DOCSLIB.ORG

Integrated Physiology—Insulin Secretion in Vivo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Integrated Physiology—Insulin Secretion in Vivo INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY—INSULINCATEGORY SECRETION IN VIVO the elevated blood glucose and oral glucose challenge induced hyperglycemia in HFD+STZ rats. Interestingly, GLP-1 analogue but not sitagliptin signifi cantly reduced the body weight/fat mass and fasted plasma insulin. The major mechanism of action for GLP-1 analogue and DPPIV inhibitor in treatment of diabetes is to improve the pancreatic β-cell function and promotion of β-cell regeneration. Consistent to the observations in humans, the present study demonstrated the effi cacy differences on effect of pancreatic β-cell function and mass with GLP-1 analogue and DPPIV inhibitor. These results showed that we have established a sensitive model for the evaluation of novel drugs on pancreatic β-cell function and mass. 2847-PO Ketosis-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Had Better Islet β-Cell Function and More Serious Insulin Resistance LINGLING ZOU, HONGYUN LU, YINGJUAN ZENG, SHUNKUI LUO, YING SUN, HONG LIU, LIAO SUN, Guangzhou, China This case control study was aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY—INSULIN SECRETION and β-cell function of ketosis-onset type 2 diabetes, and provide evidence for IN VIVO treatment selection. 122 cases of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients were divided into two groups based on the presence of urine acetone bodies 2845-PO (51cases) or not (71cases). We collected their clinical and C-peptide (CP) data, WITHDRAWN calculated the area under the curve(AUC)during CP release test. Insulin resis- tance index (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function index (HOMA-β) were used to estimate insulin sensitivity and β-cell function.We found that compared with non-ketosis group, Fasting CP, 0.5hCP, 3hCP, AUC of ketosis group were sig- nifi cantly higher (P<0.05) [Fig.1].Insulin resistance in ketosis group was more obvious (HOMA-IR, ketosis vs. non-ketosis group: 3.04±0.19 vs. 2.58±0.10, P<0.05) and β-cell function injury was less slight than non-ketosis group (HOMA-β, ketosis vs. non-ketosis group: 35.89±4.62 vs. 25.16±2.71, P<0.05). Plasma triglyceride level in ketosis group was signifi cantly higher than non- ketosis group (2.34±0.23mmol/L vs.1.86±0.11mmol/L, P<0.05), and the percent- age complicated with fatty liver was also higher (ketosis vs. non-ketosis group 54.90% vs. 36.62%, P<0.01). In conclusion, compared with non-ketosis onset type 2 diabetic patients, ketosis-onset patients had better islet β-cell function and more serious insulin resistance which may be caused by liptoxicity. 2846-PO 2848-PO A Rat Model for Later Phase Diabetes—Effi cacy Assessments of WITHDRAWN DPPIV Inhibitor and GLP-1 Analogue HONG LI, ZHAOHONG WANG, WENLING YIN, JISONG CUI, Beijing, China The present study was aimed to establish a rat model that refl ects the later phase T2DM in humans, especially in patients with decreased pancreatic β-cell function and mass. Effects of a GLP-1 analogue and sitagliptin on the improvement of impaired β-cell function/mass and other diabetic parameters Obesity were assessed in this model. SD rats were divided into 4 groups: (1) healthy control (HC) fed by chow; (2) rats fed by high fat diet (HFD) followed a single PUBLISHED ONLY dose of Streptozotocin (STZ), designated as HFD+STZ then treated with Integrated Physiology/ vehicle; (3) HFD+STZ treated with GLP-1 analogue 1mg/kg; or (4) with sita- gliptin 450 mg/kg once daily for 14 days. Pancreatic β-cell function and mass were evaluated by hyperglycemia clamp and insulin/Ki67 immunohistochem- ical staining. OGTT, body weight & composition, food & water intake, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels were measured. By 2-steps hyperglycemia clamp, the maximal insulin secretion (ng/ml) in HC rats (group 1) was 