve to protect coral from fishing nets lost in 4 m of water. The third reef was created at the end of 2000 by sinking one hundred 'caves' at the edge of the Aqqa Reserve (Tawfik 2000b). There are now more than 600 conical cement structures underwater at AI Faquit, Ra's Dibba and AI Aqqa. In February 2001 experiments were carried out using a new cheaper type of triangular-shaped cave made of palm leaves woven together and held in place by iron grids and rope (Shaghouri 2001). Whilst the creation of artificial reefs may appear to encourage the development of marine resources in the short term, unless they are established within protected areas which are regularly patrolled by enforcement officers they can actually have a negative effect. This is because artificial reefs can serve as an aggregatory device, which tend to concentrate fish stocks allowing fishermen to more rapidly exhaust stocks by targeting such areas. Establishment of such artificial reefs should, in any case, only take place once the appropriate scientific advice has been obtained.

172

THE FISH FAUNA OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE

In April 2000 a new Federal law on the protection of the marine environment (No. 23 for 1999) was introduced in the United Arab Emirates. This law implemented various changes. Fishing boats will only allowed to sail if their owner, - who must be a UAE citizen, is aboard, or unless another citizen deputises for them. The Frontier and Coast Guard patrols will stop and confiscate any boat that violates this rule. Article 26 of the law banned the use of fixed or drifting hayali fishing nets in Abu Dhabi waters. Each fishing boat formerly used to often carry 20 to 50 drift nets, measuring between 200 m and a kilometre in length. These nets often caught and drowned endangered species like dugong, dolphins, porpoise and turtles. The nets also damaged commercial fish stocks, catching fish that were not brought to market or fish of no commercial use. Enforcement of the law is undertaken by the Border and Coast Guard, UAE navy, police, the relevant Municipalities and other agencies. Any fishermen violating the new law now face heavy penalties. Recreational fishing is a rapidly growing phenomenon in the region. This is largely carried out by small motor boats based from the shore. On May 4, 2002, a Federal Law on the management of marine resources came into effect in Abu Dhabi to ban recreational fishing without a licence. Under the regulation, only two methods of recreational fishing are allowed with a licence: hand line and rod reel. The lower age limit for acquiring a licence is 18. However, children can continue to fish in the company of a licence holder. The regulation is part of Federal Law No. 23 for 1999 on Appropriate Exploitation, Protection and Development of Marine Bio-Resources in the UAE, and awaits implementation. Two types of licence are available for recreational fishing. For an annual licence, the applicant has to visit the office of the implementing body, the Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency, ERWDA, in person with a passport copy or residency visa and two passport size photos. The licence will be issued on the spot against an annual fee of 120 UAE Dirhams, after filling out a single form. Weekly temporary licences, targeted for short-time visitors to the country, are printed vouchers costing 30 UAE Dirhams. These can be obtained by identification proof, without any document or photos. An applicant simply needs to fill out the voucher with the information required. Weekly licences are available at marine sports clubs, hotels and shops selling fishing gear.

, 1\QU3 c lllture The Marine Resources Research Centre (MRRC) of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, based in Umm al-Qaiwain Emirate, has been the leading player in the field of aquaculture in the Emirates. This Centre was initiated in 1978 with the help of a technical cooperation programme between the UAE Government, represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, and the Japanese government, represented by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (flCA). The MRRC began its activities in April 1984. It has succeeded in developing a suitable technology for growing rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus and Siganus javus) from induced spawned eggs to marketable size fish. Work has also been carried out on shrimp culturing, both at Umm al-Qaiwain and on Abu al-Abyadh Island in Abu Dhabi. In 1999 the International Fish Farming Company, ASMAK, was set up with a total capital of 300 million UAE Dirhams. The company specialises in fish and shrimp farming, has 31,000 investors and shareholders from different Emirates. One of the projects supported by them is the new 10 million UAE Dirham fish farm near Dibba in Fujairah. Several floating cages have been placed over an area of 25 hectares where two main species of fish are farmed. A factory is being developed on 5000 m2 of land where warehouses will allow the storage of the finished product and fish fodder. Fish farming

,175 MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

may be developed further in the future to increase the stock of commercially viable fish in UAE waters. The Marine Resources Research Centre is trying to stimulate the development of fish farming to' help meet local market demand, encouraging UAE citizens to undertake training in how to establish suitable coastal areas. The Centre supplies cage nets, frames for cage nets, buoys and other equipment .free of charge to aquaculture enthusiasts as an incentive.

