Pearl Harbor

75th ANNIVERSARY COMMEMORATIVE EDITION

A DAY OF INFAMY DECEMBER 7, 1941

PEARL HARBOR

The attack itself, minute by minute

The mood of a nation plunged into war INTO LIFE INTO 23 COULD IT HAPPEN AGAIN? such a surprise What would What now? attack look like our national security keeps up at night? forces STEP THREE BLIPP IMAGE a at the page. a at the page. STEP TWO FILL SCREEN WITH IMAGE RR AA P our smart device’s camer PP II STEP ONE L DOWNLOAD DOWNLOAD BLIPPAR APP BLIPPAR BB 19 INTERNMENT charac- II is often War World crusade as the great terized to That’s hard against tyranny. with the treatment reconcile living of Japanese-Americans than Coast, more on the West uprooted 100,000 of whom were their homes and sent to from internment camps. 3. Blippar will bring up related digital content on your phone or tablet. digital content on your will bring up related 3. Blippar the text of phone over your app and hover open the Blippar example, For 23. Audio of the speech should start speech on Page FDR’s Christmas Eve device. on your playing Throughout this section we are using an app called Blippar to direct you to you to direct using an app called Blippar are this section we Throughout smartphone. online content via your for or Google Play, app in the Apple App Store the free 1. Download phones and tablets. Android near a story or photo, open the app and see these icons 2. When you point y nd: ISOLATIONISM began in September 1939 when Germany cially II ofﬁ War World for but the United States did not enter the war Poland, invaded into sprang Harbor, the U.S. Pearl After years. than two more the war? America entered before life like action. What was MOBILIZATION since 1940, the Although the United States had had a draft after the small. That changed swiftly remained armed forces sprang boards when thousands of draft Harbor, attack on Pearl conscripted for and millions of men were the country, up around military service. OF WAR NEWS of against the regime unleashed “shock and awe” When the U.S. Not so live. broadcast Saddam Hussein in 1993, the assault was Harbor attack of the Pearl in 1941, when it took hours for news American homes. to reach THE ATTACK look at what A minute-by-minute Dec. 7, 1941. happened in Hawaii EE

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2 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com The U.S. Navy battleships USS West Virginia (sunken atleft) and USS Tennessee shrouded insmoke after theJapanese airraid on Pearl Harbor. The Attack ‘Sunday inHell’ author details the hours two that changed history Integrated Media, Inc. permission of Open Road liams. Reprintedwiththe (c) 2011byBillMcWil- McWilliams. Copyright Minute byMinute”Bill in Hell:PearlHarbor from thebook“Sunday The followingisanexcerpt O 8:30 a.m.,corresponding to1:30a.m. kilocycles. The broadcastbeganat from StationJAP(Tokyo) on11980 Japanese overseas“News” broadcast tonham, Maryland,intercepted a receiving stationinChel- highly classifiedradio the U.S.Navy’sguarded, n Thursday,4December, special typewriter, developedbythe was recorded inCheltonhamona netic formofwrittenJapanese. It characters, avastlysimpler andpho- originally writteninsyllabic katakana equivalent ofMorseCode, andwas probably inWabun,the Japanese ber, inTokyo.Thebroadcast was in Hawaii,and10:30p.m.,5Decem- WIKIPEDIA

PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | 3 f

¾ THE ◆◆◆ from its right wing. its right wing. from NATIONAL WWII MUSEUM NATIONAL n just 90 minutes the Japanese had launched 350 aircraft toward their targets. dive bomber trails flames bomber trails dive One of the 29 Japanese air- One of the 29 Japanese craft lost on Dec. 7, this ‘Val’ 7, this ‘Val’ lost on Dec. craft In the first eight minutes of the air The Zeroes’ (fast, highly maneu- verable, heavily-armed fighters, also called Zekes) first, low-altitude strafing passes at Kaneohe were deadly, and the effects of the remain- ing 32 in the first wave would prove devastating everywhere that morning. Each carried two rapid-fire 20-mm canons, one in the leading edge of each wing, and two 7.7-mm machine guns mounted on the nose of the fighter, in the engine cowling. To increase the amount of damage caused during their strafing runs, the Japanese loaded their ammunition in the following order: two armor piercing, one tracer; two armor piercing, one tracer; two armor piercing, one incendiary. With this loading the bullets would not only kill, but would shred thin metal, pierce light to moderately thick armor, gasoline and oil tanks, do fatal damage to vehicles, engines, aircraft and anti-aircraft guns – and start fires. assault on Oahu, the Zekes were com- mencing the near-total destruction o miles south of entrance buoys,’ the miles south of entrance minesweepers Condor and Cross- bill plied their mechanical brooms. At 0342 something in the darkness ‘about fifty yards ahead off the port bow’ attracted the attention of Ensign Russell G. McCloy, Condor’s Officer of the Deck. He called to Quarter- master Second Class R.C. Uttrick and asked him what he thought. Uttrick peered through binoculars and said, ‘That’s a periscope, sir, and there aren’t supposed to be any subs in this area.’” waters off Pearl Harbor. About ‘1 waters off Pearl Harbor. I WIKIPEDIA The threat of hostilities on Oahu The threat of hostilities on Oahu Gordon W. Prange, in “At Dawn We Each band performed a swing Each band performed a swing number, a ballad and one specialty number, a ballad and one specialty tune, then played for the jitterbug contest. Competing this final night of the elimination round, were only dancing. When the crowd filed out at midnight, many argued that the best band of the tournament thus far was the Arizona’s. seemed farfetched to all but a few. Slept,” recorded the chain of events that followed the deployment of the Japanese Empires’ midget submarines early the morning of 7 December: “A waning moon peeked through the broken overcast to glimmer on the featured Navy bands primarily from featured Navy bands primarily from “capital ships” home ported in Pearl Harbor and those attached to shore installations in Hawaii. Four bands were to compete in each round of the tournament with one winner per round selected to perform in the final competition rounds. The (USS) Arizona band won the first round in September, and several of its members attended this night, to listen to their future “competition” – tonight’s winner. three bands. As the men stomped and cheered, bands from the battleships Pennsylvania (BB-38) and Tennessee, and the fleet support ship, Argonne (AG-31), fought it out to go to the finals. The Pennsylvania band won, everybody sang “God Bless Amer- ica,” and the evening wound up with Music,” “The Battle of the Bands” Music,” “The Battle of the Bands” Use the Blippar app to open a video of Bill McWilliams interviewing Pearl Harbor survivors. 2 SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE

At Pearl Harbor, a crowd gathered Tracing its origins to the early Tracing its origins to the early

1900s, the Navy’s School of Music 1900s, the Navy’s School of Music 20 December. The Bloch Recreation Center was a place designed to give the enlisted man every kind of relax- ation the Navy felt proper – music, boxing, bowling, billiards, and 3.2 beer. Called by some “The Battle of and operated in conjunction with the U.S. Navy Band. Students enrolled in the school in this era were interviewed in advance, selected for attendance, graduated in complete ensembles, and transferred aboard ship. at the new Bloch Recreation Center the night of 6 December 1941 for “The Battle of the Bands,” the last elimination round of a Pacific Fleet music tournament begun the previous 13 September and held every two weeks, with the final competition planned for at restaurants and clubs, dances, floor shows, quiet gatherings with families and friends, and walks on the beaches. On the military installations, in the officers’ clubs, enlisted recreation centers, and other locations on bases and posts, similar activities occur. opened in Washington, D.C. in 1935 U.S. Army Air Forces aircraft destroyed by Japanese raiders at Wheeler Air Field Dec. 7. Japanese raiders by destroyed aircraft Air Forces Army U.S.

Saturday evenings on Oahu were Saturday evenings on Oahu were But unknown to American intelli- The 4 December message was one ofThe 4 December message

local hotel lounges and bars, dinners sprinkled with “happy hours” in the normally filled with relaxed revelry, U.S. reconnaissance flights. of Midway, well beyond the arc of of Midway, well beyond the arc of about 940 miles almost directly north at 2000 hours, and at this hour was at 2000 hours, and at this hour was task force received the information task force received the information December 8, Japan time. Nagumo’s December 8, Japan time. Nagumo’s the Japanese war plan – was 0000 the Japanese war plan – was 0000

naled that X-Day – the day to execute “Climb Mount Niitaka, 1208.” It sig- famous messages in naval history. famous messages in naval history. it was to become one of the most it was to become one of the most Staff, Rear Admiral Matome Ugaki, Staff, Rear Admiral Matome Ugaki, Yamamoto’s chief of Naval General Yamamoto’s chief of Naval General ington and Hawaii. Sent by Admiral time, Monday, 1 December in Wash- at 0730 hours on 2 December, Tokyo had been sent to the combined fleet had been sent to the combined fleet gence another more ominous message aging their most secret codes. pattern of Japanese behavior in man- destroy codes didn’t fit the normal destroy codes didn’t fit the normal

ominously, the most recent order to ominously, the most recent order to fied intervals throughout the year, but routine procedure at regular, speci- destruction and replacement was a destruction and replacement was a tions to destroy their codes. Code tions to destroy their codes. Code the embassies had received instruc- probably the United States – since probably the United States – since tions with Great Britain, at least, and tions with Great Britain, at least, and imminent break in diplomatic rela- concluded the message meant an concluded the message meant an senior Naval Intelligence officers senior Naval Intelligence officers sion of the 4 December intercept, sion of the 4 December intercept, reports. After considerable discus- the Tokyo news broadcasts’ weather the Tokyo news broadcasts’ weather

ber message, would be contained in ber message, would be contained in Japanese government’s 19 Novem- message, which, as indicated in the message, which, as indicated in the tainty in decoding and translating the tainty in decoding and translating the There was some delay and uncer- negotiations with the United States. negotiations with the United States. deteriorating diplomatic relations and intentions and plans during their intentions and plans during their in attempts to determine Japanese Japanese in attempts to determine Navy was decoding and translating, Navy was decoding the last key intelligence intercepts the the last key intelligence