3.5±0.9, which was decreased to 0.9±0.3 in group 2 rats. The impaired insulin secretion was recovered to 3.5±0.7 in the rats given GLP-1 analogue (group 3) and 2.2±0.1 in the rats given sitagliptin (group 4), respectively. Histology fi ndings confi rmed the functional evaluation. Additionally, both medicines signifi cantly decreased ADA-Funded Research For author disclosure information, see page 829. A723 INTEGRATEDCATEGORY PHYSIOLOGY—LIVER 2851-PO Research on Insulin Resistance and the Function of Islet α,β-Cells in Elderly Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Reaction of DDP-IV Inhibitors Before and After Treatment REN MIN, CHEN SHU, ZHANG MIN, WANG JUNKANG, Chengdu, China Methods: Fasting plasma glucose( FPG) ,fasting serum insulin( FNS) , C- peptide and glucagon were measured in 30 elderly patients 2 DM (Group A) respectively. Homeostasis model assessment- insulin resistance index (HOMA- IR) and insulin sensitivity index ( ISI) were applied to assess the status of insulin resistance, HOM A-βwas used to assess the basic function of islet βcells. Glucagon was used to assess the basic function of islet αcells. These values were compared with 30 healthy seniors (Group B),30 IGT 2849-PO (Impaired Glucose Tolerance) seniors (Group C),30 newly diagnosed patients A Cross-Discipline Survey Study: After the Wen Chuan Mega-Quake (Group D). Then give the treatment of DPP-IV inhibitors (sitagliptin 100mg qd) 3 Years the Infl uence of the Local Residents’ Stress on Pancreatic to patients in Group A for 3 months, observe the reaction of DPP-IV inhibitors Cell Function before and after treatment, include serum insulin,glucagon and C-peptide WANG JUN KANG, CHEN SHU, ZHANG XUE JUN, Chengdu, China levels. Results: The level of C-peptide and ISI and HOMA-βin Group A were Objective: To observe the infl uence of stress to mega-quakes on pancreatic lower than in other groups. But the level of glucagon was higher than in other cell function of the people in the 5.12 earthquake area after 3 years. Methods: groups. There were very signifi cant differences between T2DM group and The G1 group (1000) people lived in the Wenchuan area for over 3 years after other groups ( P< 0. 05) . In patients treated with DPP-IV inhibitors showed the earthquake. G2 group (1000) people lived in the temporary board rooms that the level of serum glucagon ascent and the level of C-peptide and ISI and in the Wen chuan area for over six months after the earthquake. G3 group HOMA-βdescent. Conclusion: Elderly patients 2DM have obvious insulin (800) was the residents of Chengdu city. Understanding stress condition by resistance and islet cells dysfunction and high-level glucagon. Hyperisuline- self-made meter.Fasting blood glucose (FPG), Fasting insulin (FIns), proinsulin, mia with low C- peptide level may exist in elderly patients with type 2 diabe- C-peptide, glucagon and glucocorticoid were measured. The insulin resistance tes mellitus. This study suggests that insulin resistance and islet cells dysfunc- was evaluated by HOMA-IR. The β-cell function was assessed by HOMA-β. tion may play a key role in glycometabolism disorder in elderly patient with Results: In the G1 group, 81 examples were diagnosed with diabetes mel- type 2 diabetes mellitus. DPP-IV inhibitors may play an important part in the litus, the morbidity is 10.12%; In the G2 group, 104 examples were diagnosed treatment of elderly patients 2DM. with diabetes mellitus, the morbidity is 10.40%. In the G3 group, 102 examples were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, the morbidity is 10.20%. G2 group were higher than the prevalence rates of G3 group, (P<0.05). Risk factor INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY—LIVER analysis in the G3 Group found that obesity (OR 1.24) glucagon (OR2.13), glu- cocorticoid (OR 1.67), stress (OR1.32) were risk factors for insulin resistance 2852-PO (P<0.05). Age, (OR1.24) obesity (OR2.13), glucocorticoid (OR1.67), stress Multiple