1Vla ri ne Prutected Ar eas :rrhe Future ? As a complete biogeographic province, the Gulf is an area of global importance. It has global status as a major conservation area for the dugong and other rare and endangered species. The only truly successful means of protecting the fisheries resources of the region is to establish regional Marine Protected Areas (MPA). Protection should also be afforded to mangroves, lagoons, seagrass beds, reefs and islands along the Emirates coastline, such habitats representing important FIGURE 8 · 19 . breeding grounds for fisheries. Without a network of such protected areas, there is little hope of protecting fisheries Carcharhinids and other sharks form only I % of the annual catch. resources for future generations. In the Emirates four marine reserves have been established on the East (Gulf of Oman) Coast to enhance coral reef formation. Three were established in 1997, the fourth being established in 2000. Management of the reserves is undertaken TABLE 8·3 (PAGES 178-182). by Dibba Municipality, which has marked the reserves with large buoys in co-ordination with the Ministry of Agriculture Checklist of major fish species of and Fisheries. A Marine Protected Area. MPA, has also been established in the waters of Abu Dhabi Emirate, covering an Abu Dhabi (based on data in area of several thousand square kilometres, including islands, from Abu al-Abyadh westwards to the island of Bazm al­ Basson et 01. 1977. pp 219·72. Carpenter et 01. 1997. Randall Gharbi, and northwards to the Bu Tinah shoals. Named the Marawah MPA, after one of the islands included, it is managed I995).The table summarises the by ERWDA in association with other stakeholders, including the navy, the Municipality and other bodies. Without taxonomy and general habitat patrolling and enforcement of MPAs, however, they cannot be effective. preferences of some of the main fish taxa present in the region. There has been much discussion recently about the value of 'no-take zones', where fishing is completely prohiliited This does not claim to be a (Pezzey et at. 2000, Roberts 1998a, b, c, 1999, Roberts and Hawkins 1997). It is clear from a number of studies that, even comprehensive checklist of all after just a few years of no fishing in these areas, stocks can successfully replenish. The difficult challenge for the future, fishes but aims to cover at least the major economic species and however, will be the formation of integrated MPA networks for the Gulf region. Fish do not respect national boundaries, so more common non·economic future management strategies have to take into account a Gulf-wide and international perspective. species occurring in the region. Assigning particular fish to general habitat categories has only been Fishes uf AlJu Dhabi done on the basis of descriptions There is much st!ll to learn about the current fish fauna of the Gulf. Many UAE fish species have spawning seasons in the existing literature. Further between April-June, and the timing of this may be linked to sea water temperature. Further studies are urgently required, refinement will obviously be required once new studies are however, concerning the physiology of the fishes, age determination of the fishes by study of their otoliths and scales, as completed. well as hydrographical and ecological studies of local conditions before firmer conclusions can be drawn (Ali et ai. 1984). Certainly there appears to be considerable regional variation in the numbers, diversity and composition of fish taxa KEY: observed in different areas within the Gulf. Fewer species, in particular, seem to be identified in some of the western and SB = Sand Beach. TL =Tidal Creek or Lagoon. SR = Subtidal Rock. southern areas of the Gulf (Coles and Tarr 1990, Smith et ai. 1987, Dipper and Woodward 1989). This may be related to SS = Subtidal Sand. SM = Subtidal factors such as bottom topography and sediment type. Mud. GB = Grassbeds. Whereas the northern and eastern parts of the Gulf, as well as the entrance Hormuz area, are relatively rich in certain COR = Coral Reefs. OW =Open Water species, much less variety of fish are present in the south-west and southern shores of the Gulf. For example, certain

176

MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

COR OW

Chiloscyllium arabicum Hemiscyllidae Bamboo shark Heriry Gubanov 1980 * Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinidae Bull shark Jarjur (Valenciennes 1839) * * Carcharhinus melanopterus Carcharhinidae Blacktip reef shark Jarjur (Quoy and Gaimard 1824) * * Carclzarlzinus sorrah Carcharhinidae Spot-tail shark Jarjur (Valenciennes 1839) * * Galeocerdo cuuieri Carcharhinidae Tiger shark Jarjur (peron and LeSueur 1822) * * Sphyrna lewini Scalloped Sphyrnidae Aqrun (Griffin and Smith 1834) hammerhead * Anoxypristis cuspidata Pristidae Knifetooth sawfish Aqran (Lathman 1794.) * * * * Pristis zijsron Pristidae Green sawfish Aqran Bleeker 1851 * * * * Rhinobatos granulatus Rhinobatidae Sharpnosegudtarfish Hariri Cuvier 1829 * * * Rhynclzobatus djiddensis Rhinobatidae Giant gudtarfish Harm (Forssk811775) * * Himantura gerrardi White-spotted Dasyatidae Lokhmah (Gray 1851) whipray * * Himantura uarnak Dasvatidae Reticulated whipray Hayyasah (Forssk811775) * * Aetobatus narinari Myliobatidae Spotted eagle ray Thuwar amir (Euphrasen 1790) * * Aetomylaeus niclzojii Myliobatidae Banded eagle ray Thuwar 'amir (Bloch and Schneider 1801) * Nematalosa nasus Clupeidae Bloch 5 gizzard had Yuwaf/ Awaf (Bloch 1795) * * Sardinella longiceps Clupeidae Indian oil ardine Oooma Valenciennes 1847 * Stoleplzorus indicus Engraulidae Indian anchovy Gashr (von Hasselt 1823) * * Chirocentrus dorab Chirocentridae Dorab wolf-herring Huff (Forssk811775) * Clzanos clzanos Chanidae Milkfish Nemer (Forssk811775) * * Anus tlzalassinus Ariidae Giant sea catfish Chim. Khenn (Riippell1837) * * Ablennes Izians Belonidae Needlefish Hagool (Valenciennes 1846) * Hemiramphus marginatus Hemiramphidae Yellowtip halfbeak Sils (Forssk811775) * C:Jpselurus oligolepis Exocoetidae Largescale flyingfish Garadah (Bleeker 1866) * Pterois miles Scorpaenidae Military turkeyfish Deesh (Bennett 1828) * Platyuephalus indicus Platycephalidae Indian flathead Wahar (Linnaeus 1758) * * * * * Cephaloplzolis Izemistiktos Serranidae Halfspotted hind Bertamah (Riippell1837) * * Epinephelus areolatus Serranidae Areolate grouper Sornman (F orssk81 17'15) * *

178 THE FISH FAUNA OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE

FAMILY TAXON COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME 5B TL • 5R 55 5M GB COR OW

