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The VLT/Naco Large Program to Probe the Occurrence of Exoplanets in Wide Orbits Arcsec Separation, Around Very Young Objects Such As Results

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The VLT/Naco Large Program to Probe the Occurrence of Exoplanets in Wide Orbits Arcsec Separation, Around Very Young Objects Such As Results Astronomy & Astrophysics manuscript no. nacolp c ESO 2018 August 30, 2018 The VLT/NaCo Large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs in wide orbits⋆ I Sample definition and characterization S. Desidera1, E. Covino2, S. Messina3, J. Carson4,5, J. Hagelberg6, J.E. Schlieder5, K. Biazzo3, J.M. Alcal´a2, G. Chauvin7, A. Vigan8, J.L. Beuzit7, M. Bonavita1, M. Bonnefoy5, P. Delorme7, V. D’Orazi9,1, M. Esposito10,2, M. Feldt5, L. Girardi1, R. Gratton1, T. Henning5, A.M. Lagrange7, A.C. Lanzafame3,11, R. Launhardt5, M. Marmier6, C. Melo12, M. Meyer13, D. Mouillet7, C. Moutou8, D. Segransan6, S. Udry6, and C.M. Zaidi7 1 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, 35122 Padova, Italy 2 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Napoli, Salita Moiariello 16, 80131, Napoli, Italy 3 INAF-Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy 4 Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Charleston, 58 Coming St. Charleston, SC 29424, USA 5 Max-Planck-Institut f¨ur Astronomie, K¨onigstuhl 17, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany 6 Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva, Chemin des Mailettes 51, 1290 Versoix, Switzerland 7 Institut de Plan´etologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, UJF, CNRS, 414 rue de la piscine, 38400 Saint Martin d’H`eres, France 8 Aix Marseille Universit´e, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille) UMR 7326, 13388, Marseille, France 9 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia 10 Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, C/ Via Lactea, s/n, E38205 - La Laguna (Tenerife), Spain 11 Universit´adi Catania, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via S. Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy 12 European Southern Observatory, Casilla 19001, Santiago 19, Chile 13 Institute for Astronomy, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli Strasse 27, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland ABSTRACT Context. Young, nearby stars are ideal targets to search for planets using the direct imaging technique. The determination of stellar parameters is crucial for the interpretation of imaging survey results, particularly since the luminosity of substellar objects has a strong dependence on system age. Aims. We have conducted a large program with NaCo at the VLT in order to search for planets and brown dwarfs in wide orbits around 86 stars. A large fraction of the targets observed with NaCo were poorly investigated in the literature. We performed a study to characterize the fundamental properties (age, distance, mass) of the stars in our sample. To improve target age determinations, we compiled and analyzed a complete set of age diagnostics. Methods. We measured spectroscopic parameters and age diagnostics using dedicated observations acquired with FEROS and CORALIE spectrographs at La Silla Observatory. We also made extensive use of archival spectroscopic data and results available in the literature. Additionally, we exploited photometric time-series, available in ASAS and Super- WASP archives, to derive rotation period for a large fraction of our program stars. Results. We provided updated characterization of all the targets observed in the VLT NaCo Large program, a survey designed to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs in wide orbits. The median distance and age of our program stars are 64 pc and 100 Myr, respectively. Nearly all the stars have masses between 0.70 and 1.50 M⊙, with a median value of 1.01 M⊙. The typical metallicity is close to solar, with a dispersion that is smaller than that of samples usually observed in radial velocity surveys. Several stars are confirmed or proposed here to be members of nearby young arXiv:1405.1559v1 [astro-ph.EP] 7 May 2014 moving groups. Eight spectroscopic binaries are identified. Key words. Stars: fundamental parameters - Stars: rotation - Stars: activity - Stars: pre-main sequence - Stars: kinematics and dynamics - (Stars:) binaries: general 1. Introduction ⋆ High-angular resolution deep imaging in the near-infrared Based on observations collected at La Silla and Paranal Observatory, ESO (Chile) using FEROS, HARPS, and NaCo maximizes the capability to detect faint circumstellar bod- Based on observations collected with the CORALIE echelle spec- ies amidst the large brightness of the central star (?). trograph mounted on the 1.2 m Swiss telescope at La Silla The first detections of comoving companions with plan- Observatory. Based on the All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) etary mass were obtained using deep VLT/NaCo in- photometric data. frared imaging, with contrast up to 6-8 mag at > 0.5 1 S. Desidera et al.: The VLT/NaCo Large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets in wide orbits arcsec separation, around very young objects such as results. Results from the NaCo-LP sample will be merged 2MASSWJ 1207334−393254 (?) and AB Pic (?). with those of other