Nuclear Receptors Regulate Hepatic Gck Expression (OR1.32) were the islet secretion functions to reduce risk factors (P<0.05). through the Retinoic Acid Responsive Element in its Promoter Conclusions: The earthquake stress causes the island of Alpha cell secretion RUI LI, YANG LI, RUI ZHANG, GUOXUN CHEN, Knoxville, TN dysfunction, the Beta cell secretion decrease, the insulin resistance increases. The hepatic glucokinase (gene, Gck) plays a critical role in glucose homeo- Relieve stress and intervention may prevent diabetes and development. stasis. We have reported that retinoids synergize with insulin to induce Gck expression in primary rat hepatocytes. Here, we determine the retinoic acid 2850-PO responsive element (RARE) in the hepatic Gck promoter, and the transcription Restoration of the First-Phase Insulin Secretion and a Decline in Fat factors binding to it. A series of Gck promoter reporter gene constructs were Mass are Predictors for Achieving Long-Term Glycemic Control after made. Their responses to retinoic acid (RA) were analyzed using dual luciferase Early Intensive Insulin Therapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed assay. Electrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and super-shift assays were used Type 2 Diabetes to analyze the protein binding activities in rat liver nuclear extract (NE). The JANG WON SON, HEE SUN KWON, SEONG SU LEE, SUNG RAE KIM, SOON JIB effects of these nuclear receptors on Gck expression were determined using YOO, Bucheon, Republic of Korea recombinant adenovirus-mediated over-expression in the absence or presence Recently, early intensive insulin therapy (IIT) was reported to improve β-cell of RA and insulin. We observed that RA and RA + insulin, not insulin, activated function and induce long-term remission in patients with newly diagnosed the reporter gene constructs containing 1 to 0.2 kb of the Gck promoter frag- type 2 diabetes. However, the possible mechanisms responsible for this ments in primary hepatocytes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Infantile Cirrhosis of the Liver
    INFANTILE CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER P. KRISHNA RAO, B.SC., M.B.B.S., D.T.M. • H. (Eng.) (Pathologist, Victoria, Vani Vilas and Minta Hospitals, and Lecturer in Pathology and Bacteriology, University Medical School, Bangalore) Received July 16, 1941 CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION .... 310 CLINICAL FEATURES .... 313 LABORATORY FINDINGS .. 314 MORBID ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY 318 DISCUSSION .... 321 iEtiology .... 321 Type of Cirrhosis .... 326 Formation of Cirrhosis .. 332 SUMMARY .... 335 ACKNOWLEDGMENT .... 336 BIBLIOGRAPHY .... 337 Introduction PHYSICIANS and Pathologists in India have interested themselves in the study of the "Infantile Cirrhosis of the Liver" in view of the appalling mortality of the children claimed by this disease; yet our knowledge of the a~tiology and pathology of the disease is singularly defective. A case report by Sen in 1887 at the Calcutta Medical Association is, so far as I am aware, the first contribution to the literature on the subject, and he has described the disease as " a peculiar enlargement of the liver in young children only, both male and female, without any enlarge- ment of the spleen and associated with low fever, gradual emaciation, loss of appetite, sallow complexion and very slight jaundice, but not in all" In the discussion that followed the case report, Ghose, Coomer, Rakhaldas Ghose, Devendranath Dey, Bannerjee, Ahmed, Gibbons, Mcleod and Birch participated and the conclusions arrived at were as follows :-- (i) Infantile Cirrhosis of the liver was undoubtedly a peculiar disease found only amongst Indian children of the rich and the poor families alike. 310 Infantile Cirrhosis of tke Liver 311 (ii) The probable causative factors were the over-feeding of the children and bad hygenic conditions in which they were brought up.
