VEGETOTHERAPYt

By WALTER FRANK,* M.D.

1. HISTORICAL SURVEY. fantile sexuality; (2) the systematic in- Vegetotherapy was founded by Dr. vestigation of the unconscious, a field upon Wilhelm Reich. It constitutes at one and which previous scientists had touched, the same time a continuation of Freud's without however, recognizing and ex- psychoanalysis and a break with it, both ploring it as did Freud; (3) the introduc- with regard to theoretical orientation and tion of a depth psychology, based on the technical development of psychotherapy. discovery and application of (4) the psy- This statement calis for substantiation by choanalytic technique of investigation and way of a revíew of the development of therapy. what is called "psychoanalytic psychoiogy." What interests us most here is Freud's Somewhat schematically speaking, the de- theory of sex. With most people, including velopment of psychology is characterized many who rate as experts, the concept of by three epochs: "sexuality" is limited to such sensations, re- actions and actions as are connected with the I. Psychology before Freud. This phase genital organs. In psychoanalysis, and even is properly called the "phenomenological" more so in sex-economy, "sexuality" has a period. lis field of investigation was the different and far broader meaning. externai psychic phenomena as they are The sex-economic concept of sexuality is recognizable to anyone. It registered the identical with that of energy, of "life energy." phenomena of the psychic surface and col- Our own perception of "life" is, directly or lected a wealth of data. Present-day psy- indirectly, bound up with our instinctual chiatry is in chis period of observing and energy, our sexuality. registering psychic phenomena. During Psychoanalytic investigation, as initiated by Freud, together with modern child psycholo- the past decades, its development has been gy, has opened our eyes to the fact that in the direction of tying together observa- what in the adult manifests itself as genital tions from the physical and the psychic sexuality has its beginnings in the infant in realms into a "psychosomatic" concept of quite different forms. the organism as a whole. The sexual energy, or vital energy, seeks The phenomenological period of psy- pleasure, and it seeks it wherever it can be chology has provided us with a wealth of found. In the infant, it is attached to the material, and probably will always con- functions of sucking and feeding, and to the tinue to exist as a definite branch of in- skin, particularly certain parts of it. Later, it vestigation. But, apart from the valuable is extended also to the processes of defecation empirical material it provides, it is purely and urination. It is attached to the organs which participate in ali of the foregoing proc- descriptive, dry, and "mechanistic." esses: lips, tongue, throat; rectum, urethra; 2. Freud, at the dose of the past century, and various skin regions such as the palms, started an entirely new epoch in psycholo- the face, the nipples, etc. In the adult, we gy which represents a tremendous step find these places of early sexual gratification forward. The most important fruits of his in the form of "erogenous zones," i.e., re- work are (I) the demonstration of in- gions on the body surface the stimulation of which leads to genital excitation. More than I" Translated by the Editor. that, we find adults in whom the develop- • Editor's /gole: This is a pseudonym. Present conditions unfortunately force us to withhold the ment toward genital sexuality has been in- names of our European co-workers. hibited and in whom sexual gratification re- 65 66 WALTER FRANK mains limited to these infantile localizations. velopment from infancy to adulthood in At an early age, the infant begins to play an entirely new light. He saw and demon- with these erogenous zones and to stimulate strated the individual's inner development, them. At first, this takes place at the mouth its mute history, that life which goes on (smacking the lips, thumbsucking), throat behind the mask of externa! manifesta- and voice (babbling, shrieking with joy). dons. Freud's psychology, thus, can be Later on, the genitais are included in this called a historical, genetic psychology. It stimulation, which then is called masturba- tion. The careful observer can readily notice discloses the individuai's inner history in the fact that the infant is fully aware of the terms of the fate of its sexuality. increase in pleasure sensations when it shifts Freud's work ushered in an epoch which from non-genital to genital stimulation. The represents a revolutionary change in psy- forms of self-stimulation which take place chology. His observations led to an en- before the child begins to masturbate are tirely new concept of human functioning. called pregenital. They are connected mostly They provided the indispensable basis for with the mouth, the anus and the urethra, a new field of investigation based on the and particularly with the functions of defeca- question: What is the source of energy of tion and urination. The products of these ali these phenomena? With this question, processes, feces and urine, also arouse the we arrive at the third epoch, the func- child's lively interest. In adults, pregenital forms of stimulation are apt to be found as tional-economic,' as initiated and worked "masturbation equivalents." The pleasure out by Wilhelm Reich in his sex-economy. sensations connected with motion can readily 3. Functional-cconomic psychology goes be seen in the infant's spontaneous and seem- an essential step farther. Just as Freud's ingly unmotivated muscular activities. historical, genetic psychology was a In our society, all these spontaneous expres- break with the previous phenomenological sions of infantile sexuality are more or less psychology, so does Reich's psychology inhibited, because our society has a negative constitute a break with psychoanalysis. attitude toward sexuality. The innocent play Sex-economy has a good deal of common of the child is considered "not nice," "bad" ground with psychoanalysis, but in its or even "dangerous"; the environment reacts basic concept it is something new. It does to it with exclamations like "Shame on you!" not look upon "libido" as a psychic or even with more or less drastic punishment. The child is brought up not according to his phenomenon, but as vegetative energy, own drives and needs, but according to the identical with "life energy." In Reich's adults' conceptions and intolerance, or ac- psychology, the problem is shifted to the cording to the size of the parents' apartment. investigation of that energy which is the Biologically speaking, the child is born into motor of ali the "phenomena" and "histo- the "wrong world," that is to say, the world ries" disclosed by psychoanalysis. of adults and not that of the child. There are Thus, the problem of the neuroses in existence only a few primitive societies, necessarily enlarges itself to include the matriarchates with a positive attitude toward somatic phenomena. But not in the sexuality, which can convey to us something mechanistic sense that psychic conditions like a biologically correct picture of how chil- affect somatic conditions and vice versa. dren really behave when they are allowed to develop according to their own nature, 1 Translator's note: In the original: "energe- ti cch-f unktionell." Unfortunately, the German instead of on the basis of the instinctual re- "energetisch," meaning "relating to energy," "from pression imposed on them by the "adults." an energy point of view," cannot be rendered with "energetic" because the English word has the Freud's most important discovery is un- meaning of "vigorous," corresponding to the Ger- doubtedly that of infantile sexuality. This man "energisch." The word used in translating this term, namely "economic," means "relating to discovery marfe him study individual de- the energy econonw." VEGETOTHERAPY 67

The energy concept of sex-economy shows means of dissolving Me psychic and so- Me neurotic symptoms, both somatic and matic mechanisms in which Me sexual psychic, to be specific results of an inhibi- energy is bound up. Full orgastic potency tion of the functioning of sexual energy; is the only criterion of healthy functioning. Mis inhibition manifests itself through whatever mechanism Me soma or Me II. THE VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM. psyche may make use of. Sexual energy and sexual function are Reich arrived at his conclusions through "vegetative" phenomena. The vegetative an integration of psychological, sexological nervous system is the tangible, concrete and biological investigation. In his sexo. machinery through which this energy logical studies, the central problem was the works. A recapitulation of our knowledge, orgasm and its energy function. Clinicai anatomical and functional, of this vegeta- investigation and experiente showed him tive nervous system seems in order. I also again and again that only Me normal wish to point out that the sex-economic genital orgasm can in-ovide an adequate concept of this nervous system is a func- discharge of Me vegetative sexual energy tional one, in contradistinction to the dammed up in the organism. concept which is still current in medicine In the neurotic individual, normal and which is "phenomenological." orgasm is never found. That means that the sex life of the neurotic is characterized A) ANATOMY by an incomplete pleasure mechanism and The vegetative nervous system is repre- incomplete energy discharge. What energy sented in the central nervous system as is not discharged is "darnmed up" in the well as in the periphery. In the central organism; it is bound up in all sorts of nervous system, we find vegetative ganglia somatic and psychic mechanisms, and pro- in the gray matter around the central duces disturbances in functioning, or, in canal, from the third ventricle to the everyday language, nervous symptoms. conus terminalis (the lower end of the Thus, from a sex-economic point of spinal cord). The cranial part is well view, the very term "neurosis" assumes a known anatomically. It is represented in different significance. In everyday usage, three of the cranial nerves: oculomotor, "neurosis" really means nothing but that supplying the vegetative innervation of the collection of symptoms that makes the eye; the facial nerve, via the corda tympani patient seek the help of the physician. The for the salivary and tear glands, and the essence of the neurosis, however, lies not vasodilators of the face. Third, and most in these nervous manifestations, but in the important, we find the nerve centers for disturbance of the metabolism of sexual the toth cranial nerve, the vagus, the energy. The various "functional physical cranial autonomic nerve. The branches of disturbances" should not be merely de- this nerve are found in the whole body; scribed according to their localization and the intestines, the glands, the blood-pro- "phenomenology," but should be com- ducing organs, the blood vessels and the prehended as somatic expressions of the heart, the skin, etc. In addition, we find damming-up of vegetative, sexual energy. various vegetative centers in the cranial If one were to be wholly consistent, psy- part, particularly around the bottom of chotherapy in the sex-economic sense the third ventricle. Fibres from these should not be called vegetotherapy, but centers blend with the other vegetative orgasmotherapy. This would express the nerve febres going to the various paris of actual goal of sex-economic therapy, which the body. In the spinal cord, the vegetative is to establish full orgastic potency by cells are found in the gray matter, par- 68 WALTER FRANK ticularly in the lateral parts of the thoracic tive autonomic function, that of the spinal cord, but also over its whole length. organs. In the cerebrospinal nervous system we B) PHYSIOLOG Y find a sharp distinction between central The most important physiological char- nervous system (brain and spinal cord) acteristics of the vegetative system can be and the peripheral nervous system (sen- summarized in three points: sory and motor nerves). In the vegetative 1. Functional identity of the highest and nervous system, there is no such distinc- the lowest part of the vegetative system tion. Here, we find the fibres running (the cranial and the sacral part). These from brain and spinal cord to one or more parts together are called the "parasympa- sets of large nerve centers. The first set of thetic." Similarly, we find functional these is called the vertebral ganglia and identity of those parts that originate from consists of nodes arranged in pairs on the the thoracic and the lumbar segments of front side of the spinal column. These the spinal cord. These together are called vertebral ganglia are connected with each the "sympathetic." other so as to form two long nerve tracts. 2. The antagonistic function of sympa- This is the sympathetic trunk. From this, thetic and parasympathetic (cf. table, p. nerve fibres go off, in far larger numbers 70). than those coming from the spinal cord. 3. Practically all organs have a double These go for the most part to another set innervation, that is, they receive impulses of vegetative nerve centers, the preverte- from both the sympathetic and the para- bral ganglia. Some of these are consider- sympathetic. ably larger than the other vegetative centers. The most important of these are C) PHAR AGOLOG Y the solar plexus, the hypogastric plexus, A great number of chemical substances and, down in the pelvis, the pudenda' stimulate the vegetative system in one way plexus with its pelvic nerves which repre- or another. The most interesting and sent the sacral-autonomic part of the vege- therapeutically most important are hor- tative nervous system. Ali these vegetative mones and alkaloids (atropine, pilocar- centers send out fibres to all parts of the pine, cocaine, alkaloids of opium, etc.). organism. Such substances have diverse effects. Some However, in addition to this continuous affect both parts of the vegetative system, system of vegetative nerve centers and others almost exclusively one or the other, fibres we find another set of cells and either in the sense of stimulation or of in- fibres. These are the so-called juxta- or in- hibition. tramural ganglia, which are found in In various illnesses the normal balance particularly large numbers in the large between sympathetic and parasympathetic hollow organs such as the intestines, the is disturbed. For example, in hyperthy- kidneys, sexual organs, and the heart. roidism we find a general predominance These ganglia are connected with the rest of sympathetic innervation, a "sympatheti- of the vegetative system. But even if, ex- cotonia"; in bronchial asthma, on the perimentally or as the result of discase, other hand, we find a "parasympatheti- they are cut off from impulses from the cotonia," particularly of the small bronchi. rest of the vegetative system, they continue In many forms of nervousness we find that to function independently, only with an- both sympathetic and parasympathetic other rhythm. These juxta- and intra- show an abnormal sensitivity to stimuli, mural ganglia represent the most primi- be they psychic or chemical. VEGETOTHERAP' 69

