~IZABETHANPROGRESSES 1559 TO 1603

A Seminar Paper presented to The Faculty of the Department of History University of Wisconsin La Crosee, Wisconsin

In partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science

Nancy Kemler Schmid December, 1971 UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN--LA CROSSE

GRADUATE COLLEGE

Candidate: Nancy Kemler Schmid

I recommend acceptance of this seminar paper to the Graduate College in partial fulf lllmnt of this candidate Is requirements for the degree Master of Science. me candidate has completed her oral seminar report.

w 3 (& 7/ 4- Date ' seminar Paper Advisor .I'

3, 177/ Date rn ci. - I'

Date I

Date seminar Paper Advisor

This seminar paper is ap ABSTRACT

Although Queen Elizabeth I of England made summer journeys or progresses almost every year from 1559 to 1602 very little attention has been focused on them and on the reasons for or the results of these trips. Tne purpose of

this paper is twofold : (1) to describe the summer progresses and (2) to arrive at some conclusions as to the significance of the progresses. The principal source of this paper is the three volume Nichols! collection of original documents concerning the progresses. These documents were collected from widely varying sources and published in 1823 by a printer named John ~ichdls. This material, either in the Nichols? collection or in the original, is the only source of informa- tion on the progresses. Every secondary work examined by the author of this paper used one of these sources for his in- formation about the progresses. The main significance of the progresses was to allow the crown to keep in personal touch with the provincial officials and with the general public. Both the people and the officials were appreciative of this royal attention and it contributed to the favorable public opinion which Elizabeth enjoged during her entire reign. Tne public

-rnnanra which the arogresses gave to Elizabeth created a bond between the Queen and her subjects which enabied her to govern with a freer hand than she i,~ouldhave been able to do otherwise. of' secondary Importance these journeys allowed the queen a chance to relax somewhat from the formality of the court and to enjoy some of the sporting entertainments such as hunting which were impossible to do in London.

CHAPTER I . PUBLIC OPINION. PROCESSIONS. Aim PROGRESSES ...... 1 CliAFTSR I1 . PROGRESSES PRIOR to 1571 ...... 10 CHAPTER I11 . PROGRESSES 1571 TO 1589 ...... 25 CHAFTER I . PROGRESSES 1589 TO 1603 ...... 55 CHAPTER V . CONCLUSION ...... 68 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 70 Almosc every year from 1559 to 1602, Queen Elizabesh I of England made a summer ppogress. A progress is a royal

journey or tour marked by much pomp and ceremony. Elizabeth was not the first monarch to make progresses. It was the cussomary medieval practice of monarchs and records show that her father, Henry VIII, also engaged in the cas t0m.l But there appears to be little printed de tailed information on any progress prior to the reign of Elizabeth. The principal source for this paper is John Nichols1 collection entitled The Progresses and Public Processions or

Queen Elizabeth; among which are interspersed other solern- nities, public expenditures, and remarkable events, during the reign of that illustrious princess, Collected from original manuscripts, scarce pamphlets, corporation- re cords, parochial- registers, etc., etc. Illustrated with historical notes. As tinis apt title suggesr;s, the books contain much besides accounts of Elizabathfs journeys about the country. There are lists of New Year 1s presents to and from the Queen, explana- tions of the history of the houses she visited and the history of the families who were involved. There are accounts of

'J. J. Scarisbrick, Kenry VIII (Berkeley: University of California press, 1970), 19. iii masques and Christmas entertainments at the Inns of Court, and many other accounts which have nothing to do with progresses, but add to the general knowledge of upper class life during the sixteenth century. In sum, the information in this collection makes it possible to follow the progresses year by year and to gain some idea of their extent and value. Nichols was a general printer and the official printer to the Society of Antiquaries. This was a group of men interested in ancient learning and objects who met to discuss their hobby. The society was formally chartered by George I1 in 1751. The first two volumes of Nichols' collection were published in 1788, a third volume appeared in 1807. Most of the third volume was destroyed in a fire so the entire collection was reprinted in 1823. This is the edition used in this paper. Clergymen and university personnel apparently first suggested the undertaking and assisted Nichols with his collection. It appears that at least some of the men were member8 of the Society of Antiquaries. They obtained access to the records of various town corporations, of the Tower of London, of the Court of Exchequer, of the City of London, and of the Stationers Company, all of which they used in the books. An especially valuable source was the churchwarden accounts of the various London parishes. Tnese help to date the Queen's movements by showing when the bellringers were paid for their services aa the Queen passed into and out of the

* -L__ n+ +ha meterials used were buried in the old records, so that it must have been neither an easy nor a quick task to sort them out.

Besides old records, Nichols used the better printed, contemporary accounts, all of which are listed in

Congers iiead ls Bibliogrephy of the Tudor Period. Among hem are Camdents Annals of the Reign of Elizabeth,- which Read called the '"0s t valuable contemporary acco~nt";~Strype 1s Annals of the Reformation and his biographies of sixteenth century churchmen such as Archbishops Parker, Grindel and vlhitgrif, which contain valuable documents from church and perish records; and Lodge 1s --Illustrations of British History, which contains family papers of the Howard~, Talbots, and

Cecils. Others are Birch 1s Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth, family papers of the Bacons; Fuller's Worthys of England, biographies of English noble families; Peck's Desiderata Curiosa, valuable documents of the period; and

Collinls Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth, family papers of the Sidneys. Also included are Harington, Bae Antiquae, family papers of the Harington's; Harrison, Description of Britain; and works by Churchyeard and Gascoigne, authors of some of the pageants and verses performed for Elizabethls entertainment which had been published as contemporary pamphlet^.^ Most of these printed materials were collected and published in the seven~eenthand eighteentn centuries

2~11evaluations of printed sources are Conyers Read 1s.

?- n n~~ala.Queen Elizabeth-- I (Garden City: from the original nlanuscripts. Nichols calls one of his most extensively used sources Burghley 1s Diary.- There is no record of this dia.ry as suck. In all probsbility these entries cone

from William Cecilrs papers preserved at Batfield by his descendants. They may stem from a collection of Cecills papers made by piurdin and Haynes and entitled Collection of State Tapers . . . left by WillSxim Cecil, Lord Burghiey. This collection appeared in 1740, so Nichols had access to it. It included papers from the Hatf ield MSS and the Lansdown MSS which are in the British Museum.

Sois is a very incomplete list of Nichols' sources. As detailed in the preface to his volumes, he tried to uncover

every scrap of material from every source which added to the knowledge of ~l'izabeth1s progresses, and the history of the

people and places that she visited. He %as not able to find some specific published pamphlets that he heard about, and he thought that there may have been more undiscovered material

in corporation and private hands which might be located in

the future. Read considers Nichols 1 collection to be very valuable .4

One unique source is Bishop Richard Hurd 1s Dialogues Morel and Political, published in 175'9. Bishop Hurd was a contemporary of Nichols who thanked him as a valuable con-

tributor, but he is not listed in Read 1s bibliography.

4conyers Read, ed., Bibliography of British History, Tudor period, 1485-1603, 2nd ed . (Oxford : Clarendon Press, vi Bishop Surd speculates on the rumor that Elizabeth made her progresses in order to impoverish her wealthiest subjects.5

In view of Elizabeth's well known parsimony, it is an obvious speculation, but this was the only reference to it in the sources used. Both Nichols and Hurd apparently decided that this was not true, and that Elizabeth's hosts spent their rnoney gladly for a chance to keep the Queen's good will and affection. 6 Tne three volumes present some difficulties for the user. Sixteenth century spelling and syntax are not easy far a twentieth century reader, and some of the speeches and debates at the uiversities are in Latin. The biggest difficulties, however, are the lack of a bibliography and the incomplete documentation of the references .7 The f ootnotess are full and very informative, but it is not always clear where the information came from. The books are written in the form of an annal, they are indexed, and there is a list of persons and places visited with references to where they will be found in the collection. There is also an index of New Year's gifts to and from the Queen.

S~ohnNichols, The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth- (3 vols.; London: John Nichols and Son, m-),I, xviif.

71ncom~leto by twentieth century standards of docmen- tation. For this reason all references in the text are to Nichols 1 collection. vii

In spite of the difficulties, the Nichols 1 collection conzaias much useful information for anyone interested in the seccnd half of the sixteenti1 century. PUBLIC OFINION, PROCESSIONS, AND PROGRESSES

More than any previous dynasty, the Tudor rulers of England realized the value of public opinion to the cram. liewry VTI had, at best, a tenuous hereditary claim to the throne. He became king by military victorg. and secured the position for his heirs by a cornbination of methods, includ- ing givIng the people good, effective and cheap government. He appreciated the necessity of using ordinary men of ability to carry out his policies and rua the government. Tnese men, bound to the crom by loyalty or avarice, seldom posed the threat that the old feudal nobility, often wealthier and more powerful than the crown, did to previous rulers. The first Tudor Henry, however, was a man and king to be respected, not loved. Tne common man could appreciate', orderly government which benefited his life and business without necessarily feeling affection for the king. By con- trast, Henryfs son in his youth and especially his grand- dnugb.ter, Elizabeth, not only garnered the respect and loyalty of the upper classes, but also the affection of the common people. Elizabeth embodied the astute political qualities of her grandfather, the personality of her father earlv in his reign, plus some special personal quality of her cwn to inspire love from her subjects. Her popularity with

tho people began before she became queen. On the journey

into custody at Woodstock during 14ax-y 1s reign, she was

cheered by crowds along the way, in spite of the danger this demonstration irupliod both for Elizabeth and for her

supporsors,l She became che personification of England in the minds of the majority of her people, regardless of economic status or religion. In this Elizabeth agreed with her poople. She genuinely loved England and its people and enjoyed being queen.2 J. E. Neale asserts, " . . . Elizabethss mind was ever fixed on popular favour, at first as an art of government, and later as a profound emotional satisfaction."3

The people's principel means of seeing the Queen was in the procession of the court frorn one royal palace to another around the London area, or during a summer progress when she visited outside London an6 its environs. Although the govern- ment was still wharever the Queen was, the London area was

becoming more important as the administrative center; thus it was necessary to keep both the City and the surrounding areas on the side of the crown.4 During the London processions, all

could see the monarch in person, The viewers shouted,

l~lsw~thThane, The Tudor iblench (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1932), 374.

2~hristoPherMorris, The Tudors (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ~955)~181. 3~eale,Queen Elizabe th,- 209.

Ji%, -+ 01 Rvrne. Elizabethan Life in Town and A - - -

4 "God save the Queen" and the ruler answered, "God save my people,tt or "Thank you, my people ."s Elizabeth used as much showmanship as possible during these processions. These necessary business trips were also opportunities to put on a magnificent display of splendor to entertain the populace.