    [Show full text]
  • Points to Remember
    Points To Remember Digestion : The process in alimentary canal by which the complex food is converted mechanically and biochemically into simple substances suitable for absorption and assimilation. Food : A substance which on taken and digested in the body provides material for growth, repair, energy, reproduction, resistance from disease or regulation of body processes. Thecodont : The teeth embedded in the sockets of the jaw bone, e.g., in mammals. Diphyodont : The teeth formed twice in life time e.g., in mammals. Heterodont : An adult human has 32 permanent teeth which are of four different types. Different Types of Teeth (a) Canine—for tearing (b) Incisors —for cutting (c) Premolars for grinding (d) Molars for churning and grinding Digestion and Absorption 143 Dental formula of man : Permanent Teeth) 1 C PM M 32 = 2 × 2 1 2 3 Upper Jaw 2 1 2 3 Lower Jaw Dental formula of man : (Milk Teeth) 1 C PM 20 = 2 × 2 1 2 Upper Jaw 2 1 2 Lower Jaw Peristalsis : The involuntary moveent of the gut by which the food bolus is pushed forward. Deglutition : The process of swallowing of food bolus. It is partly voluntary and partly involuntary. Ruminants : The herbivours animals ( e.g., cow, buffalo etc.) which have symbiotic bacteria in the rumen ! of their stomach which synthesize enzymes to hydrolyse cellulose into monosaccharides. Diarrhoea : The abnormal frequent discharge of semisolid or fluid faecal matter from the bowel. Vomitting : The ejection of stomach contents through the mouth, caused by antiperistalsis. Dysentery : Frequent watery stools often with blood and mucus and with pain, fever and causes dehydration.
    [Show full text]
  • Difficult Gallbladder Surgery, Improving Patient Outcomes Through Appropriate Surgical Decisions
    e text] Difficult Gallbladder Surgery, Improving Patient Outcomes Through Appropriate Surgical Decisions. P. G Jani1, H. Gill 2, V. Kotecha3 1.Associate professor, Department of Surgery University of Nairobi 2Fellow of college of surgeons South Africa, Surgeon Groote Schuur Hospital 3M.D, Resident Department of Surgery University of Nairobi Correspondence to: Pankaj G. Jani. Email: janipg@wananchi.com Background: Cholecystectomy is becoming a common operation in Africa. The right upper quadrant is regarded by many as the most difficult area of the abdomen because of the variable anatomy, small sized ducts and the irritant nature of bile. The fact that patients present late also adds to the difficulty with identification of structures in this area. A good working knowledge of the incidence and types of anatomical variations is key to a safe cholecystectomy. About 50% of patients presenting with gallbladder pathology show a significant anatomical variations. This study aimed to improve awareness amongst surgeons, both consultants and those in training to improve patient outcomes with gall bladder pathology. Case presentations: Four patients who had re-do surgeries at three different private hospitals in Nairobi are presented and discussed. None of the primary surgery in the four cases was done any of the authors. The re-do surgery in the four cases was performed by the principal author. The four patients respectively had a bile duct injury post open cholecystectomy, cholecystostomy done for gall bladder empyema, a stricture from a previous biliary-enteric anastomosis and obstructive jaundice from chronic pancreatitis. Conclusion: The large number of variations in the anatomic structure of biliary tree imposes an imperative need for surgeons to have an adequate knowledge and understanding of those variations, in order to control the safety of the surgical procedure in this field.
    [Show full text]
  • The Short History of Gastroenterology
    JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2003, 54, S3, 921 www.jpp.krakow.pl A. RÓDKA THE SHORT HISTORY OF GASTROENTEROLOGY Department of History of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College Cracow, Poland In this paper research on the stomach and bowel physiology is presented in a historical perspective. The author tries to show how digestive processes were interpreted by the ancients and how they tried to adjust them to the dominating humoral theory of disease. It is pointed out that the breakthrough which created a new way of understanding of the function of the digestive system was made by Andreas Vesalius and his modern model of anatomy. The meaning of acceptance of chemical processes in digestion by iatrochemics representatives in XVII century is shown. Physiological research in XIX century, which decided about a rapid development of physiology, especially the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, is discussed. Experiments were performed by all main representatives of this discipline: Claude Bernard, Jan Ewangelista Purkynì, Rudolph Heidenhain and especially Ivan Pavlov, who, thanks to the discoveries in the secretion physiology, explained basic functions of the central nervous system. The XX century was dominated by the research showing the important role of the endocrine system and biological agents in the regulation of secretion and motility of the digestive system. The following discoveries are discussed: Ernest Sterling (secretin), John Edkins (gastrin) and André Latarjet and Lester Dragstedt (acetylcholine). It is underlined that Polish scientists play an important role in the development of the gastroenterological science - among others; Walery Jaworski, who made a historical suggestion about the role of the spiral bacteria in etiopathogenesis of the peptic ulcer, Leon Popielski, who stated the stimulating influence of histamine on the stomach acid secretion, Julian Walawski, who discovered enterogastrons - hormones decreasing secretion.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Stages and Forms of Syphilis with More Especial Reference to the Hepatic Manifestations of the Disease