One may attempt to re-establish the vege- nostic or therapeutic point of view. tative equilibrium by the administration of Patients with an outspoken vegetative drugs. However, most drugs are unsatis- symptomatology show as a rule a generally factory for this purpose in that their effect increased vegetotonus and an increased is not sufficiently specific with regard to irritability of both parts of the vegetative the function of individual organs; fur- system (that is, both a sympatheticotonia thermore, in somewhat higher doses they and a parasympatheticotonia). Occasion- affect orle as well as the other of the two ally, one finds such changes limited to in- antagonistic systems. The best results are dividual organs, so that one may be perhaps achieved with substitution therapy tempted to speak of vegetative organ in cases of hormone deficiency (such as neuroses in cases where the disturbance is myxedema, menopause, or diabetes). not caused by some physical disease. The therapeutic results range from the mostly D) FUNCTION TESTS useless attempts to influente the reactions Such tests have the purpose of detecting of the whole organism, to the more fre- changes in the excitability of the two parts quently successful surgical or medical of the vegetative system, or of finding out treatment of more localized disturbances. whether the "vegetative tonus" of in- But in the majority of cases, such as dividual organs lies within, above or below dyspepsia, spastic constipation, cardiac normal limits. The function tests are neurosis, all kinds of "rheumatic" dis- mechanical, pharmacological, or a com- turbances, and anxiety states with their bination of both. innumerable subjective complaints and Mechanical tests: skin tests, in which the objective symptoms, the usual medical skin is stroked in order to provoke various therapy is a hopeless proposition. One gets forms of dermographism; pilomotor re- lost in a kaleidoscopic confusion of com- flexes; mechanical heart reactions (Asch- plaints and symptoms. A therapeutic ner's oculocardiac reflex); Shermak's re- measure which improves one symptom flex (pressure on the parasympathetic at may aggravate another. One loses sight of the neck); pulmonary reflex ("juvenile" the total picture and often gets lost in the bradycardia, i.e., slowing of the pulse, jungle of psychic and somatic phenomena. with deep inspiration); solar plexus reflex And last but not least: the more the symp (bradycardia with pressure on the epigas- toms increase in variety and intensity, the trium); Ebner's test: in the presence of more is the individual, the patient himself, parasympatheticotonia, exercise results in lost sight of. bradycardia instead of tachycardia; etc. The oficial medical literature gives only The pharmacolocical tests fali into four meager hints toward a theoretical and main groups: Inhibition of the sympathetic practical understanding of the real func- (cocaine, gynergen); stimulation of the tion of this vegetative nervous system in sympathetic (adrenalin); inhibition of the living organism. the parasympathetic (atropine); stimula- tion of the parasympathetic (pilocarpine). II I. THE SEX-ECONOMIC CONCEPT 012 Unfortunately, these function tests are THE VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM. of relatively little value. Except for the fact that they demonstrate a greater or On the following page is a schematic lesser shift in vegetotonus, they are rarely summary of the effects of the two vegeta- helpful either from an etiological, diag- tive antagonista upon the various organs: 70 WALTER FRANK

Functioning of Me Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Action Organ Parasympathaic Action Inhibition of m. sphincter Stimulation of m. sphincter pupillae: Musculature of 11"15. pupiliae: Dilatation of puplls. Narrowing of pupils. Inhibition of lachrymal Stimulation of lachrymal glands: Lachrymal glands glands: "Dry Eyes." "Bright cyes." Inhibition of salivary glands: Stimulation of salivary glands: Salivary glands "Dry rnouth." "Mouth waters." Stimulation of sweat glands: Inhibition of sweat glands: Sweat glands "Cold sweat." Dry skin. Contraction of arteries: Dilatation of arteries: "Cold sweat"; pallor. Arteries Redness of skin, increased turgor, without sweating. Stimulation of arrectores Inhibition of arrectores pilorum: pilorum: Arrectores pilorum Hair is "raised." "Gooseflesh." Skin smooth. Inhibition of contracting Stimulation of contracting musculature: Bronchial musculature musculature: Relaxation of bronchi. Bronchial spasm. Stimulates heart action: Depresses heart action: Heart Palpitation, tachycardia. Nara guia, pulse slow. lnhibits peristalsis. Gastrointestinal tract; Stimulates peristalsis and serre- Reduces secretion of digestive liver, pancreas, kid- tion of digestive glands. glands. neys; all digestive glands, Stimulates secretion of adrenalin. Adrenals lnhibits secretion of adrenalin. Inhibits musculature which Stimulates musculature which opens bladder, stimulates opens bladder, inhibits Urinary bladder sphincter: sphincter: Inhíbits micturition. Stimulates miaurition. Stimulates smooth musculature, Relaxes smooth musculature, reduces secretion of all glands, stimulates secretion of all glands, Female sex organs decreases blood supply: increases blood supply: Decreased sexual sensation. Inercased sexual sensation. Stimulates smooth musculature Relaxes smooth musculature of of the scrotum, the scrotum, reduces glandular secretion, stimulates glandular secretion, Male sex organs decreases blood supply: increases blood supply: Flarcid penis. Dccreascd sexual Ereetion. Increascd sexual sensa- sensation. tion. VEGETOTHERAPY 71