F. Safford. command of Navy Captain Lawrence command of Navy nication Intelligence Unit under the nication Intelligence in the Navy Department Commu- in the Navy Department beside the GY Watch Officer’s desk Officer’s desk beside the GY Watch to “WA91,” the page-printer located to “WA91,” the page-printer cept” receiving room at Cheltenham cept” receiving room teletype-transmitter in the “Inter- in the teletype-transmitter by TWX (teletype exchange) from the exchange) by TWX (teletype forwarded to the Navy Department to the Navy Department forwarded a 19 November coded message, was was coded message, a 19 November

world had been alerted to listen to in been alerted to listen world had which Japanese embassies all over the embassies all which Japanese ters. The Winds Message broadcasts, broadcasts, Message The Winds ters. equivalents of the Japanese charac- the Japanese of equivalents Navy, which typed the Roman-letter Roman-letter the which typed Navy, 4 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | 5 l l a d d n n m ◆◆◆ tartled, at-first-uncertai and disbelieving men on the ground and aboard ships, al the home of the Hawaiian Air Force’s air and fleet defense, the 14th Pursuit Wing, was the first Army Air Force field struck on Oahu. By 0900, whe the second wave struck Bellows an completed their work on Kaneohe, the fierce Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and other military installations on the island had become a never-to-be- forgotten, bloody, American nationa disaster. disciplined and trained to respon in a crisis, and fight, were momen- tarily puzzled. Then they saw bombs or torpedoes released, the white-hot blinking of machine guns and 20-m canons, the flash of orange insigni — “meatballs” — on the underside the island of Oahu. Wheeler Field, S nese assault on Hickam Field — and two of the 44th’s three pilots would die at Bellows, with the other wounded in desperate, vain, raging attempts to get airborne and strike back at the now-declared enemy. The worst was in progress elsewhere, far worse. Between dawn, when the 86th’s acting first sergeant told of Kaneohe’s attack, 0810 hours, when the call for a fire truck came from Hickam, and 0830, when the Zeke roared through on a strafing pass, hell was visiting as possible. Squadron maintenance as possible. Squadron maintenance men scrambled to disperse, fuel and arm their aircraft. Time was of the essence. In another half hour, the second wave’s attack would bring much more than a single Zeke fighter strafing Bellows Field on one pass. Though none from the 86th died at Bellows Field that day, and only three were wounded on a field still under construction, two more of their number received wounds in the Japa- While the men of the 86th rushed Along the beach in Waimanalo to the attacked, so the Bellows fire chief left for Hickam with the fire truck. to defend against the next onslaught, the three 44th fighter pilots were determined to get into the air as soon would bring more death and destruction to Kaneohe Naval Air Station. southeast of Kaneohe, all was serene at Bellows Field until about dawn, when the acting first sergeant ran into the tent area to rouse the sleeping men, yelling that Kaneohe had been ‘blown all to hell.’ Corporal McKinley thought he was crazy and just turned over in his bed. At 0810, someone called from Hickam Field and asked for a fire truck because they ‘were in flames.’ A return call disclosed … they had been the Navy’s long range patrol capability on the island. Follow-on attacks by Zekes and horizontal bombing Kates (equipped with torpedoes) and additional fighters in the second wave

THE NATIONAL WWII MUSEUM THE NATIONAL

miles south of entrance

¾ off Pearl Harbor. About ‘1 to glimmer on the waters through the broken overcast “A waning moon peeked center. center. Planes and a hangar burning at the Ford Island Naval Air Station’s seaplane base, during or immediately after the air raid. The ruined wings of a PBY Catalina patrol plane are at left and in the plane are Catalina patrol ruined wings of a PBY The during or immediately after the air raid. base, Air Station’s seaplane Island Naval Planes and a hangar burning at the Ford any subs in this area.’” there aren’t supposed to be ‘That’s a periscope, sir, and through binoculars and said, he thought. Uttrick peered Uttrick and asked him what termaster Second Class R.C. the Deck. He called to Quar- McCloy, Condor’s Officer of attention of Ensign Russell G. off the port bow’ attracted the ness ‘about fifty yards ahead 0342 something in the dark- their mechanical brooms. At Condor and Crossbill plied buoys,’ the minesweepers 6 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com A Japanese midgetsubmarine afterhaving been raised by theU.S. Navy atthePearl HarborNavy Yard inDecember 1941. on the battleships and otherships in east unleashed devastating attacks pressing infrom theeastandsouth- harbor, whileother torpedo-bombers main dockand shipsinthenorth the harborfromwesttoward the and northendsofFordIsland across Field’s hangarline,andpast thesouth 50 feetaltitudesoutheastof Hickam southeast andeast,afterpassing at charged lowacrossthewaterfrom destroyed. 12Katetorpedo-bombers Hawaiian AirDepotwascompletely aircraft repairstationinHickam’s Wheeler wereseverelydamaged.An dition. HangarsatbothHickamand only 74wereleftinrepairablecon- 64 weredestroyed,93damagedand of 231HawaiianAirForceaircraft, 274 wounded,and37missing.Out Hickam Field’slosseswere121killed, wounded, and43missing.Ofthese, ties onOahuclimbedto163killed,336 passed, totalArmyAirForcecasual- one hourandforty-fiveminutes fered theirownbrandofhell.Before Navy andMarineCorpsairfieldssuf- Arizona, themenonArmyAirForce, suming infernoonthebattleship numerous fires,andahuge,all-con- off thunderousexplosions,starting mary target,thePacificFleet,setting bullets toreintotheattackers’pri- bombs, cannonfireandmachinegun quickly flourished.Whiletorpedoes, low defensealertcondition,disaster manning, absenceofwarning,and a weekendofliberty,loweredcrew morning breakfast,churchservices, normal preparationsforSunday before realitystruckhome.Inthe pedoes inthestunningfewmoments violent explosionsofbombsortor- roar oflowflyingairplanes,andthe heard afewshoutedwarnings,the of wingsorthesidesfuselages, insignificant targets. bombs andammunitionon well trainedtowastetheir The Japanesepilotsweretoo received devastatingblows. were secondarybutalso vicinity ofthesetargets, and peopleanywhereinthe Supply depots,barracks were theprimarytargets. facilities alongtheflightline Aircraft andmaintenance their finalturnfortheattack. bombers untiltheymade the oncomingValdive No oneonthegroundsighted

PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | 7 A GATEHOUSE MEDI GATEHOUSE Second wave: Second 170 aircraft Kaneohe Naval Air Station 1,177 died1,177 on the USS Arizona Honolulu Bellows Field Bellows *Totals vary depending on source. source. on vary depending *Totals These totals are taken from the National World War II Museum. Detail area OAHU Field First wave: 183 aircraft Wheeler Haleiwa Ewa Dive bomber Dive Crew: 2 JAPANESE AIRCRAFT USED IN THE ATTACK AIRCRAFT USED IN THE JAPANESE TWO WAVES TWO The Japanese attack proceeded in two 353 of consisting waves aircraft targeting the fleet at Pearl Harbor and other targets throughout Oahu. West

Auxiliaries (4) Cruisers (3) Destroyers (3) ROW Arizona UNITED STATES

19 BATTLESHIP 169 2,403 The Pacific Aviation Museum ; hic p California FORD ISLAND ra g three aircraft carriers were not in port at the time and were spared. Those carriers would help defeat the Japanese navy at the Battle of Midway six months later. NOT A TOTAL LOSS A TOTAL NOT Ships Deaths Aircraft NAVAL AIR STATION NAVAL

lost/damaged AIR STRIP AIR CASUALTIES AND LOSSES* PEARL HARBOR National Geo ; 6 29 129 JAPAN Halm CITY PEARL

Submarines

Sunk damaged Heavily damaged Moderately Undamaged

OF SURPRISE OF THE ELEMENT THE marking the entry of the United States into World War II. of war against Japan. Three Germany days later, and Italy declared war on the U.S., President Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked Congress for and received declaration the attack, as well as 68 civilians, and another were wounded. 1,178 The next day States’ Pacific Naval Fleet at Pearl Harbor. The U.S. lost 2,335 military personnel in On December the 1941, Empire of 7, Japan launched a surprise attack on the United Surprise attack Sources: The National World War II Museum 8 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com Air Force’sentirepursuit(intercep- 0800, washomefortheHawaiian assault onNASKaneoheBay. beginning momentsfollowingthe Wheeler Fieldtookstaggeringblows Field atEwa-whiletothenorthwest, nearby MarineCorps’MooringMast ties onHickamField,FordIsland,and attacks onaircraftandhangarfacili- shattering dive-bombandfighter almost simultaneouslylaunched from thenortheastandsouthwest gunner, andKatehorizontalbombers two-man crewofpilotandradioman/ the harbor.Valdivebombers,witha The Japanese carrierAkagi prepares tolaunchairplanes inthesecond attackwave Dec.7,1941. Pursuit Groups.Asuccessfulattack Wing, composedofthe15thand18th tor) force,whichwasthe14thPursuit Wheeler Field, struck shortly before Wheeler Field,struckshortlybefore air superiority.TheJapanesetook on Wheelerwouldvirtuallyassure facilities alongtheflightlinewere attack. Aircraftandmaintenance they madetheirfinalturnforthe the oncomingValdivebombersuntil Oahu. Nooneonthegroundsighted as theydideveryotherinstallationon Wheeler Fieldcompletelybysurprise, SEE INSTRUCTIONSONPAGE 2 December 1941. played intheaters footage oftheattack, to opennewsreel Use theBlipparapp PHOTOS COURTESY THENATIONAL WWIIMUSEUM the primarytargets.Supplydepots, mission capability.Observations bent ondestructionofthefield’s defend themselvesagainstanenemy scrambling forcoverandweaponsto housing area. rather thenadeliberateattackonthe a house,butitwastheresultofmiss One bombdidlandinthefrontyardof ammunition oninsignificanttargets. well trainedtowastetheirbombsand blows. TheJapanesepilotsweretoo ondary butalsoreceiveddevastating vicinity ofthesetargets,weresec- barracks andpeopleanywhereinthe fear andterrorofdefenselessmen confusion andchaostotheabject the bombersandfightersadded The multi-directionattacksby ing endofthedestructiveweapons widely amongthoseonthereceiv- and recollectionsofeventsdiffered and paintshopsinthefronthalfof decimated thesheetmetal,electrical, off itsfoundation.Theexplosion appear theentirehangarwaslifted smoke billowedupward,makingit blew outskylights,andcloudsof were located.Thetremendousblast 1, wherethebaseengineeringshops that thefirstbombstruckHangar Most witnesses,however,reported turpentine, andlacquerwerekept. Wheeler’s flammablessuchasgas, west cornerofthebase,whereall the gasstoragedumponsouth- ing tosome,thefirstplacehitwas tearing WheelerFieldapart.Accord-

PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | 9 ■ By the time alerts were shouted, Shokaku and Zuikaku simultaneously from the rest of the formation, swing- ing out north and west of Wheeler Field, the headquarters of the Hawaiian Air Force’s 18th Pursuit Wing. Passing further south, at about 0745 the Soryu and Hiryu divisions executed a hard, diving turn to port and headed north toward Wheeler. Eleven Zekes from left the formation and flew east, cross- ing over Oahu north of Pearl Harbor to attack NAS Kaneohe Bay. Eighteen Zekes from Akagi and Kaga headed toward what the Japanese called Babasu Pointo Hikojo (Barbers Point Airdrome) - Ewa Mooring Mast Field. torpedoes were in the water. No time to react and more Kates followed behind, coming at the largest, most exposed targets among the battleships: Oklahoma, West Virginia, Arizona, Nevada, and California. At the Marines’ Mooring Mast Field, airborne target, approaching fighter pilots pressing attacks at low altitude could see and cut down the defenders from another direction. Ewa (pronounced Eva), on the south- west coastal plain of Oahu, near Barbers Point, the first wave hit as the Japanese began their deadly assault on Ford Island and the ships in Pearl Harbor. At 0740, when Fuchida’s air armada closed to within a few miles of Kahuku Point, the forty-three Zekes split away and dive bombers attacking Wheeler from every direction, a tactic used on every target complex on Oahu. The well-planned and executed tactic was designed not only to destroy fighter opposition on the ground and ships in the harbor, but to confuse and over- whelm gunners who might try to mount an effective antiaircraft defense. While aiming and firing in one direction at an At times there were over 30 fighters The new P-40 fighter planes were directions, setting other planes on directions, setting other planes on fire. One P-40 fell in two pieces, its prop pointing almost straight up. A P-36 exploded, hurling flaming debris upon a nearby tent, setting it ablaze. being blown to bits, their burning being blown to bits, their burning parts scattering along the ramp in all By the time alerts were shouted, torpedoes were in the water. No time to react and more Kates followed behind, coming at the largest, most exposed targets among the battleships: Oklahoma, West Virginia, Arizona, Nevada, and California

WIKIPEDIA

Immediately behind the completed

2 and 3 came under heavy attack. Squadron tent area between Hangars strafing attacks. The 72nd Pursuit strafing attacks. The 72nd Pursuit ing the fighters in follow-on, low level

came the bombers, back again join- first wave of dive bombing attacks first wave of dive bombing attacks

continuing air attack. to defend Wheeler Field against the to defend Wheeler Field against the flames, severely limited the ability flames, severely limited the ability tion, going off like firecrackers in the The hangar’s exploding ammuni-

machine gun belts, had been stored. craft, including rounds pulled from craft, including rounds pulled from the ammunition unloaded from air- ian Department’s Alert One status, ian Department’s Alert One status, area, where, because of the Hawai- tering the central ammunition storage Hangar 3 had struck the hangar shel- dividing wall. 20 The bomb that hit dividing wall. 20 The bomb that hit were protected by a concrete-block, and wood shops, and tool room, which of the hangar, but spared the machine

the left background. the left background. USS Nevada afire off the Ford Island seaplane base, with her bow pointed up-channel. The volume of fire and smoke is actually from USS Shaw, which is burning in the floating dry dock YFD-2 in which is burning in the floating dry dock YFD-2 USS Shaw, is actually from and smoke of fire volume pointed up-channel. The with her bow Island seaplane base, off the Ford afire USS Nevada 10 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com observations from the scene. observations from thescene. Joes contribute cellphonevideoand share whattheyknowandaverage times incorrect,asjournalists rushto what happenedinlittleblips, some- tion digitalplatforms.Wediscover television networks,notto men- watch nonstopcoverageon a dozen and family.Withinminuteswecan news alertsandtextsfromfriends Our phonesbuzzincessantlywith the enormityofwhatwe’veread. a torrentaswestruggletograsp instantaneously. Onetweetbecomes ◗ Special toGateHouseMedia By BrianRosenwald & FURY SOUND NEWS OFWAR SPREADING THEWORD deliver afiresidechatonthepredicamentconfrontingcountry. 60 to90millionAmericans,thelargestaudiencedate,heardhim evelt requestthatCongressdeclarewar.Thenextnight,awhopping between 79and81percentofAmericanslistenedtoPresidentRoos- The networksbroadcastfor34hoursstraight.OnDec.8,arecordof news fromradio,wordofmouthandnewspaperextras. Pearl Harbor,andmostAmericans,manydisbelieving,heardthe ernment, notordinarycitizens,rangthealarmaboutassaultupon W

Today we learn about breaking news Today welearnaboutbreakingnews Americans gluedthemselvestotheirradiosinthedaysfollowing. information andto‘transport’Americans for voicecalls,andtelevisionwasinitsinfancy.Thegov- was morethan60yearsinthefuture,phonesexistedsolely hen theunthinkablehappenedonDec.7,1941,socialmedia Newspapers couldn’tmatchradio’s to happeningsaroundtheglobe. ability top rovide instantaneous rovide instantaneous death ofPresidentKennedy. and informingthenation ofthe emotions, removinghisspectacles Cronkite, clearlygrapplingwith his the sightofCBSnewsman Walter in 2001.Anoldergenerationrecalls collapsing onthattragicmorning ing theWorldTradeCentertowers teenage yearsrememberwitness- age. MostAmericansbeyondtheir ◗ dominated breakingnewscover-

Before socialmedia,television to 83.2percent). (by 1958thatnumberwould climb percent ofhomeshadtelevisions 1950s. Asrecentlyas1948,only 0.4 sion stationsexplodedinthe early and 1948,thenumberof televi- vision networksemergedin1947 late 1940sandearly1950s.Tele- Television didn’ttakeoffuntilthe news forarelativelyshorttime. medium onlydominatedbreaking those imagesintoourminds,the ◗ Yet forallthattelevisionseared page oftheColumbusEvening Dispatch. War was allover theDec. 10,1941,front the globe. Americans tohappenings around information andto“transport” ability toprovideinstantaneous Newspapers couldn’tmatchradio’s papers incoveringbreakingnews. it wasradiothatsurpassednews- the late1930sandearly1940s, ica’s broadcastnewssource,during usurped radio’sprimacyasAmer- ◗

While televisioneventually

PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | 11 WIKIPEDIA, STOCKTON (CA) (CA) STOCKTON COLUMBUS RECORD, DISPATCH (OH) Dec. 8 and 9, 1941, and 9, 1941, Dec. 8 from newspapers herald to coast coast in their of war news editions and evening in extras. eracity, eracity,

return to their

ntil he brought his radio Once convinced of its v On the beach in Santa Monica, vol- The news stunned Americans; many Similarly, while radio listeners to theSimilarly, while radio

the news indelibly etched itself into the news indelibly etched itself into Giants-Dodgers game heard the newsGiants-Dodgers game in the car with his family. On their in the car with his family. On their way home, Allen’s family picked up four servicemen on the side of the highway scurrying to base. ◗ Americans’ minds. Decades later their activities from that day remained vivid. A passerby informed future President George H.W. Bush, then a 17-year-old student at Phillips Ando- ver Academy in Massachusetts, as he walked by Cochran Chapel with a friend. By day’s end, the infuriated Bush had resolved to join the fight as soon as possible. In a 2014 interview, George Allen, who flew B-52s during the war, recounted hearing the news the reporter again encountered incre- dulity and skepticism from soldiers who had yet to hear about the assault. ◗ leyball players ignored a radio listener’s urgent cries u over and they heard the bulletin with their own ears. Mutual’s initial dispatch prompted an irate call to the switchboard from a listener who protested another “stunt” like Orson Welles’ “War of the Worlds,” which had panicked her. night, in Austin, Texas, Luis Calderonnight, in Austin, Texas, heard newsboys’ calls of “extra, extra” and, wanting to know what they meant, learned that war had commenced when he stopped to buy a paper. ◗ instinctively assumed that it must be a hoax. A Los Angeles Times reporter dispatched to an Army post stopped in a diner to exchange bills for change to make phone calls. When he revealed the news to the diner’s patrons, they sus- pected a gag. Once on the Army post, both for fear of igniting hysteria and of igniting hysteria both for fear non- never broadcast because they sports news. ◗ at the Polo Groundsfirst, the 50,051 fans as a buzz grewremained clueless even summoningwith each announcement telephone. OnlyVIPs to a box-office New York Timesafter the cold drove and his wifescribe Harrison Salisbury to a friend’s flat forfrom the stadium and the news. Thata drink did they discover out from the press box. Between plays Between box. the press out from implored loudspeaker the stadium newspaper- and dignitaries various to duty immediately, men to report manage- and Redskins but stadium the news to announce ment refused

The 27,102 attending the clash The 27,102 attending the clash

On that fateful Sunday, Japanese Japanese On that fateful Sunday, As tensions heightened in Europe in Europe heightened As tensions