    ON THE STAGES AND FORMS OF SYPHILIS, WITH MORE ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HEPATIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THE DISEASE. BY J. G. ADAMI, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.E., PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY, McGILL UNIVERSITY, MONTREAL. REPRINTED FROM THE MONTREAL MEDICAL '.lO URN AT,, JUNK; WW. ON THE STAGES AND FORMS OF SYPHILIS WITH MORE ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HEPATIC MANIFESTATIONS OF THE DISEASE. 1 BY J. G. Adami, M.A., M.D., F.R.S.E., Professor of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal. It is remarkable how during all these centuries, syphilis has remained sharply distinguished from all other forms of human disease, constituting a class apart. There are many other contagious maladies, not a few chronic infectious disorders, and, now-a-days, we are able to group these together ; we can recognise common principles govern- ing their course and effects upon the organism, and can see, or think we see, a common principle underlying the morbid changes in one or other tissue from the onset of the disease to its culmination—a prin- ciple identical in the infant and in the aged. So we can with syphilis —only habitually we do not. We treat and regard it as a something distinct. Take for instance that disease which in its chronicity as in the lesions which characterise it, most closely resembles syphilis—tuber- culosis. From the onset to the end, at every stage, from the primary lesion to the most extensive generalisation ofthe process, we see one morbid change at work, namely, the focal multiplication of the bacilli leading to the development of tubercles.
    [Show full text]
  • Ta2, Part Iii
    TERMINOLOGIA ANATOMICA Second Edition (2.06) International Anatomical Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TA2, PART III Contents: Systemata visceralia Visceral systems Caput V: Systema digestorium Chapter 5: Digestive system Caput VI: Systema respiratorium Chapter 6: Respiratory system Caput VII: Cavitas thoracis Chapter 7: Thoracic cavity Caput VIII: Systema urinarium Chapter 8: Urinary system Caput IX: Systemata genitalia Chapter 9: Genital systems Caput X: Cavitas abdominopelvica Chapter 10: Abdominopelvic cavity Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, 2019 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Anatomica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: SYSTEMA DIGESTORIUM Chapter 5: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Latin term Latin synonym UK English US English English synonym Other 2772 Systemata visceralia Visceral systems Visceral systems Splanchnologia 2773 Systema digestorium Systema alimentarium Digestive system Digestive system Alimentary system Apparatus digestorius; Gastrointestinal system 2774 Stoma Ostium orale; Os Mouth Mouth 2775 Labia oris Lips Lips See Anatomia generalis (Ch.
    [Show full text]
  • Short Communication on Lobes of Liver
    Polampelli, J Liver Disease Transplant 2020, 9:3 DOI: 10.37532/jldt.2020.9(3).173 Journal of Liver: Disease & Transplantation Short Communication A SciTechnol Journal needed]) may be a distinctive arrangement among lobules. It consists Short communication on Lobes of the subsequent 5 structures: proper arteria hepatica, AN capillary artery branch of the arteria hepatica that provides atomic number 8 of Liver hepatic portal vein, a venous blood vessel branch of the vena, with Anusha Polampelli* blood wealthy in nutrients however low in atomic number 8 one or 2 little digestive fluid duct of cubiform animal tissue, branches of the Abstract digestive fluid conducting system. lymphatic vessels branch of the cranial nerve The name “portal triad” historically has enclosed solely The lobules of liver, or viscus lobules, square measure little divisions the primary 3 structures, and was named before humour vessels were of the liver outlined at the microscopic (histological) scale. The discovered within the structure. It will refer each to the biggest branch viscus lobe may be a building block of the liver tissue, consisting of every of those vessels running within the hepatoduodenal ligament, of a portal triad, hepatocytes organized in linear cords between a capillary network, and a central vein. and to the smaller branches of those vessels within the liver. In the smaller portal triads, the four vessels consist a network of animal Keywords tissue and square measure enclosed on all sides by hepatocytes. The Viscus lobules; Liver tissue; Central vein ring of hepatocytes adjoining the animal tissue of the triad is termed the periportal limiting plate.