surveys of comparable depth to pro- After these earliest discoveries, improvements in data duce a comprehensive statistical analysis of the occurrence acquisition and data analysis techniques (e.g. the introduc- of giant planets in wide orbits around FGK stars (Vigan et tion of angular differential imaging, ?) allowed the detection al. 2014, in preparation) as well as a complementary study of the first objects likely formed in protoplanetary disks, of the brown dwarf population (Reggiani et al. 2014, in such as the 4-planet system orbiting HR 8799 (??) and the preparation). giant planet orbiting at 8 AU from the well known star- The layout of this paper is the following. In Sect. 2 we disk system β Pic (?). In the last year, several additional introduce the target sample while in Sect. 3 we present discoveries of directly-imaged planets have been reported the spectroscopic data-set and describe the data reduction (???). procedures; in Sect. 4 we present the spectroscopic analy- Several surveys were also carried out, with published sis performed to determine radial and projected rotational detection limits for hundreds of objects (e.g. ???). These velocities, to measure lithium line 6707.8 A˚ strength, and observations allowed a first estimate of the frequency of gi- to derive effective temperature; in Sect. 5 we present the ant planets in wide orbits (?). There are exciting prospects analysis of photometric time series to derive the rotation for the detection of planets of lower masses (below 1MJ ), period; in Sect. 6 we examine magnetic activity diagnos- and of smaller semimajor axes, thanks to the availability of tics Ca II H&K and X-ray emission; in Sect. 7 we report new instrumentation, such as SPHERE at VLT (?); GPI at the presence of possible stellar companions; in Sect. 8 we Gemini-South (?); SCExAO at Subaru (?) and LBTI (??). analyze the kinematic parameters supporting the member- As the luminosity of substellar objects is strongly de- ship to known nearby associations; in Sect. 9 we evaluate pendent on age (??), the determination of the mass of a distances and metallicities of the targets and infer stellar detected planet, or the derivation of detection limits in masses and ages; in Sect. 10 we summarize our results. In terms of planetary mass, requires a careful evaluation of the Appendix A we report the compilation of data available in stellar age. Other parameters, such as stellar mass, metal- the literature for our targets; in Appendix B we describe licity, distance to the system, multiplicity and membership individual targets; in Appendix C we provide our calibra- to associations are also required for a proper interpreta- tion of choromospheric emission for FEROS spectra; while tion of the results, in terms of both positive detections and in Appendix D the details of our search for rotation period statistics of the whole survey. Such comprehensive knowl- on photometric time series are presented. edge allows for meaningful comparisons with the outcomes of other planet-search projects using different techniques (e.g. ??) as well as outcomes from planet formation models 2. Sample selection (????). The determination of stellar age is a challenging task, The target selection was based on an initial compilation of especially for isolated field objects (?). A variety of indi- about one thousand young nearby stars, based on various cators can be used such as isochrone fitting, lithium con- literature sources and dedicated observations, assembled in tent, chromospheric and coronal emission, stellar rotation, preparation for the SPHERE GTO survey (?). The youth and kinematics. The various indicators have complemen- diagnostics include high lithium content, Ca II H&K line tary sensitivities for stars of different spectral types and chromospheric emission, Hα emission, X-ray activity, rota- different ages. Furthermore, some diagnostics like those re- tion rate and kinematics. From that list, objects within a lated to rotation and magnetic activity might give spuri- distance horizon of 100pc, younger that 200Myr1, and a ously young ages as e.g., in the case of tidally-locked bina- magnitude limit of approximately R < 9.5 were selected2. ries. Therefore, the best results are obtained from a com- Furthermore, known spectroscopic and close visual (sepa- plete examination of all possible indicators and by a careful ration < 6 arcsec) binaries were rejected, to have a sample and suitable combination of their results. as free as possible from dynamical perturbations to plan- The NaCo Large Programme (NaCo-LP, PI. ets in wide orbits and to avoid potential problems with the J.L. Beuzit) is a coordinated European effort, aimed quality of adaptive optics (AO) wavefront sensing, posed by at conducting an homogeneous and systematic study of the the presence of a close stellar companion. For spectroscopic occurrence of extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) and brown binaries, there are no technical difficulties for AO observa- dwarfs (BDs) in wide orbit (5-500 AU) around young, tions, as the components are not spatially resolved, but we nearby stars. First epoch observations were performed in decided nevertheless to focus our attention on single stars 2009-2010 and the follow-ups for confirmation of physical and on individual components of wide binaries.
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