This table shows the effects of the sym- ability to recognize facts. Most people are pathetic and the parasympathetic on some apt to find out at one time or another that of the organs. At first glance, it seems con- society puts blinkers on us in order that fusing that there should exist such an ele- we may see only that which society wants ment of chance in the effect of the two us to see; and that it gives us blind spots in vegetative antagonists upon the various order that we may not see what it does not organs. It seems peculiar that the sym- want us to see. Secondly, modern science, pathetic, e.g., should have an inhibiting with its steadily improving technical skills, effect upon the salivary and tear glands but tends to become preoccupied with individ- a stimulating effect upon the sweat glands; ual phenomena and to overemphasize that it should have a stimulating effect them. Thus, it is not surprising that so upon the muscles that "raise the hair" many cannot see the woods for the trees. and upon the heart, but an inhibiting ef- Reich's postulate, as substantiated in fect on stomach and intestines; that it "Der Urgegensatz," is simply that the should stimulate the function of the adre- only goal of the elementary vegetative life nals but inhibit that of the kidneys; dilate energy is that of seeking pleasure. The the bronchi but inhibit the evacuation of drive toward this goal is synonymous with the urinary bladder and the rectum, and "sexuality." Thus, vegetative energy is syn- inhibit the sexual function. The parasym- onymous with "sexual energy." pathetic shows the same stimulating and Inhibition of the sexual function results inhibiting effects, but in exactly the op- in a damming-up of sexual energy. The posite direction from the sympathetic. energy then becomes bound up in the In spite of a wealth of detailed investi- organism in various ways. The organism gation and de'scription of ali these phe- turns from something mobile, functional nomena, there was no plausible theoretical and dynamic into something stagnant, or practical explanation of the actual func- non-functioning and static. This locked- tion of the vegetative mechanism until up, static condition of the energy is called Wilhelm Reich, in 5934, published his "anxiety." little monograph "Der Urgegensatz des The basic antithesis of vegetative life, vegetativen Lebens." I shall give here a therefore, is to be understood as a dialectic resume, referring the reader to the original dissociation of the elementary sexual and the literature it is based upon. energy into its two diametrical opposites: In order to understand Reich's concept sexuality and anxiety. of vegetative life, one has to learn to see In the two antagonists within the vegeta- ali manifestations of life, ali the individual tive nervous system Reich sees the con- phenomena of psychic and somatic reac- veyors of the sexual energy in its two tions, in the light of the basic reactions of dialectically opposite forms: the parasym- the organism as a whole. It would seem to pathetic is the conveyor of sexuality, the be superfluous to point out something so sympathetic of anxiety. self-evident and generally known. If it is, Before going further into Reich's sub- nevertheless, pointed out intentionally, it stantiation of this postulate which at first is because there is hardly any "truth" in sight may seem astounding and provoca- the world that is more thoroughly and tive, let us again review the two aspects consistently overlooked. This is so for of the vegetomechanism and their effects several reasons. First of ali, it is hecause within the organism. Let us compare two the whole framework of our life, otherwise identical individuais, one in an social, political and working conditions, outspoken state of sympatheticotonia, the have such a strong influente upon our other in a corresponding state of para- 72 WALTER FRANK sympatheticotonia. We then get the fol- Take, for example, a state of sexual ex- lowing picture of the two individuais: citation in an individual free of any con- Sympatheticotonia siderable inhibition, either neurotic or Fale face, staring eyes, widened pupils. Dry externally condirioned. The following mouth. Cold, clammy, sweaty skin. Pailor of vegetative phenomenon is obvious: the the body, gooseflesh. "Cold sweat." Rapid direction of the sexual function is toward heart, palpitation. Sexual organs shrunk, the periphery, toward an object outside of dry, empty of blood. Tight rectal and the individual, toward the outer world. urinary sphincters. No sexual urge. Consequently, we find a parasympatheti- Parasympathetkotonia cotonia of the surface (sex organs, skin, Fresh "healthy" color of the skin in face superficial organs in general), while the and over body. Increased turgor in the skin, central parts cif the organism, such as the but no sweating. Eyes bright, moist; ample intestines, bronchi and in part the heart, secretion of saliva, "mouth waters." Skin lack this parasympathetic preponderante pink, warm and supple; heart and pulse and show a sympatheticotonic innervation. quiet. Rectal and urinary sphincters relaxed. The sexual organs are filled with blood; The vegetomechanism is the couveyor of ample secretion from the sexual glands; erec- our primitive instinctual impulses. It is the tion of clitoris and peeis. Increased sexual relay between soma and psyche. Its free, urge. untrammeled functioning is the prerequi- Even a superficial observation of these site for the natural feeling for life, and two individuais leaves no doubt that one of the imrnediate experiencing of psycho- presents the picture of anxiety (unpleasure, physical identity. discomfort, tension, "not being clive"), Reich termed the antagonism in the the other the picture of sexuality (pleasure vegetative system "the basic antithesis in sensations, pleasurable relaxation, "being vegetative life." To maintain this postu- alive"). Biologically speaking, we find that late, he had to demonstrate the existente with parasympatheticotonia (sexuality) the aí this basic antithesis in primitive organ- prevailing direction of the body fluids isms which possess as yet no vegetative is centrifugai, i.e., toward the surface of nervous system and in which the vegeta- the organism. Psychically speaking, we tive impulses and their inhibition are find that the emotions are directed toward steered by mechanisms other than the the outer world, toward another object. human vegetative apparatus. Reich leans With sympatheticotonia (anxiety), we find primarily on three investigators, whose exactly the opposite: the direction of the findings meet in a natural fashion in his body fluids is centripetal, i.e., toward the own concept of vegetative life. They are: center of the organism. Psychically, also, r. Freud, whose early works demon- the individual retreats into himself, away strated the fact that neurotic anxiety is from the outer world. always due to the repression of the sexual It may be necessary to point out that urge (libido); these conditions in vegetotonus represent theoretical extremes. The normal condi- 2. Max Hartmann (and Rhumbler) tion is based on the double innervation by who, in their studies of the ameba, the two systems, in the individual organ showed that the movements aí the ameba as well as the total organism. When a are based on primitive plasma currents; funetional impulse sets in, the vegetative and equilibrium shifts to one or the other 3: Fr. Kraus, an internist, who, in his side, depending on whether the impulse is "Nüssetheorie des Lebens," demonstrared inhibited in its course or not. the effects of certain chernical substances VEGETOTHERAPY 73

(electrolytes) on the whole biological sys- termed it "stasis anxiety" 2 i.e., anxiety re- tem; these effects are entirely analogous sulting from dammed-up energy. Accord- to the functions of the vegetomechanism. ing to Reich, it signifies undischarged in- These three investigators, entirely inde- stinctual tension; sexual discharge results pendently of each other and in three dif- in its disappearance, that is to say, when ferent fields (psychology, biology and the capacity for full sexual discharge (in chemistry) arrived at results which find other words, orgastic potency) is really their theoretical foundation in Reich's present or established as the result of "Urgegensa;z." A single concept may therapy. This stasis anxiety, which seems easily sound plausible without necessarily to be lacking both a motivation and a con- being correct. If, however, the results of tent, is of considerable interest. It is very three different fields of investigation con- similar to the anxiety caused by toxins, as, verge finto one common theory, it becomes e.g., in the case of hormonal auto-intoxica- so strongly determined that its plausibility tion (hyperthyroidism) or after the injec- approaches certainty. tion of large doses of adrenalin, etc. Like The following brief summary of the re- neurotic anxiety, it can be temporarily in- sults of these three investigators is, of fluenced by drugs. Acetylcholine (a para- course, far from exhaustive; the reader sympatheticotonic hormone), e.g., can re- must be referred to Reich's monograph duce anxiety. That alcohol, in a similar and the literature it is based upon. manner, reduces anxiety and thus gives t. Freud: In his psychoanalytic work temporary relief, is a well-known fact. with nervous people, Freud was constantly That its harmful effects constitute one of confronted with the problem of anxiety. the most serious social problems of our In his works dealing with anxiety, he times, is also well known. What is largely makes the following schematic divisions: overlooked, however, is the motivation of a) Real anxiety, caused by an actual, ex- alcoholism, which lies in the relationship terna!, danger situation. b) Neurotic anx- between alcohol and sexual anxiety. From iety, which, though perceived by the in- the sex-economic point of view, the prob- dividual as intensely and painfully as real lem of alcoholism is not one of a congeni- anxiety, has no rational basis. Psycho- tal "psychopathic" constitution; neither is analytic investigation of anxiety showed it a purely socio-economic problem. Nor unconscious, forbidden instinctual im- does sex-economy see the solution in the pulses always to be the source of danger. prohibition of alcohol, but, rather, in the This instinctual anxiety is as real to the elimination of the instinctual repression individual as "real anxiety" in the face of which typifies a sex-negative society. an actual danger situation. The somatic From this brief summary of the phe- and psychic effects and manifestations are nomena of anxiety we can draw the follow- the sarne in either case. The only dif- ing conclusions. First: anxiety may be ference lies in the source of the anxiety, 2 Translaior's note: The term "actual anxiety" i.e., outside of the individual in the case as a translation of "Aktualangst" (Freud) has ai- ways been extremely unfortunate, because "actual" of "real anxiety," within the individual in has the connotation of "real" and not that of the the case of "neurotic anxiety." c) Actual German "aktuell." (The same applies, of course, anxiety ("Aktualangst") represents the to "actual neuroses.") But, in addition, the origi- nal German term itself was rather unfortunate third type of anxiety. Here we are dealing and has undoubtedly heiped to maintain the eter- with "free-floating" anxiety, the individual nal confusion in the problem of anxiety. Reich's being unable to give any reason whatso- term "Stauungsangst" ("stasis anxiety"), on the other hand, indicates the very mechanism of this ever for it. Freud never gave a satisfactory anxiety, the damrning-up, the stasis, of sexual explanation for this form of anxiety. Reich energy. 74 WALTER FRANK caused by internai as well as externai dan- accompanied by plasma currents toward ger situations. The interna! danger situa- the surface of the ameba (corresponding tions always contam a sexual element. The to what in the human we call a parasym- basis of neurotic anxiety is sexual frustra- patheticotonic reaction). Conversely, the tion. The basis of stasis anxiety is dammed- movements "away from the world,>I the up sexual energy. Second: As different as "drawing back into the self," the assuming the causes af anxiety may be, its manifesta- of a spherical shape, are accompanied by ripas in the organism are always the same. plasma currents from the surface toward Third: The common criterion of ali kinds the center (corresponding to the sym- of anxiety is what has been described as patheticotonic reaction in man). The syrn pa th eti cotoni a. reader is referred to Hartmann's works 2. Hartmann's (and Rhumbler's) studies for a description of the changes in plasma of the ameba: What interests us here consistency which accom.pany these plasma primarily are the movements of the ameba. currents. Hartmann distinguishes several different Third, when the ameba is at rest, one forms cif movement. First, externa! move- finds pulsating movements in the form of ments, from place to place (locomotion, a rhythmic aiternation of expansion and going after food, taking flight, etc.). These contraction. These movements take place movements take place by way of putting so slowly that one can observe the simul- OLIt pseudopodia ("false legs") which the taneous fluid movements in the prato- ameba uses to paddle through the fluid plasm. Ir was found that the movements medium ar to move along on a solid sur- of expansion and contraction are ais() based face. If the ameba has pui out several on these plasma currents. One finds ais° pseudopodia, and one of them touches a that when the fluid is moving froco center solid object, the ameba immediately is to periphery, the thin plasm in the center pulled toward that one pseudopodium (endoplasm) changes into the viscous which is in contact with the solid object. plasm (ectoplasm) of the pseudopodia. That is, it orients itseif in that direction, The movements of the ameba are ac- while the other pseudopodia are pulled in. companied by electrical .phenomena which The ameba reacts to the various paris of have not as yet been sufficiently studied. the environment which it encounters. h In ali probability, the movement of ex- either comes to rest in a certain place or it pansion is accompanied by an increased takes flight. As experiments show, it ais() surface tension and an increased electrical reacts to many other stimuli, such as surface potencial, while, conversely, con- chemical, mechanical, thermical, electrical traction is accompanied by decreased sur- and optical stimuli. Depending upon the face tension and surface potencial. quality and quantity of these stimuli, the 3. Kraus' "Neissetheorie des Lebens." In ameba reacts in one of two ways: either it his remarkable work "Allgerneine und seeks these stimuli (stretches toward them, spezielle Pathologie der Person" (1926), orients itse_if toward the environment, the internist Kraus gave an entirely new "seeks pleasure"), ar it avoids them, flees concept of the functional mechanisms af from danger, draws back into itself, "plays certain chemical substances on which the dead" (reaction of unpieasure, anxiety). living organism (the "biosystern") is Second, and parailel with these externai based. As it is impossible to give an ex- movements, ano finds in the ameba in- tensive résumé of this work in a limited ternai movements in the form of fluid cur- space, anly a few of Kraus' conciusions rents. As one would expect, one finds the will be mentioned here, while the reader active movements ("toward the world") is referred to the original. VEGETOTHERAPY 75