The scheduled network radio pro- At 1:47 p.m. Eastern, roughly a half

Even though more than 80 percent of

ers-New York Giants football game ers-New York Giants football game concert on CBS, a Brooklyn Dodg- included a New York Philharmonic included a New York Philharmonic gramming that wintery afternoon gramming that wintery afternoon

shortly before 8 a.m. Hawaii Standardshortly before 8 a.m. bombs started pelting Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor bombs started pelting

Pearl Harbor because news trickled Pearl Harbor because news trickled dium, for instance, only learned about the Philadelphia Eagles at Griffith Sta- between the Washington Redskins and ◗

sometimes hours after the fact. whether they had heard the news — whether they had heard the news — relatives, who breathlessly queried relatives, who breathlessly queried the attack from neighbors, friends and Sunday afternoon, and learned about Americans weren’t tuned in that Americans weren’t tuned in that households had radios in 1941, many ◗

share what little information they had. networks interrupted programming to

Between 2:25 and 2:31 ET, all four Between 2:25 and 2:31 ET, all four networks, NBC Red and NBC Blue). networks, NBC Red and NBC Blue). ble” on NBC Red (RCA operated two the “University of Chicago Roundta- on Mutual Broadcasting System, and

◗ Manila, Philippines, as well. vices that the Japanese had bombarded erroneously informed the wire ser- beat Early to the White House), Early still at home (some reporters actually Americans of the incursion. At 2:36, Americans of the incursion. At 2:36, wire services with a bulletin notifying 2:22 p.m. EST, Early phoned the three Sunday papers in his bathrobe, and at Stephen Early, still at home reading the

disbelief. He called Press Secretary disbelief. He called Press Secretary dent Roosevelt. FDR reacted with dent Roosevelt. FDR reacted with Secretary Frank Knox alerted Presi- hour after the barrage began, Navy hour after the barrage began, Navy ◗

with competitor KMU soon joining in. duty. The station kept repeating this call,

personnel to report immediately for personnel to report immediately for announcement beckoning all militaryannouncement beckoning tisoned regular programming to air antisoned regular programming Time. By 8:04, KGMB in Honolulu jet- Time. By 8:04, KGMB ◗

biggest stories live as they unfolded. biggest stories live of commentators, radio tackled the radio tackled the of commentators, and stringers, and a burgeoning pool and stringers, and expanding stable of correspondents of correspondents expanding stable nessing shortwave transmissions, an nessing shortwave and other European leaders. Har- European leaders. and other from Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain Mussolini, Chamberlain from Hitler, flict. Americans listened to speeches listened to flict. Americans people and ideas propelling the con- ideas propelling people and and familiarized Americans with the Americans and familiarized R. Murrow shared the sounds of war shared the sounds R. Murrow correspondents like CBS’ Edward like CBS’ correspondents in the late 1930s, path-breaking path-breaking late 1930s, in the ◗ 12 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com would shape howtelevision,and later Radio journalistspioneered elements digital media, chronicledthemost consequential storiesinrealtime. of breakingnewscoverage ...that shortwave circuittwominutesinto — thoughthemilitarytookover nesses inthehoursafterattack from acorrespondentandeyewit- shrouded theattackanditstoll. place. NBCbroadcastlivereports censorship rapidlysnappinginto ◗ gumption. represented innovationandeven day’s commercialprogramming Merely delayingorinterruptingthe albeit withconstantinterruptions. evening entertainmentprogramming, scheduled orchestraconcertand persisted inairingitspreviously and analysis.Yet,thenetworkalso Manila, toprovidenews,insight the world,includinginHonoluluand work ofstringersandaffiliatesacross ◗ bombing. bilities occurredinthehoursafter seem unimaginabletomodernsensi- radio journalists.Assuch,thingsthat somewhat comparableoccasionsfor in Europe1939hadprovidedeven crisis of1938andtheoutbreakwar wake oftheattack.OnlyMunich ally unprecedentedcoverageinthe ◗ conversation occurred onoroffthe Murrow puzzled overwhethertheir ing tolltaken bytheattack.While midnight, confiding thedevastat- meal, buthemetwithMurrow after had toeatregardless.FDRskipped the ing theirplans,reasoningthat theyall Eleanor Rooseveltinsisted onkeep- the nightofDec.7.After attack, dinner planswiththeRoosevelts ◗ details ofthedestructionwrought. from immediatelylearningthegrim radio censorshippreventedthepublic attack.” Byhappenstance,voluntary permits acautiousdescriptionofthe news agencypiecenoted“censorship a Dec.11UnitedPressInternational Reporters feltseverelyhamstrung— ◗ sumably bycensors. Harbor, buthegotcutofftheair,pre- 90 minutesaftertheattackonPearl fact, CBSraiseditsstringerinManila ance fromgovernmentcensors.In war dispatcheshadtoreceiveclear- no strangertocensorship—European or comforttotheenemy.Radiowas fied andposednoriskofprovidingaid only onceitcouldbeexplicitlyveri- parceled outbytheWhiteHouse ever, informationbecamescarce, the firstreport.Subsequently,how- Theradionetworkslaunchedvirtu-

CBS immediatelytappedtheirnet- The onsetofwaralsomeantstrict In thedaysafterDec.7,mystery CBS’ Murrowandhiswifehad

of promisestothepress,Roosevelt listeners. Twodayslater,inspite record, heneverrecounteditfor with the AmericanHistory Guys.” Marshall Show” and“BackStory with PeteDominick,” “TheLeslie Smerconish Program,” “StandUp! programs including“TheMichael has appearedonradioandtelevision Wall StreetJournalandBuzzfeed. He to piecesformediaincluding The history blog,andcontributed insight Daily Beast,andTimeMagazine’s Inquirer, TheBaltimoreSun, com, Politico,ThePhiladelphia Press. HehasalsowrittenforCNN. ing abookforHarvardUniversity Politics andPublicPolicy,”isbecom- Rise ofTalkRadioandItsImpacton dissertation, “MountRushmore:The panion tothepodcast.Hisdoctoral “Whistlestop” andabookcom- ducts researchfortheSlatepodcast an instructoratPenn.Healsocon- the UniversityofPennsylvaniaand Robert AFoxLeadershipProgramat – BrianRosenwaldisafellowatthe before theradioage. mately thanwouldhavebeenpossible world reactionmorequicklyandinti- learn moreabouttheincursionand practices, andenabledAmericansto symbolized aquantumleapfrompast ing abouthazyfacts.Nonetheless,it into placeandanalystsspeculat- fusion, networkpersonnelscrambling news coverage—misinformation,con- maladies thatplaguemodernbreaking Pearl Harborsufferedfromthesame ◗ quential storiesinrealtime. media, chronicledthemostconse- shape howtelevision,andlaterdigital 1930s andearly1940sthatwould of breakingnewscoverageinthelate Radio journalistspioneeredelements but PearlHarborwasradio’smoment. quickly astruckscouldunloadthem– scarfed up“warextra”editionsas pers forinformation—Chicagoans ◗ enemy withinformation. side chattoavoidprovidingthe withheld thesedetailsfromhisfire- Radio’s coverage of the strike against Radio’s coverageofthestrikeagainst Americans alsoconsultednewspa- SEE INSTRUCTIONSONPAGE 2 Dec. 7,1941. on theattackfrom broadcast bulletin to heartheradio Use theBlipparapp

PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | 13 f f WIKIPEDIA Posters like these seized these seized like Posters of Dec. 7 to upon the horror into action. spur the country No one could read the popular or And that quickly, America was at political mood like FDR. He asked Congress for a declaration of war, dated precisely to the moment o An attack, committed “suddenly and deliberately.” It was an act o “infamy,” he said, nothing less than a crime. the Japanese attack. The U.S. hadn’t started the war, FDR pointed out. Japan had. The Senate agreed unanimously – 82-0 in fact. The vote in the House of Representatives was all but unanimous, 388-1. Pacifist Jeanette Rankin of Montana voted no, just as she had voted against going to war with Germany in 1917. war. A single day before, any repre- sentative or Senator voting to send the country to war might have been tarred or feathered. War had been raging in Europe and Asia for years, Hitler’s armies had Britain at bay and No, this was big picture stuff. What But things quickly clarified. Already naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” The President didn’t bother with a lot of details. He didn’t stop to explain to the American people that Pearl Harbor was an advanced American naval base in the Hawaiian Islands, or to lay out a blow-by-blow account of the Japanese attack. was Pearl Harbor? It was “Amer- ica.” And what had happened there? that Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor, asked, “Who’s she?” that evening, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt – by now well into his unprecedented third term in office – was dictating a message to a joint session of Congress, a message he would deliver the next day. “Yester- day,” he wrote, “December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by he Japanese attack on Pearl was he Japanese attack on Pearl was T didn’t even know where Pearl Harbor was, or what it was, for that matter. Remember, Hawaii wasn’t a state yet, not until 1959. Indeed, you read from time to time of a child who, on hearing they heard the news. at first bewildering. Those who were there remember the shock: aircraft careening in, attacking, then bank- ing away to reveal the big red circle on their wings, the mark of the Rising Sun. Sailors on ships in nearby waters got the chilling radiogram, labeled “urgent”: AIR RAID ON PEARL HARBOR X THIS IS NOT DRILL. Back at home, a lot of Americans “What a difference a day makes, Twenty-four little hours ...”

ference a Day Makes.” It’s urn on a radio back in the urn on a radio back in the 1940s and you might have heard the song “What a Dif-

sudden reality of global war global reality of sudden Citino By Rob Special to GateHouse Media The US responds to the responds US The AWAKES

