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American Cretaceous Ferns of the Genus Tempskya

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American Cretaceous Ferns of the Genus Tempskya If you do not need this report after it has served your purpose, please return it to the Geological Survey, using the official mailing label at the end UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Harold L. Ickes, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. C. Mendenhall, Director Professional Paper 186-F AMERICAN CRETACEOUS FERNS OF THE GENUS TEMPSKYA BY CHARLES B. READ AND ROLAND W. BROWN Shorter contributions to general geology, 1936 (Pages 105-131) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1937 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. ------ Price 15 cents CONTENTS Page Abstract._-_____-__-____-_-_--_-_-_-_-_________-__ 105 Systematic descriptions—Continued. Introduction __ _____________________________________ 105 Tempskyaceae—Continued. Page Historical account.__________________________________ 106 Tempskya sp___-________-_-____-__-__--_--_ 119 Bibliography._.__-__-_-.-____-_---________-_--______ 107 Synopsis. _________--__-_-__-___-__----_---_--_ 119 Systematic descriptions.____________________________ 108 Taxonomic position______________-_______-_--__---_- 120 Tempskyaceae.________________________________ 108 Affinities of Tempskya....----------------------- 120 Genus Tempskya Corda (emend.)____________ 108 Interrelationships of the species__________________ 122 Tempskya knowltoni Seward------_-__-----_-_ 112 Probable habit of Tempskya- ________________________ 122 Tempskya grandis Read and Brown, n. sp_____ 114 Stratigraphic significance of the Tempskyaceae- ._______ 124 Tempskya minor Read and Brown, n. sp_______ 117 Conclusions _._____________-_______-_--_----__---___ 129 Tempskya whitei Berry______________________ 119 ILLUSTRATIONS Page Page PLATE 27. Chart showing occurrence of Tempskya,---., 124 FIGURE 4. Sketch of Tempskya minor Read and Brown, 28-43. Species of the genus Tempskya.-- _______ 131 n. sp., showing the prominently dorsiven­ FIGURE 2. Sketch of a transverse section of Tempskya tral orientation of the stems in the false knowltoni Seward showing the dorsiventral trunk_ ________________________________ 108 orientation of the stems in the root mass__ 108 5. Sketches showing in diagrammatic fashion the 3. Sketch of a transversely cut face of Tempskya development of the leaf trace in Tempskya.. 109 grandis Read and Brown, n. sp., showing 6. Map showing Tempskya localities in the United the radial orientation of the dorsiventral States________--________-____-____.-_ 125 stems in the false trunk_________________ 108 AMERICAN CRETACEOUS FERNS OF THE GENUS TEMPSKYA By CHARLES B. READ and ROLAND W. BROWN ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The Tempskyas are a group of ferns, known at present from In the annals of paleobotany the genus Tempskya remains of stems, leaf bases, and roots found in rocks of Cre­ taceous age in Europe and North America. They were first has long occupied a very speculative position. It recorded in 1824 by Stokes and Webb under the name Endo- was reported under the name Endogenites as early genites. In 1845 Corda, after examination of similar material as 1824 and elevated to its present status as the genus from Bohemia, established Tempskya as a genus, and some Tempskya in 1845, but its true nature was not realized years later the identity of Stokes and Webb's specimens became until 1911. Since then there has been some progress known. During the later part of the nineteenth century several investigators, among them Feistmantel, Velenovsky, and by way of occasional contributions tending to show Seward, had occasion to deal with the genus. Owing to the the diversification of the genus.. However, several very poor preservation of most of the specimens the investigators important issues remain to be decided. There are were not able to recognize the true nature of the materials, conflicting points of view concerning the habit and although they were admitted to be fern stems. The prevalent taxonomic position of Tempskya among the ferns. opinion was that the structure was similar to that of Protopteris. In 1911 Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan published a study of It is the purpose of the writers of this paper to review a well-preserved Tempskya from the Ural Mountains and defi­ the genus and the various opinions that have been nitely established the fact that in Tempskya the large trunklike expressed concerning it. New material from the mass that is commonly preserved consists of an aggregate of western United States is described, some of which has stems bound together by a thick mat of roots into a false trunk. a significant bearing on the habits of the genus. Temp­ In America the first record of Tempskya was made in 1911, when Berry described Tempskya whitei from the Patapsco skya knowltoni Seward has been redescribed, not formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Maryland. In 1924 Seward because of any fault in Seward's account but because published an account of a very well preserved specimen from of the desirability of emphasizing the distinctive what is now known to be the Colorado shale (Upper Cretaceous) characters