His starting point is the fact that living equalized with these currents are located substance consists essentially of colloids on the energy border surfaces. and mineral salts, both of which, when in With the discharge, the electrical energy solution, are electrolytes. The colloids are is corwerted into mechanical energy and essentially stationary while the ionized work. This very point, the reversibility of salts circulate from place to place. The col- mechanical and electrical energy,3 is the loid solutions as well as the ionized salts central point in Reich's orgasm formula, consist of very small particles (the colloid which he considers identical with the life particles being many times as large as the formula per se. This formula characterizes salt particles). The border surfaces the living function as two concurrent ("Grenzfliichen") of these particles carry energy processes, one of a mechanical, the electrical charges which are in constant other of an electrical nature. The orgasm interaction with the charge of other parti- formula is as follows: Mechanical ten- cles they come in contact with. He calls sion —> electrical charge —> electrical dis- these surfaces "energy border surfaces." charge --> mechanical relaxation. The most important ones are the border This combination of mechanical and surfaces between colloid and salt electro- electrical processes is found only and lytes. Kraus considers the biosystem to be alone in living substance. Reich arrived at "a relay-like switch mechanism of elec- this formula on the basis of clinicai and trical charge (storing of energy) and dis- ,physiological investigations of the orgasm; charge (performance of work). These hence the narre. It makes no difference processes are entirely based on the phe- whether one calls the orgasm an especially nomena of the energy border surfaces." highly differentiatcd phenomenon of vege- The life process is characterized, among tative life, or whether one calls life an other things, by combustion (taking up of elementary orgastic process. What matters oxygen and giving off of carbon dioxide), is that either phenomenon is based on one and the production of electrical energy on and the same simple energy formula. the border surfaces. One of Kraus' re- Kraus emphasizes the basic indispensa- markable findings is the fact that the bility of electrolytes for all life as follows: transport and distribution of substances is "There is not a single manifestation of far more important for the maintenance life which cannot be reduced in one way of the life process than metabolism (com- ar another, directly or indirectly, in whole bustion). He also showed that salt solu- or in pari, to the action of the ions." The tions are indispensable for the life process following statement, coming, as it does, long before it has come to the development from a Professor of Medicine, is also of of blood. The life process itself he defines particular interest: "Most illnesses also, be as an autonomic vegetative current, es- they organic or functional, are based, in sentially a convection of fluids. He con- the final analysis, on vegetative currents." siders the organism composed of in- Kraus showed that the vegetative cur- numerable electrically charged border rents are conveyed by the ionized salts surfaces, and the blood system driven by (kations and anions) in the organism, and the unceasing equalization of these dif- that the energy metabolism takes place ferences in potential. The conductor be- essentially at the energy border surfaces. tween the various potentials he considers The next step in his investigations was a to be the body fluids, especially the ionized study of the specific effect of the individual salts in them. He also thinks that free elec- 3 Translator's note: Since this was written, sev- eral years ago, what is here referred to as bio- trical charges move through the capilla- electrical energy has been shown to be orgone ries. The potential differences which are energy. 76 WALTER FRANK ions upon the typical vegetative functions far as the movements of body fluida are and organs, such as smooth musculature, concerned, he found the kations and glands, and movements of body fluids. He anions to have a marked effect on the succeeded in distinguishing groups of sub- processes of hydration and dehydration in stances with a specific vegetative effect, cells and tissues, in the sense that the metal salta as well as more complicated potassium group has a hydrating effect organic substances. It was further shown (leading to the taking up of water, to swelling), while the calcium group has a that most of these substances fali into two dehydrating effect (leading to the with- groups with an antagonistic vegetative ef- drawal of water, to shrinking). fect: one, the potassium group, corre- Based on these investigations he shows sponds to the effect of the parasympathetic, the different effects of the two groups and while the other, the calcium group, cor- their functionai identity with parasympa- responda to the sympathetic function. As thetic and sympathetic, respectiveiy:

VEGETATIVE GROUP GENERAL EFFECT ON TISSUES CENTRAL EFFECT PERIPHERAL EFFECT Sympathetic Decreased surface tension Systolic Vasoconstriction Calcium (group) Dehydration Heart muscle Adrenalin Striated muscle: paralyzed or stimulated Cholesterine spastic H-ions Decreased electrical irritability Increased 02-consumption Increased blood pressure Parasympashetic Increased surface tension Diastolic Vasodilatation Potassi um (grous) Hydration (tumescence of tissues) Heart muscle Choline Muscle: increased tonus i n h ibited Lecithin Increased eleçtrical irritability OH-ions Decreased 02-consumption Decreased blood pressure From these findings, Kraus drew the antithesis of vegetative life, we arrive at following conclusion: The effects of the the following points: two groups of substances are completely 1. In the living organism, from the uni- analogous to the effects of parasympathetic cellular ameba to man, we find the basic and sympathetic, respectively. Reich drew vegetative functions to consist of two op- the further conclusion: If one does not posite rnovements. One is centrifugai, onesidedly consider the function of the toward the periphery and the environment individual organs alone, one sees that the (expansion), the other is centripetal, away basic functions of the vegetomechanism from the world, back into the self (con- are primitive total reactions of the organ- traction). 2. These movements are accompanied by ism as a whole: the parasympathetic ac- corresponding centrifugai and centripetal tivares the surface of the organism in the vegetative movements of the body fluida. sense of an orientation toward the outer 3. The movements are accompanied by worid, the sympathetic activates the center changes in the electric surface potential of of the organism in the sense of a with- the organism: with expansion the surface drawal from the environment. potential increases, with contraction it de- H we now summarize the findings of creases. Similarly, there is a corresponding these three investigators, Freud, Hartmann change in the mechanical surface tension: and Kraus, and place them within the with expansion the surface tension in- framework of Reich's theory of the basic creases, with contraction it decreases. VEGETOTHERAPY 77