Epinephelus bleekeri Serranidae Duskytail grouper Sornman (Vaillant 1877) "* Fpinephelus caeroleoplDlctaJus Serranidae Whitespotted grouper Hamoor (Bloch 1790) "* "* Epinephelus coioides Orange-spotted Serranidae Hamoor (Hamilton 1822) grouper "* "* "* Priacanthus tayenus Priacanthidae Purple spotted bigeye Hamra "* Richardson 1846 "* Terapon jarbua Yimyama., Teraponidae Jarbua terapon (ForsskaI 1775) Yamyam "* Terapon puta (Cuvier and Teraponidae Smallscaled terapon Zamroor Valenciennes 1829) "* Rachycentron canadum Rachycentridae Cobia Sichil "* Linnaeus 1766 "* &heneis naucrates Echeneidae Sharksucker Lazzag Linnaeus 1758 "* "* C01)phaena hippliTUS Coryphaenidae Dolphinfish Anfalous Linnaeus 1758 "* Alectis indicus Carangidae Indian tbreadfish Khait (RiippeIl1837) "* "* Alepes djedaba Carangidae Shrimp scad Yannisah "* (ForsskaI 1775) "* Atule mate Carangidae Yellowtail scad Dordoman "* (Cuvier 1833) "* Carangoides bajad Carangidae Orange-spotted jack Jash teetee (ForsskaI 1775) "* "* Carangoides chrysoph1)-s Carangidae Longnose jack lash sal (Cuvier 1833) "* "* CarafL't heberi Carangidae Blacktip trevally lash faro (Bennett 1830) "* "* Caranx ignobilis Carangidae Giant trevally lash yep (ForsskaI 1775) "* "* Caranx se:rfasciatus Carangidae Bigeye trevally Kefdar Quoy and Gaimard 1825 "* "* DecapteTUS TUSselii Carangidae Indian scad Simah (RiippeIl1830) "* Elagatis bipinnulata Carangidae Rainbow runner -Gliaribah Quoy and Gaimard1824 "* "* Gnathanodon speciosus Carangidae Golden trevally Zeraidy (ForsskaI 1775) "* "* "* "* Megalaspis cordyla Carangidae Torpedo scad Titi (Linnaeus 1758) "* Scomberoides rommersonnianus Carangidae Talang queenfish Bissar, Dalaa "* Lacepede 1802 Scomberoides tol Carangidae Queenfish Seen (Cuvier 1832) "* Selar cmmenophthalmus Carangidae Bigeye scad Sinah "* (Bloch 1793) "* Seriolina nigroJasciata Carangidae Blackbanded trevally Halwayoo "* (RiippeIl1829) "* Trachinotus blochii Carangidae Snubnose pompano Sehen (Lacepede 1801) "* "* "* Ulua mentalis Carangidae Longrakered jack lash "* (Cuvier 1833) "*

179 MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

FAMILY TAXON COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME 5B TL 5R 55 5M GB COR OW

Leiognathus equulus Leiognathidae Common ponyfish Farshgooh - ,. (Forssk8.11775) Gerres oyena Gerreidae Mojarra Badha ,. (Forssk8.11775) Lutjanus fuloiflamma Lutjaniclae Snapper Naiser ,. ,. ... (Forssk8.11775) Lutjanus johnii Lutjanidae John's snapper Naisara ,. (Bloch 1792) Lutjanus quinqllelineatus Lutjaniclae Fivelined snapper Aqlaa ,. ,. (Bloch 17.90) Lutjanus russellii Lutjanidae Snapper Urn drais ,. (Bleeker 1849) * Lutjallus sanguineus Lutjanidae Humphead snapper Hamrah ... ,. (Cuvier 1828) Pinjalo pinjalo Lutjaniclae Pinjalo a'imee ,. ... (Bleeker 1850) Diagramma pictum Haemuliclae Painted thicklip Farsh ,. ... (Thunberg 1792) Plectorhillchus pictus Haemulidae Trout thicklip Farsh ,. (Tortonese 1935) * Pomadasj~~ argenteus Haemulidae Silver grunt Nagroor ... (Forsskall775) Pomadasjrs commersonu Haemulidae Spotted grunt Nagroor ,. ,. (Lacepede 1802) Pomadasj's stridens Haemulidae Striped piggy OToor ,. (F orsskal 1775) Nllc * Nemipterus peronii Notchfin threadfin Nemipteridae Sultan Ibrahim ,. ,. (Valenciennes 1830) bream * Scolopsis ghanam Arabian monocle ,. I emipteridae Ebzaimy ... (F orsskaJ. 1775) bream Scolopsis taeniatus Nemipteridae Blackstreak bream Ebzaimy Cuvier 1830 * Lethrinus lentjan ,. Lethrinidae Pinkear emperor Shaeri. Shekhaili ... (Lacepede 1802) * Letllrinus microdon ,. ,. Lethrinidae Small tooth emperor Shaeri, Suli Valenciennes 1830 Lethrinus nebulosus ,. ,. Lethrinidae Spangled emperor Shaeri kabir ,. (Forsskal1775) * Acanthopagms berda ,. ,. Sparidae Picnic seabream Sheam (Forssk8.1 1775) Acanthopagrus bifasciatus ,. Sparidae Doublebar seabream Faskar ,. (Forsskal1775) Acanthop%arus latus ,. ,. Sparidae YeUowfin eabream heam (Houttuyn 1782) * Argyrops spillifer ,. ,. Spariclae King soldierbream Kofar (Forsskal1775) * Crenidens crenidens ,. Sparidae Karanteen seabream Ebais)' (For$skal1775) Rhabdosarglls haffara ,. ,. Sparidae Haffara Kabet (F orsskal 1775) * Rltabdosargus sarba ,. ,. Sparidae Goldstriped seabream Kabet ... (F orsskal 1775) Chelon maGrolepis ,. Mugilidae Large-scaled mullet Biyah Sraity ... (Smith 18"l9)

180 THE FISH FAUNA OF ABU DHABI EMIRATE

FAMILY iTAXON COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME 5B TL - 5R 55 5M GB COR OW