The jewels and glowing colors of the fine clothing of the courtiers, the beautiful horses stepping proudly along, and

the church bells ringing as the Queen entered and left each parish added to the excitement of the spectators .6 Most of the royal palaces were along the Thames, and when the weather permitted, oarsmen rowed the Queen in her personal barge from one to another so that the people could see her. The summer progresses were at once the same and somewhat different from the London processions. They were a combination of summer holiday and a chance for the people to see the Queen and for her to see and listen to men in authority outside the

London area. She heard complaints of poor economic conditions

in several towne,7 and by being available she increased the feeling of personal loyalty to herself and to the crown. It

also gave her a chance to visit, as a mark of favor, members

of the governing classes. While the main reason for the arrangement was surely to keep in touch with the English people, an additional reason was probably Elizabethss sense

5~eale,Queen Elizabeth, 209. hichols, Progresses of Queen Elizabe th, I, xlix. 7~ichola.I, 196, 339, &8, 532, 543. 5 of thrift. She had a very limited income, and subsidies were bard to justify and get from the Commons; on visits to wealthy

subjects she could economize for a time.

xernbers of the court who had to plan and arrange tho pro~ressand nccornpai-~y the Quoen faced many difficulties, It was a tremendously complicated undertirking, involving the entire court and mountains of belongings. Planners had to anticipate bad roads and foul %eather.8 The accomodation

situation was unknown in advance and at many stops the court lodged all over toiqn.9 Once they were settled they must pack up and do the same thing again in a day or two. Under these

conditions it was never easy to conduct governmental business which must still be ~ttendedto by court officials. Undoubt- edly courtiers tried to persuade the Queen to stay close to

London, especially at times of crisis. The difficulties of travel in the sixteenth century cannot be miniroized. Roads were mere tracks in most places-- muddy in wet weather and dusty in dry. The roads or the middle ages had been kept up by the manorial system and the monasteries but as these institutions disappeared no one paid much attention to t'ne roadways. The governments of Mary and

Xlizabeth tried, by statutes, to fix the responsibility for maintenance of the highways. But although each parish had a surveyor of highways, it was difficult to enforce the laws. ------B~eale,Queen Elizabo th, 210.

n-. . 7- n-nmmmeoe~ of Queen Elizabeth, I, 540-541. P.s many as possible evaded their payment of either mo?ley or labor.1° Another traval difficulty was the danger I'rorn baggars and bandits. There were many patches of thick woods to hide in and pouqce upon a travoller. The beggars only annoyed or frightened victi!ils to got moneyr but the highwaymen lost nothing by killing--they would be hung for stealing anyway. The Quean herself was disturbed by a group of beggars who surrounded her one evening in 1581 while she was on a short trip to Islington in Middlesex. 11 On progress Elizabeth had all the general travel diffi- culties, plus the special one of the entire court travelling together at the pace of t'ne slowest. They covered, on the average, five or six miles a day. Th@ Queen travelled by horseback, litter, or coach. Coaches had the advantage of being dry in wet weather, but they were unsprung and the bumpy roads prevented a comSortable ride. The luggags was hauled by carts, or more rarely, by pack horses.l2 The party made at least one stop for a midday meal, usually at some nobleman's home along the way. By modern standards Elizabeth never went very far from London in her progresses. The farthest points were Stafford in the Northwest, Norwich in the Northeas t, Bristol in the :dest, and Portsmouth in the South. None of these towns is over 150 miles from London, She never made a journey to the north of England, This was due to the difficulties of travel, as well as to the u~lsettlodpolitical conditions in that region. The cost of these visits was hard on the host. Towns assessed special fees against each citizen, end borrowed money to provide for the Queen's entertainment and girts. Officials gave orders to redecorate nnd clean up all areas of the town. 13 bleslthy private hosts spent fortunes on gifts, entertainment, and just normal household expenses multiplied by the Large nun~bersin tho Queen's entourage. The most usual gifts were jewels, gold and silver plate, and money.14 Neale states that the host did not provide food for the Queenls visitsS15 but several nobles mention monies spent for the Queen's diet.16 The Earl of Hertford built additions to his house to accommo- date the Queenls train during a visit in 1591,l7 and William Cecil built Tfleobalds especially large in order to make it adequate for visits from the Queen. la Rapacious members of the court were another headache for the host.

13~ichols, Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, I, 533-535. lhichols, I, 378-3~9~11, 276. lS~eale,Queen Elizabeth, 213. l%lichols, Psogresses of Queen Elizabeth, 1111 68, 109, 253. l7~ichols,111, 101.

18%ichols, I, 308, note 1. 9 Valuables left unattended might disappear during a visit, 19 and courtiers cheated the bailiff of Warwick during the visit there in 1575 ." In spite of the expense, the work, and what must have been a trying rearrangement of everyday life, there are no accounts of grumbling about the Queen's progresses. Some there must have been, but aside from two references in Neale to officials 1 boredom and lack of general enth~siasm,~~no one admitted that the progresses were a trial. The grumblers appear to have been overlooked by the majority who enjoyed and felt themselves honored by the monarch's presence. The upper classes doubtless hoped for some lucrative preferment or monopoly from gaining Elizabethls favor, even if they had no more creditable feelings about the visits. From Elizabe thls viewpoint, the progresses served the necessary purpose of keeping her in close touch with as many people as possible in as much of the country as she could manage to travel. As an astute politician, she recognized the absolute necessity to keep the personal loyalty of the people in order to enable her to rule without factional support and to ensure that all knew who was Queen.

l9Neale, Queen Elizabeth, 216. 20~ichols,Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, I, 418. 21~eale. Q.ueen Elizabe-t&, 210, 213. PROGRESSES PRIOR TO 1571

For a member of the royal family public processions began at birth. This r.ms true for Elizabeth in spite of her unsettled childhood. These public displays did not have any personal political significance, however, until the last years of her sister Mary18 reign. The journey from imprison-

:cent in the Tower to imprisonn,ent at bJoodntock in 2.554 gave the people a chance to recognize the Princess. The next few gears with the Queenrs confidence at least partially re- stoi-ed, Elizabeth rnoved to her house at Hatfield in Hortfordshire. She was no longer under guard, and there were excursions to court and other royal palaces for antertain- rnent.l All of these excursions allowed the people to see the Trincoss and compare her to the Queen and to their Tudor ancestors. Elizabeth appeared to be rauch more of a Tudor; she was younger.r more attractive, and more spirited, and she reminded people of her father who many remembered with affection. This was a political advantage for Elizabeth whose hereditary claim could be disputed. Elizabeth was at Hatfield when Mary died in November,

Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, 1, 17-18. All --. - - "- +'-4 o nhantev are to Nichols. 11

1558. Eer procession into London and the coronation pro-

cession in January, l559* gave Londoners a chance to see the

Queen and to show her their hopeful mood for the futwe. The streets were lined with tableaux aild there were numerous

speeches and pageants, 2

The Queenrs first surmer progress was in 1559. On July 17 she left the royal palace at Greenwich and started a short journey through Kent and Swrey. She went first to the royal palace at Dartford and on July 18 to Cobham, the home of William Brooke, Lord Cobham, where "Ber Grace was welcomed with great cheer."3 On August 5' Elizabeth was at Eltham, another royal palace in Kent. She left there, going to

Nonsuch, the Surrey palace built by her father. She stayed there for five days, being feasted arid entertained by the

Earl of Arundel, who was caretaker of the palace.4 It was the custom to give one nobleman the responsibility of over- seeing each royal palace. Sir Christopher Hatten was keeper

01' Elthm until his death in 1592 when Lord Cobham became Keeper. The office of keeper must have involved some finan- cial @in as it was a very desired one and was called a grant.5 On August 10 the Queen moved to IIampton Court, a palace built by Cardinal Uolsey and confiscated for the crown by Henry VIII.

13 On the seventeenth she dined at the hafie of Edward Lord Clinton, later Earl of Lincoln, the Lord High ~dmiral.~The ontries Tor the remainder of the year specify no location for the court, but it was probably in the London area, at Whitehall, Westminster, or St. Janies .7 In 1560 Elizabeth weat to Greenwich on May 14, stayir.g cnere until July 29 when she left on a short progress through Surrey, Berkshire and Eampshire. She dined that day at Lambeth Palace with Archbishop Parker, before proceeding on to her palace at Richrrond in Surrey. She stayed there for five days. Next, she moved to her palace of Oatlnnds in Surrey, and from there to Sutton Place, the house of

Sir Richard ~eston.~She did not return to London, but the records mention no stops by name until August when she was in Winchester and at Basing, the home of the Marquis of Winchester, then Lord Treasurer. In September the Queen stayed for a time at Windsor Castle before returning to Wes tninster where she spent the remainder of the year. 9

The progress in 1561 was a longer one, through Essex, Suffolk and Hertfordshire. On July 10 she went into London, staying three days wi-ch Lord North at the Charterhouse. While there she dined at Mr. Secretary William Cecilfs house in the

61, 75. ?I, 83, note 2. %, 86. 1-4 Savoy. On July 14 she loft London for Essex. She stayed that night aC Wensted, a house belonging to Lord Rich, and the next at Hsvering, a royal house leased to John do Vere,

*bile 1- Sarl.- of oxford. On July 16 she stayed at Purgo, tho

honlo of Sir John Grey; tha foLlob~ingday found her at Loughtorl Hall, the home of Sir Thomas ilarcy; whence she pro-

ceeded bncii to Haverinz. On the twentieth Elizabeth went to Ingatestone, the home of Sir Wiliia~nFetre, Principal Secretary and Privy Counsellor to the Queen until his death in 1571. 10 On July 21 the Queon went to stay at New Ball or Seaulieu. This palace was royal property at the tirae, but had been the home oP Anne Boleyn, Elizabethls mother. In 1573, Elizabeth granted it to tho Lord Chsrnberlain, Thomas Ratciiffe,

Earl or' Sussox. George Villiers, Duke of Buckingharn, purchased tne estate in the seventeenth century. Upon his attaintment it reverted back to the crown from whom Oliver Crornwell purchased

i. After the Restoration, General Monck ornied the house.