4. In primitive organisms, the vegetative Depending on their quantity and quality, fluid movements are conveyed by chemical environmental stimuli will result in a substances with opposite vegetative effect: preponderance of one or the other vegeta- potassium (centrifugai) and calcium (cen- tive component in the organism. tripetal). In organisms with a developed In man, this means that a pleasurable vegetative nervous system the impulses are stimulus from another individual will re- conveyed by the parasympathetic (centrif- sult in a relative parasympatheticotonia ugai, potassium) and sympathetic (cen- with pleasure sensations and sexual urge. tripetal, calcium). In the higher organisms, With this goes an increased surface tension more complicated chemical substances, and electrical surface potential. At a cer- such as the hormones, also come into play. tain point, there will be an electrical dis- 5. In man, the centrifugai vegetative charge with a simultaneous drop in po- movement is represented by a parasympa- tential, and mechanical relaxation. This thetic innervation; it is perceived as pleas- discharge of the increased peripheral ure, as sexuality. Conversely, the centrí- charge manifests itself genitally as orgasm. peta] movement corresponds to a pre- Qualitatively speaking, the physical and ponderance of sympathetic innervation; chemical dynamics of the orgasm are in it is perceived as "unpleasure," as anxiety. no way different from the elementary If we tabutate these findings, we have dynamic process which is the criterion of the following: the living function. Quantitatively speak- Expansion ing, however, the orgasm, in a vegetatively healthy individual, mobilizes the maxi- "Toward the world" mum of vital energy; it thus becomes of Vegetative current in the direction necessity the exponent of the perception of of periphery life. From this point of view the fact also Increased mechanical surface tension becomes understandable that full orgasm Increased electrical surface potential is experienced "functionally"; i.e., in such Functional preponderance of potassium group a way that somatic and psychic sensations Parasympatheticotonia of pleasure fuse into a psychosomatic Sensations of pleasure identity. Sexuality The sex-economic concept of the life Contraction process provides the balis for the func- tional energy concept of the neuroses. This "Back into the self" concept may briefly be summarized as fol- Vegetative current in the direction lows: When the elementary vegetative of center function of "striving for pleasure" is in- Decreased mechanical surface tension Decreased electrical surface potential hibited, the vegetative energy takes the Functional preponderance of calcium opposite course and manifests itself as group anxiety. The energy rnetabolism becomes Syrnpatheticotonia disturbed. A greater or lesser amount of Sensations of "unpleasure" energy—which normally would be Anxiety discharged through the orgastic contrac- It goes without saying that this table tions of the involuntary musculature of the represents theoretical extremes. Normally, genital apparatus—now remains in the vegetative life consists in an oscillation, organism in the form of a definite excess within moderate limits, between parasym- of energy. This excess becomes bound up patheticotonia and sympatheticotonia (i.e., in the smooth as well as the striped mus- rhythmical expansion and contraction). culature. Psychically, the energy is bound 78 WALTER FRANK up by the inhibition of the free and natural A. The first step in vegetotherapy is that expressiva of the emotions. The connec- of bringing into focus the characteristic tion between the psychic and the somatic muscular attitudes. These manifest them- immobilization of the energy is clear if selves as static muscle tensions which give une remembers that they have the sarne the individual his specifie stamp. These cause, i.e., une and the same inhibition. muscular attitudes occur in "norinals" as The instinctual energy of the inhibited well as neurotics and are an expression of and prohibited wish for pleasure becomes the individual's character. Many of the attached to the aífects which accompany typical muscular attitudes are, with some the wish. The inhibited energy, instead of practice, easy to discover. ❑thers are less being dynamic, becomes static and is per- obvious and may escape our attention for ceived as anxiety. If the affect is mobilized, a long time, as they are often unbelievably this anxiety will accompany it. The muscle well camouflaged. An important approach groups which should have taken part in to the discovery of these muscular tensions the somatic discharge of the affect will be is the observation of the various move- shown to be immobilized ("tied in ments. An inhibition in movements al- knots"). They show torne contractions, a ways points to the presence of static hypertonus, which forro part of the in- tensions. The most easily observable ten- dividual's characteristic attitudes, in the sions are found in the face, the neck and whole body, the face, the limbs, in motion the shoulders, and in the muscles involved as well as at rest. in respiration. The task of vegetotherapy is that of B. The next step is the most difficult Eiberating the vegetative energy which is une: to make the patient feel these tensions. bound up in the muscles; this is done by Some patients become aware of them im- eliminating the muscle tensions. It means mediately, others only after a long time of releasing the instinctual energy of the cor- practice. This part of the therapy is ab- responding affects. If we succeed in this, solutely essential, and often determines the the combined dammed-up psychosomatic indication and the prognosis of vegeto- energy is liberated, and the block in the therapy. This process of making the muscle-affect-mechanism is eliminated. patient experiente his muscular tensions is really a process of developing his feel- IV. THE TECHNIQUE OF VEGETOTHERAPY. ing of bis own body. It is a central aspect A description of the vegetotherapeutic of the treatment, inasmuch as it gets the technique presents two essential difficul- patient roto touch with bis vegetomecha- ties: r. An indispensable prerequisite for nism, to the extent to which this can be an understanding as well as for the prac- perceived. That the patients' "perceptions" tice of this therapy is that the render can give rise to errors and misinterpreta- himself Elas undergone vegetotherapy. 2. tions is understandablc enough. The pos- Actual obseruation of the vegetotherapeu- sibilities for a hypochondriac to misinter- tic process is equally indispensable for a pret bis perceptions are almost limitless. It real understanding of the various phe- is the task of the therapist to distinguish nomena. If, nevertheless, I shall attempt to the essential from the nonessential; to be give a description to readers, most of able to do this, he must be able to identify whom know the theory and the technique himself with the patient, to feel what is only from hearsay, it is because I want to going on in the patient. It may sound try to give an impression of what is being strange that it should be necessary to have done and of how the various phenomena the patient "experiente his own body." present themselves. Yet, if we remember the system of con- VEGETOTHERAPY 79 ventional forms, attitudes and automatisms somatically anchored in the muscular ten- into which the modern individual is sions. If we dissolve them, or if some special pressed from infancy on, we can under- circumstances in everyday life lead to a break- stand that this work of making the patient ing through of the repressed affect, anxiety feel himself is by no means a simple task. is bound to appear. In certain types of neurotics, with a par- It is in this way that neurotic anxiety is ticularly rigid muscular armor, it is ex- provoked by our technique. Very rarely tremely difficult. does the patient readily admit this anxiety, C. When the patient has been brought and quite often he denies it. "That's not to the point of feeling and recognizing his anxiety, I'm just feeling sick, I'm just stiff, tensions, we begin to loosen them up. This it's just a pain," one hears frequently from may succeed rather easily, but it also may patients. We have to remember that many require infinite patience. We ask the patients consistently repress their anxiety, patient to watch any impulse to motion just as they repress any other unpleasant which may accompany the tensions, and psychic perception. We must, therefore, to try to "give in" to any such impulse. think of anxiety in terms of physiology, Here we meet serious resistance on the that is to say, a state of sympatheticotonia. part of the patient, a resistance which, so If the picture of sympatheticotonia is far, is analogous to the resistance so well kept in mind, it is readily observed in the known in psychoanalysis. The reason for patient, and we are not led astray by the this resistance is clear. When the patient fact that the patient does not consciously lets go of a neurotic muscle tension, he perceive his sympatheticotonia as anxiety gives in to a motor impulse of an affect in the psychic sense. Some patients, out of which is systematically being kept in re- fear of the anxiety which is about to be re- pression. Every mobilization of a repres- leased, hold on strongly to these somatic sion is accompanied by anxiety and tensions. However, as a rule, they can be discomfort. readily dissolved and rarely lead to symp- toms of any considerable duration. Other The reason for the inevitable appearance patients let the affective impulse break of this anxiety at a time when one tries to through much more quickly, often in- dissolve the repression is simple enough. The repressions have come about in the following stantaneously. Then we have a real vegeta- manner. Most of the child's affective and tive release of the muscular tension. The pleasure-seeking actions meet with systematic immediate eflect of this release varies prohibition, be this prohibition justified by greatly. Purely physically, it is always ex- "morais," "good tone," "good behavior," or perienced as pleasurable, "relaxing," simply the adults' irritation by the child's "warming," "stimulating." If the psycho- pestering. The child's first reaction to this somatic correlation is relatively well es- frustration is angry aggression. Since, how- tablished, as in hysteriform cases, the ever, the prohibition is systematically re- breaking through of the affect is accom- peated, and finally enforced with brute force panied by very definite psychic reactions. or punishment, the child must nerds give in. These appear with the sudden perception If the child repeats the action, it does so with of pleasurable sensations and are often ac- a simultaneous fear of the adults' displeasure or repeated punishment. Thus, the child re- companied by the appearance of early presses the very impulse which urges memories. These memories often go very toward the action. Lates on, the mere wish far back into childhood and are often to repeat the action will in itself, in the described in a peculiar way, i.e., not as manner of a conditioned reflex, produce "adult," conscious memories with their anxiety. It is these repressions which we find almost photographic reproduction. Much 80 WALTER FRANK more frequently, they are described in con- being released. What happens is simply nection with the part or parts of the body that the tension temporarily shifts from in which the tension is being released. one place to another. With that, there may Thus, this process of recollection might be a symptomatic improvement of a cer- be correctly called "organ memory" in tain "complex," of some specific fear, but many cases. The memories of later child- the feeling of liberation that goes with a hood, however, may be more distinct, more genuine release is absent. of the type of our general memories. The explanation is simple. Unless the This point, the reproduction of memo- vegetative energy which is bound up in ries, brings up an important problem. The the tension is liberated by way of a original psychoanalytic formulation of the genuine release of anxiety, we do not mechanism of therapy was this: Un- achieve subjective or objective dissolution conscious infantile experientes are made of the tension. It is Me liberation of Me conscious through the treatment. As they energy—no matter whether one calls it become conscious, the anxiety and dis- vegetative, sexual,. or life energy—which comfort connected with them are abre- causes Me lasting relaxation, the real cure acted and the complex thus loses its of Me symptom. The criterion of genuine pathogenic power. But when suhsequent relaxation is easy to recognize, both ob- experience showed that in many cases no jectively and subjectively: the respective amount of reproduced memories had the part aí the body becomes more "alive," hoped-for therapeutic effect, the theory both in its appearance and in its func- was modified to the effect that, in order to tioning; the patient perceives it as "really bring about the psychoanalytic dissolution belonging to his body." Generally speak- of the complex, the affects attached to the ing, the patient has a feeling of definite memory also had to be reproduced. relief, of stimulation, of mobilization of Vegetotherapy shows clearly why a dis- energy. This corresponds to the fact that solution, even though it seems to produce he does have more free vegetative energy both memory and affect, nevertheless may at his disposal in the organism. not bring the expected result. It enables us These releases take quite different forms to distinguish what are only seeming dis- in the various character types. In emotion- solutions from the genuine phenomena. ally labile, hysteriform types, we find This distinction one is unable to make un- rapid and often violent reactions. The ex- less one has become acquainted, through periencing of the anxiety takes a dramatic personal experience, with one's own course, infantile memories and situations mechanisms of escaping the very real are released in great numbers. In other anxiety brought about by the dissolution patients, with predominating compulsive of the tensions. Such mechanisms as tens- character traits, the release takes place ing one part of the body which had pre- more slowly and gradually. It is as if the viously been relatively relaxed, at a time patient himself were parceling out the when a tension in another part of the anxiety and its release in small portions. body is being released, is just one of there Incidentally, in the course of this treat- escape mechanisms. While, with the re- ment one finds that the usual differentia- laxation of one part of the body, genuine, tion of character types according to their verifiable memories are produced, and outward appearances in hysterical, com- while a great amount of affect seems to pulsive and neurasthenic types, etc., es- be released, Me real vegetative energy is sentially loses its value as a "classification" being bound up in another part of Me of character types. An energy concept of body. That is ta say, the energy is not Me neuroses makes Me neuroses appear as VEGETOTHERAPY 81