MugiL cephalus Mugilidae Flathead mullet Biyab Linnaeus 1758 * * flalamugiL seheli Mugilidae Bluespot mullet BiyahAraby (ForsskaI 1775) * * Paropeneus heptacanthus Mullidae Cinnabar goatfish Heddi (Lacepede 1801 ) * * * Pampeneus margantatus Muilidae Pearly goatfish Heddi Randall and Cueze 198... * Upeneus tragula MuIlidae Freckled goatfish Heddi Ric11ardson 18... 6 * Chaetodon melapterus Chaetodontidae Arabian butterfly£ish Asroos aJ-agam ,.. Cuichenot 1862 Chaetodon nigropunctatus Chaetodontidae Dark butterflyfish Qonfeth ,.. Sauvage 1880 Heniochus acuminatus Cbaetodontidae Pennant coral fish Mosht al-aroos ,.. (Linnaeus 1758) Pomacanthus maclilosus Pomacanthidae Yellowbar angelfish Anfooz ,.. ,. (ForsskaI 1775) * Ablldefdu/ uaigiensis Pomacentridae lndo-Pacific sergeant Shnioo :I- (Quoy and Gaimard 1825) Dascyllu.~ trimaculatus Pomacentridae Threeespot dascyllu Shnioo ,.. (Riippell 1828) Cheilinus lunulatus Labridae Broomtail wrasse Makr ,.. ForsskaI 1775 Scants ghobban Scaridae Yeliowscale parrotfish Gain, ®en F orsskaI 1775 * * Scaros per.~icus Scaridae Gulf parrotfish Gain, Gen Randall and Bruce 1983 * Ewyglossa onenlalis Shwas, Soleidae Oriental sole (Bloch and Schneider 1801) Lisan * * Pardachints mannoratlls Mazlakan, Soleidae Finless sole (fLacepede 1802) Mousa * * Sphyraena barracuda Sphyraeuidae Great barracuda Gidd :I- (Walbaum 1792) * Sphyraena jello Sph)Taenidae Pickhandle barracuda Gidd Cuvier 1829 * Sphyraena plltnamiae Sphyraeuidae Sawtooth barracuda -Gidd ,. Jordan and Seale 1905 Auxis thazard Scomhridae Frigate tuna Tebban (Lacepede 1800) * Euthynnus affinis Scomhridae Kawakawa Sadah (Cantor 18... 9 ) * Rastrelliger kanagurta Scomhridae Indian mackerel Karfab (Cuvier 1817) * Scomberomonts commerson Scomhridae ~ofjsh Kan'ad (ILacepede 1801) * Scomberomoros guttatus Indo-Pacific king Scombridae Kan'ad, Farsy :Ii- (Bloch and Schneider 1801) mackerel Thunnus tonggoL Scombridae Longtail tuna Gebab ,.. (Bleeker 1851) IstiopllOroS platypteros Istiophoridae Indo-Pacific Sailfish Kheil al-babar ,.. (Shaw and odder 1792) Plata:t; orbicular;"; Ephippidae Orbicularis batfi h Emad (FOTS kaI 1775) * *

181 MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

FAMILY TAXON COMMON NAME LOCAL NAME SB TL COR OW

Platax teva Ephippidae Longfin batfish Emad ~ ... (F orssk81 1775) * Siganus canaliculatus White-spotted Siganidae Safi Arabi ... (Park 1797) spinefoot Siganus jCllJUS Siganidae Streaked spinefoot Safi Senefi ... (Linnaeus 1766) * Acantlzurus sohaL Acanthuridae Sohal Jarah aI-maliki (Forssk811775) * TriaGanthus biaculeatus Triacanthidae Shortnose tripodfish Shalaib ad-dau ...... (Bloch 1786) * Abalistes stellatus Balistidae Starry triggerfish Qorqomba (Lacepede 1798) * Rhinecanthus assasi Balistidae Picasso triggerfish Qorqomba ... (Forssk811775) Su.lJlamen chIJ'Sopterus Balistidae FI~atail triggerfish Qorqomba (Bloch and Schneider 1801) * Aluterus monoceros Monacanthidae Unicorn filefish Supet .. ... (Linnaeus 1758) * * Stephanolepis diaspros Monacanthidae Reticulated filefish Buqumi ...... Fraser-Brunner 1940 Ostracion cubicus Sandooq Ostraciidae Yellow trunkfish ... Linnaeus 1758 al-bahar Arothron stellatus Tetraodontidae Stellate puffer F equl, Boqumi ... (Bloch and Schneider 1801) Chelonodon patoca Tetraodontidae Milkspotted puffer F equl, Anzah ...... (Hamilton 1822)

FIGURE PAGE 183 . families such as croakers (Sciaenidae) and soles (Soleidae) have more species in the NW Gulf than in the SE. A coral reef area along the coast Sheppard et al. (1992) have recognised that important ecological gradients or controls in species distribution and of Abu Dhabi. with yellowbar abundance have to be taken into consideration in understanding the biogeography of fishes in Arabia. One of the key angelfishes and a great grouper in ambush. problems is the lack of ecological data on fish habitat preferences. Preliminary work by Basson et al. (1977) , McCain et al. (1984), Downing (1987), Smith et al. (1987) and Smith and Saleh (1987), all suggest that certain fish may be associated with particular habitats and that their occurrence may be highly seasonal.