By 1823 successive owners had largely pulled down the dwelling. 11 On July 26 Elizabeth stopped at Felix or Filliotrs Ball,

the property of Nenry Long, a child, and his widowed mother. The dates are uncertain, but aside from one day spent at St. osythrs with Lord Darcy, the Queen spent the next two weeks visiting the towns of Colchester, Narwich and Ipswfch. 15 During her stay each corporation paid an assessmens for her

entertainment expenses. In Harwich these expenses inclxded lodging. 12 Elizabeth left Ipswich on August 11 and during the rest

of the month visited seven hones 02 noblemen: Shelly Ball,

owned by Lord Rich; SmaLl.bridga, home of the Waldegrave family; Helminghnm, property of Sir Lionel 'Tollrcache ; Gosf ield and

Leigh Ps-Lory, both properties of the Rich family; Allingbury

Narley, home of the Morley family, distant relations of the Queen; and Standen, home of Sir Ralph Sadler, chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.13 She spent a week in the town of

Rer'cford, probably lodging in the castle, before going to the

royal palace at Enfield. This was one of the palaces purchased by Benry VIII as a nwsery for his children and Elizabesh had

spent time there as a child. She was also there when her father died. '4 on ~eptember22 the Queen ended her progress at her palace of St. James in London. The resz of the year she spent in London, probabiy ac Whitehall. 15 In the year 1562 Elizabeth planned a meeting with the

Queen of Scotland at Pork, according to a letter to the Earl

of ~u=l;fn~ton,'~but the encounter did not take place. As

121, 97> note 1.

13i, 97-100. 141, 101, note 1. 151, 104. 16- ,, , 16

1563 was a ba? plague year in ond don,'^ the Queen spent the -uo;lle.= st Wind-or and visited ECon College." 'The plague ccntinued in London during the spring of 1564 so the Queen stayed at Windsor where she signed the peace treaty with the

Trench on April 13.l9 By J-ma 7 the piague abated and ZlizebeYn returned to Richmond. On July 27 she visited 2 0 Theobalds, William Cecil 1s new house near kialtharn in Surrey. This was the first of the twelve visits paid to Theobalds, at n cost of 52000 to Lj0OO each tine. 21 The longest stay during the progress of 1564 was at the University of Cambridge. The Queen and all her court stayed f~omAugust 5 to Awust LO. She received gifts, attended plays and debates, and heard sermons and Latin speeches as she visited each college. Elizabeth made 8 Latin speech thanking the assembled students and faculty of the university for her visit, The university honored seventeen of Elizabeth's courtiers by creating them Masters of Arts. 22 The Queen lsf t Cnmbridge on August 10, dined with the Bishop of Ely at Stanion, then went to stay with Sir Henry Cromwell at Hinchin-

171, 147. 18r, 142. 191, 14.8.

201, lk9. 21~, 308, note 1.

22~,159-189. 17 brook pri0ry.~3 By the end of September she was at St. James pelace. 2 &

The reccrds are i:lcon?plete for$ the year 15b5. On August L7 the Quean visited Covar~tryin Warvlickshire. She stayed only two days before visiting Robert Dudley, the Earl of' ieicester, at ~eniii.'orth.~jAt some unspecif ied date -chat year, Elizabeth visited Lincolnshiro, passing through Stamford and dining at the White Friary. 26 irJilliam Cecilrs family home was near Stamford and it is possible that the Queen stopped there to visit her secretary. In 1566 the Queen made an extensive progress. On August 3 she was at Collgweston, a royal property in Northamptonshire ; on August 5 at Burghley House, the f amily home of Willianl Cecil, near Staniford; and then at the royal palace at ldoodstock near Oxford. From there, on August 31, she went to oxford. 27 The arrengernents for the visit were mnde earlier by a company of nobles headed by the Earl oi'

Leicaster who was chancellor of the university. In the evening the Queen arrived at the outskirts of the university territory. The chancellor, the vice-chsncellor, and the heads of the colleges and houses greeted her. The chancellor

.DT ,,anted,, n - the Queen with the staves of the beadles signifying yielding their authority to he?; she received them, and gave them back, At the same time, Roger Marback, a prominent teacher, made a welcoming speech in Latin. The company rode towards the town. As they came to the edge of the town, the mayor, tho eldermen and some burgesses met them. The mayor presented the Queen with his mace and gave a welcoming speech in English. She returned the niace and the mayor presented her with a silver cup uorth L10 filled with 640 of gold. Formerly the gifts from the town to a prince had been livs- stock, but that custom changed during this reign. The Queen entered the city and university through a double line of students and citizens, kneeling and crying 'PVivat Regina.':

A representative of the students n~adea Latin speech and she heard a speech in Greek as she came to the doors of Christ

Church. The company entered the church and heard a Thanks- giving service celebrating the Queen's safe arrival. The next day was Sunday. There were morning and afternoon services in the Cathedral of Christ Church. Eiizabeth did not attend in the morning, but in the afternoon she heard an English sermon by Thomas Harrys of New College.

In the evening the Queen could not attend the performance of a Latin play in Christ Church hall because of a slight illness. On Nonday the Queen and her attendant noblemen visited and heard the ordinary lectures and debates of the schools. In the afternoon, New College held a reception at 1;ahich there were mope speeches by prominent teachers. Also that ufternoon, Thonias Neale, the Professor of Hebrew, presented the Queen with his printed translation of the

Book 01: the Prophets sad some of his Latin poems about the college:: and other institutions of the university. That evening a performance of the first part of an English play,

;clamon Arcyte, was marred by part of the stage falling.

Three were killed and five more hurt. During the visit, the students wrote poems and hung them on the outside walls wnere the Queen saw them as she went from one place to another.

On Tuesday the finest scholars of all the colleges enter tained the Queen and her company at St. Nary fs Church with debates on natural and moral pliilosophy. These debates were all in Latin. Wednesday the company went to ivierton

College to hear more debates on philosophy. Elizabeth dined at Christ Church, but her council ate at Msgdalen where they heard a debate by some Bachelors of Arts. A debate at

St. Maryfs on Civil Law filled the af ternoon. Tne entertain- ment that evening was the second part of the English play.

A Mr. Edwards wrote this play especially for the Queen's visit. The play was a huge success, everyone, including the monarch, agreed tha-t it was very hunorous . Thursday afternoon there were debates on physics and divinity at St. Mary's College. At the ead of the debates,

Elizabeth made a speech in Latin thanking the university and praising the scholarship of tho debates. As she left 2 1

a Hr, Sdrick of Corpus Christi coliege presented her with a book of Greek poeins. After supper the company attended a

Latin tragedy written especially for this visit by

James Calfhill.

On the isst day of the 1~lsStthe Queenfs principal noblemen received honorary Masters of Arts degrees in a

convocation at Christ Church Bail. At the saine time the university presented Elizabeth with six pairs of gloves and every nobleman with one or two pairs each.

The precession froni Oxford wh3 the reverse of the on0 in--the officials of the city and university nccornpanying the Queen out of the gates through streets lined with students and townspeople. At the city limits, Elizabeth thanked the mayor, and the town officials left her; at the end OF the university limits, she thanked the university officials and, with one final speech-in Latin by Roger Marback, the officials

left and she continued on her way. She went eight miles that day, to the home of Lord Norris at Aycot. 28 ~t some time during 156b the Queen also visited an elderly Roman Catholic ex-Archbishop of York, Dr. Nicholas Heath, who was in retirenent at Cobham in Surrey.29 For tho next i'sw years, accounts only rnention where the Queen made her progresses, but contain no details of -the visits. She did manage to cover much of England, as a Look 22

zt the counties visited will snow. In 1567 the Queen was at

[+]112j,3oi- in the first part ol Au~ust;at Oatlands, a royal oaince cn the eighteenth; at the town of Guildford on the

twenty-first; at Paraham on the twenty-fifth; and back qt

Windsor on the ninth of September. 3O In this one month she vlsited Surrey and Berkshii-e. The next gear, 1569, Elizabeth visited Essex, Middlesex,

Hestfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire and Kent.

On July 4 she was at Greenwich, and dined on July b krith the Duke of Norl'ollc at the Charterhouse in London. On July 14 and 15 she stayed at Havering, a royal property leased to Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford. On the nineteenth she was at Copt Hall, the property of Sir Thomas Heneage. At some time she visited Giddy Hall, the home of Sir Anthony C0oke.3~ On July 25 she was at Enfield, and on July 30 at Hatfield, both royal palaces. In August, the Queen visited the town of St. Albans; Whaddon, the home of Arthur Lord Grey of Wilton; Eas ton Neston,

the seat of Earl Pornfret; Grafton Regis, a royal property built by Henry VIII in Northamptonshire near ~owcester;j2 the town cf Bicester; Rycot, the home of Lord Norris; and the towns of Newbury and Reading. In Newbury, she may have stayed with the Winchcombo family, the head of which was the in 1569 the monarch visited many places in Surrey and

Eznpshlre. She left Richmond on 3uly 27, going first to g~tlands,and then to the towns of Guildford and Farnham.

?a August she was again in Guildford, and in the next two months visited Titchfield, the home of Henry Wrio.;hesley,

Earl of' Southai11pton; The Vyne, the home of William Lord Sandys; and Basing, the home of William Psuiet, Marquis of Winchester.

The Queen also spent an ~xdeterminedlength of time in the town of Southarnpton whoro she lodged ii? the Toi.rer, a forr. built by Honry V1Il as part of the defenses of the port.34

A letter frortz Elizabeth a-t The Vgne to the Earl of Buntington asking him to go to the assistance of the Earl of Shrewsbury in keeping watch over Mary of Scotland at Wingfield is evidence that she trensacted official business while on progress.35 This was at the tine of the Rebellion in the

North, and the Scots Queen was a focal point of the rebels.