GIANT

SLEEPING THE MOBILIZATION

Still, even the simplest song lyric Still, even the simplest song lyric

era, and its lyrics were never going to not the most memorable tune of the hearing Bing Crosby sing “What a hearing Bing Crosby sing “What a can hit a listener hard. Americans can hit a listener hard. Americans ever forget where they where when ever forget where they where when an “after,” and few of them would an “after,” and few of them would living American into a “before” and living American into a “before” and forever. It divided the life of every forever. It divided the life of every into war, but changed the country into war, but changed the country not only plunged the United States not only plunged the United States it was Dec. 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor it was Dec. 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor had made a difference in their lives, had made a difference in their lives, matic experience. If ever a single day them had been through a recent, trau- graswped a deeper meaning. All of graswped a deeper meaning. All of time Kraft Radio Hour might have time Kraft Radio Hour might have Difference a Day Makes” on his war-

you ... find romance on your menu”). win a literary award (“It’s heaven when T 14 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com standards, and millions of Americans time, leaving hearth and home to roll didn’t even have basic modern ameni- steel, bore out rifle barrels and screw BY THE NUMBERS ties like electricity or running water. fuses onto artillery shells. Rosie the The Great Depression had bit hard Riveter was the new American icon: When the European war into the social fabric of the country, wearing blue coveralls, hair tied up in began in earnest on Sept. 1, as well, ruining lives and shattering a scarf, bicep flexed. “We can do it!” 1939, with the German inva- families. The U.S. military was puny, was her slogan. Like the rest of post- sion of Poland, the U.S. Army spending less on arms than minor Pearl Harbor America, Rosie had the had 190,000 soldiers, the European states like Romania. Most eye of the tiger. 17th-largest force in the world Americans liked it that way, in fact. Pearl Harbor was a turning point for (just behind the small nation No standing army, no constant skir- another group who had traditionally of Romania). By 1945, it was mishes with our neighbors, a civil been outsiders: African Americans. 8.3 million. society dedicated to peaceful pur- Total war required the military and Presidential production suits: That was America’s self-image the economy to be firing on all cyl- goals set in January 1942 in 1941. Much of the world agreed. inders, and that meant putting every were staggering. FDR might No less an authority than Reichs- possible American into either a uni- have deliberately set them at marshal Heinrich Goering, the chief form or a factory. Discrimination impossibly high target levels of the German air force, declared that and racism, long tolerated, suddenly so that he could get the high- Americans might be able to produce became a monkey wrench in the war est possible production: consumer gizmos like “refrigerators effort. Moreover, how could demo- The famous ‘Rosie the Riveter’ poster and razor blades,” but certainly not an cratic America condemn Germany and 1942: 60,000 aircraft encouraging women to aid the war effort. arsenal for modern war. Japan for their racist policies while 1943: 125,000 aircraft WIKIPEDIA And now, suddenly, it was time openly discriminating against its own for the giant to wake up, work out, at home? Many African Americans Actual US aircraft production: Use the Blippar app and put on some muscle. With the spoke openly of the “double victory” 1939 2,141 country enraged over Pearl Harbor, they were seeking: against the Axis

to see video of ads JOURNAL | providencejournal.com PROVIDENCE | December 4, 2016 | 15 Sunday, 1940 6,068 for war bonds using few questioned the complete rede- abroad and against second-class citi- 1941 19,433 imagery from these sign of American society. Young men zenship in their own country. 1942 47,836 posters. marched off in the hundreds of thou- Pearl Harbor transformed the 1943 85,898 SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2 sands, and soon the millions. A grand United States into one vast armed 1944 96,318 total of 15 million Americans eventu- camp. Millions of soldiers, sail- 1945 46,001 ally traded their civilian garb for the ors and airmen fought at the front. Total: 303,695 uniform, and this in a country with Many more millions of workers at a total population of just 135 million home – black, white, men, women Medium tank production movement forever. Our enemies had (less than half its size of today). Mil- – built the guns, tanks and aircraft (including the M4 Sherman, our proven that the ocean could be a high- lions of boys from Cleveland and Des needed for victory. Industry com- signature wartime tank): way, not a barrier, and had made it Moines and Paducah journeyed to pletely reinvented itself. Underwood 1940 6 clear that even if Americans weren’t places they had never heard of before, Typewriter Company shifted over to 1941 1,430 interested in war, war was interested shipping out to islands in the South producing M1 Carbine rifles; Kaiser 1942 15,720 in them. The Japanese militarists Pacific like Guadalcanal or Saipan, Shipyards figured out how to build 1943 28,164 thought that they were launching a or to bloody Kasserine Pass in North a transport vessel in a single week, 1944 15,489 surprise blow on a divided people who Africa. Some flew bomber missions the famous “Liberty Ship”; and Ford 1945 8,055 would never come together to form over Germany or Japan, some hit the Motors kept pace at its sprawling Total: 68,864 a common front. Instead, the attack beach at Normandy, others crewed the Willow Run Plant in Ypsilanti, Mich- – Rob Citino on Pearl united the American people gigantic new U.S. Navy ships roaming igan (dubbed “the Grand Canyon of as never before. Virtually every citi- the seven seas. Millions worked with the mechanized world”), by churn- zen living in our sprawling, diverse the supply troops abroad, making sure ing out a four-engine B-24 bomber republic shared the same desire: to the bullets, bombs and bread got for- every hour. were gouging deep into Russia, and the show the Japanese that the “highway” ward to the fighting troops. Hundreds The global war unleashed on Dec. Japanese warlords were waging a mur- ran in both directions. American of thousands of them died, and mil- 7, 1941, demanded nothing less. derous war in China. Americans were public opinion, almost unanimously, lions would be wounded or missing in Sure, other days have been critical all over the place in how to respond. came to a conclusion: This war could action. Indeed, over 70,000 Ameri- to American history. The country Some, a small number, wanted to get only end in one way – with U.S. forces cans from World War II are still listed wouldn’t exist without July 4, 1776, in it directly, with troops; others, a sitting in Tokyo. as MIA. and the grisly events of Sept. 11, 2001, larger group, were for getting it in War against Japan (and soon Ger- The departure of most of the coun- still haunt our collective psyche. Nei- indirectly, by supplying Britain with many, as well) was by definition a try’s young men meant that other ther of those days had the dramatic, ships and weapons, for example. The global one, and fighting across the groups had to step in and man the long-lasting impact of Pearl Harbor, largest number, however, were “iso- globe required a new kind of Amer- factories. Check that: not “man.” By however. Those “twenty-four little lationists.” The best thing the U.S. ica. The U.S. was an industrial and war’s end, over 19 million American hours” changed U.S. priorities per- could do, they felt, was to stay out of financial giant, yes, but few would women were in the workforce. Many manently, set the country on the path the war altogether. The country had have described it as a great military had moved over from the traditional to global power, and perhaps gave it already fought one world war, they power. Japanese Admiral Isoruku roles of “women’s work” as domestic a glimpse of itself as “a more perfect noted, and had nothing to show for it. Yamamoto famously described Amer- servants or waitresses into war plants, union” for all its citizens. Protected by its God-given oceans on ica as a “sleeping giant,” but perhaps manning the lathes, drills and punch- both sides, America could and should “sleepy” is more like it. A large chunk presses that formed the backbone of —Dr. Rob Citino is the Samuel sit this one out. of the population still lived on the modern war production. Alongside Zemurray Stone senior historian at The first bomb at Pearl exploded farm, statistics for high school gradu- them were the millions of women who The National World War II Museum that notion, and ended the isolationist ation were shockingly low by today’s entered the workforce for the first in New Orleans, Louisiana.

WA R resident George Washington warned the American the American resident George Washington warned alliances,” and to people to “steer clear of permanent that could be “extend foreign commercial relations mutually beneficial while maintaining as little political con- mutually beneficial while maintaining CAME TO US Harbor, on Pearl attack to the Japanese Prior decidedly anti-war sentiment in America was Milam, Ph.D. By Ron Special to GateHouse Media were written in his farewell nection as possible.” These words Europe engage in wars that address to the nation as he watched taken diverse positions his own cabinet members had publically about, causing friction within his administration and creating concern among warring nations. His warnings have often been cited as the beginning of isolationism by both elected officials and by the American public. ISOLATIONISM WHEN P