the result of a damrning-up of vegetativa The most common objection to vegeto- energy which becomes bound up in this therapy is that it intenda to rum people into way or that, by this or that mechanism in uninhibited beings, driven by their unbridled the organism. From a character-analytic instincts. The objection is as stupid as it is and vegetotherapeutic point of view, it is incerrect. What vegetotherapy really at- tempts to do is to free people frota their de- a matter of finding out how a patient be- vitalizing unconscious inhibitions, and to haves in his reactions, symptoms, com- liberate their vegetative, sexual energy so plaints, etc., and where the somatic mani- that ir is completely at their disposal when festations are and can be influenced. the situation asks for it and when the in- During the treatrnent, that is, with the dividual wishes it. dissolufion of the different mechanisms It is not the free-flowing affect or energy which bind the energy, we also see fre- which turas people into ineffective neurotics quently how one character type changes and into criminais. The affect which is free into another. seeks its normal gratification in a racional The therapeutic handling of the respi- manner. No objection can be raised to this. ratory function is a chapter in itself. The On the other hand, the repressed affect, the in significance of respiration for health has inhibited energy, seeks its gratification irrational ways; instead of fiowing freely, it always been recognized. There are ali squirts out through cracks in the armor. Tc kinds of "systems" for the influencing of nevem results in real satisfaction of the the respiratory function, from occult natural aceda. All the talk about "lust," "un- sciences to our present-day gymnastics bridled instincts," "man is better than the and methods of training the singing and animal," "sex is not everything," etc., etc., speaking voice. What ali these systems is based on a peculiar but extrernely deep- have in common is that they doubtless seated belief that free instinctual energy of convey a certain feeling of the body. What necessity must lead to ethical, moral or social is wrong with them is that they all place a disturbances. one-sided emphasis on the acquisiti❑n of This concept, as widely accepted as it rnay certain isolated skills, be they psychic or be, is completely erroneous. Free, healthy sornatic. Such systems are of necessity instinctual activity is right, pleasurable and stimulating. It is the inhibited drives and the artificial, because by their very nature distorted affects characteristic of our sex- they take into account only a fraction of negative society which are the "immoral" and the phenomena which one observes in the "dangerous" forces that make people into process of establishing normal respiration, neurotics and into reactionary mummies. and because they completei), ignore the They are the reverse, the anxiety side of the anxiety reactions which are therapeutically inhibited instinctual energy; they represent, so important. in their manifestations as well as in their The aim of vegetotherapy, as far as res- effects, the diametricai opposite of natural, piration is concerned, is the establishment biological energy. of natural, free respiration as it is found Often enough, the patients themselves, in vital, vegetatively healthy people. In particularly hysteriform patients and pa- situations where the affects can be ex- tients with outspoken anxiety, point out pressed naturally, the respiratory function difficulties in breathing: "1 don't get the will participate, qualitatively and quanti- air in properly," "I'rn going to ch❑ke," "I tatively, according to the nature and the ean't ler the air ali out," etc. It is easy to intensity of the afica. In situations where see that they breathe stiffiy, not freely, that free emotional expression is impossible, they breathe out, not in "one even breath," the respiratory function can be utilized for but in steps, as it were; or they breathe the deliberate suppression of the affect. with a mechanical uniformity, the varying 82 WALTER FRANK psychic states not having any influente one of the very first muscular mechanisms whatsoever on the respiratory function. employed in the inhibition of affective im- A great many patients, however, are pulses. It is for this reason that just this completely unaware of the inhibition of inhibition very often proves to be the one their respiration; it seerns to them that that has become most automatic, and is their breath comes evenly and naturally. the most easily overlooked and the most They are asked to breathe naturally and diificult to eliminate. At the same time, as at the same time to look for any inhibi- shall point out lazer, it is the most im- tions of the respiratory function they may portant one to overcome. become aware of. The subjective ex- While trying to dissolve the tensions in periente of the patient together with the various parts of the body, one always objective observations of the therapist works simultaneously on the respiratory guide the procedure. There are three main function because the inhibition of the mechanisms of respiratory inhibition: t) respiratory function helps to maintain chronic hypertension af the abdominal other tensions, and, conversely, the free- musculature; 2) the diaphragm is tense ing of the respiratory function helps in the and sluggish in its movements; 3) the work of dissolving them. When anxiety, upper part of the thorax is tense, expanded through inhibition of respiration, threatens and takes part insufficiently in the respira- to hinder the further dissolution of a tory movements. At the same time, the muscle tension and with that the libera- muscles in the shoulders, jaws, neck, tion of the bound-up vegetative energy, tongue and throat are almost always hy- continued respiration will bring about the pertonic. It goes without saying that in the dissolution. It is in this way, by forcing search for these tensions one also discovers himself to breathe through in spite of the odiar tensions which are connected with resistances, that the patient can help the these mechanisms. therapeutic process along. This may sound In order not to lese myself in details, I strange. Yet, if we remember that the shall only point out that the work on these patient's anxiety works steadily against the respiratory inhibitions is one of the most dissolution of the tensions, we understand important aspects of the whole therapeutic that the work repre_sents a long drawn-out procedure. It is absolutely necessary to job which requires a great deal af patience restore the normal respiratory function at on the part of both patient and therapist. Ieast to such an extent that the patient ac- D. Up to now 1 have discussed some of quires the ability to let it take part freely the elementary aspects of the technique in his emotional reactions. The free respi- which were mostly diagnostic and to some ratory movements leal, in an amazing extent "analytic" in character. The patient manner, to the establishment of psycho- as well as the reader will raise the ques- somatic contact; the patient now distinctly tion: Suppose we recognize these vegeta- feels the somatic component of his emo- tive phenomena, we recognize them as tions. The affects also begin to have more germine affective phenomena, and we can and more of a "reality" character. That more ar less verify the memories that is, the affect is no longer something vague, come up. Suppose, furthermore, that an distant and pale, that one talks about. The increase in energy is both subjectively felt patient recognizes it as what it really is: and objectively substantiated. Thus far, an energy which presses for discharge in all that has been discussed is muscle ten- action. sions and their dissolution. But the goal Observation of children and adoIescents of therapy is supposed to be the establish- shows that the inhibition of respiration is ment of orgastic potency. How does that VEGETOTHERAPY 83 come about? Does it come about by itself, tain point in the expiratory phase once incidentally, as it were, or does it require this has been "loosened up." Either im- a special treatment of the sexual problem? mediately or only after some time, these I shall attempt to summarize the ob- contractions are accompanied by peculiar servations with which vegetotherapy has feelings of current, of warmth, of tickling. provided us, and shall show why the thera- They are also described as shuddering peutic goal is that of establishing orgastic sensations in abdomen, body and limbs. potency. These currents, which are nothing but the In the course of the treatment, a certain pleasurable perceptions of primitive vege- orientation gradually takes place in the tative currents, may occasionally run from patient's sex life. Generally speaking, the diaphragm over the whole body, limbs neither direct sexual therapy (such as and head. In the places where they occur,