Due to plague in London, tha Quean spent October and November of 1569 at l.lindsor, and Christmas at Banlpton ~ouri.3~

Very little informaticn exists about 1570. On January 23 Elizabeth dined with Sir Thomas 5rssham in London and named his newly built market place, the Royal Exchange or 2Lc tho Bourse,3'7 in April shc was at EJ,amp.ton Court; on July 19 st Ckeynes, the home of Francis Russel, Earl 01' Bodford; and on ~ugust30 at Rycot, tho hoxe or' Lord N0rris.3~ The middle years, from the Rebellion in the North in 1569 to the Spanish Armada in 1588, were the most peaceful, prosperous, and confident of Elizabeth's reign. For these reasons the progresses during 'this period were the longest and the entertai=nents the most lavish. During the swmer of 1571, Elizabeth went to Essex on progress. On August 7 she was st Hatfield in Hertfordshire. Apparently she spent the month there, visiting the sown of Saffran Waldea on August 19 while on her way to Audley End,

the p~opertyof Lord Thornas Xoward, later Earl of Suffolk. 1

The townspeople of Saffran Walden spent h29 8s for the short royal visit. That total included a silver gilt cup 'vrorth

-Ll9 3s as a present for the Queen; 60s to be divided arnong the Queen's footmen, serdeants at arms and porters; 2s 6d as a reward for the Earl of Leicesterfs men; 37s 8d for sugar loaves as gifts to the Earl cf Leicester, to William Cecil, Lord Bwghley, and to Sir Thomas Smythe; and payments for meat, beer, wine, oysters and firewood to feed the court. 2

'Xichols, Progresses-- of Queen Elizabeth, I, 279-230. All succeeding unmarked refererices in this chapter are to Nichols On September 2 the Queen was at fiudiey End and on the fifth sho was at Rorehxrn 5all. This house belonged to wcir John Cutt, whose peat-grandfather had been Nsster of

Ordnance to Henry V1119 and who entertained so lavishly that ha ruined his f%nifLy. At hls death rnnny of h$s estates had to be sold to satisfy his ci-editors.3 On the fourteenth Elizabeth was at Nark Hall which she had granted to kJalte-. Devereuji, Earl of Essex, and on tho eightaenth she was at Leigh priory, the principal seat of Robert Lord ~ich.4 She went from there to visit her cousin, Henry Carey, Lord Xmsdon, at Husdon House near Stans ted in iiertfordshire . Lord Bunsdon was the son of Mary Eoleyn Carey, Annels sister. He eerved his cousin in many capacities including Lord Chamberlain and privy Counsellor .5 Hmsdon house had been a royal nursery; Elizabeth was there when her mother was executed .6 The visit to Hunsdon is undated, but on September 21 the Queen was at Tbeobalds visiting Lord Burghley and on the twen'cy-second she went to St. James. In October she finished her progress at Rich~nond.7 There are chxcchwarden records of payments on undated occasions in the summer or" 1571 to the bellringers or Lambeth

41, 282. 51, 284-285, note 2. 'Reale, Queen ETizcbe- tb, 7.

7 - ~. arid i(i??gston when tho Quzei? rode to St. George Fields ; Idhell she ?aid two visf ts to T:~oincis Xatcliffe, Earl of Suasex, at aermoldsey House; when she visited the Earl of Lincoln at b!;sc Eorcley in Surrey; md "when her boat went by. 'pa These places are all in the London area so the visits must have teken place before August '7 whon the Queen went to Hatfield. in 1572 Elizabeth mnde an extensive progress to Essex,

Bedfordshire, biarwickshire, Oxi'ordshire and Berkahire. She left Whitehall in July, going first to Kavering in Essex, and on SuLy 22 to Tneo'salds where she stayed three days. On her way to bJarwick ske stopped at Gorhanlbury near St. Albans, tho home of Sir Kfchola:: Bacon, Lord :Seeper and Privy Counsellor; at the town of Dunstablo; and at Woburn Abbey, the newly acquired proparty of Frnncis Russel, Earl of ~edford.~On Monday, August 12, the bailiff, recorder and principal burgesses of Warwfc'x met the Queenfs coach at the edge of that tolan. Edvard Aglionbg, the recorder, greeted her with a welcoming speech and e gli. .m L of 320, The Queen thanked the r,ien and they accorripanied her and the court into the uoidn and to Wa~wick Cantlo where the Queen lodged. Shc stayed in hrarxick 'chat night and the next day. On Wednesday she left hcr household in Warwick nnd rode to Kenilworth where she stayed "at the charge of the Lord of Leicester"lo mtil lace

-----.---man", that he paid her expenses. s.;'u.-~G~L. ir,* ~~fhenshe recuyl~edto Warc.rlck. She spent Sunday in bf.iai*b,ric!{ being enter.bsined by dancing, fireworiis, and n mock nlililitary 'battle. This rnoc!~ battle resulted in the bu~rning or one home from careless fireballs Plying over the town. pie Queen and her courtiers collectod a swa of &2!3 12s 8d and presented it to Henry Cowper and his .xife who bad lost

Lcneir t hone and belongings. On Nonday, August 21, Elizabeth returned to Kenil~orth. She stzyed there u;?tiL August 2b when she left to visit Lord Compton at his home, Compton

'I

Lord Surghley to the Earl of Shrewsbury is dated August 23 snd beaded from ~om~ion.l3And a further entry states that Dr. Lawrence Hurtiphrsy of Oxford made a speech to her at Woods tock on August 21. '4 At some time towards the end of September Elizabeth was ill of smallpox at Sampton Court,

li~,303-320.

121~317- 13i-, 320, note 1. bLlt by oct0bi;r 22 she wro.be to ';;=s E-21 of Shrekr.;sbu-y from il9nd~o-i.to renssv.re hir6 of her recovery. As she described her illcess it was very short Ln duration and may have been cnicken po:r or measles rather than smallpox. The Queen spent Caristrfl~?::that year at FInrnp;on ~oxe;;-16

During Loat of 1573 the Queen visited Dr. Parker, the A~ct~bishopof' @anicerbw;r, at his palace at Lambeth. Proni there she went to Green!gich,17 On March 15, Yiaundy Thursday,

.tho monarch performed the niedieval custom of washing the feet or' tihe poor. That gear thee nmber of poor so washed bras

.L,~nirtg-nine, the age of the Queen. She also presented each poor person with gifts of clothing, food and money. 18 On July 14 Elizabetlh visited the krchbishopls palace st Croydon in Surrey for seven days. She left on progress to Sussex and Kent l'rorn Croydon. On this tkhre month joui-ney she visited an unusually large number of people. On Suly 21 the Queen arrived at Orping-bozl, "Lhe home of Sir Percival Hart, a knight of the body to Henry VIII, where she stayed for three days. Dating that time she rnade a side trip to ?lu;flstead, a house of Sir Thomas Fisher, who had been secre- tary to the Duke of Somerset. She next went to the royal. palace of Knolls for five days; to Eerling, the home of 33. aeq 13swF121.s, L.o.rd T@rge~emq,far. thrge dw'e~ad. thrsrp 60 H8y$io,Ur the prapsrt;g QZ 8- Th~~@Zed&. OP h~at5 rila .was at midge, smtbr pP'opsrtr or LoFd -&r;g9vsW$.; on R-t 11 .at %eljg&wy, tBs. WmaL ~leHandetOuLpaggei, Who

~~babskhir;ai&stsd ~ubria ?his' p~bpssa. . tbn at

Berapatad;, trhe tiom ei '~hmn$ouimrd ,3h~B,W dso high^ but August is tlro Wsn. and. her oowt arzivsd 2n oWe shs ~nf~higbtbo,& o& tths mn p~ttvIo~lym&ilCEa~ed. aad on Thaws lif~l~~~.flb* r$aysb in RJe for day#, 1-rn it to ~Lst$'S1Lin&hurst., the taamo. of R5o-6 Baker,

vbo~ ~ .ma WLqm nhwifi Ot Kent aod wa~,)arighWi in- mwer bkr OM# ym. 'On bugurrt 21 JPlirribth viaitad Buwto~WdLhbrb, the bomt, of' nrebPaa Watt-, wbw+a 'dao aher..tii of Xirnt twfqe.

13%lluguat 23 nbe awsd at ~atbf5418,Wm (born aZ &$n WtblJ, akerWP of Xsnt in s76, but owof' hrii' caurb amad. at

Surrblutm, th4 bame of ~tcbirrd:Dariag. Tlzc quaan weat am.t to veababange*, a royal p'ac* uhtah t~pdprev~iwsly bie~onpd to 3Fr Mwi&rd pophga, bat uaa now under .tho ewb of tol'd ~~ok&wrt,20 ElLaab.e%&+miptid h Owxw on hugam% 26 YtrB~8, Wllfl'letn BPOQ~~,&onl GubUm, GanatPbb of Oooer and WPmlen of

the OUaqw Parts, YOIC~~br, !~%e.cinqne pert8 W6Ym aavm fm%lX;tod Caws prrrtectw W chntl~slaeest. NVoy she . . want to SaPdristl. .8h. rscaiv& td ow oalued at b200 &a w.olcoming gift and tho tovn onte~tsinod. .nor ~ithspeeches and

-. zJock militer:? a~s3ult. AS eh3 lir2s leaving on September 3, the to~~jnofficial:: presented her with a petition for the '"ha~on'~i.~hicli seems to concern soz~o sort of' desired harbor improvernant .2 She dined that day at Wingham, a royel palace, coiltinued on to centerbury here she stryed at the palace or st. Au~ustine. The archbishop enter-bained her i-ogaiiy for the next two weeks. 22 About September l5 Elizabeth went "co ,.;.ze , town of Pavershxm for two days. This visit cost the town

~li.4i9s 4d including a silver cup valued at E27 2s.23 During the rest of the month the Queen visited Pulston in

Sit tingborne parish, the borne of Sir Jaraes Cromer ;

Tunotull Hall, tne home .of Sir William Cronier, who served at various times as sheriff ond justice of the peace;24 and the town of Rochester where she lodgod for four days at the Crown Inn, attended church at the Cathedral, and surveyed the docks at Chatharn.25 The Quoon always attended church services oo Sunday, never travelling on that day. She also dined at Bushy.Rill, the home of Richard Watts, who several

*kr,139. 22~,339-346, 23~,352> note 1. 241, 353, notes 1 and 2. 251, 353-354. 261, 353, notc 3. 33

.-u.:,ilos - .. mem'oer of y-j-liamont f-om Rocihes tor ."? Elizabeth c.qdodA- t;lis progress by a short visit to Lord Cobham at

~~bi~~~~~~11before returnirig to her palaces of Dar-bford and Gi-oonk~'ich. 28

in 1574 ELizni;etb wen.& 03 oao or tho longest progrosses in toiqm3 of distance, with tho apparen.6 objoctivo of visiting Bzistol .29 She went to OxPordshire , Gloucestorshire, Bristol,

3rd IkJiltshire. Before leaving tho capital she paid several visfks. On $%arch2 she visited Archbishop parker at .Lambeth palace for two days. She wont back to Greent?ich, leaving there on Narch 12 to visit Sir Nicholas Bacon at Gorhambury . she stayed for a time at St. James, but held %he ?+iaundg Thursday ceremony at Whitehall. She intanded to visit the archbishop at Cpoydon in May, but for some reason changed hor plan. 3' She did spend six deys at her palace st

Elavoring.31 The progress begzn in July. The Queen stopped

Pirst at Wadley near Perringdon, Berkshire, the homo of

Sir Edward Urnpton. Then, moving into Gloucestershire, she visited -the widowed Lady Chandos at Sudeiey Castle;

George Kuntley at his home in FrocosteP; and Lord Berkeley

27~,354, note 2. 281> 354. 29~9368. 3O1 384-355, jll, 387.

