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58491N.Pdf (1.776Mb) Tesis doctoral: “Debates medievales sobre la fisiología femenina: Estudio del espacio femenino y sus fronteras en las obras de Naḥmánides” Jesennia Rodríguez Suárez Departamento de Estudios Semíticos: Sección Estudios hebreos y arameos Directora: Dra. Carmen Caballero Navas Programa de doctorado: “Lenguas, textos y contextos” Granada, 2018 Editor: Universidad de Granada. Tesis Doctorales Autor: Jesennia Rodríguez Suárez ISBN: 978-84-1306-108-5 URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10481/54810 Agradecimientos En primer lugar, agradezco a mis padres Ida y Armando su apoyo emocional, sin el cual no habría sido posible llevar a cabo esta tesis doctoral. Además, gracias a su respaldo económico pude desarrollar la labor investigadora en España y, también, en Israel, junto con la ayuda del Programa de Movilidad Internacional de Jóvenes Investigadores de Programas de Doctorado de la Universidad de Granada. Quisiera agradecer a mi directora de tesis la Dra. Carmen Caballero Navas su paciencia, entrega, motivación, criterio y aliento. Le doy las gracias por confiar en mí y por darme las herramientas necesarias para poder llevar a buen puerto esta tesis. Con sus palabras, ha hecho de esta tesis lo difícil, fácil. Ha sido para mí un privilegio poder contar con su ayuda. Por otra parte quisiera agradecer al Departamento de Estudios Semíticos: Sección Estudios Hebreos y Arameos, haber puesto a mi disposición su biblioteca así como a una gran plantilla de profesionales, junto a los que pude formarme en este ámbito. Quisiera destacar, en este sentido, a la Dra. Aurora Salvatierra Ossorio, así como a la Dra. Olga Ruiz Morell por su atención y motivación continua a lo largo de estos años. Gracias a la Dra. Lorena Miralles Maciá por dejarme asistir al curso de hebreo bíblico. Agradezco además al Dr. Harvey (Chaim) Hames por acogerme con tanta amabilidad y dedicación durante mi estancia en la Universidad de Ben Gurión del Neguev. Quisiera agradecer asimismo al “Center for the Study of Conversion and Inter- Religious Encounters” por dejarme participar en sus diferentes actividades a lo largo de mi estancia de investigación en sus instalaciones, en Beer Sheva (Israel). Además, doy las gracias al personal de la Biblioteca del Instituto Universitario de Investigación de Estudios de las Mujeres y de Género, en especial, a Dña. Encarnación Vicente que siempre tuvo la deferencia de reservarme un espacio para investigar en épocas de gran afluencia de estudiantes y, sobre todo, por ayudarme a encontrar recursos y lecturas temáticas para elaborar esta tesis. Gracias a mi amiga Beatriz González quien me ha ayudado a entender algunas cuestiones del hebreo y además me ha escuchado sin reparos durante esta larga travesía. Doy gracias a mi amiga Patricia Olcina por sus consejos en las transcripciones del árabe y sobre todo por ser mi ancla y mi equilibrio. Además quiero agradecerles a mi hermano, mi cuñada y mis sobrinos todo el apoyo que he recibido a lo largo de estos años desde Puerto Rico. A toda mi familia y, en especial, a mi tío Enio que, aunque ya no está con nosotros, me enseñó que siempre hay que leer y aprender cada día. Por último pero no menos importante, gracias a todos mis amigos de Puerto Rico, Verónica, Frances, José, Paloma y Jovany, por estar siempre a mi lado aunque, en ocasiones, fuese de manera virtual. Gracias a ellos nunca me he sentido sola. Y, finalmente, gracias a todas esas personas que me han ayudado durante mi estancia en España, por su cariño y acogida, por lo que ya puedo llamar a España mi segundo hogar. “Yo quise ser como los hombres quisieron que yo fuese: un intento de vida; un juego al escondite de mi propio ser” Julia de Burgos (Puerto Rico, 1914- Nueva York, 1953) Índice Normas de transcripción 1 Siglas y abreviaturas 2 Introducción 4 English Summary 12 Capítulo 1. Naḥmanides: vida y obra 1.1. Su vida en contexto 20 1.1.1. Un hombre polifacético 23 1.1.2. Naḥmanides: la cuestión del uso del doble 28 nombre 1.1.3. La Disputa de Barcelona 32 1.2. Obras 35 Capítulo 2. Corrientes filosóficas medievales y su influencia 40 en el pensamiento judío 2.1. Corrientes filosóficas medievales (ss. VIII - XIII) 42 2.2. Neoplatonismo árabe y neoplatonismo judío 46 2.3. Aristotelismo árabe y aristotelismo judío 56 Capítulo 3. Filosofía natural y diferencia sexual 3.1. La diferencia sexual en la obra y el pensamiento de 65 Aristóteles 3.2. Teorías medievales sobre la relación de los sexos 73 3.2.1. La polaridad de los sexos 74 3.2.2. La complementariedad de los sexos 79 3.3. La diferencia de ser mujer: Menstruación y 83 Maternidad 3.3.1. Menstruación y sangre postparto 84 3.3.2. La menstruación en la explicación de la salud y la 98 enfermedad femeninas 3.3.3. Lepra y menstruación 104 3.3.4. Menstruación y concepción 110 Capítulo 4. La fisiología femenina en el pensamiento filosófico, médico y teológico de Naḥmanides 4.1. Naḥmanides, filosofía y Cábala 122 4.1.1. Tres conceptos aristotélicos en la obra de 127 Naḥmanides. 