    [Show full text]
  • Hepatic Cirrhosis Associated with Fibrocystic Disease of the Pancreas Clinical and Pathological Reports of Five Patients
    Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.28.141.343 on 1 October 1953. Downloaded from HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH FIBROCYSTIC DISEASE OF THE PANCREAS CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL REPORTS OF FIVE PATIENTS BY REGINALD WEBSTER and HOWARD WILLIAMS From the Children's Hospital, Melbourne (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION MARCH 29, 1953) The purpose of this paper is to describe five palpable three fingerbreadths below the right costal patients who developed an unusual type of hepatic margin, its edge and surface feeling hard and nodular. cirrhosis in the course of fibrocystic disease of the The tip of the spleen was palpable. The patient's stools pancreas, and to comment on the aetiology of the were large, pale, of the consistency of a thick porridge cirrhosis. These five were 116 and malodorous. Analysis showed that there was 430h patients among of fat by weight in the dried faeces and 670o of this children who were treated for fibrocystic disease at quantity was split fat. The Mantoux test, performed with the Children's Hospital, Melbourne, during the 0 1 ml. of 1 in 1,000 old tuberculin, and the Wassermann period January, 1946, to January, 1953. reaction were negative. The child coughed much yellow Protected by copyright. While hepatic cirrhosis has been noted in children mucopus, from which Staphylococcus aureus was grown. dying from fibrocystic disease, references are un- Radiological examination revealed widespread and common and only one detailed record (Pugsley and uniform mottling in the lung fields, diffuse emphysema, Spence, 1949) of cirrhosis of the type observed in thick, heavy bronchovascular markings and enlarged, these patients has been found.
    [Show full text]
  • The Three Cases Here Reported Afford an Excellent Opportunity for the Study of the Disease
    HEMOCHROMATOSIS A REPORT OF THREE CASES AND A DISCUSSION OF THE PATHOGENESIS T. P. SPRUNT, M.D. BALTIMORE Hemochromatosis is the name given by von Recklinghavsen1 to a rare disease of metabolism, the etiology of which remains wrapped in obscurity. In the English literature there are few articles on this sub- ject, which is one of great interest pathologically. Therefore, the three cases of this series are reported in detail with the impressions which I have derived from the study of them, in the hope that they may be of aid in the ultimate solution of the problem. SUMMARY AND COMPARISON OF CASES The three cases here reported afford an excellent opportunity for the study of the disease. The first case is one of simple hemochromatosis with the complication of tuberculous peritonitis forming a prominent part of the clinical picture. The other two cases are quite typical of the more frequently described form usually designated as bronzed diabetes. In all three cases there were the associated signs of asthenia, enlargement of the liver, and skin pigmentation which served to make the diagnosis clear in the two cases in which diabetes was present. In Case 1, without diabetes, the diagnosis was made more difficult by the presence of the tuberculous peritonitis, but in this case, too, the association of the signs just mentioned was considered very suggestive of hemochromatosis. Alcohol cannot be cited as an important factor in the etiology of these cases, although none of the patients was a total abstainer. In Cases 1 and 3 there is a history of attacks of dysentery which occurred, however, at least ten years before there were any symptoms of hemochromatosis.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
    ISSN: 0975-8585 Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Palliative Effect of Piracetam on Valproate Induced Liver Injury. Shamsher Shrestha, Mandavi Singh, Uttam Shrestha, and Anand Mishra* Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh-221005, India. ABSTRACT Valproic acid is one of the main antiepileptic drug which is a branched chain carboxylic acid used for absence seizures. The depletion of β-oxidation as well as increased synthesis of toxic unsaturated valproic acid derivatives results in severe hepatotoxicity. Piracetam is a nootropic or cognitive enhancing agent which is used to treat cognitive impairment in aging, brain injuries as well as dementia. The objective of the present study is to observe the ameliorative effect of piracetam in valproic acid induced liver injury. Experimental mice were