35 at ~~r;:~l~~castle.j 2

On August 14 the officia:~ and citizells of ~;ris "~01

6~..-.ee'cod "~ne Queen ~.ii.;Il much Joy and cerernor~y. She lodged at

.i;;~e home of' john \:nir~htei;u hirii before dep~~t;an0.

-Tart - of a coijection printed in 15'75 by Thorfias Churchyard oilti A LL~~b The Firste partc or Ch~lrchyurde9 s Chiuyes contains an accomt of the visit co Bristol, 33 Afte~leaving Brisbol,

Lme s monarch visited Sir Tnoriias Thynn at Longleat and S:lr Henry Ckarington at I-:oytesbury on her wag 'co Wilton and

~alisbur$.34 Wilton was the home of Benry Herbert, Earl of

Fernbroke, who was in charge of the castle at Cardiff end who in 1566 became President of the Council for :dales. 3 The Queen stayed at Wilton for three days before going to

Salisbury. At sorne tiroe during this progress she visited liew Snrum, probbbly before she left Salisbury to return to London. According to a letter wiitten by the Earl cf Leicester, there may have bean some question abouc the state of the Queen 9 s health dwing this progress. 3 6 Early in 1575 Elizabeth visited Dr. john Dee ac his hon'e, Nortlake, in Surrey. DL-, Dee was a notorious astrol- oger. The suthorfties expelled him from England for

J21, 391-392.

j31, 391. ?! ~'LI, 408. 351, 408, note 4.

XL 8-.. 3 0 rji.actic.ng magic ir, but clilotjec! him eo re turn in 1589, A - 1583> kccopdin.- to rumor, he !,jas really cng;ged in secu-inrr in- 0 U t~llige:-~ceinfoi-;i-ia-bion for the cTox~jn,3?

14ice journey of 1575 is the v~ost famous of all

7' ,, ? -L. i - ,Uoo~,L p~og~~lses9cbit)fjy of the extravagant cnterteimrent at Xenilwor'ii?, the honze of the Earl of

Leicester. George Gascoigne wrote most or the pageant3 and

.,iublished then1 in 1576 as a parilphle t entitlod The P-A ilicelyA------oieasures -- at the Coufte at Keaeluoorth.--- Gascoigne wos a poet and in at.iendance upon the Queen. j8 There is also a long Le-Lter from Robert Lanebarn to his friend, Xuinphrey Nartin, mercer of Loodon, describing the visit in detail, Laneham was a protege of the Earl of Eeiceater and

&:as clerk and keeper of the Quecnrs couzcil chamber door.

He acconlpanied the Queen on progress. This letter was also publiehed, but not until the e lghteenth or nine teenth centliry .39

On Nay 24., 1575, Elizabeth was at Theobalds with- Lord Bu~ghley.b0 on July 9 she arrived at Long Icbington, a ruin belonging to the 3a'r.i of Leicester, where she dined and hmted , going from tlaere to Kenilworth. Many of her actendants uent on to biarrrick where they stayed during the

371, 414, note 1. jBI, 485, notee 1 md 2. 37 vi~5.b-- - 4; he to~,~.~nejrpec.Led to ontertaiil Queen also, but s;3e stayed 8.b Kenij-\,jop

The Queen arrived about eight in the evening. .li girl, dressed in ijhlte aim portpaying one of the ten sibyls 0,-

Io-9;.,i, tro-0- cs P i u uir u 9 met her c;t tilo outor gate3and a uelcoming -peeeh in English. As the Queen rfioved into the tiltyard, the porter, a tail man also dressed in white silk and carrying a club, ccppoarad protesting the noise and corimotion. When he

S~Wthat it was his monarch, he gave her his club and rflede a uelcornlng speech begging hor pardon for not realizing who had arrived. Tats was ell part of the entertainment. Elizabeth granted her pardon and as she proceeded into she inner castle yard, tr~mpetersalong the walls played music to welcome her. When the Queen came into the courtyard, a girl dressed as the Lady of the Lake greeted her from a floating island in a la-ge pond. Eliziiboth crossed this bake upon a bridge especially built for her. There were seven posts on each side of the bridge, T'ne first set were covered with caged birds of all kinds representing the God of birds,

Sylvanus. The second were covered with fruits representing ponona, the Goddess of fruits; the third by grains representing

Ceres; the fourth with grapes and glasses of wine representing

Eacchus; the fifth with trays of fish representing Nepeme; the sixth with armor representing Plars; and the seventh with 3 8 nr~3i~aiinst;-"i-(;ents y.epi-o-cnting P\%osbu.s, chc Goddess of music.

(jf the decorstiop.s were gEfts for tiis Queen. A 1nai1 arrayed as a po~tread 3 poem which explained the gifts. -4s tile Qusen disnounted and went to her roorn there was a display of artillery end fipowor!

Tile nest day, Sxnday, the court spent the morning ae the ye,-ish church services and the afternoon in music and dancing. Taat night there wes anothe~artillery and fireworks display.

Nonaag r.~asa hot day and the entire company stayed inside until the late afternoon when they went deer hunting, a fzvorite sport of Elizabethls. As they were returning to the palace about nine that night, Savage Man and Echo met and entertained them by a dialogue in verse on the superiop qualities of Elizabeth and the joy felt by all at her visit. A-t some point in this play, the savsge threi-i his staff' and frightened the Queen's horse. Tie horse jumped, but the Queen was not hurt, to overyonels relief. Nusic and dancing ente~~tainedthe company on Tuesday and Wednesday was another day of deer hunting. On Thursday morning the company watched dogs fighting heaps in the outer courtyard and that evening an Italian tmbTer entertained thera. Friday and Saturday the weather bacerne wet and windy and the courtiers amused themselves.

Smday was fair. After church the Queen and her court attended a bride-ale or rurz1 wedaing performed in the cowt- yard. It was complete with the raonp including the bridegroom,

, ,. - J~.L..*- m'fiq = 4 n I i,~&i.rhtattached to a cross- .oiece tilat mou;lted me3 attacli k~iha heavy lance, trying to

hi.^ t!qc,. short rreiq.hted end and g;lllop out of the &laybefore -0 -&ha could coxla round aad hit them on the bac!;. '.'3 ,,is wedding would appear to been a chance for the members of ne, , coup.h to amuse themselves the expense o.F siinpier corn-try people. Upon this same Sunday, the Queen received a dolegation of men Prom near-by Coventry, petitioning her to allo5.r them to res-mie their fair ax3 pageants on June 14 and on Xokeday the ~econdTuesday after Easter . The more pui-.tan of the protestant Coventry clergy forbade the presen- tation oT these plays, and the suppression of the accompanying fairs had hurt the city economically -44 This petition took the form of presenting a play under Elizabethfs trindow, but u?fortui?ately she did not see itas she was !watching the dancing within the palace. Apparently she heard about it though, because the Coventimy men were told to replay it on Tuesday when the Quoen watched the entire play and reaarded the players, without answering their petition however. That Swday evening there Isms a play and then a banquet of some 300 different dishes. The Queen ate little of this al~dleft early. As it got later the guests at the banquet bocame i-ather unruly. This forced the cancellation of a masque planned for after the bsnquat. On Monday the court went to hunt about five in the afternoon. On their return

431, iiibr note 3.

, , . " * 40

I-,,Lze~i : ,,.j;;.-iched a pageant bj- tile L(IJc~g7 - f;atu~.ing 1$eptme9 tho *

LudTi of- J-L~L,r,, ~-1~~ F.~.i,iiton znd assarted mythicsi and mystical

chni-sc.tai.2s a They greeted the Queen with a speech and

" L, sepc;lildac?, hei-. :,j:.jlt,r, music which she seemed to onjoy very much.

)-Lao an thn.i day Qua;n '.r:li:;ltad Tnomas Cecil, soil of

7 ;-a0 u ord ,~,hley," the Lord Treasurer; Henry Cobhhrn, brother of r,o-rd cobhain; Taomau Sta~hope;Ai-th.)~ Basset; axd

T:lo:r~as Ti'oaham. She also allegedly cured nine people of

scrofula or the Kingss Evil by laying on of he? hands.

On Tuosday the men from Coventry returned end p~esented

'iheir petition snd play for tho Queen, Wet and tdindy weather

on vfedncsduy forced cancellation of both a picnic at a piace

celled LrJedgnock park and a pevformance by an ancient minstrel

recalling old stories and songs, The Quean remained at lienilworth for enother week, but there is no account of her ei?topt.aiment for this final week. 4 This visit must have been very expensive for the host, the Earl of Leicester, and

a aor the people of Warwick who were host to many of -the Queen 1 s company, but there seem to be no remaining accounts of the

-urns spent..

On July 27 the Queen visited the city of Lichficlc in

StaPl'oi-dshlre. T'e bailiffls accomts list ;,. . expenses comected with the royal visit, These include 2 gift of

-LbO in gold to the Queen and a paplentof fLve nhlllinge to iEVii2iiaunNollcral"t, for kopynge Madde Richard when her l4atie di.- -- ,sus-: items for the visit,4?