16 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com when Germanyinvaded Poland, American boysreturnhomewithter- decision, particularlywhenwatching ican peoplewerenotsupportiveofthe France andBritain’sfavor,theAmer- as HenryFord. nizations andindustrialleaderssuch was criticizedbymanypeaceorga- “safe fordemocracy,”hisdecision gress todeclarewarmaketheworld position inApril1917byaskingCon- European war.Whenhereversedhis to fightwhatheconsideredbea not wanttosendAmericanboys War Iforthreeyearsbecausehedid Wilson keptAmericaoutofWorld and geography.PresidentWoodrow to fight“small”warsoverideology ington’s wordsasEuropecontinued Americans werestillheedingWash- letters addressingthis aggression, Franklin Roosevelt wrotecritical Nanking were attacked.President in 1937when bothShanghaiand and begantoinvadeotherprovinces nese provinceofManchuria in1931, Japan hadalreadyconquered theChi- b invasion ofChina. hostilities beganinAsiawithJapan’s all partiesbrokethetreatyby1935as less belligerenceontheseas.Virtually reduction inshipsizewouldleadto tonnage andgunsize,perhapsthe tion ofbattleshipstoanagreedupon restrict theirpost-warconstruc- ain, Japan,France,andItaly–could the world’spowers–America,Brit- Washington NavalConference.If of navalarmamentsatthe1921-22 war” bynegotiatinglimitstothesize materials. that theycouldprofitfromsellingwar American involvementinthewarso “merchants ofdeath”hadwanted take, andsomeevenbelievedthat “the wartoendallwars”wasamis- most Americansbelievedfighting Isolationism setinaspollsindicated b rible woundsandlungdamagefrom the likelihoodofanother“great Calvin Coolidgesoughttodecrease affect theoutcomeofwarin was notbeingattacked. long asAmericaitself toward involvementas there wasnotamovement World WarIstillfresh, With thememoryof eginning ofWorldWarII as1939 attlefield exposuretopoisongas. While mosthistoriansmark the Presidents WarrenHardingand And whileAmericansoldiersdid Fast-forward over100years,and in Germany. attention totherise ofAdolfHitler They were,however, payingsome not atthetop oftheirprioritylist. in breadlines,eventsAsia were and unemployedcitizens standing severely affectedbytheDepression the Americaneconomyhaving been Japanese War.Furthermore, with further involvementinthe Sino- that Americanswouldhavesupported Act of1882stillineffect,itisunlikely as 1924.WiththeChineseExclusion by designingWarPlanOrangeasearly rescue survivorsofNanking. Japanese aircraftwhileattemptingto gunboat theUSSPanaywassunkby particularly whentheAmericanriver ners hadanticipatedsuchaconflict Japan, eventhoughmilitaryplan- not supportiveofgoingtowarwith Press, 1999) sion andWar,” (NewYork: Oxford Fear: TheAmericanPeople inDepres- • David M.Kennedy, “Freedom From sity Press. 2008) Since 1776,”(NewYork: Oxford Univer- Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations • George C.Herring,“From Colony to 1989). Washington,” (NewYork: EastonPress, Public andPrivate Writings of George Papers: BasicSelectionsFrom the • SaulK.Padover, “TheWashington Sources usedinthiswork include: Learn more President Roosevelt signstheLend-Lease billtogive aidtoBritainandChinain1941. But theAmericanpeoplewere a newworld war. tion inwhatcould eventuallybecome intervention would leadtoparticipa- activists who believed thatAmerican servatives, industrialistsand peace outnumbered byawidearray ofcon- to playinthesedisputes,they were ists whobelievedAmerica had arole While thereweremanyinternational- series ofneutralityactstobe passed. ance CorporationAct,healloweda Act andtheFederalDepositInsur- the enactmentofSocialSecurity port hisdomesticpolicies,suchas many oftheseisolationiststosup- conflicts. Sincethepresidentneeded in whatwasperceivedtoberegional the effectoflimitingAmerica’srole pass neutralityactsthatwouldhave course ofactiontoavoidwarswas Congress, whobelievedthatthebest ment begantoinfluencemembersof approach toworldaffairs. would havetotakeamoreaggressive cern bythepresidentthatAmerica with Hitler,therewasagrowingcon- Europe. WithBenitoMussoliniallying government mostlikelytosucceedin claimed fascismasthenewformof Italy conqueredEthiopiaandpro- erupting aroundtheworld.In1935, concerned aboutthevariousconflicts America itselfwasnotbeingattacked. ment towardinvolvementaslong many congressionalleadersbecame conditions oftheAmericanpeople, his NewDealtoimprovetheliving I stillfresh,therewasnotamove- However, theisolationistmove- As PresidentRooseveltlaunched With thememoryofWorldWar WIKIPEDIA war effort andminimally “lend-lease” program aidedBritain’s the UnitedStates afterthewar.The with commitments toreturnthem vessels were“loaned”to England re-entering service,andAmerican ican shipyardstoberepaired before nated asHR1776. patriotic gesture,thebillwas desig- the isolationiststhatthiswastrulya the UnitedStates.”Andtoassure was deemedvitaltothedefenseof material toanynationwhosedefense lend, orotherwisedisposeofanywar ity to“sell,transfer,exchange,lease, naval armaments. support Britainthroughrebuildingits a foreignwar,butallowAmericato not requireAmericanboystofight Churchill askedforhelpthatwould America’s vastindustrialmachine, in averypersonalway.Recognizing tion, andheappealedtothepresident movement towardEuropeandomina- that onlyAmericacouldstopHitler’s Minister, WinstonChurchill,knew foreign wars.”ThenewBritishPrime boys arenotgoingtobesentintoany I shallsayitagainandagain.Your lationists: “Ihavesaidthisbeforebut rhetoric wasstillsupportingtheiso- Nazism andfascism,hiscampaign help themintheirloneactionagainst was activelyworkingwithBritainto term in1940,andeventhoughhe now becomingWorldWarII. ful inkeepingAmericaoutofwhatwas 1940, theisolationistsweresuccess- Defend AmericabyAidingtheAlliesin alists thatformedtheCommitteeto there wasalsoagroupofinternation- ties suchasCharlesLindberg.While by businessmen,leftistsandcelebri- began acrossthecountryin1940,led America FirstCommitteemovement Asian andEuropeanconflicts.An ful inkeepingAmericaoutofboth Second WorldWar. to atleastbecomeconcernedabouta the bombingofBritain,Americahad then Poland,France,andbegan occupied therestofCzechoslovakia, expansive. WhenGermanythen long-range plantobemuchmore members whopredictedHitler’s ment, eventhoughtherewerecabinet acceptance oftheMunichAgree- Minister NevilleChamberlain’s Roosevelt supportedBritishPrime areas ofCzechoslovakia.President Germany toannextheSudetenland ment withEuropeanleaderstoallow Congress thatgavehimtheauthor- President Rooseveltsentabillto President Rooseveltranforathird In 1938,Hitlernegotiatedanagree- British shipsweretowedto Amer- But isolationistswerestillsuccess-

PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | 17 history of the Vietnam War for the new Education Center at The Wall in Washington, D.C., and is a combat veteran of the Vietnam War. Milam is the author of “Not a Gentle- man’s War: an Inside View of Junior Officers in the Vietnam War” and is working on two book projects: “The Siege of Phu Nhon: Montagnards and Americans as Allies in Battle” and “Cambodia and Kent State: Kill- ing in the Jungle and on the College Campuses.” WIKIPEDIA of the homeland. —Ron Milam, Ph.D., is an associ- ate professor of history, a Fulbright Scholar to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and the faculty advi- sor to the Veteran’s Association at Texas Tech University in Lubbock. He serves on the Content Advisory Committee tasked with writing the attitudes and theories about eco- nomics, morality and politics were replaced by concern for the defense

On Dec. 7, 1941, the Japanese attack interests of both the internationalists and the isolationists together. America would declare war on Japan the next day, and Germany and Italy would declare war on the United States. With this attack, the of Japan’s aggression, particularly of Japan’s aggression, particularly since it had recently been relocated from San Diego, California, to the Hawaiian Island of Oahu. on the fleet at Pearl Harbor would be an event that would finally bring the

But President Roosevelt knew that

Navy’s Pacific Fleet stood in the way china and China. The United States china and China. The United States well as the Philippines, French Indo-

Kong, Malaya and other islands, as Kong, Malaya and other islands, as possessions of Singapore and Hong possessions of Singapore and Hong quest of the British Commonwealth United States could stop Japan’s con- Southeast Asian dominance. Only the in the Pacific to continue its goal of in the Pacific to continue its goal of Japan needed oil and war material Japan needed oil and war material internationalists.

satisfied both the isolationists and the Water-cooled machine guns just arrived from the U.S. under Lend-Lease are checked at an ordnance depot in England. at an ordnance checked are under Lend-Lease the U.S. from machine guns just arrived Water-cooled 18 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com from entering theU.S., placingthe for banson Muslims orSyrians with hisfamily. who spentfouryearsasan internee Sulu fromtheoriginal“Star Trek” Takei, theactorbestknown asMr. with religiousandethnictensions. from asthecountryagain struggles T More ContentNow By MelissaErickson Earlier thisyear, politicianscalled “Remember andlearn,”said George struggles with ethnic and religious with struggles tension. Their stories the resonate again country as thousands of Japanese camps. in Americans Pearl Harbor,After fear led the US intern to CHAPTER A DARK INTERNMENT Center, California,1943 at theManzanar Relocation Tom Kobayashi, photographed but onethatwecanlearn ter inAmericanhistory, Harbor isadarkchap- Americans afterPearl he internmentofJapanese of thepopulace, and soitisinsome at gaugingand exploitingthefears good idea,”Odo said. this inthepast,itmusthave beena it before,”and“Ifthegovernment did we needtolockthemup,we’ve done zens, politicianssaidthings like,“If Harbor internmentofAmerican citi- of Congress.Citingthepost-Pearl of theAsiandivisionatLibrary Program andformeractingchief tution’s AsianPacificAmerican director oftheSmithsonianInsti- historian FranklinOdo,founding because ofthewaytheylook,said of individualswhoaretargetedsimply security ofthenationoverrights “Politicians are particularlyadept gious profilingariseagain,”Takei the uglyspecterofracialandreli- ways nosurprisethatweareseeing led to sequestering Japaneseand States worked itselfintoapanicthat mistakes.” fallible humanscanmakedisastrous great thingsbut,atthesame time, tory. Ourpeople’sdemocracy cando we asapeoplelearnfrom ourhis- similarities exist,butrather that understand todayisnotthat these so quickly.Theimportantthingto II. Humannaturedoesnotchange easily stokedtodayasinWorldWar because, frankly,thesamefearsareas said. “Therearestrikingsimilarities U nderstanding howtheUnited people cametoAmericaworkin tury beforeWorldWarII,Chinese racism, Odosaid.Morethanacen- at America’shistoryofanti-Asian Harbor requiresalonglookback grants afterthebombingofPearl Americans borntoJapaneseimmi- the country’s whiteracialpurity. immigrating in anefforttomaintain or racialgroupwasrestricted from in Americanhistorythatan ethnic sion Actof1882wasthefirst time become citizens.TheChinese Exclu- country stoppedshortofletting them Welcomed asasourceoflabor, the the goldfieldsandtobuildrailroads. Japanese,” thenext group ofAsians “That racism carriedovertothe

PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | 19 f f Warren “saw that the ‘lock up the People thought that Japanese “There must have been a ‘fifth “There must have This profound suspicion led to “After the fact, it became known Earl Warren, who would later It was hard, almost impossible, for It was hard, almost immigrants and Americans born to column,’ Japanese immigrants who a hysteria, especially on the West that there were many nefarious forces urging internment of Japa- nese-Americans. Some were driven by political ambition — something become governor of California and chief justice of the Supreme Court, was then an up-and-coming poli- tician and the attorney general o California. Japanese’ movement was raging in California. He knew better but he decided to seize the leadership of this movement. He built his platform on anti-Japanese hysteria and made the statement that the fact that no acts of espionage or sabotage had been committed by Japanese Americans was ominous because the ‘Japanese are inscrutable.’ He said that it would be ‘prudent’ to lock up the Japanese before they did anything. We were damned either way,” Takei said. “I like to believe that, later in life, Chie Justice Warren regretted what he had done to all of us, and spent his tenure on the Supreme Court repenting for the sins of his early political career.” Japanese immigrants (called “Nisei”) had aided the Japanese military and would do it again. “After the fact, it became it became the fact, “After many there were that known forces urging nefarious of Japanese- internment Some were Americans. political ambition driven by that today — something currency.” holds particular Takei —George II. joined World War Japan could have people to believe Odo said. carried out the attack, told the planes where to go, spies who created an unfair playing field,” he said. Coast, and cries for the Japanese to be locked up. The stigma was stoked by inflammatory news stories, pressure groups and even the United States government, Odo said. that today holds particular currency,” Takei said. States declared war on Japan and States declared war Needless to say, the surprise mili- The following day, the United “The press was flagrantly anti- As a nation, Japan had been build- “When Japan invaded Manchu- “Before World War II there was “The Pearl Harbor attack was suc- America needed cheap labor and the cheap labor America needed accountedBy Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese D. Roosevelt is President Franklin Before social media and television, Japanese and actively stirred up Japanese and actively stirred up anti-Japanese sentiment by waving the threat of a Yellow Peril,” the ria in 1931 and the Sino-Japanese War erupted in 1937, anti-Japanese emotions flared further. Japanese aggression abroad was perceived as could never launch a successful attack on America,” Odo said. tary strike that devastated the naval base at Pearl Harbor changed people’s minds. cessful, and it was a big shock and a major blow to America’s sense of security,” Odo said. sentiment that Asians were a physi- cal and economic threat to the West, said Rotner Sakamoto. ing up as a military power in the Pacific. Japan defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 and Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Odo said. ominous at home. By the time Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the soil had been tilled for an extreme reaction towards ethnic Japanese in the United States,” said Rotner Sakamoto. more than 40 years of thinking Japan is rising in power. The Japanese were seen as inferior but the country could be a possible military rival in the Pacific. The thought was that Japan to make their way to America, Odo Odo way to America, their to make as “so foreign, seen Asians were said. assimi- that they could not so other, said. late,” Odo inprovided that, especially Japanese they were islands where the Hawaiian planta- to work on the sugar recruited of the workforce ontions. By 1900, most Japanese, Odo said.the plantations was of the total for close to 40 percent Hawaiian islands, population of the Odo said. today, but “he warmly remembered said. “We know was a racist,” Odo He had friends in from his writings. where he thought Japan, and that was should go — Japanese-Americans back to Japan,” Odo said. our idea of what kind of people the Japanese were came from newspapers, magazines, the radio and dime novels where they were depicted as “evil and cruel,” Odo said. in Manzanar A line crew at work at work crew A line

20 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com n Feb. 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive O Order 9066, which called for the internment of all Japanese Amer- icans from the West Coast with the exclusion of Hawaii. “It’s baffling” that Japanese Ameri- cans living in Hawaii “where the attack happened and America was most vul- nerable” were excluded, said Odo, who was 2 years old at the time and living in Honolulu. “If I had lived in California or Oregon, I would have had to go,” he said. Japanese Americans were such a large part of the workforce in Hawaii “it became impossible to lock them up,” Odo said. “Order 9066 was posted on telephone poles with instructions to FACES OF RESILIENCE take only what you can carry and In 1943, Ansel Adams, report when notified to a location to America’s most well-known be taken away,” said Mary Murakami Tractor repair: Driver Benji Iguchi, Mechanic Henry Hanawa, Manzanar Relocation Center, California photographer, documented of Bethesda, Maryland, who was born the Manzanar War Relocation in Los Angeles and was living with her My parents tried valiantly to shield us Use the Blippar app Center in California and the family in San Francisco’s Japantown from the horror of what was happen- to see the full Ansel Japanese-Americans interned in 1942. Murakami spent her junior ing, and for that they are my heroes,” Adams collection there during World War II. JOURNAL | providencejournal.com PROVIDENCE | December 4, 2016 | 21 Sunday, high and high school years interned. Takei said. “I think often of my father, via the Library of When offering the collection While the Japanese were reporting who felt the greatest anguish and pain Congress. to the Library of Congress in to be interned, government-ordered of that imprisonment as the unspo- SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2 1965, Adams said in a letter, curfews were set up. ken protector of our family. He felt so “The purpose of my work was “My father and sister could not go powerless to help what was happen- to show how these people, to work. My brother could not attend ing to his family, to all he had worked suffering under a great high school and myself no junior high so hard for throughout his life. It was injustice, and loss of property, school. My family sold everything,” truly a devastating blow.” was an Americanized, assimilated businesses and professions, Murakami said. Murakami’s family reported to the Nisei who spoke only English and had overcome the sense of It was a time of great fear. There Tanforan Race Track near San Fran- no Japanese and had a brother in defeat and dispair [sic] by were rumors that children would be cisco where a “lucky family had a room the United States Army, Odo said. building for themselves a vital taken away from parents. in temporary barracks in inner track, On Dec. 18, 1944, the U.S. Supreme community in an arid (but “My parents shared our family his- while others lived in horse stalls. There Court unanimously ruled that the magniﬁ cent) environment.... tory with us and had a family picture was no schooling for the children and government could not continue to All in all, I think this Manzanar taken just in case,” Murakami said. the food was terrible,” she said. detain a citizen who was “concededly Collection is an important his- The internment shared shocking When a permanent camp was ready loyal” to the United States. torical document, and I trust it similarities with what was happen- in October 1942 her family was taken Japanese Americans could begin can be put to good use.” ing all over Europe. in old train cars with shades drawn returning to the West Coast, but “The strongest memory I have is to Topaz Permanent Camp in Topaz, “they had nowhere to go. They had of the day armed soldiers marched Utah. lost their homes, their farms. Many up our driveway, carrying rifles with “We lived in black-tarred bar- were terrified to leave the camps. bayonets and pounded upon our racks surrounded by barbed wires They faced racial discrimination. Murakami said. door, ordering us out. I remember and guard towers. It was a hard life They couldn’t find jobs,” Odo said. After a long campaign, in 1988 my mother’s tears as we were forced for three years for everyone, espe- “When the war ended, the gates President Ronald Reagan offered to leave our home, with only what cially our parents. Our family lost of the camps were opened wide. Just an official apology and $20,000 in we could carry with us,” Takei said. everything. There were very basic like that. We were left impoverished. redress to the internees who were “My siblings and I were all Ameri- schools, food and accommodations,” Each internee was handed nothing still living. “But by then many who cans, born and raised in Los Angeles. Murakami said. more than a one-way ticket to wher- had suffered the most had already My mother was born in Sacramento ever in the U.S. they wanted to go and passed away,” Takei said. and my father was a San Franciscan, ◆◆◆ $25 — to rebuild a life with only that,” “About half of them, 60,000 were yet we were being sent from our home Takei said. still alive,” Odo said. for the crime of looking like the people awsuits were filed beginning While Japan certainly had spies in “So much time had passed. The who had bombed Pearl Harbor.” in 1942 first against the race- the United States, “there was zero money did not help us because we were Things happened fast and “120,000 L based curfews and later against proof” that any of the people interned established middle class so we donated people are a lot to put away,” Odo said. the internment, but the courts ruled had committed treason, Odo said. Not the bulk of it to the start of the Japanese The first temporary camps were set that the denial of civil rights based on a single act of espionage was ever American Memorial in Washington up in large open spaces such as fair- race and national origin were legal, found to have been committed. D.C. to Patriotism, which is located a grounds, race tracks and stadiums. Odo said. “Yes, internment was politically few blocks from the Capitol. The letter “For weeks we had to live in a horse Plaintiff Mitsuye Endo was chosen motivated, definitely. There were no was uplifting to know that only in a stable at the local racetrack while the as “the perfect person” to challenge spies among us. Seventy-five percent democracy can we receive that letter,” camps were still under construction. Executive Order 9066 because she of us were born in the United States,” Murakami said. ■ ces. George Takei’s musical “Alle- Takei’s George true-life Takei’s by Inspired begins with The screening giance” will screen in theaters giance” will screen for one night only nationwide Dec. 13, at 7:30 on Tuesday, eastern time. is the experiences, “Allegiance” (Takei), story of Sam Kimura nearly six back transported decades to when his younger “Glee”) and Leung, self (Telly Award-win- (Tony his sister Kei to stay Salonga) fought ner Lea connected to their heritage, their family and themselves Americans were after Japanese War imprisoned during World tale II. It’s a multigenerational stories. love with two and Takei from an introduction special behind-the-scenes foot- can Tickets age and interviews. at FathomEvents. be purchased theater com or at participating ofﬁ box SINGING ‘ALLEGIANCE’ The late U.S. Sen. Daniel K. Inouye The effect of the Nisei performance and the combat performance record of the Tuskegee Airmen, to whom Truman used almost the same words (you fought the enemy abroad and prejudice at home) helped create the climate for post-World War II reforms beginning with the deseg- regation of the armed forces. These reforms leveled the playing field for minorities to compete for any job and rank.” unit designation in recognition of unit designation in recognition of their combat performance,” Shima said. LEADERS CREATING is perhaps the most well-known of the 442nd and was a WWII Medal of Honor recipient. Inouye served from 2010 to 2012 as president pro tem- pore of the Senate, a position that put him third in line for the presidency. “Only 70 years ago this same Nisei was assigned draft classification 4-C, alien, unfit for military duty,” Shima said. in World War II was significant for future generations of Americans, Shima said: “I believe the combat performance record of the 442nd In response to these petitions and “When the 442nd completed train- “When World War II broke out, “When World War II broke out, the draft classification of Japanese the draft classification of Japanese Americans was changed from 1-A (eligible for military duty) to 4-C (alien, unfit for military duty). We were offended and insulted that our alties that the press labeled them the ‘Purple Heart Battalion.’ The 100th merged into the 442nd becoming, in effect, the 1st Battalion of the 442nd. They were allowed to keep the 100th Nisei, individually and in groups, Nisei, individually and in groups, petitioned the government to allow them to serve in combat to prove their loyalty,” said Shima, whose brother served in the 100 Battalion. for other reasons, Washington waived the ban on enlistments and issued the call for volunteers for the 442nd unit. ing and arrived in Italy in June 1944, the 100th had been there for nine months fighting up the boot of Italy. The 100th sustained such huge casu- were willing to risk everything, their were willing to risk everything, their lives, to achieve their goal. government viewed us as alien, which was tantamount to being disowned by our government. We were taught that defending your nation in time of war is the responsibility of every citizen. Standing on the step at the entrance of a dwelling are Louise Tami Nakamura, holding the hand of Mrs. Naguchi, and Joyce Yuki Nakamura Yuki holding the hand of Mrs. Naguchi, and Joyce Nakamura, Tami Louise are of a dwelling Standing on the step at the entrance