of this fossil by way of contrast in making near Harlowton, Mont. In that contribution considerable the specific differentiation of the other materials. space was devoted to an analysis of habit and affinities, and the conclusion was reached that the false trunk was subterranean, Little attempt has been made in the past to discuss obliquely ascending, and that the plant was of schizaeaceous the stratigraphic range of Tempskya. The writers affinities. have essayed to compile the facts concerning its occur­ The present paper sets forth the generic characters and, after rence hi an effort to estimate the value of the several presenting a summary of Tempskya knowltoni Seward, describes species as age indexes. Tempskya grandis, Tempskya minor, and Tempskya sp. from The assistance and encouragement of the officials of strata of Upper Cretaceous age in western Wyoming and adjacent portions of Idaho and Utah. A few observations are made the United States Geological Survey in the prepara­ on Tempskya whitei Berry. All these species conform to the tion of this report is acknowledged with pleasure. generic diagnosis based on Tempskya rossica as regards the J. B. Reeside, Jr., has been especially interested in the dorsiventral stems, the siphonosteles, the two-ranked leaves, and work and has given many valuable suggestions. The the diarch roots. All have developed the false-trunk habit. It is shown that this false trunk may be dorsiventral or radial late Dr. David White likewise cheerfully contributed in its symmetry and that this symmetry appears to be constant advice and constructive criticism. G. R. Mansfield, within a species. It is suggested that the radially arranged W. W. Rubey, and J. S. Williams, of the Geological false trunks must have stood upright and that the dorsiventral Survey, Prof. G. R. Wieland, of Yale University, and false 'trunk may have been characteristic of lianalike or cliff- Prof. S. H. Knight, of the University of Wyoming, climbing ferns, or even of partial epiphytes. False trunks of a have collected most of the new material during the similar type are not known among either modern ferns or other groups of fossil ferns. course of various geologic investigations in south­ The problem of the exact affinities of Tempskya is not solved. eastern Idaho and adjacent parts of Wyoming. Dr. Tempskya is unquestionably one of the Leptosporangiatae and R. S. Bassler has generously permitted the preparation may be related to any one of several families. A temporary of several unusually large thin sections in the labora­ family, the Tempskyaceae, is erected for the genus. tories of the United States National Museum, and The stratigraphic range of the genus appears to be from lower­ most Lower Cretaceous to Senonian. In western America it is K. J. Murata has prepared most of the excellent apparently restricted to the Colorado group. sections of the new material here illustrated. 105 106 SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1936 HISTORICAL ACCOUNT In 1872 Feistmantel 7 suggested that Tempskya was The earliest record of Tempskya that the writers not a genus but rather a mode of preservation of several have been able to find is an account of Endogenites distinct types of fern stems. Protopteris sternbergii erosa given by Stokes and Webb : in 1824 in their Corda was suggested as one species that might be corre­ report on plant material collected in Tilgate Forest by lated with tempskyoid preservation. This opinion is Mantell. As the generic name indicates, the silicified very interesting and seems to have made a profound remains were regarded as monocotyledonous forms, impression on contemporary investigators, for several possibly palms. In 1832 Cotta 2 referred similar papers were soon published in support of this theory. material to Porosus marginatus and differed with Stokes Velenovsky 8 accepted this view and produced new and Webb in pronouncing the material to be portions evidence which seemed to corroborate this interpreta­ of a large fern stem. In the following year this same tion. opinion was expressed by Mantell 3 after a careful A very valuable account of the literature on Temp­ examination of the specimens that he had collected skya is given by Seward in his catalog of Wealden about 10 years before. In 1836 Fitton gave an account plants.9 Feistmantel's ideas were questioned but not of similar materials found near Hastings and referred definitely discarded. Seward's general conclusions them to Endogenites erosa. are as follows: In 1845 a noteworthy contribution was made by In Tempskya schimperi we have masses of branched diarch Unger,4 who inclined to the opinion that Endogenites fern roots associated with petiole axes, which occasionally afford evidence of branching; probably some forms of Tempskya and erosa was simply a mode of preservation of Protopteris Protopteris are very closely related, if not identical plants; but, and introduced evidence in support of this idea. so far as English specimens are concerned, there is an absence of In the same year Corda 5 published the results of his any direct proof of such organic connection between the two observations on large collections of petrifications and fossils, as Feistmantel and Velenovsky have previously suggested.
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