182

MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

FIGURE PAGE 252. The following reference material was cited throughout the Atlas REFERENCES CITED IN TIlE ATLAS An extensive and luxuriant forest in accordance with the Harvard system and has been combined of macroalgae where brown algae to provide a valuable reference source, providing detailed Ackerman, R.A. 1997. The nest environment and embryonic are the dominant species. scientific information on marine and coastal habitats, marine development of sea turtles. In: Lutz, P. and Musick, J. (Eds.), wildlife and fisheries, and research and management issues from The Biology of Sea Turtles. CRC Press, New York, pp. 83-106. both an international and regional perspective. AI-Abdessalaam, T.Z. 1995. Marine species of the Sultanate of Within each chapter of the Atlas, the reader is provided Oman. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Sultanate of Oman. with references from previous works that either support the information presented by the author, or refers the reader to AI-Abdessalaam, T.Z. 2002. Population dynamics of some additional relevant information on that particular subject. demersal fishes off Abu Dhabi. In: Proceedings of International All these references are then cited in full within this Atlas Conference on Integrated Management of Marine Environment Bibliography, to allow the reader to obtain that information. in the Arabian Gulf, 21-23 October 2002. UAE University, AI Ain, UAE. AIternativerly, this Atlas Bibliography can be used as a direct source of information on various subjects concerned with marine AI-Bahama, WS. 1986. Fishes of Bahrain. Directorate and coastal environmental issues, and is currently the most up­ of Fisheries, Ministry of Commerce and Agriculture, Bahrain. to-date source of published scientific information on this subject in the United Arab Emirates. AI-Ghadban, A.N. 1990. Holocene sediments in a shallow bay, southern coast of Kuwait, Arabian Gulf. Marine Geology 92, This Atlas Bibliography will be essential for organisations 237-254. undertaking research or planning in the marine and coastal environment, and will be an invaluable asset for students AI-Ghais, S.M. 1993. Some aspects of the biology of Siganus studying ecology, environmental science, natural resource canaliculatus in the southern Arabian Gulf. Bull. Mar. Sci. 52(3), management, and geography. 886-897.

For a Reference list of the abbreviated names of the scientific AI-Ghais, S.M. 1994. A first record of Mala ramsayi journals see page 275. (Osteichthyes: Molidae) for the United Arab Emirates. Tribulus (Bulletin of the Emirates Natural History Group) 4(1),22.

AI-Ghais, S.M. 1995a. Heavy metal concentrations in the tissue of Sparus sarba (Forssk81, 1775) from the United Arab Emirates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 55,581-587.

AI-Ghais, S.M. 1995b. Aspects of the biology of Pomadasys stridens (Forssk81, 1775) from the West Coast of the United Arab Emirates. Arab Gulf J. Scient. Res. 13(2),401-419.

AI-Ghais, S.M., Kardousha, M.M. 1994. Study on some helminth parasites larvae common in Arabian Gulf fish: a comparison

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Development. The World Bank, Washington, DC, pp. 96-100. Saifullah, S.M., Khafaji, A.K., Mandura, A.S. 1989. Litter production in a mangrove stand of the Saudi Arabian Red Sea Roberts, C.M. 1998c. No-take marine reserves: unlocking coast. Aquat. Bot. 36, 79-86. the potential for fisheries. In: Earll, RC. (Ed.), Marine Environmental Management: Review of Events in 1997 and Sargent, FJ., Leary, TJ., Crewz, D.W., Kruer, C.R 1995. Future Trends. Candle Cottage, Kempley, Gloucester, UK, Scarring of Florida's Seagrasses: Assessment and Management pp. 127-132. Options. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, St. Petersburg, Florida Marine Research Institute Technical Roberts, C.M. 1999. Marine protected areas as strategic tools. Reports, TR 1, 72 pp. In: Pauly, D., Christensen v., Coelho, L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the EXPO '98 Conference on Ocean Food Webs and Economic Schubel, J.R 1973. Some Comments on Seagrasses and Productivity. ACP-EU Fish. Res. Rep. (5), pp. 37-43. Sedimentary Processes. Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Ref. 73-12. Spec. Report 33, 32 pp. Roberts, C.M. , Hawkins, J.P. 1997. How small can a marine reserve be and still be effective? Coral Reefs 16, 150. Scoffin, T.p. 1970. The trapping and binding of subtidal carbonate sediments by marine vegetation in Bimini Lagoon, Roberts, C.M., Ormond, RF.G., Dawson Shepherd, A.R 1988. Bahamas. J. Sed. Petrol. 40, 249-273. The usefulness of butterflyfishes as environmental indicators on coral reefs. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Scott, D.A. (comp.), 1995. A Directory of Wetlands in the Reef Symposium, 8-12 August 1988, Townsville, Australia, Middle East. IUCN and IWRB, UK. 2, pp. 331-336. Sery, F., Ducrot, D., Mougin, E., Fromard, F. 1995. Mapping Roessler, M.A., Zieman, J.C. 1969. The effects of thermal on mangrove forest of French Guyana using multisource data. additions on the biota of southern Biscayne Bay, Florida. In: Proceedings of the IGARSS'95, IEEE 95CH35770, 10-14 In: Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Session of the Gulf July 1995, Florence, Italy, Vol. II, pp. 1222-1224. Caribbean Fisheries Institute, pp. 136-145. Shaghouri, T. 2001 . Dibba plan to boost fish growth - New type Rose, P.M., Scott, D.A. (comps.), 1994. Waterfowl Population of artificial cave to be tested. Gulf News, 22 February 2001. Estimates. IWRB Publication 29, Slimbridge, UK. Sheppard, C.RC. 1988. Similar trends, different causes: Ross, J.p., Barwani, M.A. 1982. Review of sea turtles in the Responses of corals to stressed environments in Arabian seas. Arabian area. In: Bjorndal, K.A. (Ed.), Biology and In: Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Conservation of Sea Turtles. Smithsonian Institution Press, 8-12 August 1988, Townsville, Australia, 3, pp. 297-302. Washington, DC, pp. 373-383. Sheppard, C.RC. 2000. Coral Reefs of the Western Indian Saenger, P., Blasco, F., Youssef, A., Loughland, R 2001. The Ocean: an Overview. In: Mc.Clanahan, T., Sheppard, C.RC., mangrove resources of the UAE with particular emphasis on those Obura, D., Coral Reefs of the Western Indian Ocean: Ecology of the Abu Dhabi Emirate. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Arab and Conservation. Oxford University Press, pp. 3-38. Conference and Exhibition on Environmental Biotechnology 'The Coastal Habitats of Abu Dhabi Emirate', 8-12 April 2000, Sheppard, C.RC., Wells, S. 1988. Directory of Coral Reefs Emirates Heritage Club, Abu Dhabi, UAE. of International Importance. Vol. 2. Indian Ocean Region.