World War II, thousands of hile many of their fami- hile many of their lies were interned during

About 14,000 men served in the About 14,000 men served in the

“What people should know about “What people should know about

As part of the 442nd, “the 100th As part of the 442nd, “the 100th

W 21 Medals of Honor. The Nisei unit 21 Medals of Honor. The Nisei unit earning 9,486 Purple Hearts and earning 9,486 Purple Hearts and 442nd unit and its 100th battalion, 442nd unit and its 100th battalion,

the 442nd and the men who served the 442nd and the men who served immigrant parents) unit which pre- Nisei (Americans born of Japanese Nisei (Americans born of Japanese Infantry Battalion was a segregated Infantry Battalion was a segregated thing to prove, their loyalty. They thing to prove, their loyalty. They Shima said. “The Nisei had some- commitment in one roll of the dice,” throw in your total resources, total throw in your total resources, total and means “risk your total holdings, which is Hawaiian Pidgin English which is Hawaiian Pidgin English Their motto was “Go For Broke,” Their motto was “Go For Broke,”

fought in Italy, France and Germany. FROM ALIENS TO HEROES FROM ALIENS TO

ment camps.” while they were confined to intern- “Many of these men volunteered “Many of these men volunteered War II for this reason,” Shima said. War II for this reason,” Shima said. ethnic group that fought in World ethnic group that fought in World and to prove their loyalty — the only that they served to help win the war in the Military Intelligence Service is

relations office. in northern Italy assigned to its public in northern Italy assigned to its public joined the 442nd at the Garda Airport joined the 442nd at the Garda Airport in Italy on VE Day, May 8, 1945, and in Italy on VE Day, May 8, 1945, and Regimental Combat Team. He arrived 1944, as a replacement for the 442nd 1944, as a replacement for the 442nd drafted into the U.S. Army on Oct. 12, drafted into the U.S. Army on Oct. 12, Maryland. Born in Hawaii, Shima was Maryland. Born in Hawaii, Shima was said Terry Shima of Gaithersburg, said Terry Shima of Gaithersburg, ceded the 442nd to the Italian front,” ceded the 442nd to the Italian front,” history of American warfare. for its size and length of service in the for its size and length of service in the The 442nd is the most decorated unit The 442nd is the most decorated unit the 442nd Regiment of the U.S. Army. in combat, most famously as part of in combat, most famously as part of loyalty to the United States by serving Japanese-American men proved their Japanese-American men proved their

More Content Now More By Melissa Erickson

freedom for their their for

Fighting Fighting THE 442nd THE 22 | Sunday, December 4, 2016 | PROVIDENCE JOURNAL | providencejournal.com on U.S.NavalStationPearlHarbor fighter planesunloadedanarsenal loose whenhundredsofJapanese and HickamArmyAirfield.Itwasthe A More ContentNow By DeenaC.Bouknight h Could it LESSONS LEARNED not be allowed toimmigrate tothe and finallythey essentiallywould were notallowed toownproperty, were ineligible forcitizenship;they Court rulingthatJapaneseimmigrants sailles snubwasthe two decadesinthemaking.” out that“PearlHarborwas roughly York writerMichaelZezima points 9/11 andOther‘Surprises,’”New Can PearlHarborTeachUsabout News Trustarticletitled“What full ofEuropeans.Ina2015World country wasoddmanoutinaroom sailles afterWorldWarI.TheAsian negotiations fortheTreatyofVer- they hadbeenostracizedduring Japanese wereapowderkegsince on thewall.Relationswith ing hindsightpointtothewriting deemed “surprises,”expertsstudy- sion andanalysis. day continuestobeatopicofdiscus- happened thatinfamousDecember 2,996 toPearlHarbor’s2,403–what soil intermsofcasualties–9/11’s rienced agreaterattackonAmerican “live ininfamy.” sevelt wouldprophesy,that date, PresidentFranklinDelanoRoo- Trade CenterandPentagonwere Pearl HarborandontheWorld again? Pearl Harbor look like? What would amodern Following ontheheelsof Ver- Although boththeattackson Even thoughthisgenerationexpe- appen appen worship –allhellbroke Sunday morningofrestand 7, 1941–aseeminglynormal round 8a.m.inHawaiiDec. U.S. Supreme here iswhattheyhadtosay: be inthe formofa low-intensity a foreignmilitary wouldmostlikely today? security. thing thathastranspiredregarding in resources.Andnowlook atevery- Pearl Harbortherewasahugesurge enough todefendourselves.After is thatwedidnothaveanarmylarge adapt. Butthefirstthingwedidlearn from. Wemakeadjustments…we dent thathashappenedwe’velearned South Carolina:Everymajorinci- training. your guarddown.Spendallthetime Hawaii: Joint BasePearlHarbor-Hickam, tions manager,PublicAffairsfor in onebasket.Trainreligiously. unexpected. Don’tputallofyoureggs and SWATfortheFBI:Expect security today? can beappliedtoU.S.national from thePearlHarborattackthat ever moredangerousworld.” has becomeadecidedlyunstableand republic andallAmericansinwhat modes ofattacktobettersecureour our ownindirectandnon-kinetic develop relevantcountersandhone this, thebetterabletheywillbeto cymakers recognizeandacknowledge “The soonerourstrategistsandpoli- attack onourhomeland? ultimately avoidanotherlarge-scale ceremonies, canweprepareforand 75 yearsagowithmuseumtoursand alize whathappenedatPearlHarbor the Japanesepriorto1941. Act in1924.Morefollowedtobristle and currentcommunityrela- foreign militaryforcelook like Affairs Officer,FortJackson, lengthy articlewiththisstatement: – andsoshouldwe.Heendshis adversaries arethinkingdifferently unconventional warfare,andhow In itheexplainsbothirregularand “How AmericaWillbeAttacked.” for MilitaryReviewanarticletitled ington, D.C.,wroteinSeptember Institute ofWorldPolitics,Wash- national securitysupportatthe sor, authorandvicepresidentfor U.S. –periodduetotheExclusion Yet, aswerememberandmemori- David Hodge,retiredNavy Eric Davis,pilot,specialagent Q We polledthreeotherexperts,and Sebastian Gorka,Ph.D.,profes- Davis: Q Pat Jones,GarrisonPublic : Whatwouldanattack bya : Whatlessonsdidwelearn In myopinion, anattackby Preparedness; don’tlet scale conflicts.Weareextremely is designedtofightandwinlarge- insurgency operation.Ourmilitary just needstogettighterand base arearesultof9/11.Security Changes inevengettingontothe This isaresultofterroristattacks. holder, thereisavettingprocess. gate now.IfyouarenotanIDcard- there is100percentsecurityatthe to stepupsecurity.AtFortJackson, time thereisanincidentwehavehad manner. this typeofoperationinaneffective would takegreatpoliticalwilltofight a forcemultiplierfortheenemy.It limit collateraldamage,wouldactas uncertainty, coupledwitheffortsto enemy soldiersfromcivilians.This becomes verydifficulttodifferentiate hoods andschools.Inthisscenario,it the fightingtoourcities,neighbor- insurgency operationwouldbring would behamstrung.Alow-intensity most advancedweaponsplatforms place onAmericansoil,manyofour ever, iftheconflictweretotake infrastructure ofacountry.How- effective atdestroyingmaterialsand Dec. 7,1941. The U.S. Navy battleship USS CaliforniasinksalongsideFord Island atPearl Harbor,Hawaii, us that. … PearlHarborwasthefirsttoteach Jones: Wecannotknow,butevery WIKIPEDIA we aretrainedandprepared. WWII. Butwecanalwaysmakesure a lotdifferentthantheywerepre- of about10,000soldiers.Thingsare and thereisapopulationonthebase graduate asmany1,200soldiers, cent oftheforce.Afullbattalioncan purpose istraining.Wetrain54per- lation intheArmy;ourprimary Jackson isthelargesttraininginstal- not beingpreparedandtrained.Fort have tofocusoncybersecurity.Also, need toalwaysrememberthat. back strongerafterPearlHarbor;we wind outofoursails.Americacame tain morale…lettingnothingtakethe America inthefuture.And,tomain- that wearealwaysreadytoprotect trained andpreparedforanythingso partners. Wealsoneedtoalwaysbe and theyhavebecomeimportant our formerenemies,theJapanese, tionships; wehavelearnedmuchfrom on workingtoestablishpeacefulrela- and lossofrespectfortherulelaw. pride incountry,history,traditions; ists whoarecitizens;degradationof threats toournation’ssecurity? Jones: Hodge: Weneedtonevergiveup Davis: Q : What are the most significant : Whatarethemostsignificant One iscyber-related.We Radical Islamicterror-