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Biological Sciences Spring 2015

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Biological Sciences Spring 2015 BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SPRING 2015 Developing a new crop for the 21st century Director’s message These are exciting times at Illinois State By John Sedbrook, associate professor of genetics University and I’m thrilled to be the direc- A defining feature of the Central Illinois is its seemingly endless fields of corn and soybeans. tor of a dynamic These fields are part of the Midwest Corn Belt, which totals 80 million acres of the rich- and vibrant school. est farmland in the world, a vestige of tall grass prairies from years past. While the summer These are certainly months are reserved for growing corn and soybeans, the students in my lab in collaboration tough fiscal times with others are working to put these in the state and acres to good use during the fall at ISU, but we are through spring months by domes- grateful that biol- ticating a harmless weed commonly ogy’s popularity known as pennycress. among students Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense) is a remains high. Dur- close relative of canola and holds tre- Director Craig Gatto mendous agronomic and economic ing a time when potential due to its unique combina- many colleges and universities are expe- tion of attributes, including an over- riencing significantly declining student wintering growth habit, extreme cold enrollment, ISU had the largest freshmen tolerance, rapid growth, and natural class in history. I’m happy to report that ability to produce copious amounts biology contributed to the institutional of seeds high in oil and protein growth with a 10 percent increase in the content. Pennycress can be planted in number of our majors. We believe that our A field of pennycress growing near the Bloomington the fall near the time of corn harvest airport (early May). Sedbrook and colleagues recently newly developed sequences have played received a $1 million USDA grant to develop pennycress and harvested the following spring a part in this growth after seven years of in time for soybeans planting, having as a new winter annual oilseed cover crop. level enrollment. The productivity of our the potential to generate as much as talented faculty is such that the university 2 billion gallons of oil annually in the U.S. without displacing food crops or requiring land use changes. An added benefit of pennycress is that it serves as ground cover that limits soil continues to invest in success, and we are erosion and nutrient run off from fields otherwise left fallow. well prepared for the future. Andres Vidal, Pennycress seed oil has a variety of uses as biodiesel, jet fuels, and specialty chemicals a molecular neuroscientist, joined our feedstocks, in consumer products, as well as an ingredient in foods and feed. While holding faculty in January and we are recruiting a tremendous potential as a new oilseed cover crop, wild pen- new colleague in the area of immunology. nycress strains are hampered by inconsistent seed germination Our faculty continues to actively and suboptimal oils quality. The students in my lab, along contribute to their scholarly professions with colleagues at the University of Minnesota and Western via scientific investigation. Their research Illinois University, were recently awarded a $1 million grant programs are sustained by the talented from the USDA to develop genetic resources that can be used graduate and undergraduate students in to improve these and other pennycress traits. our programs who are generating data To provide a perspective of the potential of pennycress, and sharing those findings with the scien- its close relative canola was virtually non-existent before the tific community at national and interna- tional conferences. More critically, the rate A hoverfly (Toxomerus geminatus; syrphid fly) visiting flowers of a pennycress plant. Hoverfly larvae prey on insect pests including of peer-reviewed articles published by aphids (a pest of soybeans). Continued on Page 2 Continued on Page 2 Director’s message continued from Page 1 New Crop continued from Page 1 our faculty and students continues to be among the best in the college. Specifi- cally, ISU biology students and faculty presented their works at 76 scientific meetings last year and published 62 manuscripts (56 of which had one or more ISU students as authors). My first four years as director have flown by, and in hindsight it is easy to see why. We have made many advances in the school during this brief period. We have recruited seven new tenure track Michaela Lottes, a Ph.D. student, working with A pennycress seedpod, broken open to reveal John Fleming, one of eight undergraduates in faculty and three new support staff, its seeds, which contain 34 percent oil and 19 the Sedbrook lab percent protein by dry weight. overhauled the curriculum, upgraded all of our classroom technology, and 