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mCN Gland, Switzerland, and UNEP, Nairobi, 389 pp. Siddeek, M.S.M., Fouda M.M., Hermosa, G.V.Ir. 1999. Demersal Fisheries of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sheppard, C.RC., Sheppard, A.L.S. 1991. Corals and coral Gulf. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 49 (Supplement A), communities of Arabia. In: Buttiker, w., Krupp, F. (Eds.), 87-97. Fauna of Saudi Arabia. Vol. 12. National Commission for Wildlife Conservation and Development, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Silva, P.C., Basson, P.w., Moe, RL. 1996. Catalogue of the pp. 3-170. Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany 79, 1259 pp. Sheppard C.RC., Dixon, D. 1998. Seas of the Arabian Region. In: Robinson, A.R, Brink, K.H. (Eds.), Seas. Vol. 11. John Sivasubramaniam, K., Ibrahim, M.A. 1982. Common Fishes of Wiley and Sons Ltd., pp. 915-931. Qatar. Marine Sciences Department, University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar. Sheppard, C.RC., Rayner, N. 2002. Utility of the Hadley Centre sea-Ice and Sea Surface Temperature data set (HadISST1) in Sladek Nowlis, J. S., Roberts, C.M. 1999. Fisheries benefits two widely contrasting coral reef areas. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44, and optimal design of marine reserves. Fishery Bulletin 97, 303-308. 604-616.

Sheppard, C.RC., Loughland, RA. (in press). Coral mortality, Smith, G.B. , Saleh, M.A. 1987. Abundance and bathymetric recovery and temperature patterns in the extreme tropical distribution of Bahrain (Arabian Gulf) reef ichthyofaunas. conditions of the Arabian Gulf. Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 24, 425-431. Management. Smith, G.B, Saleh M.A., Sangoor, K. 1987. The reef Sheppard, C., Price, A., C. Roberts, C. 1992. Marine Ecology ichthyofauna of Bahrain (Arabian Gulf) with comments on its of the Arabian Region: Patterns and processes in extreme zoogeographic affinities. Arabian Gulf Journal of Scientific tropical environments. Academic Press, London, 347 pp. Research in Agriculture and Biological Sciences 5(1), 127-146.

Sheppard, C.RC., Wilson, S.C., Salm, RV., Dixon, D. 2000. Reefs Snow, D.W. 1970. The eastern Indian Ocean islands: and coral communities of the Arabian Gulf and Arabian Sea. a summary of their geography, fauna and flora. mCN In: McClanahan, T., Sheppard, C.RC., Obura, D., Coral Reefs of Publications New Series (Morges) 17,212-223. the Western Indian Ocean: Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, pp. 257-294. Spalding, M., Blasco, F., Field, C. 1997. Mangrove Atlas of the World. ISME, Okinawa. Shinn, A.E. 1976. CQral reef recovery in Florida and the Persian Gulf. Environmental Geology 1, 241-254. Stauffer, RC. 1937. Changes in the invertebrate community of a lagoon after disappearance of the eelgrass. Ecology 18, Short, F.T., Wyllie-Echeverria, S. 1996. Natural and human­ 427-431. induced disturbance of seagrasses. Environ. Conserv. 23, 17-27. Stoddart, D. R 1972. Pinnipeds or sirenians at western Indian Shriadah, M.M.A. 1999. Heavy metals in mangrove sediments Ocean islands? Journal of Zoology 167, 207-217. of the United Arab Emirates shoreline (Arabian Gulf) . Water, Air and Soil Pollution 116, 523-534. Orth, R.I., Moore, K.A. 1983. Chesapeake Bay:

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an unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Bello, R 1997. Mortality of dolphins and porpoises in coastal Science 22, 51-52. fisheries off Peru and southern Ecuador in 1994. Biological Conservation 81, 43-49. Tawfik, F. 2000a. 'Ghost fishing' blamed for death of coral, marine creatures. Gull News, 3 July 2000. Walker, D.I., McComb, AJ. 1992. Seagrass degradation in Australian coastal waters. Mar. Poll. Bull. 25, 191-195. Tawfik, F. 2000b. Third reef to boost fish stocks. Gull News, 25 July 2000. Wallace, C.C. 1999. Staghorn Corals of the World: A Revision of the Genus Acropora. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 422 pp. Thayer, G.w., Wolfe, D.A., Williams, RB. 1975. The impact of man on seagrass systems. Am. Sci. 63, 288-296. Wamukoya, G. M., Mirangi, J.M., Ottichillo, w.K. 1995. Aerial Survey of Sea Turtles, Marine Mammals and Fishing Activities Thayer, G.W., Stuart, H.H., Kenworthy, WJ., Ustach, J.F., within the Kenyan Marine Environment. Report by the Kenya Hall, A.B. 1979. Habitat values of saltmarshes, mangroves, Wildlife Service, 59 pp. and seagrasses for aquatic organisms. In: Greeson, P.E., Clark, J.R, Clark, J.E. (Eds.), Wetland Functions and Values: The Wardrop, J.A., Butler, AJ., Johnson, J.E. 1987. A field study State of Our Understanding. In: Proceedings of the National of the toxicity of two oils and a dispersant to the mangrove Symposium on Wetlands, American Water Resources Avicennia marina. Mar. BioI. 96, 151-156. Association, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 235-247. Wells, S.M. (Ed.) 1988. Coral Reefs of the World. Vol. 2: Indian Thesiger, W. 1959. Arabian Sands. Penguin Books, Middlesex, Ocean, Red Sea and Gull. UNEP/IUCN, Cambridge, UK, 347 pp. 389 pp.