,IlzebzthT.,7 - wont next to Chartley Cestlee, the proper:y of

'.[*7!,..A- tor Devorem, the of Essci:; there to Staf;'ort

Cestls, k'ne home of Edbjj1-d Lord ~taffoi-d; ai~d-then to

, - I Cnlilington, the home of John Giffnrd who had been sheriff or ';-l-ni'Corduhire in 1573 .be 0, August i2 and 13 the Quecn

,,~t.d.:, ;" .> Dr. iSichoias Buiiingham, the Sishop of Worcestar, at -*herclebury Castlo. on ~ugust14 zhe bishop accompanied the Queen to the city of vforceater where she stayed for a week, lodging at the bishop's pnlace .49 The city presented her with a gold cup containing sbrO and there were many ceremonies and entertainments.5O Uhile she was at Worcester, she paid short visits to Hinlip and Bailow Park, both properties of

Thomas Eabington, her Cofl'erer, rrho was in charge of her personal jewels. 5 1

On August 20 the Queen visited Elmloy Bredon; on

Guqust 22 she jouraeyod into Gloucestershire where she probably stayed at Sudeley Castle, home of Edward Zridges,

Lord Chandos. This was the logical stop on her way to her Lr2

pal~acc2-t bloodstoci-:. 52 vpon :iea;?vfng ~oodeto~k,she vie,'a i ted p-.-Z;n.. Top several ,-Jays* SLio spcxi; tho rest of "yhe year at it-- i 13

i:Jiadsol-, crmenr-l,-i. I-.4~~hl arid CLy=ici'-rn--,b,..,, a-t ~arcipton COW^ .53

13 1575 it wes uncortsi~i!,:here the progress would go. ~;ilE;ey.LTaLbot lajrote "4 his fathe;., Earl of' Shrewsbury,

Ah.,L,2~b .i i Quean changed he-;. plan:: every f ive hours '54 Ths

o,?ly ".jo ~lacosvisitad wit:? any certainty are Havering in ~;sse::.- ;rozqd July 30, and Windsor Castlo in Septenber.554

In August she may have visitec: Sir WilLicnl More a'; Loselg, ncsr C-uildford in Su-ray; Her.Lford ; Katf i*ld ; St. Albsns ;

thc Xsrl of Bedford at Cheynss; Lord Sandys at the Vyne in

Eampshi-o; and Reading. Yacre was fear of the plague in

Swrey; therefor* tile Quooil stoyed away from her palace at

Oa tland 3,5 6 Flf'teen hmdred znd sevcn'cy-seven was xiother bud

plague year in parts of the country. In Oxford the moptal-

-byi L rste was especially high. S7 it is probably for this reason that Elizabeth strged nest of the year at Greenwich. 58

She aid spend Nay L& at Thsobald3 with Lord Burghioy, and a 1!.3 ~~rbamS~rywith Sir Nicholas Becon, Sir Nicholas spent aeariy hb00 on the Quoen?. visit, rncst of it on food an^ di-.i,2k l{e elso lost pe,,..rter and table iloans wor-&h

&8 162, pre-.m3cab?-rixi stolen by members of the Queen's en- :;ourago, s9 She spont a leu days in July with Sir !jJillfam ;qore a'L LoseL;? in Surrey, and a few days 13

~eptoriherwith ~ordClilion at b~estHors:sy in Swrey. 60

Goring, who was expecting a visit from the Queen, vrro-La a letter to Sir @illlami~lore asking if the Queen

provided her "own stuf'"A,, 9 beer, end other provisions, or whether Sir William p-ovided every Judging by

Sir Nici2olas Bacon's ~CCOU~-~S,and by other accounts, tho host provided everything Cor the royal visits. Elizabeth not only visited nobleman and gentry, but also Lo2don citizens. John Lacy, a member or' the Cloth- workorls Company, sntertnined her often at his home in Putney. She stayed with him in 1578 a:?d ton more times in the succeeding years, and dined there at least four timos, 02 The Queen made a very extensive progress to Suffolk 2nd ilTolnfolk beginning in July of tire year 1578. Earlier, in $lay, she visited Theobalds; Henry Lord Cornpton at Koclcings nsar Tottenham; Edward Bashe, Surveyor-Senera1 or' the Nsvy, at stane.~e6Abbas nccr i-Ioddosdcn Eertf'ordshii-e;

AUW3rd Bu~~~tt,who had been Bigh Sheriff of gont in 1571,

?, .? -. u ~ili~~u~~; arid the Ea': of Leicester ac \:Jansted, where she watched a pageant writton for the occasion by

S phiiip Siciney. 53

In July Elizabeth agnin visited he^ cousin Henry Carey,

Lord :i;iir~sdon,at Hunsdon House, and Sir Ralph Sadlor at

Starden. 30th of those houser; are in Xertfordnhire, Al'ter interi;aiiiing the Ambassador f-oro Scotland at Bunsdon and

Standen, she started her progress into Suffoik. 6k The first stop on progress was at Audeley Erld near the town of

Saffron Walden, there tho Queen received e delegation from tiie University of Cambridge r.rho entertai~iedher wi"L speeches and debates and presented gifts of gloves to her and to the noblemen of her court. 5 The town of Saffron Walden had ex-

of 521 16s bd Per the royal visit which included the gift or a cup worth hlL!.. " bA large group of young men dressed in velvet and silk met tho Queen at the borders of

SufPolk and escorted her to Long Pielford Hall, the home of sir iciilliam CoFdeli, Viaster of the Rolls and Privy Counsellor.

Prom there she dined at Lawshall Xall before going to stay a~ liawsted ?lace, both the property of William Drurg who was 45 of :Lr#7r^iie6b on this visit.67 Both these houses were near the

.L or p,ury St. Edmunds w!ricil che Queen visited, buL she

I-,-?*-0- 4r.7,0dial;elyJ_,.x,~Y as there were cases of plague fo%?d in zhe vicinity. On ~ugustLO she wss at Euston IIsll, the home of z~l,).ar(j,,ool-:tjood.T, nookp~ood lras $, Roman Catholic. Psi' S or~ii reason, at the time of entertaining the Queen, he wes chcrged

1,rith recusancy and impriso.r,ed at Bury St. Edmccrids, where he

ultinatcly died. 68 Another Rooktiocd, Ambrose, was implicaced i;z the, Gunpowder Plot aizc'. execui;ed at Tyburn in 1605. 69

be Queen left ~ufr'olka'oo~t August 11, and rode into

;

led by the, sheriff. She weat first to Keaninghsll, the home

of Lord Thoxas Xoward, later Earl of Suffolk, where she was levishly entertained. On August 16 she dined at Bracon-Ash r.rit!i Lady Style, and that afternoon, as she continued toward

Nork.rich, Edward Dowries or" the manor or" Erlham met her at

IT,,rtford .- Sridge. Downes chose this occasion to pay his

feudal dues of a pail- of golden spurs, 71 Tile Quaen's visiz to No~wichwas an important occasion

for ths town. The town was conpletely cieaned aad re- f-flbisl?iedp irt1portant citizens were oydered to dress themseives

671,~ 117-120.

0"-/I) 11, 216-217. 63~~,241, note I.

T011, 130.

7 -, - -- , ? L?i31~cdidly pay a f'iilo, onte:--Lnii7sJeLn.t k.r;ras planned, and zevcr-lbLun,jri;d ;?oili-;ds ~,jo-.e boy~a1,~3dto provide for the visi.b, 72 Robert Wood, tihe ~i~ayor,sccorrspanied by the city off;cinlsand all the irnportznt citizens of the ci.5,q met

,,izsbeth.C%S : ;rat Hartford Bridge, The rriayor vaLcomed her With

3. 3peoCll in Latii?, gei~eher sword of the city, and a gift of 2 cup filled wi-kb ~130f.fi gold. Blizabc th thanired the magcr, assur;l?g him that, she visited for the good v:ill snd love of her subjects, not tho gifts, The people of the city efitert-iaed :ley with pzgeents as she moved towards the

Co,Lfiedi.al. L' where the company attended a "il?cznksgivinz service.

\~Jhz:i tiiis wss OTJO~~the Qui?eli moved to the bishop's palace :;liere she lodged during her stay in gorwich. Toe next day, Eonday, the jbjeather w3.s bed end she stayed in the pczlace.

Early that morning the god Mercury appeared mder her* window to announce -that there would be pageants for her entertzimert that dsy, Tho tioather delayed these plays m-ti1 Tuesday isher they were presented as L&he monarch rode from the city to hunt.

Also 02 that Tuesday evening, the minister of the Dutch

Re_"ormcd Church preached a sermon to tho Quean and presented her with the gift of s cup. On kjednesday, another pageant

.. -, VJA~plcnned, to take place upon -the river. But again "Lho

/_ia..,,c~?er _ J a forced a cancellation. Elizabeth did go to f~io~~~tS.crroy9 anot-her house or" Lord Thomas Xoward 1s in the nighborhood . Upon her return on bSednesday evening, 117

~... S;c2&c2n Limbcr t, sCi1301:-,- '>LO&, "Lor,,b- $ Z6.t hell. ;*e f;:&da a slscech in ati in and c.pecx to .t;?c: Queen, soifie of tk:: zilgLi-;i

, - ;louic-, and ti3~ce$?ranch am120LA uc* sador-., igho ,,j,rers with -ctl:ie camt on .[;his pro,>.resso \,raenit o-vei- Elizabeth tbnrJ,:l:ed the 13

% " schaoli;iclstexq hifll ;lIor hand xxss, She "-'-;~'.-Li-C-1

returned to tile palace for the n'i~ht,'-0

miho next nigh%, Thursday9 tiere war, a masque ;'or the

Queen after dianer. A Mr. GoLdingham wrote this shol:~which o., cawred the ancier,t gods and goddesses givin- vifts and - G D ~>en!r illg pot:'-;-~y, boGh accompanied by iiiusic. T'ne royal. en- t~ui-cgedeparbed ivowich chc next day. bJith music playing,

A,bae mayor and aldei"ii?en ncconqsanled the111throu~h streets hung with I'li;:rers, signs and banners. Because of the lateness of' .<.Lne, nous, the mayor cancelled his last speeches. 3ut the Quean did take copies of the specches and promised to read a.Li?em, 3 TLiomas Churchyard, the author of the previous pageent.;, was forced to cancel his last production because of the late ho-~.Elizabeth thanked the city officials for -their courtesy and good will and knighted the mayor, now Sir Robert Wood .73 One unfortunate result of the royal visit to Norwich rqas that plague infected the town and killed many citizens in the next few years.74

Yne Queen visited a nwnber of homes on her return fi-om Norfolk to biansted where the progress ended. Each host e:-i -~..~,~~~i~~~c:LVA he^ -oy-.Lly. 1nclu.d-d vras Kinberig, the home

,,if"'. --IJCJ~J~~~ ~~ere; and :

sir fiomns~it~on.75 ~ko-cl; ;,laces are all in Norfol!< or

'~inedwL. ..-- sicher going or coming by several other Suffolk men.