"masturbation therapy") nor counsel in the patient has an increased awareness of sexual hygiene can straighten out serious his body and an increase in impulses. neurotic disturbances, even though some- There is a feeling of warmth, slight trem- times considerable symptomatic improve- bling and a feeling of "coming alive" in ment may be achieved. But the improve- the respective parts of the body. Neuro- ment, if any, is of a superficial nature, and logically, there is a marked hyperactivity it is only in light cases, especially ia very of the skin-, periost- and tendon reflexes. young people, that real improvement can As this abdominal reflex and the ac- be achieved. companying vegetative currents develop Vegetotherapeutic experiente presents a further, new sensations make their appear- very different picture. In the process of re- ance in the pelvis and the sexual organs. laxing the respiratory muscles and the With that, the patient becomes aware of abdominal wall, patients often relate that the tensions in the pelvic musculature, par- the relaxation stops at the pelvis. For the ticularly in the sphincters of bladder and time being, we can assume that the somatic rectum. As these are dissolved and free basis of genital malfunctioning is the respiration and the perception of currents tension in the pelvic musculature. These develop further, a sexualization of the tensions reduce or make impossible the genitals takes place. It is astounding to perception of the vegetative sensations in see how this sexualization is experienced the pelvic organs, and disturb the orgastic as a "coming alive" of the whole sexual function. mechanism. The sensations of pleasure be- At a certain stage of the process of come both different and more intense. The loosening up the respiratory function and musculature in body and limbs becomes the abdominal wall, a peculiar phenome- more relaxed and the movements in gen- non occurs. The patient notices an impulse eral become softer. to motion in the diaphragm, which results Finally, the whole organisrn begins to in contractions of the whole abdominal participate in the impulse which originates musculature as well as the large lumbar from the epigastrium. With the dissolu- muscles. While these movements are tak- tion of the various muscle tensions and ing place, the abdominal wall is extremely the corresponding anxiety manifestations, hypersensitive, so that the movements can the body movements finally take the form be induced by touching the abdomen ever of natural coitus movements, the patient so lightly. These jerk-like movements in giving himself over completely to the the abdomen often continue for a con- situation. Patients relate that the impulse siderable period during the sarne session; to the movements originates from the they occur in a typical manner at a cer- depth of the epigastrium, from the solar 84 WALTER FRANK plexus, although there is as yet no physio- every human being who feels in himself logical proof of this. the lack of this quality, longs for it and Thus we sce that the releasing of the seeks it more or less openly. vegetomechanism leads to the re-establish- It is ali not as simple as it sounds. As ment of a biological reflex which most was said before, direct "sexual" therapy modero individuais have "forgotten": the hardly ever leads to any satisfactory re- orgasm reflex. That is to say, simply, that sults. The goal of vegetotherapy is the the movements of the sexual act have an liberador' of the vegetativo energy which autonomic vegetative balis. It means that is bound up in the neurosis. If correctly any voluntary coitus movements inhibit carried out, this leads to the elimination and weaken the vegetative autonomic im- of the neurotic symptoms and to the estab- pulses and the intensity of the vegetative lishment of orgastic potency. Thus, the currents. It means that conscious activity 'atter is a result; but the therapeutic sig- in the sexual act constitutes an inhibition nificance of this result is so decisive that of the biological act. We thus understand it can be called the goal of therapy. Bio- that the "normal orgasm," as an expression logically speaking, orgastic potency is the of the maximal discharge of vegetative criterion of vegetative health; therefore, energy, requires a maximal reduction of from this standpoint also, its establishment "normal consciousness." can be considered a goal. 1 am fully aware of the fact that such a 2. The "moral" objections, either on re- frank discussion of sexuality, which to ligious grounds or couched in professional, the individual represents the most secret ethical, esthetic or other terms, are ali and intimate part of his personality, must based on the conventional sex-negativa arouse resistance, in many quarters abhor- attitude of our society. In one way or an- rence. It is impossible to anticipate ali the other, practically everyone raises such ob- objections, representing as they do, a jections, because practically everybody has multitude of points of view: the moralistic, gone through a sex-negative upbringing. ethical, esthetic; that of parents, physicians, These objections derive much support from patients, "educated people," of "the aver- religion and the passivo reactionary alti- age normal individual," and other "know- tude. The sex-negative attitude permeares it-alls." all of society, no matter whether it mani- The purpose of sex-economy is the scien- fests itself in the absolute "Thou-shalt- tific investigation of the problems of sexu- not" morality of the church, or in the ality. It cannot give in to the objections liberal formulation of "sexuality is not that this or that person or group may have everything in this world." to the form or the contens of its findings. Sex-economy states that a healthy sex- The main thing is to present the facts as uality is a function which is indispensable they can be observed. A sober and objec- to a full realizador' of an individual. It tive evaluation of the facts, based on the provides happiness and capacity for concept of sexual energy, must be the achievement, to individual and society. On point of departure for a discussion of the the other hand, inhibited and unbalanced subject. I shall only make a few general sexuality distorts the character and gives remarks with regará to some of the most the individual's thinking and actions the commonly raised objections: stamp of compensation and substituto. 1. Orgastic potency as the therapeutic 3. "Sublimation" of instinctual energy, goal. To postulate orgastic potency as the many will object, is one of the most im- goal of therapy, undoubtedly sounds one- portant cultural factors; our very culture sided, "sexually monomanic," even though is partly based on sexual repression. How- VEGETOTHERAPY 85 ever true this argument may sound at of lasciviousness and debauchery would first, it is erroneous, because it is based on break loose!" false pra/lises. Sublimation is supposed to This objection has severa! causes. For consist in a utilization of the repressed one thing, we read every day about sex sexual energy for higher, cultural aims. crimes, committed by sexually abnormal Examples are pointed out of artists,.scien- individuais. The usual explanation by tists and poets, with the easy explanation reference to a congenital, constitutional that the economizing of their sexual energy defect does not hold water. Psychoanalysis, by abstinence made possible their extraor- and even more so vegetotherapy, of per- dinary achievements. verse individuais shows that most of such If we consider the subject from the perverse tendencies are the result of a sex- energy point of view, the absurdity of such suppressing upbringing. The perverse reasoning becomes readily apparent. Most sexual acts are the expression of an arnount peopie, when they speak of "sexuality," of sexual energy which could not be re- mean genital sensations and activity. It is pressed and which now, in a distorted assumed, then, that the husbanding of form, breaks through the armor of pro- sexual energy will result in a plus in life hibition. Therapeutic experiente always energy which becomes available for demonstrates also the specific environ- achievement in work. mental factors which produce this or that In contrast with this, sex-economy, and form of sexual abnormality. particularly vegetotherapy, demonstrares Secondly, the sexually inhibited indi- the fact that sexual repression binds energy, vidual has erroneous concepts with regard immobilizes it in various parts of the to ali the horrors which would break loose, organism, and thus makes the individual such as promiscuity, a life of hedonism neurotic. This applies to every single indi- and debauchery, etc. 'The reason for these vidual with sexual repression. Under these concepts is clear. The sexually inhibited circumstances, most people, endowed with individual suffers from dammed-up sexual an average amount of vital energy, will energy which does not find discharge. present the picture of an average, "normal" This dammed-up sexual energy leads in- or more or less neurotic individual. Those evitably to an increased sexual phantasy- relarively rare individuais who are con- life which creates and maintains in the stitutionally equipped with a vital energy individual the feeling—more or less con- above average, will occasionally manage scious—that a "free sexuality" would result to express their energy in creative produc- in boundless, chaotic sexual expression. tion in spite of their sexual inhibitions. In reality, things are quite different. The That is to say, sexual repression im- sexually healthy individual will give him- mobilizes energy, and through the result- self to a congenial parrner and establish a ing neurotic mechanisms, makes unham- satisfactory relationship. In a healthy sexual pered achievement impossible. Sublimation relationship, the sexual demands are de- only demonstrares the fact that rare indi- terminei by the individual's natural viduais who are equipped with an extraor- erotic demands. dinary amount of vital energy may be In a normal relationship, one gives to extraordinarily productive in spite of pos- sexuality what is due to ir, and coe gives sible sexual inhibitions. to work and other vital activity the rest, 4. one of the main objections, raised and that means not the smallest part of readily and frequently, is chis: "Suppose the vital energies. Free sexuality means we let our instincts go—what a chaos of nothing but the individual's capacity to ever-changing love affairs, what an inferno satisfy his natural sexual needs. This is 86 WALTER FRANK everybody's natural right. It should be the not appear neatly one after the other like duty of society to enforte this right. pearls on a necklace. Every single dissolu- The establishing of the orgasm reflex tion of a tension may take a long time. gives the patient a steadily increasing feel- Every energy-binding muscle tension has ing of vitality and energy. The freer, i.e., its psychic equivalent in the corresponding the less laden with anxiety it is, the more character resistance. Often, one has to post- does the patient feel himself capable of pone the dissolution of a tension for a Eunctioning sexually. The urge for sexual long time, until the parallel character- release will lead to a possibly lasting rela- analytic work on the resistance opens the tionship or will pave the way for one. The possibilities for further dissolution of improved sexual ftmctioning gives a muscle tensions. Generally speaking, vege- steadily increasing feeling of normality, totherapy and character-analysis go hand and the need for treatment diminishes. in hand. One-sided somatic dissolution of The relationships with the environment tensions without corresponding psychic enter a new phase. The patient becomes reactions is a half-measure at best, even more secure, begins to depend more on though it may lead to the improvement himself. To what extent this new, inde- of many symptoms (such as insomnia, pendent attitude will lead to a change in constipation, various manifestations of the patient's circumstances depends en- anxiety). A deficient psychosomatic con- tirely on what these circumstances are. tact must be regarded as a neurotic symp- The problem as to whether an existing tom, a "split," the chiei function of which marriage should be maintained enters a is that of avoiding the latent anxiety. With- new phase. It goes without saying that in out a genuine break-through of anxiety, the new situation a continuation of the one achieves no real release of the affects, marriage may be impossible. On the other no real liberation of energy. hand, a more frequent outcome is that a Also, the vegetotherapeutic treatment problem marriage can be pulled out of its has to be seen as stretched out over a con- conflicts which were largely due to the siderable time, often several hundred patient's neurosis. hours. Furthermore, the present article The treatment approaches its natural gives a picture of the course of the treat- conclusion. The conclusion of the treat- ment is determined by the simple fact that ment in favorable cases; the difficulties the patient no longer needs it. He feels one encounters, particularly in some al- alive, sexually normal, capable of inde- most hopelessly rigid cases, belong in an- pendent action and of working. The actual other article. The method is new, even difficulties and conflicts of life now present though its theoretical basis is firm enough. themselves as what they are, not neurotic- The therapist's individual ability to find ally exaggerated as they used to be. The his way through the difficulties depends on patient leaves the treatment as a natural, his capability for empathy.4 Every new healthy being. The neurotic character has case brings new experientes. Every hour been altered, the energy is withdrawn from the therapist is confronted with the prob- neurotic self-occupation and is directed to- lem of whether he is dealing with genuine ward the outer world, its tasks and work. liberation of energy and affect, or with E. Comrnents: This summary of vegeto- pseudo-affects without release of anxiety. therapy may appear alluringly simple. It 4 Translator's note. This highsounding Greek should be remembered that this article word seems to be the only one that renders the original "Einfühlungsvermõgen," meaning, liter- presents no more than a schematic hird's- ally, the ability to "feel oneself imo another eye view. All the various phenomena do person." VEGETOTHERAPY 87

This is the crucial problem, and the de- to any alarm signals which may indicate cisive point in the process of changing the dangerous situations. neurotic character into the genital char- A third problem is that of the dura- acter. bility of the results. In view of the fact Another problem is that of the risk in- that vegetotherapy as a self-existent therapy volved in vegetotherapy. It has often been is no older than three to four years (this pointed out that the dangers of releasing was written in r939—Translator), it is, of the affects and instinctual impulses are a course, impossible to present any sizable weighty argument against vegetotherapy. statistics. However, in the relatively small I should like to emphasize this risk very number of patients whose treatment has strongly. By far the most important pre- been concluded, the therapeutic results requisite for the practice of vegetotherapy seem to be well consolidated. is that one has oneself undergone the Prognostically, a lasting result is assured, treatment. The therapist must know the inasmuch as the establishment of orgastic various reactions from his own experi- potency, if successful, gives the individual ence, he must know exactly how the an increased self-confidente, energy to genuine release of energy takes place, he stand on his own feet, increased activity must have rid himself completely of any and enjoyment in work. On the other escape mechanisms and any swindling hand, his liberated sexuality makes higher with pseudo-affects. Only this self-experi- demands on the patient, both with regard ence will give him the ability to evaluate to himself and his environment. What the patient's reactions, will give him an results we have, however, seem to fulfill ability to identify himself with the patient the goal toward which all psychotherapy which can be relied upon. Only these strives: to give full capacity for love and qualities will enable him to evaluate his for complete absorption and enjoyment in observations correctly, will sensitize him work. Projeto Arte Org Redescobrindo e reinterpretando W. Reich

Caro Leitor Infelizmente, no que se refere a orgonomia, seguir os passos de Wilhelm Reich e de sua equipe de investigadores é uma questão bastante difícil, polêmica e contraditória, cheia de diferentes interpretações que mais confundem do que ajudam. Por isto, nós decidimos trabalhar com o material bibliográfico presente nos microfilmes (Wilhelm Reich Collected Works Microfilms) em forma de PDF, disponibilizados por Eva Reich que já se encontra circulado pela internet, e que abarca o desenvolvimento da orgonomia de 1941 a 1957.