Tomlinson, P.B. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge Wells, S., Dwivedi, S.N., Singh, S., Ivan, R 1995. Marine University Press, Cambridge, UK. Region 10: Central Indian Ocean. In: Kelleher, G., Bleakley C., Wells S. (Eds.), A Global Representative System of Marine UNEP 1994. Assessment and Monitoring of Climatic Change Protected Areas. Vol. 3: Central Indian Ocean, Arabian Seas, Impacts on Mangrove Ecosystems. UNEP Regional Seas East Africa, and East Asian Seas. Great Barrier Reef Marine Reports and Studies No. 154,62 pp. Park Authority, The World Bank and The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Washington, pp. 13-37. Virnstein, RW., Mikkelsen, P.S., Cairns, K.D., Capone, M.A. 1983. Seagrass beds versus sand bottoms: the trophic Western, A.R 1989. The flora of the United Arab Emirates - an importance of their associated benthic invertebrates. Fla. Sci. introduction. UAE University, AI Ain, UAE. 46 (3-4),363-381. Wetzel, RG., Penhale, P.A. 1979. Transport of carbon and Vogt, B., Gockel, w., Hofbauer, H., AI-Haj, A.A. 1989. excretion of dissolved organic carbon by leaves and roots/rhizomes The coastal survey in the Western province of Abu Dhabi, 1983. in seagrasses and their epiphytes. Aquat. Bot. 6, 149-158. Archaeology in the United Arab Emirates, Vol. V, 49-60. White, A.W., Barwani, M.A. 1971. Common Sea Fishes of the Waerebeek, K.Y., Bressem, M.Y., Felix, F., Alfaro-Shigueto, J., Arabian Gull and Gulf of Oman. Trucial States Council, Dubai, Garcia-Godos, A., Chavez-Lisambart, L., Onton, K., Montes, D., UAE.

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Wilkinson, C. (Ed.) 2000. Status of Coral Reef of the World. Zieman, lC. 1970. The effects of a thermal effluent stress on Australian Institute for Marine Science. the seagrasses and macro algae in the"vicinity of Turkey Point, Biscayne Bay, Florida. Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, Williams, T.B. 1986. Ageing Manual for Kuwaiti Fish. KISR Florida, 129 pp. 1915: MB-44. Mariculture and Fisheries Department, Food Resources Division, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Zieman, lC. 1975a. Tropical seagrass ecosystems and pollution. Kuwait. In: Wood, EJ.F., Johannes, RC. (Eds.), Tropical Marine Pollution. Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 12. Witzell, WN. 1983. Synopsis of Biological Data on the Hawksbill Turtle, Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766), Zieman, lC. 1975b. Seasonal variation of turtlegrass, Thalassia FAO Fisheries Synopsis 137, 78 pp. testudinum Konig, with reference to temperature and salinity effects. Aquat. Bot. 1, 107-123. Wolff, T. 1980. Animals associated with seagrass in the deep sea. In: Phillips, RC., McRoy, C.P. (Eds.), Handbook of Zieman, lC., Wood, EJ.F. 1975. Effects of thermal pollution on Seagrass Biology: An Ecosystem Perspective. Garland STPM tropical-type estuaries with emphasis on Biscayne Bay, Florida. Press, New York, pp. 199-224. In: Wood, EJ.F., Johannes, RC. (Eds.), Tropical Marine Pollution. Elsevier Oceanography Series, Vol. 12. Wood, EJ.F., Odum, WE., Zieman, lC. 1969. Influence of seagrasses on the productivity of coastal lagoons. In: Ayala, Zieman, lC., Wetzel, RG. 1980. Productivity in seagrasses: C.A., Phleger, F.B. (Eds.), Lagunas Costeras, un Simposio. methods and rates. In: Phillips, RC., McRoy, C.P.(Eds.), Memorias del Simposio Intemacional sobre las Lagunas Costeras. Handbook of Seagrass Biology: An Ecosystem Perspective. UNAM-UNESCO, 28-30 November 1967, pp. 495-502. Garland STPM Press, New York, pp. 87-116.

274 MARINE ATLAS BIBLIOGRAPHY & EDITORIAL NOTES

REFERENCE LIST OF THE ABBREVIATED NAMES OF THE Int. J. Remote Sensing = International Journal of Remote SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS REPORTED IN BffiLIOGRAPHY Sensing Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. = Internationale Revue der Gesamte Am. Sci. = American Scientist Hydrobiologie Aquat. Bot. = Aquatic Botany J. Fac. Sci. UA.E. Univ. = Journal of Faculty of Science Arab Gulf J. Scient. Res. = Arab Gulf Journal of Scientific of UA.E. University Research J. Geol. = Journal of Geology Aust. Wildl. Res. = Australian Wildlife Research J. Sed. Petrol. = Journal of Sedimentary Petrology Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. = Bulletin of the American Museum Limnol. Oceanogr. =Limnology and Oceanography of Natural History Mar. BioI. = Marine Biology Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. =Bulletin of Environmental Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. = Marine Ecology Progressive Series Contamination and TOxicology Mar. Freshwater Res . = Marine and Freshwater Research Bull. Florida State Mus. = Bulletin of the Florida Museum Mar. Poll. Bull. = Marine Pollution Bulletin of Natural History (Biological Sciences) New York Fish. Game J. = New York Fisheries Game Journal Caribbean Res. Inst. Water Pollution Rept. = Caribbean Rep. Danske BioI. Stn. = Report Danske Biologiske Station Research Institute, Water Pollution Report Smithsonian Contr. Mar. Sci. =Smithsonian Contribution to Deep-Sea Res . = Deep-Sea Research the Marine Sciences Environ. Conserv. = Environmental Conservation Theor. Appl. Genetics = Theoretical and Applied Genetics Environ. Poll. = Environmental Pollution US Fish Wildl. ServoBioI. Rep. = US. Fish and Wildlife Fla. Dept. of Nat. Resources. Tech. Ser. = Florida Department Service Biological Report of Natural Resources Technical Series Verh. Deutch. Zool. Gesell. = Verhandlungen der Deutschen Fla. Sci. = Florida Scientist Zoologische Gesellschaft

