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Metascience Powered by Microsoft* 9/11/19 Metascience Powered by Microsoft* 1 9/11/19 Science is a Process This figure from www.sciencebuddies.org is the first thing that popus up in a google search for scientific method’ Science is done by People “Smiling Group Of Scientists In Modern Laboratory With Female Leader, Mix Race Team Of Scientific Researchers In Lab Wearing White Coats And Protective Glasses” 2 9/11/19 Science Matters https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/08/05/5-key-findings-about-public-trust-in-scientists-in-the-u-s/ How do we study Science? Science & Technology Information Studies Science Bibliometrics Metascience Scientometrics Infometrics Science of Science 3 9/11/19 Scientometrics: the field of The science of science (SciSci) places the measuring and analyzing the practice of science itself under the scientific literature, the impact of microscope, leading to a quantitative papers and journals, understanding of the genesis of scientific understanding scientific citations, discovery, creativity, and practice and using these such measurements developing tools and policies aimed at for policy and management accelerating scientific progress. Metascience: the use of scientific methodology to study science itself. It uses research methods to study how research is done and where improvements can be made. Metascience “provides insights into the conditions underlying creativity and the genesis of scientific discovery, with the ultimate goal of developing tools and policies that have the potential to accelerate science.” Fortunato et al. 2018, Science DATA + ANALYSIS (“big data”+ computational tools) DATA + ANALYSIS 4 9/11/19 “Scientists’ choice of research problems affects primarily their individual careers and the careers of those reliant on them. Scientists’ collective choices, however, determine the direction of scientific discovery more broadly” The sensory-evaluation team in action at UK testing lab Reading Scientific Services. Credit: RSSL Research Foci (examples) Novelty: the origin and diffusion of new ideas a–c, For research articles (24,174,022 WOS articles published between 1954 and 2014), patents (2,548,038 US patents assigned between 2002 and 2014) and software (26,900 GitHub repositories uploaded between 2011 and 2014), median citations (red curves, indexed by right y axis) increase with team size whereas the average disruption percentile (green curves, indexed by left y axis) decreases with team size. Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology (Wu et al. 2019. Nature) 5 9/11/19 Scientific Careers and the factors that shape them (A) Publication record of three Nobel laureates in physics. The horizontal axis indicates the number of years after a laureate’s first publication, each circle corresponds to a research paper, and the height of the circle represents the paper’s impact, quantified by c10, the number of citations after 10 years. The highest-impact paper of a laureate is denoted with an orange circle. (B) Histogram of the occurrence of the highest-impact paper in a scientist’s sequence of publications, calculated for 10,000 scientists. The flatness of the histogram indicates that the highest-impact work can be, with the same probability, anywhere in the sequence of papers published by a scientist (49). Fig. 3 Impact in scientific careers. How scientists work: collaboration within and across disciplines Fig. 4 Size and impact of teams. Mean team size has been steadily growing over the past century. The red dashed curves represent the mean number of coauthors over all papers; the black curves consider just those papers receiving more citations than the average for the field. Black curves are systematically above the dashed red ones, meaning that high-impact work is more likely to be produced by large teams than by small ones. Each panel corresponds to one of the three main disciplinary groups of papers indexed in the WoS: (A) science and engineering, (B) social sciences, and (C) arts and humanities. 6 9/11/19 Measuring the impact of scientific productivity Fig. 5 Universality in citation dynamics. (B) Citation history of four papers published in Physical Review in 1964, selected for their distinct dynamics, displaying a “jump-decay” pattern (blue), experiencing a delayed peak (magenta), attracting a constant number of citations over time (green), or acquiring an increasing number of citations each year (red). Fig. 5 Universality in citation dynamics. (A) The citation distributions of papers published in the same discipline and year lie on the same curve for most disciplines, if the raw number of citations c of each paper is divided by the average number of citations c0 over all papers in that discipline and year. The dashed line is a lognormal fit. [Adapted from (69)] Novelty: the origin and diffusion of new ideas Measuring the impact of scientific productivity Scientific Careers and the factors that shape them How scientists work: collaboration within and across disciplines 7.
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