.jAmong them were Sir ihlilliarn Spring of Lavenham, sheriff of

,cuffolia:; 76 sir nrthmo i

-;;;~efirs: stop was at Chippeiih-m, scat of James Revett, rjhorn knighted during .bhis progress, From there she visited

Rogar Lord ~o~that Kirtling. Lord North spent n total of

5762 is 26 for me Queenfa provisions, glfts, and encertain- merit. This includcd the gift of a Jewel worth h120, and tho

Loss of a pewter dish.?? F!roi?l there Elizabeth stopped at Rorsheath, the home of Sir Giles Allington; Chiiderley, the home of Sir John Cutts; Badham Ball, the seat of

Sir Zdwsrd Capel; iiide Hall, "co seat of Sir Tkomas Jocelyn; :?..lLub~~." -i.i,ooc; ~~7:rl--- 9 tpi3 p-o;j=ty of Soorgo Bro;>~nt;Lauvht~n ?>)anor, . L 4 the pr opei-ty of Franc is Sto;~e.rS; and finally she rez.ched

~.j--~,~,-i~, L.A w b-L4 e 80 B~~ idos aipejdy JJli~abe.thknighted fLfteel other men from xopfoll< and Suffoll~during this ;,20r,rcss BI a- la the early winter of 1579, the Queen visited Osterley ~. ~-,--1-riii\ -A$7 F!iddlese~, tho honle of Sir yhuflzas Gresharc, the best

,.o inencial.. mind of his day. 82 That suifleix she visiced Essex and Suffolii ror the third time, This was not a ioiig no? an ex-tensive progress. She left Greenwich cn July 16 and stopped first a-tHavering, still in the hands of the Earl of Oxf'ord . Next she went ..to Osger, the borne of James Morris; Leigh Priory, ,,cne home of Lord Rich; Gosfield, the home of the widoxed Anne Lady Yaltrzvers; and -the town of Colchester where she stayed with Sir Thomas Lucas. '3 in September she visited George Tuke at Layer Narney; Xrs . Vincent i3arrin at ivialden; Silr Tnontas Mildmay et 3oulsha:n near Ciielmsford; Lady Tekie

st Ingatestone ; and back to Ravering and Greenwich. Sb- ,,is was tlie last long progpess until after the Armzda in 1580,

The sou-ces do not reveal any progress roade in 2580, In 1581 there was no progress as such. Elizabeth occupied

. LCuL,4aipg the Cuhze 5 A-;ijo.u ~JL~o-L.ljs s.till see;cl;2g mapr-iage l.Jib!l

$i L7.e.y u" 03 ~pril4, 1491, before the Fyench arrived, she br~i~t

<;c ~c~-Lford,dine< on bcgrd olden FIind and l.;nighted tho

., .o .b -.; i.,? &., i?;-a:lcls Di-aka. 87

e-k some tir~edu;..in(: - year. she also dined at tho

?.canor 1s,o~ac, ChcLson, iiow the home of tl?o Es-r.1 of Mottingham.

PI&~~~1s I was .tile first of fo-ur visits to tl~ishouse whore u-v7 -; y,ab~th lived x,~i.kh Kat:lei-ine ~apyand Thomas Seymour after her rather fn death. 8 3

In February of 1582, "ic i3uLr.e linjou Left England for

.bhe ~ol,~Com.&ries. Be 1ef.k 2-t. om SendwSch, accwtipanied by a number of English nobles. The Queen accompanied him as far as CanterbWy. 81 Pif-LeerLh~qdi-ed and oigh-tg-two was another baa pl-gue year in Londor, Oc August 29 Elizeboth was at

0atbzndn90 and at some tfino during the year she was at

Rampton court .91 Bo'sh of these royal palsces ere in Surrey.

In 1583 the Quecn was aC Greenwich in ~.~ril;9~stayed 2. --evelll2. that tho cour-b i.rs- thepa on ~eptember2 and 15, 1584, znd that the Quoen rotu-net! to St. James on Novernbcr L2 of'

.. ihat year,??

In March of' 1585 the Queen was a-t Greenwich. She went

-Lo ~ariibethon the twenty-sixth and re tcrned to Greenwich on the .tuzaty-ninth .96 03 July I1 she went from Riciirnond to aayn-~l~sto vf sit her secre tary and ambaosadcr,

Sir Francis hfa1singha.m. 9 On August 11 she was at lionsuch

Palace in Swrey.lOO 03 Novernbap 19 she visiced the Earl ol" NottEngham who had just been mado Lord High Admiral, at 53 ,- ~. hoyLs (;1?c,ise3. ~lizai3otf~visit;cd iqZ7 iafl Lord 8oro;lgj;h -L , --A

in. . i;3r.lbot;h oil aeccmber 23. b;fo~o r;tcyninm Cr=er.w].ch. 101 0

pircccn hundred ni?d ;ig:l';y-si;< year

.,>sxbiggton ,- . ?lot and Elizcjeth stzyed close to Londoc except

- -A: LJ , -0in ,cGbcxj,ap:.g, ;,:;-cn zild

b-.-', 'i8ao F.-' ..~JL ii ,ubLn vi~itoc!)$~c;lbi;iho;~ ',J~~itc~yif o in Lrfi.lbo'c:l and on

April 6 went to Gx*eonrich.103 october she aoqlnoC visitid tho srchbfshop -t Lambcth and on Eocomber 31 she 1.1cnt from Richmond to visit 1:Iilliam Lord Borough at his house in

.-b O..c Skc roturned to Graai?wich oil Sanuary 1 1587.104 on February 8, 1587, Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, wan executed a-t Pothoi-ingay pnlace in Nor-thnniptonshire. She wan buried on August 1, 1587, at the Catiicdral in

a* te.,--,- Lorough. lo5 Because of possible wines following the o:

London area. She dined wich the Earl of Nottingharn in

Chelsea end with Lord Kontsgua at Stockwell. 106

17iTte;n hmdrcd and eighty-":ght was the? yea- of

Spanish Armada. The Queen again stayed in the London area

She dined in Chelsea with the Lord Admiral on July 5 and

D.c. i ths 1-,,cJ .L 0'ii .R >--eel ye2i.s of the re ign, ths Quoen 0 curtailed he.,-- ozoci-o-sesi.- in length of tly8.e away, i2 the

n~j~~bcrof miles covered -A-,-,.?d in tlzo nunbul- of places visited.

F-.,- ., "1 fzabeth?sage and L;:le age of -i,dc was pilobabiy due both -to b--

!lor f3vori-&e hozts. of her fa>jorites died d.a-ing cnat, . i3,."iOd-- the Ear- ,c~c~sterT 2 in iS68, Sir Thornes Gresham in 1579, sir Ckistopiie~Hctton ill 15919 Eicnry Carey, ~ordEuxsdon, in 1596$ and William Cecil, Lord Burghley, in 1598. These also yaaro of turnoil in foreign and Gomos-b$caffairs. Th~zfe~"i,~~de it roore important to stay close to London. In 1589 Elizabeth xade only three short trips away f-om the London area, 311 into Surrey. On May 26 sho visited s

On Mag 28, 1590, tho Queen r,~eatf~om A he Kings Hold in Hackney, the home or' Sir Richard Raybiood, to visit

7 .. . .. --\,icholc,-L--proP.i-ess;s of Q~>.cen Xlizsbeth, 111, 28, ~11 .uceee6ing .m(isr:

7 7, 56

sq .-,-' . " -c, i.,? I;IL~.kophe"H&.E.tol?- a: 12~~ Sir C;~-l-t~~'~~-

'-*,iiCv -l hi:, ;iccre 03 tL2, fsTne? or the London palace of

.&, "1 7)p a a 0 y After a succzss:,on of minor court oos ts,

;I-.t$ol?,. ~.. +jar: mad:: io?d Cbar,ceLlop i537.3 On September 4 zrizLijG.kh;nL?b13red LAr o,., '; "- "iu-bi4-- pbrdo to eo-7,----_ ' 0.0 '!sg iGh~ city of i/Jinchos.ber. To relieve .&heiyeconomic distress, they L:ere

@vsc pormissfon to manufccturc certain fabrics. On ge.~teln.bGr12 visited jlulrus Czesn-, a judge, at his home, ~itchnm. This oje day visit and losses or? propars-

.L(,Lo?JS 2 for C~ntnv,,,lpl,- 3 0 .L'00 ' vigi Ud co- t him 5700 for

,LAiT .? i.,,, 2nd sntertailufien$ pl~ts(;he cost of. ~~OV~S~OL?S.b

The Queen left iqitcham Pol her palace at Nonsucb on

Soptc?fibor 13 -;%d wes at i~j;ii?.d-o- 012 October 23. In November, s:le bras at Ricb~flondwhore she remnined except for one day spnt nt Somerset ~ousc:on tho Straad,5

112 1591 toe Quee:~pade p-.ouwess0- to Portsmouth,

Sou;;har.p'co~, aiid \fijinckester- during the su2mier. PI-lor to this she malo several visits closer to London. On February 11 she visitci pPrchbishop Wh'stgril' at Lambem palace. On May 10

r,-isfi;zd Lord Burgbl-eg 3-; Thoo'sabds fop ten days. A"i, &hiLL.- 3

2- 6 uine.<. she knighted Robert Cecil, Lord Yucgiiley 7s secolx3 sol.

On J-aLy 10 she again visited Lord Burzhley, this tiine at his

restorition ?etr;ioP.Lh was granted to CL?arles Seyrnour who was rcsde Duke of Somerse4, Elizabeth also visited Stanstead, . . 3 0 -Gee home of John Lord Luxleg, on the way to Portsmouth.-

The sources used record no dates for the visit to

Portsmouth, but after leaving the town she stayed a-c Titchfield, tho homo of Henry Wriothesleg, Earl of Southampton, r.fbei-eLord Burghley dated his dispatches September 2, 1591.11

Durir.g this prow-eass- the Queen also visfted the to:,ins of Southcrripton and Winchester, but no records of either visit

7.. .i1Is 79, note 1.

11111, 96, note I. , , .- - 1 of o~;L,~:;..,-_ -,..,., ,,,-.-G ' ,.;77ve+x u~,.a!, ,- the home of'

.,-,-niwc;rd ~~~~~rj,E~~LOf :;'a1-irord,13 Tile Eain1 had hi- house

" r ; :i ,:. , -4 ii<

There is mention of k0i.j lavish "his cheare and p~ovisfon" ware9 b~tthere are no rer'arcnces to specific sums spear,. 15 On September 211 Eiizrbeth was at Parnham Castle again; and on the twenty-sixth st Sutton place, the home of

Slr Richax-2 Weston. By October six had retuned to

~iciuiiond.~~On November 11 she visited Sir Christopher Hatton during his last illness. Be died on November 20, 1591. The

Quee.? uas at Hm?pton Court for New Year 7 s .i7

in -the swmfier of 1592, ELizsbeth made e last progress zo 0:i:ford. During the spring she re~nainsd in the Losdon area, dining with Sir George Carey at his horns in Surrey; and ;qith

13111, 98, note 2; 99, noto 1,

- 7 "-'liir 100. 3 i, ---11-i 9 101-102.

7 '> -9111~ 109- 1bi11, 121-122.