1970s. Now, canola is planted on 20 million acres annually in Canada and the U.S. plains added more than $1 million dollars of states, constituting a multi-billion dollar a year industry. Canola was made possible by two new equipment for research. The School mutations in rapeseed, its progenitor. One mutation reduced the erucic acid content of the of Biological Sciences stands as one of seed oil, while the other reduced the presence of the defense compound sinigrin. Erucic acid the most active on campus in terms of is a long-chain fatty acid thought to be unhealthy to eat. Interestingly, sinigrin (a glucosino- undergraduate and graduate teaching, late) is what gives horseradish the pungent taste that people love or hate. publications produced, and research dol- Given that pennycress is closely related to canola and to the model plant Arabidop- lars obtained (nearly $2 million in fiscal sis, the tremendous amount of knowledge that has been acquired in those systems can be year 2014). With the influx of new faculty directly translated to improving pennycress. That knowledge, in combination with cutting- and students, we expect to maintain edge DNA sequencing technologies that are now affordable, should allow us to domesticate this trajectory as we continue moving pennycress within a timeframe of years instead of the hundreds or even thousands of years it took to domesticate other crops. forward. This is an exciting time to be a biologist, given the wealth of information at our finger- We want to continue to brag about tips, which we can apply toward solving some of the world’s most pressing problems. For the School of Biological Sciences, and example, it has been projected that by 2030 the equivalent of two earths will be required to there is nothing we like to brag about sustain human consumption. Not only could pennycress be grown as a food and feed crop more than the success of our alumni. Stay throughout temperate regions of the world to help feed a burgeoning population, using connected (or reconnect) with us, and let pennycress oil-derived biodiesel and jet fuels would help displace the burning of fossil fuels, us know where you are and what you are thereby mitigating climate change without causing ecosystems-damaging land use changes. doing. We would love to hear from you. It is my hope that our work with pennycress will contribute to bringing about a sustainable You can simply send me an email or Like future for generations to come in Illinois and throughout the world. us on Facebook. If you are ever in the Bloomington-Normal area please stop in and say hello. Spore killer in fungi to neurons in crabs Wishing you much success, Undergraduate perform original research, preparing for their careers Austin Harvey and Tyler Malone are biological sciences undergraduates Craig Gatto, Ph.D. Director, School of Biological Sciences working in the genomics research lab of Thomas Hammond, assistant professor in the school of biological sciences. Harvey has been working with Hammond for the past two years studying a gene called “Spore killer” in Neurospora fungi. Spore killer is a rare example of a selfish gene that increases its frequency in popula- tions by killing individuals that do not Tyler Malone and Austin Harvey are observing spores of Our faculty and graduate students fall 2014 carry it within their chromosomes. Neurospora. 2 School of Biological Sciences These selfish genes appear to evolve in all eukaryotic organisms, including mice, fruit flies, New faculty maize, and possibly even humans. Harvey’s work focuses on identifying and characterizing We welcome Andrés Vidal-Gadea as an how Spore killer spreads throughout populations of Neurospora, and his work has recently been published in the prestigious journal, Genetics. Harvey’s experience performing cutting- assistant professor of molecular neu- edge research in the Hammond lab has inspired him to pursue a Ph.D. in biological sciences. roethology in Malone has been studying a process called meiosis in the Hammond lab for nearly a the School of year. Meiosis is critical for transmitting undamaged chromosomes from parents to offspring Biological Sci- in most organisms; and in humans it is required for the production of healthy sperm and egg ences. A native cells. During meiosis, similar chromosomes are paired together through a process that is not of Uruguay, well understood. Malone uses Neurospora crassa as a model in hopes to better understand this Vidal-Gadea chromosome pairing process. In addition to his work on meiosis, Malone helps the lab study obtained his large datasets by writing custom computer programs. Recently, Malone used these skills to B.Sc. from the analyze datasets in two different projects in the Hammond lab, one of which was published University of with him as a co-author. Malone is double majoring in biological sciences and mathematics, Andrés Vidal-Gadea Victoria in Brit- and is planning on pursuing a Ph.D.
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