Dividimos este “material” de acordo com as revistas publicadas pelo instituto de orgonomia do qual o Reich era o diretor. 01- International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research (1942-1945). 02- Orgone Energy Bulletin (1949-1953) 03- CORE Cosmic Orgone Engineering (1954-1956)

E logo dividimos estas revistas de acordo com seus artigos, apresentando-os de forma separada (em PDF), o que facilita a organizá-los por assunto ou temas. Assim, cada qual pode seguir o rumo de suas leituras de acordo com os temas de seu interesse. Todo o material estará disponível em inglês na nuvem e poderá ser acessado a partir de nossas páginas Web.

Sendo que nosso intuito aqui é simplesmente divulgar a orgonomia, e as questões que a ela se refere, de acordo com o próprio Reich e seus colaboradores diretos relativos e restritos ao tempo e momento do próprio Reich. Quanto ao caminho e as postulações de cada um destes colaboradores depois da morte de Reich, já é uma questão que extrapola nossas possibilidades e nossos interesses. Sendo que aqui somente podemos ser responsáveis por nós mesmos e com muitas restrições.

Alguns destes artigos, de acordo com nossas possiblidades e interesse, já estamos traduzindo. Não somos tradutores especializados e, portanto, pedimos a sua compreensão para possíveis erros que venham a encontrar. 1

Em nome da comunidade Arte Org. Textos da área da Orgonomia Bifísica. Texts from the area of Biphysical Orgonomy ------International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research ------Orgone Biologics ------01 Walter Frank. Vegetoterapy 1942 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 1 1942 Interval 70-92 Pag. 65-87

02 Wilhelm Reich. The Discovery of the Orgone 1941 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 2 1942 Interval 12-36 Pag. 108-130

03 Wilhelm Reich. The Carcinomatous Shrinking Biopathy 1942 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 2 1942 Interval 37-61 Pag. 131-155

04 Mary Robert. Shock Therapy as a Subjective Experience 1942 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 2 1942 Interval 62-68 Pag. 156-162

05 Wilhelm Reich. The Natural Organization of Protozoa from Orgone Energy Vesicles (Bions) 1942 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 3 1942 Interval 1-33 Pag. 193-255

06 William F. Thorburn. Mechanistic Medicine and the Biopathies 1942 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 3 1942 Interval 65-66 Pag. 257-258

07 Theodore P. Wolfe. A Sex-Economic Note on Academic Sexology 1942 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 1 Number 3 1942 Interval 67-73 Pag. 259-265

08 Wilhelm Reich. Experimental Orgone Therapy of the Cancer Biopathy (1932- 1943) International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 2 Number 1 1943 Interval 6-96 Pag. 1-92

09 Lucille Bellamy. Vegetotherapeutic Gymnastics 1943 2

International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 2 Numbers 2 3 1943 Interval 49-55 Pag. 141-147

10 Theodore P. Wolfe. Mis Conceptions of Sex-Economy as Evidenced im Book Reviews 1943 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 2 Numbers 2 3 1943 Interval 74-80 Pag. 166-172

11- Carl Arnold. A Theory of Living Functioning 1944 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 3 Number 1 1944 Interval 22-42 Pag. 17-37

12 Notes Editorial. Rational and Irrational Discussion of Orgone Biophysics 1944 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 3 Number 1 1944 Interval 79-84 Pag. 74-79

13 Theodore P. Wolfe. The Stumbling Block in Medicine and Pshichiatry 1942 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 3 Numbers 2 3 1944 Interval 69-91 Pag. 175-187

14 Wilhelm Reich. Anorgonia in the Carcinomatous Shering Biopathy 1944 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 4 Number 1 1945 Interval 3-35 Pag. 1-33

15 Notes Editorial. Cold Facts. Orgone Accumulator 1945 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 4 Number 1 1945 Interval 102-102 Pag. 100-100

16 Notes Editorial. Free Love 1945 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 4 Number 1 1945 Interval 106-106 Pag. 104-104

17 Notes Editorial. Orgonotic Contact. Letter from a Reader 1945 International Journal of Sex Economy and Orgone Research Volume 4 Numbers 2 3 1945 Interval 81-82 Pag. 203-204

18 Wilhelm Reich. Fron the History of Orgone Biophysics 1947 McF 207 Annals of the Orgone Institute, Number 1. 1947 Interval 58-67 Pag. 108-126 ------Orgone Energy Bulletin ------3

Orgone Biologics ------01 James A. Willie. The use a Male Dummy in Medical Orgone Therapy McF 209 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 2. Apr. 1949 Interval 9-13 Pag. 61-69

02 Notes. A Psichoanalytic Dilema and Bionous Disintegration in Wood 1940 McF 209 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 2. Apr. 1949 Interval 21-23 Pag. 85-88

03 Editorial. Public Responsability in the Early Diagnosis of Cancer 1949 McF 301 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 3. Jul. 1949 Interval 11-14 Pag. 110-116

04 M. S Reviews. Harper & Brothers 1949 McF 301 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 3. Jul. 1949 Interval 26-27 Pag. 141-142

05 Walter Hoppe. Further Experiences with the Orgone Accumulator 1950 McF 303 Orgone Energy Bulletin, Vol. 2, No. 1. Jan. 1950 Interval 11-13 Pag. 16-21

06 Helen E. McDonald. Wilhelm Reichs concept Cancer Biopathy I 1950 McF 305 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 2, No. 3. Jul. 1950 Interval 18-21 Pag. 124-130

07 Orgonomie and Chemical Cancer Research. A Brief Comparacion 1950 McF 305 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 2, No. 3. Jul. 1950 Interval 25-27 Pag. 139-142

08 On The Record. Wilhelm Reichs Priority in Cancer Test 1950 McF 306 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 2, No. 4. Oct. 1950 Interval 35-35 Pag. 220-221

09 Reviews. Correction Regarding a Control of Reichs Cancer Experiments 1950 McF 306 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 2, No. 4. Oct. 1950 Interval 36-37 Pag. 222-224

10 Wilhelm Reich Cancer Ceells in Experiment XX 1950 McF 307 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 1. Jan. 1951 Interval 3-4 Pag. 1-3

11 Orgone Biologics. Ruler to Follow in Basic Research 1951 McF 307 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 1. Jan. 1951 Interval 34-35 Pag. 63-64

12 Wilhelm Reich The Leukemia Problem Approach 1950 McF 308 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 2. Apr. 1951 Interval 10-12 Pag. 76-80

13 Simeon J. Tropp. Limeted Surgery in Orgonomic Cancer Therapy 1950 McF 308 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 2. Apr. 1951 4

Interval 12-16 Pag. 81-89

14 On The record. Life in Russia, Cancer Research and Stromy Social Weather 1951 McF 308 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 2. Apr. 1951 Interval 28-29 Pag. 112-115

15 Wilhelm Reich Armoring in a Newborn Infant 1950 McF 309 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 3. Jul. 1951 Interval 3-13 Pag. 121-138

16 Archives of Orgone Institute. Wilhelm Reich on the Road to Biogenesis (1935- 1939) McF 309 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 3, No. 3. Jul. 1951 Interval 17-25 Pag. 146-162

17 Michael Silvert. On the Medical Use of Orgone Energy 1952 McF 311 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 1. Jan. 1952 Interval 27-29 Pag. 51-54

18 ElsWorth F. Baker. Genital Anxiety in Nursing Mothers. 1952 McF 311 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 1. Jan. 1952 Interval 11-17 Pag. 19-31

19 Arthur Steig. Orgone Energy Metabolism 1952 McF 311 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 1. Jan. 1952 Interval 29-31 Pag. 54-58

20 Wilhelm Reich Orgonomic Diagnosis of Cancer Biopathy 1952 McF 312 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 2. Apr. 1952 Interval 2-34 Pag. 65-128

21 Ola Raknes. Letter to Reich (1950) 1952 McF 314 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 4. Oct. 1952 Interval 21-25 Pag. 207-214

22 On the Record. Clarifications 1952 Orgone and energy in the Brain, Emotionally Positive and Promise Cancer Cure McF 314 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 4. Oct. 1952 Interval 26-28 Pag. 217-221

23 Elsworth F. Baker. A Grave Therapeitic Problem 1953 McF 315 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 5, No. 1,2. Mar. 1953 Interval 32-37 Pag. 60-70

24 Kenneth M. Bremer. Medical Effects of Orgone Energy 1953 McF 315 Orgone Energy Bulletin. Vol. 5, No. 1,2. Mar. 1953 Interval 37-44 Pag. 71-84 ------CORE. 5

------Orgone Biologics ------01 Robert A. McCullough. Antibiotics Cloudseeding and Life Energy 1955 McF 318 CORE. Vol. 7, No. 1,2. Mar. 1955 Interval 22-25 Pag. 40-46

02 Eva Reich. Early Diagnosis of cancer of the uterus 1943 McF 318 CORE. Vol. 7, No. 1,2. Mar. 1955 Interval 25-28 Pag. 47-53

03 Bernard Grad. Willelm Reichs Experiment XX 1955 McF 319 CORE. Vol. 7, No. 3,4. Dec. 1955 Interval 19-25 Pag. 130-143

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