divided into four groups. Group I mice termed as control received distilled water. Group II mice was administered valproic acid at the dose of 500mg/kg/body, group III mice was given piracetam at the dose of 800 mg/kg while group IV mice received both valproic acid and piracetam in the same dose for 6 days. The mice were sacrificed and their liver was collected for histological study. There was marked degeneration and destruction of laminar pattern of hepatocytes as well as reduction in glycogen granules. The intensity of the toxic effects of valproic acid was considerably reduced by piracetam. This shows that piracetam act as a protective agent in Valproic acid induced insult to the liver. Key words: antiepileptic, hepatotoxicity, cytoprotective, glycogen granules *Corresponding author May-June 2014 RJPBCS 5(3) Page No.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter-16 DIGESTION and ABSORPTION POINTS to REMEMBER
    Chapter-16 DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION POINTS TO REMEMBER Digestion : The process in alimentary canal by which the complex food is converted mechanically and biochemically into simple substances suitable for absorption and assimilation. Food : A substance which on taken and digested in the body provides mate- rials for growth, repair, energy, reproduction, resistance from disease or regula- tion of body processes. Thecodont : The teeth embedded in the sockets of the jaw bone. e.g., in mammals. Diphyodont : The teeth formed twice in life time e.g., in mammals. 2123 Dental formula of man : ×=232 2123 Peristalsis : The involuntary movement of the gut by which the food bolus is pushed forward. Degluttition : The process of swallowing of food bolus. It is partly volun- tary and partly involuntary. Ruminants : The herbivours animals (e.g., cow, buffalo etc.) which have symbiotic bacteria in the rumen of their stomach which synthesize enzymes to hydrolyse cellulose into short chains fally acids. Diarrhoea : The abnormal frequent discharge of semisolid or fluid faecal matter from the bowel. Vomitting : The ejection of stomach contents through the mouth, caused by antiperistalsis. Dysentry : Frequent watery stools often with blood and mucus and with pain, fever and causes dehydration. Chyme : The semifluid mass into which food is converted by gastric secre- tion and which passes from the stomach into the small intestine. [ 104 ] Goblet cells : The cells of intestinal mucosal epithelium which secrete mucus. Glissons capsule : The connective tissue sheath which covers the hepatic lobules of liver. Hepatic lobules : The structural and functional units of liver containing hepatic cells which are arranged in the form of cords.
    [Show full text]
  • 9990 East Cent. Afr. J. Surg. (Online) E Text] Difficult Gallbladder Surgery, Improving Patient Outcomes Through Appropriate Surgical Decisions
    ISSN 20732073----99909990 East Cent. Afr. J. surg. (Online) e text] Difficult Gallbladder Surgery, Improving Patient Outcomes Through Appropriate Surgical Decisions. P. G Jani 1, H. Gill 2, V. Kotecha 3 1. Associate professor, Department of Surgery University of Nairobi 2Fellow of college of surgeons South Africa, Surgeon Groote Schuur Hospital 3M.D, Resident Department of Surgery University of Nairobi Correspondence to : Pankaj G. Jani. Email: janipg@wananchi.com Background: Cholecystectomy is becoming a common operation in Africa. The right upper quadrant is regarded by many as the most difficult area of the abdomen because of the variable anatomy, small sized ducts and the irritant nature of bile. The fact that patients present late also adds to the difficulty with identification of structures in this area. A good working knowledge of the incidence and types of anatomical variations is key to a safe cholecystectomy. About 50% of patients presenting with gallbladder pathology show a significant anatomical variations. This study aimed to improve awareness amongst surgeons, both consultants and those in training to improve patient outcomes with gall bladder pathology. Case presentations: Four patients who had re-do surgeries at three different private hospitals in Nairobi are presented and discussed. None of the primary surgery in the four cases was done any of the authors. The re-do surgery in the four cases was performed by the principal author. The four patients respectively had a bile duct injury post open cholecystectomy, cholecystostomy done for gall bladder empyema, a stricture from a previous biliary-enteric anastomosis and obstructive jaundice from chronic pancreatitis.
    [Show full text]