7. 7 ~ -. ii-'LLuLV~C~7- "ten, .kkc hoine of' her Si?: John r,srington; the

.tobr~~of Ba';h; 20 and her palscc of !~Joodr;tockLn 0:cTordsbire. 2l

~li~~b~thcl-r~ved at oxford on Septei,(oer 22 for a s'i2.y of 3%~ days. ijming her stay she enjoyad splendid ent8rts.irir,:!enctby

LLne , colleges2 2 who were ezch tcxed proportiooe.lli; on the is--is of their rents ror this on-ceybaixnent,-33 fie ~?,uaenlefi Oxford, going to Rycot, the home of' Henry Lord Norris, where

s2an-h the next ~~~ee:<-cndbefore re turlling ko i;i?e London azea -24 At some time during the gaar 1592, Elizabeth visitsd the liidor.red Laciy Russel at -chs home of her sol?,

SLr 3dt~ai-d~obg~ atsham in Bepkshire. Tkiero the ei2tertal~mant ki;,.cpton.... court, but whsthel- she did oy not is not recorded.28

1591!- there i3 only one vi3i.L recorded except for

03 hugu,~t14. T;l;lerc fs a list of things p:-ovided ;"or iL:e, , visit, but no record or sum- spen-6Po:- each item of -food, dr-i]~k~enterteip~fisnt, gifts. '9 At aoirie .$iioe during :his year the Quean visii;ad Bizihop Ay?lme'r, Dishop of London,

-.-> .L hl c palace at Falilam. j0 1, 1535 Elizabeth dfi-.eduf th q-;-:-,JobLq FL -=--,o- "-a 2c1%c- ing at K~J:vd~he-e "'fie had a 'PgreaC, and v,-aze * end several very costly gifts including a Jewel wor.th 5400,3 1 q7kAo.,- ., *,., , .., ~ordBorouyk a'c his in i~cb,--;h; 'Yco~riasCsclLj

-3 O1? 77" . 4- ^. Lb..c,, ., -, ,,,c ,L-., at hi3 hcfil:~~53 ijimblcdol?; azd Ck~ai-iesFio:;a-i.d,

-,,~,..- o.?, A,' 8 - 32 in 1597 .U 4 i pi)~lr;~~~;iialil~ ,a - 2.; ;::0r;i0 ii? L,~~~L~~~

.(,isltCd Lord b~~ ,a- ?,, zb TheobaLds "2,-7 in- August of' 1598

T:.liic,.~ , ,p, , -'ri Cecil, Lord Bu;-ghley, died ac r-,.- LIOUS~in the Strand

.,-iza'o;t-,1-, had Visited :'ILA> qq at 'L?_j,s cou;?-wy house, *Theobalds, a

prior i;o his dccth.31!. Or, September 17, 1598, the

Queen visited Si? Julius Caesar at )$fitcharnon her way 'Lo her p-lace of lvonsuch in Surrey .-'>? r on July 26, 15999 the Queen visited Bartholomew Clarke at his home ;?axeshall in Lnmbei;i?. Cispke leased $1balu .. - ho~ise frola the crown.j6 She left on July 27 and on her tray bac!~ to ~i-eenuichdined with Si? Noel Caron, cha Ambassndo? from Eiolland, at his home in Lar,~be'c;?. She stayed three days with :he new Lord Burghleg, Thomas Cecil, at Wimbledon, and was

\?ei- palace of xofisucb in Sw,-ey by August 1-37 I)-~rinr?o

Aslgust she visited Sir Prancic Carew tit Bedlington in Surrey

32-..-iii, &13-k14. 33- 111,- 419" 3bII13 427, note 1. 35111, 4-28. 3'111, 436. 37111, &o. fo2 ';his yea?. Ths court was clearly reluctant to go on

"UC~a journey, and although she seamed .LO be displeased

>,. >,. uy~~ this reluctance, ElizuSe-;h only went I;S as Surrey.&2 Qn July 27 she dined uicn the Lord Adrnirel at Chelsea; on

r.ki~oust 1- 8 and 9 she ??as at Nonsuch sad Oatlands, both royal palaces. (&een caent- three days at rooting witn sfr i{enr-y iifaynsl-d, lord of that msnor, znd returiicd to

Norsuch. While at Nonsuch she dhed at Badlington with

Sir Francis Csrerj end ot Crogdon with Archbishop Uhit'yrif.c, B:J i~.ugus.t 26 Elizabetii was at Oatlands where she hunted snd dined ti.rice with a Mr. Drake. She hunted at FIanwo~thpark asd dined at the house where ehe had lived for a short tlme with Catherine papr and in.,ornas Seymour iiw~edia tely af-cer her father 3s death. rjow long Elizabeth stayed in Surrwji is not . , the preaentn.bion of a masque cajled Tho ~,oi;torg,b-b In tilo gaz- 1601, Elizo.beth welit on -the last icng progress of her reign, august 13 the Queen was at WinZsor;

Lavishly entertained at Cauahafii, tho bone of

~4 ,,-., William Bnol;go, who had been i-iede ;i*reasurer. of -&he

XOUS~~O~~in ~oOL, 48 fjbs dined w$th Sir Edward Nor~fs at xllglefield and ntayed wii;h Sir E;a,lp&ey Foster at Psdworthi?9 before arriving on September 5 at Basing, tho home of

66

,,,a . 2 7 .l :; .*, ~s,~l~i;~:,!nyquis of ;;Ji12c;btz';or;nd ik--p.l of Wiltshii-.o,SO ucL- -

,,!!irl~e _ .,. - 25 , .- as^ ~li~~;_i?~i;i?. . eii_to;-itdined 2 coa?any of visiting ->,~il?-hr:,-n nuoibering 112 hvj:Ld-r.cda, including tbc

Yii .LLizv 7 ,<., Oz ~i~~~~ti?._, .' -+.:G-r,J.L,A ici; jlra&ss-dol-.. 'i;;leFr~fleh atzged four

op five d'-;T~r83L. at vyne, tkLi; pLozqe 0," )>ord sSndys, at -i, he ,~~co3i~ i-;-r,>ei?=o:tho Queen n.&zyoci thirteen days ai

-r-t!71.sa.- e;:pe;?r;e i-0 i:.hc: Jj,a;-qui:;. U~onlonvii~g Basing L7 - , > -he iczi&ted ten filen,i?i maicing tots1 or fifteen !

cLn.A,-,, ,,.b I.. i ori th2is j3rogre~z,S2 E:iz,?i>obh cancelled her plan;^ to

Visit ~i.ktl~~~i~-L~-..'u~ ho;!?~ or Si- P Ja;~n;>o~lzz.r,?~ C:?ief Ju3 *Lice oi' tkle Kings Bncil and Elvetheili., tho hcme of sL1e Earl of

Eertford, because of the long -clna, .. spe3t zt BasTng with .-,he ~~sneh.She did visit sir Sduard Coke, the Solicitor...

General, at Stckc rogln. in" auckinnhanshirc before reaching s C]qnc;so:-.S-? On October 20 -khu town of Kingston ca Thame:: gave

the Queen a gift of a pair of gloves and ~4 6s.2ClJ ,- Tiliiore was talk of a -orogres3 as far as Yath end Brlstol in L602, but in fact the Queen v~entno farther than yi:ifddlese~.3Jr'c In 5:~s spring Elizabeth visited Henry Lord I-:unsdon in oo-th; on Mayday she vlsited Sir Richard Buckley at his

Sorsig 655, note I and 2. S~I~I~566, note 2. 11568. I 553. g-i11, 569*

!:rfiibeball. i:ihepe she st?:,red for C''I- vf - -atinas that gear. She dined at Sir Xobe-t Cecil rs new house end at the horne 0s' the -.Lord Admiral during Deceabcr -219

Towards the end of January 1603, the court rnoved to 60 Ric%Li-i?ondwhere on March 2.4 the Queen Elizabeth I died. pio. - i; b,7v=- j-.~-,-->,is Oil the sixtoel?.Lh century ignore Q-aeen j<;izahe-;h3s progresses. The ganerzi histories of tile

-.-.,ET,,- . only r;iention tilai; .they Lu.-or3emade, and -the biographie s

Lo into little detail, k-b z30st9 they abouV.i;i?c t.jel1 p.cblic.zad visit to Kenilwor.th in 1575. Neale:s definitive biograok7v of Elizabeth devotes very feu pnges to her prog- i --J

-.' a 3 <: - s .> Even the Calender of St3.t~:- paper,5 does not discuss them. The overall impression is that they were not very important.

However, the progresses do add to the knowleuge of sixteenth centu-y England ffi sevtral VJays. 33 spite of the

. " blgli cost to the host of G r#ogal visit there was no shortsga of men r?~illing~nd anxious to enhrtain -the Queen and cou~~t.

Kany of these hosts we--, not of ancient noble families, but recently elmobled persoizs or mere gentry. This fact shows. that not only was England beco:t?ing wealthier and more prospero-ds, but that this prosperity was being diffused into

:nore hands and that a lzrger and wealthier middle ciass was becoming more impor"-r,u.Ab. ' The accounts of the visits also show what was considered sui-tclb1- e entertai~mentfor the 68

3ex3:s5e, ~~d~c;3ur-.dj..c.7. 1: ~c,lr?z1 0' a3.1 ~,cod-L, kin;. -. " ___..-.----~ - pcco,:r-p.L-shcJ ~TT>ILc:~.,~: r'ciiz; d;,>:.:n!-c;: , A.iC3;'1::3dC~ 112 ..-!.-----.--.-...x--. ^X---- .:j:2fs].23e 5.l.n:q~.. :

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3~8,!;!F1Liem Bpenchley. .x?.qland ns seen by ForeTgne:rs in-- .- i,.l.Lu l" " Da!js of zlizabe-Lh an~[ja:ass tlio Fir>~& New Yorb: ----,.-.-I--.-T -- Ben jarnln BLorn, i9o7 ..

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2ca<, conyers. I!,?, Sac--,.u,,A, +--T 7 (;~cL.I., - a.nd Queen Eiiz~:betb, - xekj yorlc ; klrpea a :

S+,ephan, Lasiio and Lee, :;ldncy,. . eds, Gicti-inarg of -- ;Jatlonal Biogrsp2:p. 22 Voluaet;. $Jew YO~!<: TnD TyocHLllan Cmpzi-~y, 1708.

c;,L..al?o, Els+rj?th, p-'!dor l;{ei?ch. Near Yorl< r Duoil, Sioac & Pearch, 19?ze

:%$'iliiamson,Jcrnes A, The li;udo~- - - Age. Mew York: David MeKay Company Tnc., 6Y53.

IC;nt, rJilITam, cd &ncycLnix.ec?ia.7 of Londoi?. London: .- . --- .-:.-L73-c7 j . 11:. Dent & Sons, La,, -