275 MARINE ATLAS OF ABU DHABI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the President of the United Arab Emirates, Dr. Peter Bridgewater, Division of Ecological Sciences, UNESCO, H.H. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, for his commitment Abdul Rahman al-Muftah, UNESCO consultant, Dr. Benno Boer, to protecting the environment of the United Arab Emirates and UNESCO Regional Office in the Arab States of the Gulf, and to H.H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Crown Prince Mr. Peter Hellyer, Abu Dhabi Islands Archaeological Survey, are of Abu Dhabi and Deputy Supreme Commander of the Armed thanked for their valuable comments on the manuscript. Forces, for his support of environmental programmes throughout Abu Dhabi Emirate. The successful completion of the Marine Atlas would not have been possible without the valuable assistance of many organisations and We would like to thank H.H. Sheikh Sultan bin Zayed Al individuals, and we are especially grateful to the following: Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates, and Chairman of the Emirates Heritage Club, for his great UAE Ministry of Communications - Department of Meteorology enthusiasm and constant support in undertaking the Marine Atlas Program. We also thank H.H. Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed UAE Ministry of Interior Al Nahyan, Mhrister of State for Foreign Mfairs and Deputy Sharjah Police Airwing Chairman of the Environmental Research and Wildlife Abu Dhabi Police Airwing Development Agency, ERWDA, for providing field assistance during the atlas surveys. GHQ, UAE Armed Forces UAE Coast Guard The editors thank the Emirates Heritage Club for their support and assistance, and especially the Marine Atlas Higher The Private Department of the President of the United Arab Committee, consisting of Ahmed Ali Al Rumaithy, Omar Al Emirates, H.H. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan. Muhairby, Abdulmonem Darwish, Adel Al Rashid, Adnan Al Hosani, Saeed Al Muhairi, Sanad Saif, and meetings' The Private Department of the Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi, coordinator Adnan Al Mawed. We also thank other members of and Deputy Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces, the staff of the Commission of Environmental Research for their H.H. Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan. dedication and valuable contributions throughout the Atlas Program, including Abdulkareem Hassan Al Ali and Salem Abu Dhabi Aviation Adnan Wrdyani. Also, we thank the Zayed Center for History and Heritage for their assistance in reviewing and editing Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) material. Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (ADMA-OPCO)

We are pleased to ext~nd our appreciation to the following names who have helped in editing the Marine Atlas: Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) Mr. Ronald A. Loughland Dr. Fatima S. Al Muhairi Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Sharjah Mr. Sanad S. Fadel Dr. Ahmed M. Almehdi Environmental Research and Wildlife Development Agency Mr. Peter Hellyer (ERWDA)

And to extend our appreciation to the National Bank of Abu Federal Environment Agency Dhabi and The Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank for their financial contribution. Japanese Oil Development Company (JODCO)

276 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND EDITORIAL NOTES

PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS FIGURE PAGE 278 . Flight of greater flamingos Zakum Development Company (ZADCO) Photographs, unless otherwise credited, copyright by The at sunset. And to the following individuals, institutions and private Emirates Heritage Club, Abu Dhabi. Other photographs are companies in the United Arab Emirates and overseas: individually credited to the follOwing authors (Legend: t = top, b = bottom, r = right, 1 = left): Ahmed S. Massasati, Ph.D Associate Professor, Department of Geography, UAE University S. Aspinall: pp. 176;210;220;221;230;236-237 Martin Middle East Abu Dhabi Simon Culshaw M. Beech: pp. 174; 175; 177; Map 10 Sirenia, Abu Dhabi Sun Divers Abu Dhabi D. George: pp. 24 t, b; 26; 32-33; 40; 67t; 94; 97; 102-103; R. Klaus, Warwick University 105; 106; 107; 108; 111; 112-113; 114-115; 116; 119; The Natural History Museum, London 120-121; 124; Map 5; 132-133; 138-139; 140; 143; 144; 145; The staff of LET, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Terrestre de Toulouse, 149; 150; 153; 154; 155; 157; 170 (5,7); 171; 183;246-247; France, for allowing us to use their facilities, and, iJ;l particular, 251 t r; 251 b r; 252. Jean-Luc Cryon and Daniel Lacaze for creating the maps and Maria France for facilitating and solving all the logistic C. Harris: pp. 158; 162-163; 191; 197; 198-199;232-233; problems. 244;245

We would also like to thank the UAE students who participated P. Hellyer: pp. 44; 45; 46; 48-49; 50; Map 2 in the Marine Adas Workshops. John Nowell/Zodiac Publishing: pp. 214-215; Map 12; Map 13; Map 14; 278

Panda PhotolBios/Greth: p. 250 b r

A. Preen: pp. 208; 209; 240bl

P. Saenger: pp. 61b; 68; Map 3

Ch. Sheppard: p. 39, Map 4

E. Trainito: pp. 184;188-189; 202; 206-207; 211; Map 15

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