4.1.2. Materia (Hyle) y Forma (morfé) 130 4.1.3. Calor innato 138 4.2. Naḥmanides y su enfoque médico-teológico sobre la menstruación 141 4.2.1. La mirada venenosa 148 4.2.2. La menstruante y el basilisco 151 4.2.3. Naḥmanides y la sangre postparto 155 4.2.4. Naḥmanides: menstruación y prohibición sexual 159 4.2.5. Zivah y niddah 164 4.2.6. Naḥmanides y su visión de la aportación de las 167 mujeres a la generación Conclusiones 176 Main Conclusions 181 Bibliografía 186 Apéndice: Artículo (publicado en Ehumanista) “Menstruation as a Primary Concern in the Ideas of Naḥmanides” 210 Normas de transcripción En la presente investigación se ha recurrido a las normas de transliteración de las consonantes del hebreo de la revista Sefarad (Revista de Estudios Hebraicos y Sefardíes) perteneciente a una de las secciones del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC): ʼ - b/ḇ - g/gg - d/ḏ - h - z - ḥ - ṭ - y - k/ḵ/j - l - m - n - s - „ - p/f - ṣ - q - r - ś - š - t/ṯ En cuanto a la terminología árabe se ha utilizado el sistema de transliteración de las consonantes del árabe de los Estudios Árabes Contemporáneos:1 ʼ - t - ṯ - ŷ - ḥ - j - d - ḏ - r - z - s - š - ṣ - ḍ - ṭ - ẓ - „ - g - f - q - k - l - m - n - h - w - y Los términos aceptados por la Real Academia Española (RAE) han sido referidos sin cambios o alteraciones respecto a esta transcripción en español. Ejemplo: Torá. Todas las traducciones de la Misná en esta tesis siguen la traducción de Carlos del Valle, La Misná (Salamanca: Ediciones Sígueme, 2011). De igual manera se ha seguido la forma de transliteración del autor respecto a los términos Misná y Abodá Zará. Finalmente, en cuanto al término menstruación hemos elegido transliterarlo según la forma niddah ya que ha sido utilizada con mayor frecuencia por los investigadores. 1 Mercedes del Amo, “Sistema de transliteración de Estudios Árabes Contemporáneos. Universidad de Granada”, MEAH: Sección Árabe-Islam 51 (2002): 355-359. 1 Siglas y abreviaturas Siglas AJS- Association of Jewish Studies HTR- Harvard Theological Review TJ- Talmud de Jerusalén TB- Talmud de Babilonia ACA- Arxiu de la corona d´Aragó Abreviaturas Gn.- Génesis Ed.- editado Lv.- Levítico Eds.- editores Ex.- Éxodo Trad.- traducción Nm.- Números N.- número Is.- Isaías s.- siglo Jer.- Jeremías ss.- Siglos Jb.- Job Vol.- volumen 1 R.- 1 Reyes Sal.- Salmos Dt.- Deuteronomio Prov.- Proverbios Lm.- Lamentaciones 2 3 Introducción El objetivo principal de esta tesis doctoral es investigar las formas en que Naḥmanides, talmudista, exegeta, medico, filósofo y cabalista catalán del siglo XIII, llevó a cabo la conceptualización del cuerpo femenino desarrollada progresivamente en su obra. Para la realización de un posicionamiento concreto en relación al pensamiento filosófico judío, Naḥmanides conjugó los enfoques médico y filosófico en gran medida, a lo que sumó la perspectiva teológica sobre el cuerpo de hombres y mujeres, estableciendo la diferencia entre ellos a partir de la oposición fundamental de su fisiología. Para ello prestó especial atención a la diferencia sexual y la categorización social de los hombres y las mujeres sobre la explicación de la biología. Asimismo, los objetivos secundarios estudiados a lo largo de esta investigación, corresponden al análisis de la articulación teórica del pensamiento de Naḥmanides, cuestión que implica, en este sentido, la observación de su postura, no solo en cuanto a la tradición judía sino también al examen de su relación con otras corrientes de pensamiento contemporáneas, ya sea dentro del ámbito del judaísmo o fuera de el mismo. A lo largo de esta tesis se evalúa el alcance y la influencia de la concepción aristotélica, en especial, en lo que tocante a la generación y el funcionamiento del cuerpo de las mujeres. Esta discusión debe observarse, además, a la luz de la determinación de Naḥmanides contraria al estudio de la ciencia y la filosofía que el autor consideraba “extranjeras”. En último lugar, este trabajo busca y verifica la repercusión de la obra de Naḥmanides en las vidas de las mujeres, concretamente, a partir de lo expresado sobre esta cuestión en los textos contemporáneos y subsiguientes, escritos por hombres para hombres. Así pues, se pretende analizar la diversidad de significados atribuidos a la menstruación en la Edad Media y las causas formales de su papel preponderante en este contexto. Como último objetivo, se pretende dar a conocer la obra de Naḥmanides a un público más amplio, haciéndola accesible tanto a investigadores como a estudiosos de múltiples ámbitos y disciplinas científicas, además de aumentar su difusión en el marco de los Estudios Hebreos.
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